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rdf:resource="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" /> </channel> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/339"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 339: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Method of Recombinant Collagen in Complex Matrix Based on HPLC-MS/MS</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/339</link> <description>The purpose of this study is to achieve the quantitative detection of recombinant type III collagen (rh-COL-III) in dressings with complex matrix. First of all, the marker peptide (GEAGIPGVPGAK) of rhCOL-III was identified with HPLC-MS/MS. Then, a qualitative and quantitative method based on marker peptides was established and validated. In order to obtain higher sensitivity, a pretreatment method of liquid, gel, and ointment dressings was optimized. The reference material for quantification was combined using rhCOL-III and blank matrix of each dressing. The results indicated that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the quantitative method was 2.77%, and the RSD of intraday and interday precision was 2.76% and 2.31%, respectively. The spiking recovery rate was between 80% and 90%. The optimal pretreatment method was Tris-HCl solvent replacement. The optimal trypsin concentration for the dressing solution was 20 &amp;amp;mu;g in 500 &amp;amp;mu;L. The method of preparing standard substances with a blank matrix can effectively eliminate the influence of the matrix effect on the quantitative results. The average spiking recovery rates of 50 &amp;amp;mu;g/mL, 100 &amp;amp;mu;g/mL, and 200 &amp;amp;mu;g/mL in three different dressings ranged from 80% to 120%. The quantitative detection of limit (LOD) of rhCOL-III was 1 ng/mL, 2 ng/g, and 1 ng/g in liquid, ointment, and gel dressings.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 339: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Method of Recombinant Collagen in Complex Matrix Based on HPLC-MS/MS</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/339">doi: 10.3390/separations11120339</a></p> <p>Authors: Jianping Gao Liping Jia Zhenhu Guo Liming Xu Daidi Fan Guifeng Zhang </p> <p>The purpose of this study is to achieve the quantitative detection of recombinant type III collagen (rh-COL-III) in dressings with complex matrix. First of all, the marker peptide (GEAGIPGVPGAK) of rhCOL-III was identified with HPLC-MS/MS. Then, a qualitative and quantitative method based on marker peptides was established and validated. In order to obtain higher sensitivity, a pretreatment method of liquid, gel, and ointment dressings was optimized. The reference material for quantification was combined using rhCOL-III and blank matrix of each dressing. The results indicated that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the quantitative method was 2.77%, and the RSD of intraday and interday precision was 2.76% and 2.31%, respectively. The spiking recovery rate was between 80% and 90%. The optimal pretreatment method was Tris-HCl solvent replacement. The optimal trypsin concentration for the dressing solution was 20 &amp;amp;mu;g in 500 &amp;amp;mu;L. The method of preparing standard substances with a blank matrix can effectively eliminate the influence of the matrix effect on the quantitative results. The average spiking recovery rates of 50 &amp;amp;mu;g/mL, 100 &amp;amp;mu;g/mL, and 200 &amp;amp;mu;g/mL in three different dressings ranged from 80% to 120%. The quantitative detection of limit (LOD) of rhCOL-III was 1 ng/mL, 2 ng/g, and 1 ng/g in liquid, ointment, and gel dressings.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Method of Recombinant Collagen in Complex Matrix Based on HPLC-MS/MS</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jianping Gao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Liping Jia</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhenhu Guo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Liming Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Daidi Fan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guifeng Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120339</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>339</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120339</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/339</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/338"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 338: Theory of Gas Purification by Liquid Absorber in Small Rotating Channels with Application to the Patented Rotational Absorber Device</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/338</link> <description>A new design for absorbing vapour-phase impurities from gases is presented. It consists of small channels packed in a rotating vertical cylinder. Gas flows through the channels adjacent to a thin film of absorber liquid. The liquid film is pressed to the radially outward side of each channel by the centrifugal force and flows downwards by gravity. Formulae are presented which describe the concentration distributions of gaseous impurities subject to absorption in gas and liquid. Results include expressions for laminar and turbulent diffusion coefficients to be used in mass balance equations. The role of rotation is quantified including the effect on wavy motion and enhanced diffusion in the liquid layer. Application in design is indicated for the case of separation of the greenhouse gas CO2 from flue gases of fossil fuel combustion processes. At other equal dimensions, the height of the Rotational Absorber Device is calculated to be 25 times shorter than the enormous heights of conventional tray and packed columns.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 338: Theory of Gas Purification by Liquid Absorber in Small Rotating Channels with Application to the Patented Rotational Absorber Device</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/338">doi: 10.3390/separations11120338</a></p> <p>Authors: J. J. H. Brouwers </p> <p>A new design for absorbing vapour-phase impurities from gases is presented. It consists of small channels packed in a rotating vertical cylinder. Gas flows through the channels adjacent to a thin film of absorber liquid. The liquid film is pressed to the radially outward side of each channel by the centrifugal force and flows downwards by gravity. Formulae are presented which describe the concentration distributions of gaseous impurities subject to absorption in gas and liquid. Results include expressions for laminar and turbulent diffusion coefficients to be used in mass balance equations. The role of rotation is quantified including the effect on wavy motion and enhanced diffusion in the liquid layer. Application in design is indicated for the case of separation of the greenhouse gas CO2 from flue gases of fossil fuel combustion processes. At other equal dimensions, the height of the Rotational Absorber Device is calculated to be 25 times shorter than the enormous heights of conventional tray and packed columns.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Theory of Gas Purification by Liquid Absorber in Small Rotating Channels with Application to the Patented Rotational Absorber Device</dc:title> <dc:creator>J. J. H. Brouwers</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120338</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>338</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120338</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/338</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/337"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 337: Modified Fly Ash as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Water</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/337</link> <description>In this work, different methods for fly ash modification were applied to obtain an adsorbent for the efficient removal of selected pharmaceuticals from a multiclass aqueous solution. Morphological and surface properties of the modified fly ash samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and point of zero charge, and the influence of the applied modifications was determined by comparison with the results obtained for unmodified fly ash. Experimental parameters of the adsorption of the pharmaceutical onto the modified fly ash were optimized, and special attention was paid to the influence of different parameters on the adsorption capacities. Multivariate methods of analysis, such as artificial neural networks, applied to the obtained results showed that the contact time, the initial concentration of the pharmaceutical solution, and the pH value had the strongest influence on the adsorption process. Fly ash modified with chitosan and magnetic iron oxide showed the best adsorption properties (removal efficiency above 80% for the majority of the selected pharmaceuticals), and artificial neural networks confirmed its susceptibility to the modeling process.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 337: Modified Fly Ash as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Water</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/337">doi: 10.3390/separations11120337</a></p> <p>Authors: Marija Vuk膷evi膰 Du拧an Trajkovi膰 Marina Maleti膰 Miljana Mirkovi膰 Aleksandra Peri膰 Gruji膰 Dragana 沤ivojinovi膰 </p> <p>In this work, different methods for fly ash modification were applied to obtain an adsorbent for the efficient removal of selected pharmaceuticals from a multiclass aqueous solution. Morphological and surface properties of the modified fly ash samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and point of zero charge, and the influence of the applied modifications was determined by comparison with the results obtained for unmodified fly ash. Experimental parameters of the adsorption of the pharmaceutical onto the modified fly ash were optimized, and special attention was paid to the influence of different parameters on the adsorption capacities. Multivariate methods of analysis, such as artificial neural networks, applied to the obtained results showed that the contact time, the initial concentration of the pharmaceutical solution, and the pH value had the strongest influence on the adsorption process. Fly ash modified with chitosan and magnetic iron oxide showed the best adsorption properties (removal efficiency above 80% for the majority of the selected pharmaceuticals), and artificial neural networks confirmed its susceptibility to the modeling process.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Modified Fly Ash as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Water</dc:title> <dc:creator>Marija Vuk膷evi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Du拧an Trajkovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marina Maleti膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Miljana Mirkovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Aleksandra Peri膰 Gruji膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dragana 沤ivojinovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120337</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>337</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120337</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/337</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/336"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 336: Body Volatilome Study Strategy for COVID-19 Biomarker Identification Considering Exogenous Parameters</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/336</link> <description>Since the 1950s, the screening of the body volatilome has proven to be a powerful tool for preventing diseases from spreading. Following the COVID-19 crisis, several studies began investigating the connection between viruses and the body volatilome, gradually identifying potential biomarkers, which varied depending on the study. To try to elucidate potential sources of inconsistency in biomarker findings, we decided to set up a study taking into consideration the factors often overlooked in previous studies. The VOCs constituting the body volatilomes of 40 COVID-19 patients and 13 healthy subjects were sampled by using PowerSorb&amp;amp;reg; as the sorbent phase. Thermodesorption, followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC&amp;amp;times;GC/TOF MS), was utilized for the analysis. A non-targeted biomarker research methodology compared Covid(+) and Covid(&amp;amp;minus;) chromatograms, assessing statistical significance and peak area changes. Out of the 25 compounds highlighted, 13 associated with cosmetic products were excluded, and 8 linked to air pollution in urban settings were also excluded. Finally, after having quantitatively evaluated the potential sources of the compounds (cosmetic or environmental), 4 compounds remained and their relevance was assessed using ROC curves. Among them, hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl- identification was confirmed with standard and led to an area-under-the-curve value of 92%. More in-depth studies are needed to investigate the specificity of the biomarker in relation to COVID-19, but the strategy of this study shows how to avoid obtaining data that are biased by exogenous factors.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 336: Body Volatilome Study Strategy for COVID-19 Biomarker Identification Considering Exogenous Parameters</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/336">doi: 10.3390/separations11120336</a></p> <p>Authors: Elsa Boudard Nabil Moumane Jos茅 Dugay J茅r么me Vial Didier Thi茅baut </p> <p>Since the 1950s, the screening of the body volatilome has proven to be a powerful tool for preventing diseases from spreading. Following the COVID-19 crisis, several studies began investigating the connection between viruses and the body volatilome, gradually identifying potential biomarkers, which varied depending on the study. To try to elucidate potential sources of inconsistency in biomarker findings, we decided to set up a study taking into consideration the factors often overlooked in previous studies. The VOCs constituting the body volatilomes of 40 COVID-19 patients and 13 healthy subjects were sampled by using PowerSorb&amp;amp;reg; as the sorbent phase. Thermodesorption, followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC&amp;amp;times;GC/TOF MS), was utilized for the analysis. A non-targeted biomarker research methodology compared Covid(+) and Covid(&amp;amp;minus;) chromatograms, assessing statistical significance and peak area changes. Out of the 25 compounds highlighted, 13 associated with cosmetic products were excluded, and 8 linked to air pollution in urban settings were also excluded. Finally, after having quantitatively evaluated the potential sources of the compounds (cosmetic or environmental), 4 compounds remained and their relevance was assessed using ROC curves. Among them, hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl- identification was confirmed with standard and led to an area-under-the-curve value of 92%. More in-depth studies are needed to investigate the specificity of the biomarker in relation to COVID-19, but the strategy of this study shows how to avoid obtaining data that are biased by exogenous factors.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Body Volatilome Study Strategy for COVID-19 Biomarker Identification Considering Exogenous Parameters</dc:title> <dc:creator>Elsa Boudard</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nabil Moumane</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jos茅 Dugay</dc:creator> <dc:creator>J茅r么me Vial</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Didier Thi茅baut</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120336</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>336</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120336</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/336</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/335"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 335: Aggregation-Dispersion Chromatography: Application of Elastin-like Polypeptides</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/335</link> <description>Protein purification is a crucial step for various downstream applications like drug development, antibody preparation, and structure determination. The constant pursuit is for methods that are more efficient and cost-effective. We propose a novel approach using an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) as an aggregation core that serves as an anchor between the beads in a chromatography column. In this method, a chilled sample containing a [target protein type] fusion protein is loaded onto a pre-equilibrated IMAC (immobilized metal affinity chromatography) column with a low-salt buffer. The column is then washed with a warm buffer containing high salt to remove impurities. Here, the key step involves warming the column above the ELP&amp;amp;rsquo;s transition temperature (Tt), which triggers its aggregation. This aggregation is expected to trap the target protein tightly between the beads. Subsequently, a harsh wash with high salt and high imidazole can be applied to remove even persistent contaminants, achieving high protein purity. Finally, the temperature is lowered, and a cold, low-salt buffer is introduced to reverse the aggregation and elute the purified target protein. This method has the potential to eliminate the need for sophisticated chromatography systems while still achieving high protein purity.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 335: Aggregation-Dispersion Chromatography: Application of Elastin-like Polypeptides</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/335">doi: 10.3390/separations11120335</a></p> <p>Authors: Han Bin Shin Young Kee Chae </p> <p>Protein purification is a crucial step for various downstream applications like drug development, antibody preparation, and structure determination. The constant pursuit is for methods that are more efficient and cost-effective. We propose a novel approach using an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) as an aggregation core that serves as an anchor between the beads in a chromatography column. In this method, a chilled sample containing a [target protein type] fusion protein is loaded onto a pre-equilibrated IMAC (immobilized metal affinity chromatography) column with a low-salt buffer. The column is then washed with a warm buffer containing high salt to remove impurities. Here, the key step involves warming the column above the ELP&amp;amp;rsquo;s transition temperature (Tt), which triggers its aggregation. This aggregation is expected to trap the target protein tightly between the beads. Subsequently, a harsh wash with high salt and high imidazole can be applied to remove even persistent contaminants, achieving high protein purity. Finally, the temperature is lowered, and a cold, low-salt buffer is introduced to reverse the aggregation and elute the purified target protein. This method has the potential to eliminate the need for sophisticated chromatography systems while still achieving high protein purity.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Aggregation-Dispersion Chromatography: Application of Elastin-like Polypeptides</dc:title> <dc:creator>Han Bin Shin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Young Kee Chae</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120335</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>335</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120335</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/335</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/334"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 334: Useful Extracts from Coffee By-Products: A Brief Review</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/334</link> <description>The waste materials generated from the processing of coffee cherries are still rich in several bioactive compounds. Several studies highlight coffee by-products as a valuable source for diverse applications, such as biofuels, biopolymers, biocomposites, and natural antioxidants in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The development of prospective strategies for the valorization of coffee wastes is a goal of a sustainable and circular bioeconomy, increasing the added value of these wastes and reducing environmental pollution. This brief overview describes the recently proposed procedures for the extraction and recovery of functional ingredients from the diversity of coffee by-products. The comparison between conventional and alternative extraction methods enables one to choose the most suitable techniques for valorizing a given coffee by-product.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 334: Useful Extracts from Coffee By-Products: A Brief Review</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/334">doi: 10.3390/separations11120334</a></p> <p>Authors: Krystyna Pyrzynska </p> <p>The waste materials generated from the processing of coffee cherries are still rich in several bioactive compounds. Several studies highlight coffee by-products as a valuable source for diverse applications, such as biofuels, biopolymers, biocomposites, and natural antioxidants in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The development of prospective strategies for the valorization of coffee wastes is a goal of a sustainable and circular bioeconomy, increasing the added value of these wastes and reducing environmental pollution. This brief overview describes the recently proposed procedures for the extraction and recovery of functional ingredients from the diversity of coffee by-products. The comparison between conventional and alternative extraction methods enables one to choose the most suitable techniques for valorizing a given coffee by-product.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Useful Extracts from Coffee By-Products: A Brief Review</dc:title> <dc:creator>Krystyna Pyrzynska</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120334</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>334</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120334</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/334</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/333"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 333: Hierarchically Ordered Macroporous&amp;ndash;Mesoporous (HOM-m) MgFe2O4/MgO for Highly Efficient Adsorption of Ce(III) and La(III): Experimental Study and DFT Calculation Analysis</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/333</link> <description>This study employed a template method to prepare a highly ordered and interconnected porous HOM-m MgFe2O4/MgO rare earth ion-efficient adsorbent. The specific surface area of the adsorbent was as high as 130 m2/g, with saturation adsorption capacities for Ce(&amp;amp;#8546;) and La(&amp;amp;#8546;) of 5689.69 mg/g and 2123.50 mg/g, respectively. The adsorbent exhibited superparamagnetism with efficient and rapid separation from an aqueous solution using a magnet. The adsorption results indicated that the adsorption mechanism of HOM-m MgFe2O4/MgO towards Ce(III) and La(III) primarily involved the ion exchange and redox reactions between Mg(II) hydrolyzed from MgO and Ce(III)/La(&amp;amp;#8546;), as well as the electrostatic attraction between MgFe2O4 and Ce(&amp;amp;#8546;)/La(&amp;amp;#8546;). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the adsorption process was driven by the interaction of Ce(III) and La(III) ions with the surface oxygen atoms of MgFe2O4/MgO. Moreover, MgFe2O4/MgO showed a higher affinity and stronger adsorption effect towards Ce(III) than La(III). Adsorption cycling experiments demonstrated that even after three cycles, HOM-m MgFe2O4/MgO maintained good removal efficiency for Ce(III) and La(III). Therefore, this adsorbent shows promise as an effective material for removing Ce(III) and La(III) and has significant implications for the remediation of water resources in ion adsorption-type rare earth mining areas.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 333: Hierarchically Ordered Macroporous&amp;ndash;Mesoporous (HOM-m) MgFe2O4/MgO for Highly Efficient Adsorption of Ce(III) and La(III): Experimental Study and DFT Calculation Analysis</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/333">doi: 10.3390/separations11120333</a></p> <p>Authors: Lina Zhang Jiarui Lu Baixiong Liu </p> <p>This study employed a template method to prepare a highly ordered and interconnected porous HOM-m MgFe2O4/MgO rare earth ion-efficient adsorbent. The specific surface area of the adsorbent was as high as 130 m2/g, with saturation adsorption capacities for Ce(&amp;amp;#8546;) and La(&amp;amp;#8546;) of 5689.69 mg/g and 2123.50 mg/g, respectively. The adsorbent exhibited superparamagnetism with efficient and rapid separation from an aqueous solution using a magnet. The adsorption results indicated that the adsorption mechanism of HOM-m MgFe2O4/MgO towards Ce(III) and La(III) primarily involved the ion exchange and redox reactions between Mg(II) hydrolyzed from MgO and Ce(III)/La(&amp;amp;#8546;), as well as the electrostatic attraction between MgFe2O4 and Ce(&amp;amp;#8546;)/La(&amp;amp;#8546;). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the adsorption process was driven by the interaction of Ce(III) and La(III) ions with the surface oxygen atoms of MgFe2O4/MgO. Moreover, MgFe2O4/MgO showed a higher affinity and stronger adsorption effect towards Ce(III) than La(III). Adsorption cycling experiments demonstrated that even after three cycles, HOM-m MgFe2O4/MgO maintained good removal efficiency for Ce(III) and La(III). Therefore, this adsorbent shows promise as an effective material for removing Ce(III) and La(III) and has significant implications for the remediation of water resources in ion adsorption-type rare earth mining areas.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Hierarchically Ordered Macroporous&amp;amp;ndash;Mesoporous (HOM-m) MgFe2O4/MgO for Highly Efficient Adsorption of Ce(III) and La(III): Experimental Study and DFT Calculation Analysis</dc:title> <dc:creator>Lina Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiarui Lu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Baixiong Liu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120333</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>333</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120333</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/333</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/332"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 332: Developments in the Dry Fractionation of Plant Components: A Review</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/332</link> <description>Over the years, pulses and cereals have been identified as promising sources of plant proteins. The intensive production of these crops and concerns about food security and malnutrition worldwide have intensified research into their separation. While wet extraction remains the standard protein isolation method, the search for more sustainable extraction methods is still ongoing. Two dry fractionation techniques, air classification and tribo-electrostatic separation, have been discussed in this review. This review highlights the design aspects of air classifiers including the cut-off point and flow rate, and for electrostatic separators, factors such as charger materials, the nature of the flow in charger tubes, and the strength of the electric field potential have been discussed in detail. Our analysis revealed that cascading the two techniques should help enhance the concentration and purity of the separated fractions. While limitations such as low purity and low yield exist, current research studies are focused on overcoming such drawbacks. Dry fractionation exhibits potential as a sustainable processing method while also preserving the native functionality of the proteins, making it easier to incorporate the fractions in commercial scale processes.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 332: Developments in the Dry Fractionation of Plant Components: A Review</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/332">doi: 10.3390/separations11120332</a></p> <p>Authors: Ganapathy Subramanian Meenakshi Sundaram Divyapratim Das Tolu Emiola-Sadiq Abdullah Sajeeb Khan Lifeng Zhang Venkatesh Meda </p> <p>Over the years, pulses and cereals have been identified as promising sources of plant proteins. The intensive production of these crops and concerns about food security and malnutrition worldwide have intensified research into their separation. While wet extraction remains the standard protein isolation method, the search for more sustainable extraction methods is still ongoing. Two dry fractionation techniques, air classification and tribo-electrostatic separation, have been discussed in this review. This review highlights the design aspects of air classifiers including the cut-off point and flow rate, and for electrostatic separators, factors such as charger materials, the nature of the flow in charger tubes, and the strength of the electric field potential have been discussed in detail. Our analysis revealed that cascading the two techniques should help enhance the concentration and purity of the separated fractions. While limitations such as low purity and low yield exist, current research studies are focused on overcoming such drawbacks. Dry fractionation exhibits potential as a sustainable processing method while also preserving the native functionality of the proteins, making it easier to incorporate the fractions in commercial scale processes.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Developments in the Dry Fractionation of Plant Components: A Review</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ganapathy Subramanian Meenakshi Sundaram</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Divyapratim Das</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tolu Emiola-Sadiq</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Abdullah Sajeeb Khan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lifeng Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Venkatesh Meda</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120332</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>332</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120332</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/332</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/331"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 331: Estimation of Bubble Size and Gas Dispersion Property in Column Flotation</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/331</link> <description>This study investigates bubble size measurements, bubble characteristics, and the relationship between key operating variables and gas dispersion properties in column flotation. As the frother concentration increased to 120 ppm, the bubble size distribution (BSD) transformed from bimodal to unimodal and achieved a minimum bubble size of 0.62 mm. The critical coalescence concentration (CCC) was identified as 120 ppm. Gas velocity and wash water velocity significantly influenced bubble size, with gas holdup peaking at 27% at 1.08 cm/s a gas velocity. The bubble-rising velocity increased as the bubble size increased, indicating that the bubble size and bubble-rising velocity were proportional. The bubble surface area flux decreased linearly with increasing bubble size and was significantly affected by the gas velocity. A strong correlation (R2 = 0.86) between measured and calculated bubble sizes was achieved, with an average size of 0.64 mm and an estimation error of &amp;amp;plusmn;13%. The study demonstrated that bubble size and distribution could be effectively controlled under specific operational conditions (Jg = 0.65&amp;amp;ndash;1.3 cm/s, JW = 0.13&amp;amp;ndash;0.52 cm/s, frother = 30&amp;amp;ndash;120 ppm). These findings highlight the importance of optimizing key variables to enhance column stability, regime maintenance, and flotation performance.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 331: Estimation of Bubble Size and Gas Dispersion Property in Column Flotation</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/331">doi: 10.3390/separations11120331</a></p> <p>Authors: HyunSoo Kim Chul-Hyun Park </p> <p>This study investigates bubble size measurements, bubble characteristics, and the relationship between key operating variables and gas dispersion properties in column flotation. As the frother concentration increased to 120 ppm, the bubble size distribution (BSD) transformed from bimodal to unimodal and achieved a minimum bubble size of 0.62 mm. The critical coalescence concentration (CCC) was identified as 120 ppm. Gas velocity and wash water velocity significantly influenced bubble size, with gas holdup peaking at 27% at 1.08 cm/s a gas velocity. The bubble-rising velocity increased as the bubble size increased, indicating that the bubble size and bubble-rising velocity were proportional. The bubble surface area flux decreased linearly with increasing bubble size and was significantly affected by the gas velocity. A strong correlation (R2 = 0.86) between measured and calculated bubble sizes was achieved, with an average size of 0.64 mm and an estimation error of &amp;amp;plusmn;13%. The study demonstrated that bubble size and distribution could be effectively controlled under specific operational conditions (Jg = 0.65&amp;amp;ndash;1.3 cm/s, JW = 0.13&amp;amp;ndash;0.52 cm/s, frother = 30&amp;amp;ndash;120 ppm). These findings highlight the importance of optimizing key variables to enhance column stability, regime maintenance, and flotation performance.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Estimation of Bubble Size and Gas Dispersion Property in Column Flotation</dc:title> <dc:creator>HyunSoo Kim</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chul-Hyun Park</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11120331</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>12</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>331</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11120331</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/331</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/330"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 330: Condensable Particulate Matter Removal and Its Mechanism by Phase Change Technology During Wet Desulfurization Process</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/330</link> <description>Limestone-gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) played a key role in SOx removal and clean emissions. However, it would also affect the condensable particulate matter (CPM) removal and compositions. The effects of the WFGD system on the removal of CPM and the contents of soluble ions in CPM were investigated in a spray desulfurization tower at varied conditions. The results indicate that the emission concentration of CPM decreased from 7.5 mg/Nm3 to 3.7 mg/Nm3 following the introduction of cold water spray and hot alkali droplet spray systems. This resulted in a CPM reduction rate of approximately 51%, reducing the percentage of CPM in total particulate matter and solving the problem of substandard particulate matter emission concentrations in some coal-fired power plants. The concentrations of NO3&amp;amp;minus;, SO42&amp;amp;minus;, and Cl&amp;amp;minus; among the soluble ions decreased by 41&amp;amp;ndash;66.6%. As the liquid-to-gas ratio of the cold water spray and hot alkali droplet spray increased, CPM came into contact with more spray, which accelerated dissolution and chemical reactions. Consequently, the CPM emission concentration decreased by 17.4&amp;amp;ndash;19%. The liquid-to-gas ratio has a great effect on the ion concentrations of NO3&amp;amp;minus;, SO42&amp;amp;minus;, Cl&amp;amp;minus; and NH4+, with a decrease of 28&amp;amp;ndash;66%. The temperatures of the cold water spray and the hot alkali droplet spray primarily affect the ionic concentrations of SO42&amp;amp;minus; and Ca2+, leading to a decrease of 32.3&amp;amp;ndash;51%. When the SO2 concentration increased from 0 mg/Nm3 to 1500 mg/Nm3, large amounts of SO2 reacted with the desulfurization slurry to form new CPM and its precursors, the CPM emission concentration increased by 57&amp;amp;ndash;68.4%. This study addresses the issue of high Concentration of CPM emissions from coal-fired power plants in a straightforward and efficient manner, which is significant for enhancing the air quality and reducing hazy weather conditions. Also, it provides a theoretical basis and technical foundation for the efficient removal of CPM from actual coal-fired flue gas.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 330: Condensable Particulate Matter Removal and Its Mechanism by Phase Change Technology During Wet Desulfurization Process</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/330">doi: 10.3390/separations11110330</a></p> <p>Authors: Hui Tong Yun Xu Qiangqiang Ren Hao Wu Linzhi Shen Menglong Sun Hongmin Yang </p> <p>Limestone-gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) played a key role in SOx removal and clean emissions. However, it would also affect the condensable particulate matter (CPM) removal and compositions. The effects of the WFGD system on the removal of CPM and the contents of soluble ions in CPM were investigated in a spray desulfurization tower at varied conditions. The results indicate that the emission concentration of CPM decreased from 7.5 mg/Nm3 to 3.7 mg/Nm3 following the introduction of cold water spray and hot alkali droplet spray systems. This resulted in a CPM reduction rate of approximately 51%, reducing the percentage of CPM in total particulate matter and solving the problem of substandard particulate matter emission concentrations in some coal-fired power plants. The concentrations of NO3&amp;amp;minus;, SO42&amp;amp;minus;, and Cl&amp;amp;minus; among the soluble ions decreased by 41&amp;amp;ndash;66.6%. As the liquid-to-gas ratio of the cold water spray and hot alkali droplet spray increased, CPM came into contact with more spray, which accelerated dissolution and chemical reactions. Consequently, the CPM emission concentration decreased by 17.4&amp;amp;ndash;19%. The liquid-to-gas ratio has a great effect on the ion concentrations of NO3&amp;amp;minus;, SO42&amp;amp;minus;, Cl&amp;amp;minus; and NH4+, with a decrease of 28&amp;amp;ndash;66%. The temperatures of the cold water spray and the hot alkali droplet spray primarily affect the ionic concentrations of SO42&amp;amp;minus; and Ca2+, leading to a decrease of 32.3&amp;amp;ndash;51%. When the SO2 concentration increased from 0 mg/Nm3 to 1500 mg/Nm3, large amounts of SO2 reacted with the desulfurization slurry to form new CPM and its precursors, the CPM emission concentration increased by 57&amp;amp;ndash;68.4%. This study addresses the issue of high Concentration of CPM emissions from coal-fired power plants in a straightforward and efficient manner, which is significant for enhancing the air quality and reducing hazy weather conditions. Also, it provides a theoretical basis and technical foundation for the efficient removal of CPM from actual coal-fired flue gas.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Condensable Particulate Matter Removal and Its Mechanism by Phase Change Technology During Wet Desulfurization Process</dc:title> <dc:creator>Hui Tong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yun Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiangqiang Ren</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hao Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Linzhi Shen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Menglong Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hongmin Yang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110330</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>330</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110330</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/330</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/329"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 329: In Situ Synthesis of Hypercrosslinked Polymer as Stationary Phase for Capillary Gas Chromatography</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/329</link> <description>Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) constructed by the Friedel&amp;amp;ndash;Crafts alkylation reaction of aromatic compounds have emerged as a new class of porous materials with unique merit. Herein, a HCP named HCP-TPB was coated onto a capillary column through in situ synthesis. The prepared column exhibited a nonpolar nature, and the column efficiency for n-dodecane was 3003 plates m&amp;amp;minus;1. Moreover, the relative standard deviations of retention time and peak area for six replicate injections of the C3&amp;amp;ndash;C6 were lower than 0.1% and 1.5%, respectively. The results of this study showed that it is very promising to utilize HCPs as stationary phases for the separation of C3&amp;amp;ndash;C6.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 329: In Situ Synthesis of Hypercrosslinked Polymer as Stationary Phase for Capillary Gas Chromatography</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/329">doi: 10.3390/separations11110329</a></p> <p>Authors: Yan Wu Chaofan Song Guanwen Huang Kaicheng Wu Yinghong Zhao Ailin Ning Wenlanqi Du Jia Jia </p> <p>Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) constructed by the Friedel&amp;amp;ndash;Crafts alkylation reaction of aromatic compounds have emerged as a new class of porous materials with unique merit. Herein, a HCP named HCP-TPB was coated onto a capillary column through in situ synthesis. The prepared column exhibited a nonpolar nature, and the column efficiency for n-dodecane was 3003 plates m&amp;amp;minus;1. Moreover, the relative standard deviations of retention time and peak area for six replicate injections of the C3&amp;amp;ndash;C6 were lower than 0.1% and 1.5%, respectively. The results of this study showed that it is very promising to utilize HCPs as stationary phases for the separation of C3&amp;amp;ndash;C6.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>In Situ Synthesis of Hypercrosslinked Polymer as Stationary Phase for Capillary Gas Chromatography</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yan Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chaofan Song</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guanwen Huang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kaicheng Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yinghong Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ailin Ning</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenlanqi Du</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jia Jia</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110329</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>329</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110329</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/329</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/328"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 328: The Development of a High-Throughput Homonuclear Decoupling HSQC NMR Platform for the Determination of 10 Sex Hormones in Animal-Source Food and Medicines</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/328</link> <description>Owing to their endocrine disruption effect, the hormone levels in animal-source food and medicines need to be efficiently and accurately quantified by a reliable analytical method. In the current study, by using a homonuclear decoupling and heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) experiment, coupled with non-uniform sampling (NUS) that was used to shorten the experimental time, we developed a method to quantify 10 hormone residues in animal-source products. This method was validated following the guidelines of USP&amp;amp;ndash;NF 2022. The application of the homonuclear decoupling (HD) technique to conventional HSQC yielded 2D spectra that exhibited excellent signal separation and specificity. For all the tested hormones, good linearity with correlation coefficients of more than 0.99 was observed in the linear range of 0.2&amp;amp;ndash;6 mg/0.6 mL. Satisfactory precision and recoveries of spiked animal samples were also obtained. Finally, the method was applied in residue determination of 10 hormones in real animal-source samples at the ug/g level.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 328: The Development of a High-Throughput Homonuclear Decoupling HSQC NMR Platform for the Determination of 10 Sex Hormones in Animal-Source Food and Medicines</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/328">doi: 10.3390/separations11110328</a></p> <p>Authors: Bing Wang Qing-Zhi Liu Jing-Ya Yang Yu-Jie Du Nai-Shuo Liu Wei-Liang Cui Man Yuan Yong Zhang Jing-Qi Wang Dong-Liang Wang Shu-Qi Wang </p> <p>Owing to their endocrine disruption effect, the hormone levels in animal-source food and medicines need to be efficiently and accurately quantified by a reliable analytical method. In the current study, by using a homonuclear decoupling and heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) experiment, coupled with non-uniform sampling (NUS) that was used to shorten the experimental time, we developed a method to quantify 10 hormone residues in animal-source products. This method was validated following the guidelines of USP&amp;amp;ndash;NF 2022. The application of the homonuclear decoupling (HD) technique to conventional HSQC yielded 2D spectra that exhibited excellent signal separation and specificity. For all the tested hormones, good linearity with correlation coefficients of more than 0.99 was observed in the linear range of 0.2&amp;amp;ndash;6 mg/0.6 mL. Satisfactory precision and recoveries of spiked animal samples were also obtained. Finally, the method was applied in residue determination of 10 hormones in real animal-source samples at the ug/g level.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Development of a High-Throughput Homonuclear Decoupling HSQC NMR Platform for the Determination of 10 Sex Hormones in Animal-Source Food and Medicines</dc:title> <dc:creator>Bing Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qing-Zhi Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jing-Ya Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yu-Jie Du</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nai-Shuo Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wei-Liang Cui</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Man Yuan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yong Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jing-Qi Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dong-Liang Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shu-Qi Wang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110328</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>328</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110328</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/328</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/327"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 327: Aniline-p-Phenylenediamine Copolymer for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Wastewater</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/327</link> <description>Hexavalent chromium, one of the heavy metal pollutants in water, harms the ecological environment and human health. In this work, an aniline-p-phenylenediamine copolymer has been prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization to remove the hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from wastewater. The results show that when the initial Cr(VI) concentration is 1.5 mg&amp;amp;middot;L&amp;amp;minus;1, the removal percentage (RP%) of Cr(VI) could reach 94.84% after 180 s of treatment. The RP% of Cr(VI) increases with the dosage of copolymers and decreases with an increase in the initial Cr(VI) concentration. Additionally, the RP% of Cr(VI) removal reaches a maximum of 97.70% with a pH value of 1.0. The Cr(VI) removal kinetics of the copolymers follows a pseudo-first-order chemical reaction model. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results demonstrate that the Cr(VI) removal mechanism by the aniline-p-phenylenediamine copolymer is a redox reaction. The positive value of &amp;amp;Delta;H&amp;amp;deg; and negative value of &amp;amp;Delta;G&amp;amp;deg; affirm that the Cr(VI) removal process by aniline-p-phenylenediamine copolymer is endothermic, thermodynamically achievable, and spontaneous.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-14</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 327: Aniline-p-Phenylenediamine Copolymer for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Wastewater</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/327">doi: 10.3390/separations11110327</a></p> <p>Authors: Yifeng Li Jingyue Chen Xiwei Tan Han Lou Hongbo Gu </p> <p>Hexavalent chromium, one of the heavy metal pollutants in water, harms the ecological environment and human health. In this work, an aniline-p-phenylenediamine copolymer has been prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization to remove the hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from wastewater. The results show that when the initial Cr(VI) concentration is 1.5 mg&amp;amp;middot;L&amp;amp;minus;1, the removal percentage (RP%) of Cr(VI) could reach 94.84% after 180 s of treatment. The RP% of Cr(VI) increases with the dosage of copolymers and decreases with an increase in the initial Cr(VI) concentration. Additionally, the RP% of Cr(VI) removal reaches a maximum of 97.70% with a pH value of 1.0. The Cr(VI) removal kinetics of the copolymers follows a pseudo-first-order chemical reaction model. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results demonstrate that the Cr(VI) removal mechanism by the aniline-p-phenylenediamine copolymer is a redox reaction. The positive value of &amp;amp;Delta;H&amp;amp;deg; and negative value of &amp;amp;Delta;G&amp;amp;deg; affirm that the Cr(VI) removal process by aniline-p-phenylenediamine copolymer is endothermic, thermodynamically achievable, and spontaneous.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Aniline-p-Phenylenediamine Copolymer for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Wastewater</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yifeng Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jingyue Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiwei Tan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Han Lou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hongbo Gu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110327</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>327</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110327</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/327</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/326"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 326: Structure and Activity of &amp;beta;-Oligosaccharides Obtained from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake)</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/326</link> <description>The structure and characteristics of LEOPs, &amp;amp;beta;-oligosaccharides from the fruiting body of Lentinus edodes obtained via acid degradation and gel permeation chromatography, were investigated. We performed high-performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and correlated activity experiments, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and liver injury protection to gain insights. LEOPs comprised an oligosaccharide (Mw 2445 Da) based on six &amp;amp;beta;-1, 3-D-glucose residues as the main chain and six &amp;amp;beta;-1, 6-D-glucose residues as the side chain. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated that LEOPs directly bound to dectin-1, which facilitated their immunoenhancing activity via downstream NF-&amp;amp;kappa;B activation. The results implied that LEOPs may be the active unit of the shiitake &amp;amp;beta;-glucan. The determination of LEOPs structure was performed to reveal the anti-tumor effect and immune-regulatory function of shiitake &amp;amp;beta;-glucan on a molecular level to provide a basis.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-14</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 326: Structure and Activity of &amp;beta;-Oligosaccharides Obtained from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake)</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/326">doi: 10.3390/separations11110326</a></p> <p>Authors: Wei Jia Wenhan Wang Yanzhen Yu Huimin Wang Hongtao Zhang Peng Liu Meiyan Zhang Qiaozhen Li Henan Zhang Huaxiang Li Jingsong Zhang </p> <p>The structure and characteristics of LEOPs, &amp;amp;beta;-oligosaccharides from the fruiting body of Lentinus edodes obtained via acid degradation and gel permeation chromatography, were investigated. We performed high-performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and correlated activity experiments, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and liver injury protection to gain insights. LEOPs comprised an oligosaccharide (Mw 2445 Da) based on six &amp;amp;beta;-1, 3-D-glucose residues as the main chain and six &amp;amp;beta;-1, 6-D-glucose residues as the side chain. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated that LEOPs directly bound to dectin-1, which facilitated their immunoenhancing activity via downstream NF-&amp;amp;kappa;B activation. The results implied that LEOPs may be the active unit of the shiitake &amp;amp;beta;-glucan. The determination of LEOPs structure was performed to reveal the anti-tumor effect and immune-regulatory function of shiitake &amp;amp;beta;-glucan on a molecular level to provide a basis.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Structure and Activity of &amp;amp;beta;-Oligosaccharides Obtained from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake)</dc:title> <dc:creator>Wei Jia</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenhan Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yanzhen Yu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Huimin Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hongtao Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Peng Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Meiyan Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiaozhen Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Henan Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Huaxiang Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jingsong Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110326</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>326</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110326</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/326</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 325: Copper&amp;ndash;Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325</link> <description>Copper chitosan attached to a magnetic synthetic nonwoven textile was manufactured using a simple, rapid, and green procedure employing chitosan dissolved in diluted acetic acid and treatment with copper sulfate solution. The prepared copper&amp;amp;ndash;chitosan-modified textile exhibited peroxidase-mimetic activity which was subsequently used for the degradation (decolorization) of important organic dyes, namely methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. After 5 h of treatment at 22 &amp;amp;deg;C, 87.5%, 79.5%, and 87.7% dye removal were observed for methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, respectively. The textile bound catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture after the process is completed.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-10</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 325: Copper&amp;ndash;Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325">doi: 10.3390/separations11110325</a></p> <p>Authors: Ivo Safarik Jitka Prochazkova Kristyna Zelena Pospiskova </p> <p>Copper chitosan attached to a magnetic synthetic nonwoven textile was manufactured using a simple, rapid, and green procedure employing chitosan dissolved in diluted acetic acid and treatment with copper sulfate solution. The prepared copper&amp;amp;ndash;chitosan-modified textile exhibited peroxidase-mimetic activity which was subsequently used for the degradation (decolorization) of important organic dyes, namely methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. After 5 h of treatment at 22 &amp;amp;deg;C, 87.5%, 79.5%, and 87.7% dye removal were observed for methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, respectively. The textile bound catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture after the process is completed.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Copper&amp;amp;ndash;Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ivo Safarik</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jitka Prochazkova</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kristyna Zelena Pospiskova</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110325</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-10</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-10</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>325</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110325</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/324"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 324: Mineral Heterostructures for Simultaneous Removal of Lead and Arsenic Ions</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/324</link> <description>This study focuses on Pb2+ and As(V) adsorption on mineral heterostructures based on a mixture of Si, Fe, and Ti oxides (MOHs). Various techniques were performed to analyze the morphological and structural properties of the synthesized metal oxide samples. In addition to the experimental optimization of the parameters determined by the response surface method (RSM), the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact duration on the batch and column system adsorption efficiency of single-component and simultaneous lead and arsenate removal were tested. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Weber&amp;amp;ndash;Morris model were more relevant to the adsorption on the metal(loid)s. The adsorption of Pb2+ was related to the Langmuir isotherm model, while the adsorption of As(V) was fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters indicate the spontaneity of the adsorption process with a low endothermic character. The MOHs were more effective in removing Pb2+ and As(V) in the multi-component system (87.7 and 46.1%, respectively) than in the single-component system (56.3 and 23.4%, respectively). This study demonstrates that mineral heterostructures can be effectively used to remove cations and anions from water systems, and due to their fast kinetics, they can be applied to the needs of rapid interventions after pollution.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-09</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 324: Mineral Heterostructures for Simultaneous Removal of Lead and Arsenic Ions</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/324">doi: 10.3390/separations11110324</a></p> <p>Authors: Tijana Spasojevi膰 Mirjana 膯uji膰 Vesna Marjanovi膰 Zlate Veli膷kovi膰 Maja Kokune拧oski Aleksandra Peri膰 Gruji膰 Maja 膼oli膰 </p> <p>This study focuses on Pb2+ and As(V) adsorption on mineral heterostructures based on a mixture of Si, Fe, and Ti oxides (MOHs). Various techniques were performed to analyze the morphological and structural properties of the synthesized metal oxide samples. In addition to the experimental optimization of the parameters determined by the response surface method (RSM), the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact duration on the batch and column system adsorption efficiency of single-component and simultaneous lead and arsenate removal were tested. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Weber&amp;amp;ndash;Morris model were more relevant to the adsorption on the metal(loid)s. The adsorption of Pb2+ was related to the Langmuir isotherm model, while the adsorption of As(V) was fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters indicate the spontaneity of the adsorption process with a low endothermic character. The MOHs were more effective in removing Pb2+ and As(V) in the multi-component system (87.7 and 46.1%, respectively) than in the single-component system (56.3 and 23.4%, respectively). This study demonstrates that mineral heterostructures can be effectively used to remove cations and anions from water systems, and due to their fast kinetics, they can be applied to the needs of rapid interventions after pollution.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Mineral Heterostructures for Simultaneous Removal of Lead and Arsenic Ions</dc:title> <dc:creator>Tijana Spasojevi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mirjana 膯uji膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vesna Marjanovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zlate Veli膷kovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Maja Kokune拧oski</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Aleksandra Peri膰 Gruji膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Maja 膼oli膰</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110324</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>324</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110324</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/324</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/322"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 322: Antimicrobial Profiling of Piper betle L. and Piper nigrum L. Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Integrative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Based on FT-IR, GC-MS, and Molecular Docking Studies</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/322</link> <description>This study explored the antimicrobial potential of Piper betle L. (PBL) and Piper nigrum L. (PNL) extracts against MRSA. Plant parts including stem, leaf, and fruit were extracted using aquadest, methanol, and hexane, resulting in 18 distinct extracts. FT-IR combined with cluster analysis (CA) categorized the extracts, and anti-MRSA activity was assessed through the paper disk diffusion method. The most potent extracts were further analyzed using GC-MS to identify bioactive compounds. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted for MRSA protein targets (4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN). The hexane extract of PNL and the aqueous extract of PBL fruit showed the strongest inhibitory effects. GC-MS identified piperine (14.22%) and diisooctyl phthalate (14.67%) as major compounds, with piperolein B, piperanine, &amp;amp;beta;-caryophyllene oxide, and &amp;amp;alpha;-caryophylladienol as minor compounds in the hexane extract of PNL, while hydroxychavicol (81.89%) and chavibetol (12.01%) were predominant in the aquadest extract of PBL. Molecular docking revealed that piperolein B and piperine had strong binding affinities to MRSA proteins 4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN, comparable to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of PBL and PNL as sources of novel anti-MRSA agents, supporting further research to develop new therapies.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-08</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 322: Antimicrobial Profiling of Piper betle L. and Piper nigrum L. Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Integrative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Based on FT-IR, GC-MS, and Molecular Docking Studies</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/322">doi: 10.3390/separations11110322</a></p> <p>Authors: Budiman Yasir Suwahyuni Mus Sitti Rahimah Rein Mostatian Tandiongan Kasandra Putri Klara Nurul Afrida Nur Rezky Khairun Nisaa Risna Risna Agum Wahyudha Jur Gemini Alam Abdul Rohman </p> <p>This study explored the antimicrobial potential of Piper betle L. (PBL) and Piper nigrum L. (PNL) extracts against MRSA. Plant parts including stem, leaf, and fruit were extracted using aquadest, methanol, and hexane, resulting in 18 distinct extracts. FT-IR combined with cluster analysis (CA) categorized the extracts, and anti-MRSA activity was assessed through the paper disk diffusion method. The most potent extracts were further analyzed using GC-MS to identify bioactive compounds. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted for MRSA protein targets (4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN). The hexane extract of PNL and the aqueous extract of PBL fruit showed the strongest inhibitory effects. GC-MS identified piperine (14.22%) and diisooctyl phthalate (14.67%) as major compounds, with piperolein B, piperanine, &amp;amp;beta;-caryophyllene oxide, and &amp;amp;alpha;-caryophylladienol as minor compounds in the hexane extract of PNL, while hydroxychavicol (81.89%) and chavibetol (12.01%) were predominant in the aquadest extract of PBL. Molecular docking revealed that piperolein B and piperine had strong binding affinities to MRSA proteins 4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN, comparable to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of PBL and PNL as sources of novel anti-MRSA agents, supporting further research to develop new therapies.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Antimicrobial Profiling of Piper betle L. and Piper nigrum L. Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Integrative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Based on FT-IR, GC-MS, and Molecular Docking Studies</dc:title> <dc:creator>Budiman Yasir</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Suwahyuni Mus</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sitti Rahimah</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rein Mostatian Tandiongan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kasandra Putri Klara</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nurul Afrida</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nur Rezky Khairun Nisaa</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Risna Risna</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Agum Wahyudha Jur</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gemini Alam</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Abdul Rohman</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110322</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>322</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110322</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/322</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 323: Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323</link> <description>Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of organic compounds displaying excellent solvent properties while keeping an ecofriendly character. In this study, DESs have been applied to the extraction of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl, successively separated by means of counter-current chromatography. Firstly, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, and the results showed phenylpropanoid glycosides could be well extracted under the optimized extraction conditions with deep eutectic solvents. Then, the sample was separated by counter-current chromatography using ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, v/v) as the solvent system. In about 360 min, four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were obtained from about 900 mg of the sample. It revealed deep eutectic solvents could be well employed as a green solvent for the extraction and counter-current separation of natural products.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-08</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 323: Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323">doi: 10.3390/separations11110323</a></p> <p>Authors: Yao Wang Jun Dai Xiaoting Zhang Yuhan Wang Fangfang He Lu Liang Duojie Longzhu Denglang Zou </p> <p>Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of organic compounds displaying excellent solvent properties while keeping an ecofriendly character. In this study, DESs have been applied to the extraction of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl, successively separated by means of counter-current chromatography. Firstly, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, and the results showed phenylpropanoid glycosides could be well extracted under the optimized extraction conditions with deep eutectic solvents. Then, the sample was separated by counter-current chromatography using ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, v/v) as the solvent system. In about 360 min, four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were obtained from about 900 mg of the sample. It revealed deep eutectic solvents could be well employed as a green solvent for the extraction and counter-current separation of natural products.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yao Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jun Dai</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaoting Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yuhan Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fangfang He</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lu Liang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Duojie Longzhu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Denglang Zou</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110323</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>323</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110323</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/321"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 321: Fatty Acid Profiling in Greek Wines by Liquid Chromatography&amp;ndash;High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS)</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/321</link> <description>In recent years, the interest in lipids present in wines has increased, because these natural components, even at low or very low concentrations, play an important role in wine evolution and quality and contribute substantially to the taste and mouthfeel of wines. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the profiling of free fatty acids (FFAs) in wines. The method is fast and allows the simultaneous determination of twenty-seven saturated and unsaturated FFAs in wine samples, avoiding any prior derivatization step. After validation, a variety of white and rose commercial wine samples from the Greek market, either sparkling or non-sparkling, were analyzed by the present method. The majority of wine FFAs are saturated long aliphatic, in particular palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, followed by myristic (C14:0) and pentadecanoic (C15:0) acids, while oleic (C18:1), palmitoleic (C16:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids were quantified among the unsaturated FAs. The medium-chain C6:0 and the unsaturated C16:1 and C18:2 acids were found at higher concentrations in rose wines compared to white.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-06</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 321: Fatty Acid Profiling in Greek Wines by Liquid Chromatography&amp;ndash;High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS)</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/321">doi: 10.3390/separations11110321</a></p> <p>Authors: Maroula G. Kokotou </p> <p>In recent years, the interest in lipids present in wines has increased, because these natural components, even at low or very low concentrations, play an important role in wine evolution and quality and contribute substantially to the taste and mouthfeel of wines. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the profiling of free fatty acids (FFAs) in wines. The method is fast and allows the simultaneous determination of twenty-seven saturated and unsaturated FFAs in wine samples, avoiding any prior derivatization step. After validation, a variety of white and rose commercial wine samples from the Greek market, either sparkling or non-sparkling, were analyzed by the present method. The majority of wine FFAs are saturated long aliphatic, in particular palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, followed by myristic (C14:0) and pentadecanoic (C15:0) acids, while oleic (C18:1), palmitoleic (C16:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids were quantified among the unsaturated FAs. The medium-chain C6:0 and the unsaturated C16:1 and C18:2 acids were found at higher concentrations in rose wines compared to white.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Fatty Acid Profiling in Greek Wines by Liquid Chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS)</dc:title> <dc:creator>Maroula G. Kokotou</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110321</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-06</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-06</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>321</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110321</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/321</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/320"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 320: Removal of Inorganic Pollutants and Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation: A Review</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/320</link> <description>Water pollution is a major concern due to its detrimental effects on the environment and public health. The particular danger of inorganic pollutants arises from their persistent toxicity and inability to biodegrade. Recently, electrocoagulation (EC) has been demonstrated as an alternative sustainable approach to purifying wastewater due to the increasingly strict pollution prevention rules. In particular, EC has been used to remove inorganic pollutants, such as Cr, Zn, Pb, or As. EC has emerged as a sustainable tool for resource recovery of some inorganic pollutants such as N and P that, when recovered, have value as plant nutrients and are critical in a circular economy. These recovered materials can be obtained from diverse agricultural drainage water and recycled as fertilizers. In this work, a state-of-the-art technique is reviewed describing the advances in contaminant removal and nutrient recovery using EC through an in-depth discussion of the factors influencing the contaminant removal process, including operating pH, time, power, and concentration. Furthermore, limitations of the EC technology are reviewed, including the high-power consumption, fast deterioration of the sacrificial electrodes, and the types of contaminants that could not be efficiently removed. Finally, new emerging constructs in EC process optimization parameters are presented.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-05</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 320: Removal of Inorganic Pollutants and Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation: A Review</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/320">doi: 10.3390/separations11110320</a></p> <p>Authors: Mohamed Ammar Ezz Yousef Sherif Ashraf Jonas Baltrusaitis </p> <p>Water pollution is a major concern due to its detrimental effects on the environment and public health. The particular danger of inorganic pollutants arises from their persistent toxicity and inability to biodegrade. Recently, electrocoagulation (EC) has been demonstrated as an alternative sustainable approach to purifying wastewater due to the increasingly strict pollution prevention rules. In particular, EC has been used to remove inorganic pollutants, such as Cr, Zn, Pb, or As. EC has emerged as a sustainable tool for resource recovery of some inorganic pollutants such as N and P that, when recovered, have value as plant nutrients and are critical in a circular economy. These recovered materials can be obtained from diverse agricultural drainage water and recycled as fertilizers. In this work, a state-of-the-art technique is reviewed describing the advances in contaminant removal and nutrient recovery using EC through an in-depth discussion of the factors influencing the contaminant removal process, including operating pH, time, power, and concentration. Furthermore, limitations of the EC technology are reviewed, including the high-power consumption, fast deterioration of the sacrificial electrodes, and the types of contaminants that could not be efficiently removed. Finally, new emerging constructs in EC process optimization parameters are presented.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Removal of Inorganic Pollutants and Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation: A Review</dc:title> <dc:creator>Mohamed Ammar</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ezz Yousef</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sherif Ashraf</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jonas Baltrusaitis</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110320</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>320</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110320</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/320</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/319"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 319: Phytochemical Study of the Plant Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. subsp. belangeriana (DC.) Bornm. of the Family Asteraceae</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/319</link> <description>The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the secondary metabolites of the aerial part of the plant Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand. -Mazz. subsp. belangeriana (DC.) Bornm. (Centaurea phyllocephala) (Asteraceae), and to study the biological activities of the extracts and isolated compounds with in vitro tests. With the use of chromatography and spectroscopy we identified three elemanolides: 8&amp;amp;alpha;-O-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyloxy) dehydromelitensine (1), 8&amp;amp;alpha;-O-(3-hydroxy-4-acetoxy-2-methylene-butanoyloxy) dehydromelitensine (2) and methyl 6&amp;amp;alpha;,8&amp;amp;alpha;,15-trihydroxyelema-1,3,11(13)-trien-12-oate (3); two germacranolides: cnicin (4) and 4&amp;amp;prime;-O-acetylcnicin (5); one eudesmanolide: malacitanolide (6); five flavonoids: cirsilineol (7), eupatorine (8), 5-hydroxy, 6,7,3&amp;amp;prime;,4&amp;amp;prime;-tetramethoxy-flavone (9), 3,4&amp;amp;prime;,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyflavone 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (10) and astragalin (11); and also p-OH-benzoic acid (12) and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-butyrolactone (13). All the isolated compounds were evaluated in silico with the use of molinspiration, while the crude extract, the organic phase B and compounds 2, 4, 5 and 6 were tested as antioxidants and anti-inflammatories for the inhibition of lipid hyperoxide and the inhibition of lipoxygenase.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-04</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 319: Phytochemical Study of the Plant Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. subsp. belangeriana (DC.) Bornm. of the Family Asteraceae</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/319">doi: 10.3390/separations11110319</a></p> <p>Authors: Kyriakos Michail Dimitriadis Olga Tsiftsoglou Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina Mohammad Arfan Diamanto Lazari </p> <p>The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the secondary metabolites of the aerial part of the plant Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand. -Mazz. subsp. belangeriana (DC.) Bornm. (Centaurea phyllocephala) (Asteraceae), and to study the biological activities of the extracts and isolated compounds with in vitro tests. With the use of chromatography and spectroscopy we identified three elemanolides: 8&amp;amp;alpha;-O-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyloxy) dehydromelitensine (1), 8&amp;amp;alpha;-O-(3-hydroxy-4-acetoxy-2-methylene-butanoyloxy) dehydromelitensine (2) and methyl 6&amp;amp;alpha;,8&amp;amp;alpha;,15-trihydroxyelema-1,3,11(13)-trien-12-oate (3); two germacranolides: cnicin (4) and 4&amp;amp;prime;-O-acetylcnicin (5); one eudesmanolide: malacitanolide (6); five flavonoids: cirsilineol (7), eupatorine (8), 5-hydroxy, 6,7,3&amp;amp;prime;,4&amp;amp;prime;-tetramethoxy-flavone (9), 3,4&amp;amp;prime;,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyflavone 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (10) and astragalin (11); and also p-OH-benzoic acid (12) and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-butyrolactone (13). All the isolated compounds were evaluated in silico with the use of molinspiration, while the crude extract, the organic phase B and compounds 2, 4, 5 and 6 were tested as antioxidants and anti-inflammatories for the inhibition of lipid hyperoxide and the inhibition of lipoxygenase.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Phytochemical Study of the Plant Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. subsp. belangeriana (DC.) Bornm. of the Family Asteraceae</dc:title> <dc:creator>Kyriakos Michail Dimitriadis</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Olga Tsiftsoglou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mohammad Arfan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Diamanto Lazari</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110319</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>319</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110319</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/319</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/318"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 318: Nationwide Surveillance and Cumulative Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Egyptian Vegetables: Results from 2018 to 2021</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/318</link> <description>Pesticide residues in food are a global concern due to their potential impacts on human health and the environment. This study investigates pesticide residues in vegetables commonly consumed in Egypt, utilizing advanced analytical techniques such as Liquid Chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A total of 4200 vegetable samples, including cucumber, squash, eggplant, okra, peas, onion, green onion, parsley, lettuce, and cantaloupe, were collected from 20 markets across different Egyptian governorates between 2018 and 2021. The analysis revealed that 42% of the samples contained pesticide residues, with only 13% of the analyzed samples exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by Codex/EU-MRL standards. Despite this, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the detected pesticides did not surpass acceptable daily intake (ADI) limits, suggesting no immediate chronic health risks to consumers. These findings highlight Egypt&amp;amp;rsquo;s ongoing commitment to food safety, while also underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices to ensure the long-term safety and quality of the food supply.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-04</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 318: Nationwide Surveillance and Cumulative Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Egyptian Vegetables: Results from 2018 to 2021</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/318">doi: 10.3390/separations11110318</a></p> <p>Authors: Farag Malhat Ayman Saber El-Sayed Saber Shokr Abel Salam Shokr Mohammed Abdel-Megeed </p> <p>Pesticide residues in food are a global concern due to their potential impacts on human health and the environment. This study investigates pesticide residues in vegetables commonly consumed in Egypt, utilizing advanced analytical techniques such as Liquid Chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A total of 4200 vegetable samples, including cucumber, squash, eggplant, okra, peas, onion, green onion, parsley, lettuce, and cantaloupe, were collected from 20 markets across different Egyptian governorates between 2018 and 2021. The analysis revealed that 42% of the samples contained pesticide residues, with only 13% of the analyzed samples exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by Codex/EU-MRL standards. Despite this, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the detected pesticides did not surpass acceptable daily intake (ADI) limits, suggesting no immediate chronic health risks to consumers. These findings highlight Egypt&amp;amp;rsquo;s ongoing commitment to food safety, while also underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices to ensure the long-term safety and quality of the food supply.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Nationwide Surveillance and Cumulative Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Egyptian Vegetables: Results from 2018 to 2021</dc:title> <dc:creator>Farag Malhat</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ayman Saber</dc:creator> <dc:creator>El-Sayed Saber</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shokr Abel Salam Shokr</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mohammed Abdel-Megeed</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110318</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>318</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110318</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/318</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/317"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 317: QuEChERS-Based Method for the Determination of Fipronil in Protein Baits and Vespa velutina Larvae by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/317</link> <description>Protein baits containing fipronil as a biocide have shown their effectivity as a control method for Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Lepeletier, 1836) in apiaries. This biocide is not selective for Vespa velutina, so it is important to use the minimum dose to inactivate a nest. Therefore, the aim of this work was the development of analytical methods for the determination of fipronil in protein baits for quality control purposes and in larvae of Vespa velutina to determine the biocide content after protein bait ingestion and to acquire knowledge on fipronil metabolism in larvae. For this purpose, a Quechers-based HPLC-PDA method was developed and validated for the determination of fipronil in both matrixes. Furthermore, a GC-MS method was developed for the analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in dead Vespa velutina larvae fed with a mash containing 0.01% fipronil. Quechers-based HPLC-DAD allowed for the determination of the fipronil content in baits. Fipronil and the metabolites fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide were identified by GC-MS in extracts of larvae fed with a protein mash containing 0.01% fipronil. The transformation of fipronil into fipronil sulfone inside the larvae and the high toxicity of this metabolite open the possibility to produce protein baits with lower biocide concentrations.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-03</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 317: QuEChERS-Based Method for the Determination of Fipronil in Protein Baits and Vespa velutina Larvae by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/317">doi: 10.3390/separations11110317</a></p> <p>Authors: Omaira de la Hera Aritza Izaguirre Arrate Rivas Rosa Mar铆a Alonso </p> <p>Protein baits containing fipronil as a biocide have shown their effectivity as a control method for Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Lepeletier, 1836) in apiaries. This biocide is not selective for Vespa velutina, so it is important to use the minimum dose to inactivate a nest. Therefore, the aim of this work was the development of analytical methods for the determination of fipronil in protein baits for quality control purposes and in larvae of Vespa velutina to determine the biocide content after protein bait ingestion and to acquire knowledge on fipronil metabolism in larvae. For this purpose, a Quechers-based HPLC-PDA method was developed and validated for the determination of fipronil in both matrixes. Furthermore, a GC-MS method was developed for the analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in dead Vespa velutina larvae fed with a mash containing 0.01% fipronil. Quechers-based HPLC-DAD allowed for the determination of the fipronil content in baits. Fipronil and the metabolites fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide were identified by GC-MS in extracts of larvae fed with a protein mash containing 0.01% fipronil. The transformation of fipronil into fipronil sulfone inside the larvae and the high toxicity of this metabolite open the possibility to produce protein baits with lower biocide concentrations.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>QuEChERS-Based Method for the Determination of Fipronil in Protein Baits and Vespa velutina Larvae by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS</dc:title> <dc:creator>Omaira de la Hera</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Aritza Izaguirre</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Arrate Rivas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rosa Mar铆a Alonso</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110317</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>317</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110317</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/317</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/316"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 316: Isolation, Purification, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols from Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/316</link> <description>Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight (CA) is a traditional medicinal and edible plant in China. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the phenolic compounds of C. auriculatum to identify its main antioxidant constituents. Polyphenols were extracted using an ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction method, followed by partitioning with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract was then purified through thin-layer chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography. Three monomeric compounds&amp;amp;mdash;cynandione A (I), 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (II), and radix piperacanthone (III)&amp;amp;mdash;were identified through their physical and chemical properties, UV and IR spectra, and liquid chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Vitamin C (VC) and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone were used as controls to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the two most abundant monomers. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone and cynandione A exhibited strong antioxidant activity at lower concentrations, whereas 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone showed significantly weaker activity. Furthermore, cynandione A displayed superior cellular antioxidant activity compared to 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone, indicating its potential as a promising bioactive compound. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the phenolic composition of C. auriculatum and highlights cynandione A as a key antioxidant, paving the way for future research on its therapeutic applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-01</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 316: Isolation, Purification, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols from Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/316">doi: 10.3390/separations11110316</a></p> <p>Authors: Mustapha Muhammad Nasiru Yue-E Sun Lingyun Zhao Taing Bunhok Chuon Mony Roth Sun Sovath Hay Pharith Weidong Wang Chunyang Li </p> <p>Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight (CA) is a traditional medicinal and edible plant in China. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the phenolic compounds of C. auriculatum to identify its main antioxidant constituents. Polyphenols were extracted using an ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction method, followed by partitioning with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract was then purified through thin-layer chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography. Three monomeric compounds&amp;amp;mdash;cynandione A (I), 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (II), and radix piperacanthone (III)&amp;amp;mdash;were identified through their physical and chemical properties, UV and IR spectra, and liquid chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Vitamin C (VC) and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone were used as controls to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the two most abundant monomers. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone and cynandione A exhibited strong antioxidant activity at lower concentrations, whereas 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone showed significantly weaker activity. Furthermore, cynandione A displayed superior cellular antioxidant activity compared to 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone, indicating its potential as a promising bioactive compound. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the phenolic composition of C. auriculatum and highlights cynandione A as a key antioxidant, paving the way for future research on its therapeutic applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Isolation, Purification, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols from Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight</dc:title> <dc:creator>Mustapha Muhammad Nasiru</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yue-E Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lingyun Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Taing Bunhok</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chuon Mony Roth</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sun Sovath</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hay Pharith</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Weidong Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chunyang Li</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110316</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>316</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110316</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/316</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/315"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 315: A Revisit to Effervescence-Assisted Microextraction of Non-Polar Organic Compounds Using Hydrophobic Magnetic Nanoparticles&amp;mdash;Application to the Determination of UV Filters in Natural Waters</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/315</link> <description>In this work, we revisited the method of effervescence-assisted microextraction, aiming to assess the effects of the process of effervescence on the extraction efficiency of organic compounds. We used a magnetic nano-sorbent material composed of stearic acid-coated cobalt-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles as an adsorbent and dispersed it in water using 12 combinations of acid and base mixtures at two different mass ratios. The solution pH, the ionic strength, and the duration of effervescence were calculated and correlated to the extraction efficiency of nonpolar UV filters from aqueous samples as model organic compounds. Our findings provide a general perspective into the influence of the process of effervescence on extraction efficiency. Based on these findings, we developed and optimized a new analytical method for extracting UV filters from water samples using HPLC-UV as a detector. Under the optimum experimental conditions (0.2 g fumaric acid/0.1 g Na2CO3, 50 mg of magnetic nanoparticles and methanol as an elution solvent assisted by vortex agitation for 5 min) the method was found to afford good linearity in the calibration curves expanding by two orders of magnitude, satisfactory reproducibility and repeatability (1.8&amp;amp;ndash;11.1%), and high recoveries (78.4&amp;amp;ndash;127.1%). This research provides a new perspective on the influence of the process of effervescence on the extraction efficiency of nonpolar organic compounds and introduces a new method for extracting UV filters from aqueous media.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-01</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 315: A Revisit to Effervescence-Assisted Microextraction of Non-Polar Organic Compounds Using Hydrophobic Magnetic Nanoparticles&amp;mdash;Application to the Determination of UV Filters in Natural Waters</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/315">doi: 10.3390/separations11110315</a></p> <p>Authors: Efthymia Toti Vasiliki Gouma Vasiliki I. Karagianni Dimosthenis L. Giokas </p> <p>In this work, we revisited the method of effervescence-assisted microextraction, aiming to assess the effects of the process of effervescence on the extraction efficiency of organic compounds. We used a magnetic nano-sorbent material composed of stearic acid-coated cobalt-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles as an adsorbent and dispersed it in water using 12 combinations of acid and base mixtures at two different mass ratios. The solution pH, the ionic strength, and the duration of effervescence were calculated and correlated to the extraction efficiency of nonpolar UV filters from aqueous samples as model organic compounds. Our findings provide a general perspective into the influence of the process of effervescence on extraction efficiency. Based on these findings, we developed and optimized a new analytical method for extracting UV filters from water samples using HPLC-UV as a detector. Under the optimum experimental conditions (0.2 g fumaric acid/0.1 g Na2CO3, 50 mg of magnetic nanoparticles and methanol as an elution solvent assisted by vortex agitation for 5 min) the method was found to afford good linearity in the calibration curves expanding by two orders of magnitude, satisfactory reproducibility and repeatability (1.8&amp;amp;ndash;11.1%), and high recoveries (78.4&amp;amp;ndash;127.1%). This research provides a new perspective on the influence of the process of effervescence on the extraction efficiency of nonpolar organic compounds and introduces a new method for extracting UV filters from aqueous media.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Revisit to Effervescence-Assisted Microextraction of Non-Polar Organic Compounds Using Hydrophobic Magnetic Nanoparticles&amp;amp;mdash;Application to the Determination of UV Filters in Natural Waters</dc:title> <dc:creator>Efthymia Toti</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vasiliki Gouma</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vasiliki I. Karagianni</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dimosthenis L. Giokas</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110315</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>315</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110315</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/315</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/314"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 314: Deep Eutectic Solvents as Candidates for Lithium Isotope Enrichment</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/314</link> <description>Nuclear fusion is a phenomenon that is well known within the nuclear physics community as a viable option for alternative energy as many natural gases and fossil fuels are phased out of commercial use. Deuterium and tritium fusion reactions are currently the leading candidates for nuclear fusion, with a major limiting factor being a means to produce tritium on an industrial scale. Lithium-6 is a well-known isotope that can produce tritium and helium following a fission reaction with a neutron. Unfortunately, the lithium-6 enrichment methods are limited to the COLEX process, which leaves behind an alarming amount of mercury waste as a potential environmental contaminant. Deep eutectic solvents are believed to be a potential alternative to lithium isotope separations due to the ease of generation, in addition to the minimum environmental waste generated when these solvents are employed. Previous studies have suggested that deep eutectic solvents are capable of separating lithium isotopes by utilizing a 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone and trioctylphosphine oxide system that can biphasically react with a buffered solution containing lithium chloride. This system displays a separation factor of 1.068, which when compared to the 1.054 separation within the COLEX process, makes it a potential candidate for lithium-6/7 separation. Within this study, we investigate this system in comparison to two newly synthesized deep eutectic solvents and find that within these acetylacetone-based systems, little isotopic separation is observed. We investigate these systems both experimentally and computationally, showing the different lithium cation affinities, in addition to proposing how the electron-donating or -withdrawing nature can influence these systems.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-01</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 314: Deep Eutectic Solvents as Candidates for Lithium Isotope Enrichment</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/314">doi: 10.3390/separations11110314</a></p> <p>Authors: Jesse E. Smith Kori D. McDonald Dale A. Hitchcock Brenda L. Garcia-Diaz </p> <p>Nuclear fusion is a phenomenon that is well known within the nuclear physics community as a viable option for alternative energy as many natural gases and fossil fuels are phased out of commercial use. Deuterium and tritium fusion reactions are currently the leading candidates for nuclear fusion, with a major limiting factor being a means to produce tritium on an industrial scale. Lithium-6 is a well-known isotope that can produce tritium and helium following a fission reaction with a neutron. Unfortunately, the lithium-6 enrichment methods are limited to the COLEX process, which leaves behind an alarming amount of mercury waste as a potential environmental contaminant. Deep eutectic solvents are believed to be a potential alternative to lithium isotope separations due to the ease of generation, in addition to the minimum environmental waste generated when these solvents are employed. Previous studies have suggested that deep eutectic solvents are capable of separating lithium isotopes by utilizing a 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone and trioctylphosphine oxide system that can biphasically react with a buffered solution containing lithium chloride. This system displays a separation factor of 1.068, which when compared to the 1.054 separation within the COLEX process, makes it a potential candidate for lithium-6/7 separation. Within this study, we investigate this system in comparison to two newly synthesized deep eutectic solvents and find that within these acetylacetone-based systems, little isotopic separation is observed. We investigate these systems both experimentally and computationally, showing the different lithium cation affinities, in addition to proposing how the electron-donating or -withdrawing nature can influence these systems.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Deep Eutectic Solvents as Candidates for Lithium Isotope Enrichment</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jesse E. Smith</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kori D. McDonald</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dale A. Hitchcock</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Brenda L. Garcia-Diaz</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110314</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Communication</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>314</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110314</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/314</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/313"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 313: The Volatolome of Chromhidrosis</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/313</link> <description>This study investigates the volatolome in an individual with chromhidrosis, utilizing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and pentane extraction, followed by gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to identify key volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A total of 31 compounds were identified, including aldehydes, fatty acid esters, and benzoic acid derivatives. SPME was more effective in capturing highly volatile compounds, while pentane extraction primarily isolated lipophilic substances such as squalene and cholesterol. The findings suggest that lipid peroxidation and metabolic dysregulation contribute to the formation of lipofuscin, the pigment responsible for colored sweat. Additionally, the detection of 9-octadecenamide and benzoic acid derivatives highlights the role of oxidative processes in chromhidrosis.</description> <pubDate>2024-11-01</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 313: The Volatolome of Chromhidrosis</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/313">doi: 10.3390/separations11110313</a></p> <p>Authors: Mila Radan An膽ela Plav膷i膰 </p> <p>This study investigates the volatolome in an individual with chromhidrosis, utilizing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and pentane extraction, followed by gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to identify key volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A total of 31 compounds were identified, including aldehydes, fatty acid esters, and benzoic acid derivatives. SPME was more effective in capturing highly volatile compounds, while pentane extraction primarily isolated lipophilic substances such as squalene and cholesterol. The findings suggest that lipid peroxidation and metabolic dysregulation contribute to the formation of lipofuscin, the pigment responsible for colored sweat. Additionally, the detection of 9-octadecenamide and benzoic acid derivatives highlights the role of oxidative processes in chromhidrosis.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Volatolome of Chromhidrosis</dc:title> <dc:creator>Mila Radan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>An膽ela Plav膷i膰</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110313</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Communication</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>313</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110313</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/313</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/312"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 312: Study on an Integrated Water Treatment System by Simultaneously Coupling Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Powdered Carbon with Ultrafiltration</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/312</link> <description>The process of using powdered activated carbon (PAC) in conjunction with ultrafiltration (UF) has been widely adopted for the treatment of various types of water and wastewater. However, during the application of this integrated PAC-UF process, PAC tends to adhere significantly to the surface of the UF membrane, which exacerbates membrane fouling. To tackle this issue, this study proposed an innovative water treatment approach that simultaneously integrated granular activated carbon (GAC) and PAC/biochar with UF. In this setup, PAC/biochar was intended to enhance water quality, while the fluidized GAC particles were aimed at reducing membrane fouling and the deposition of PAC/biochar on the membrane surface. We systematically analyzed the operational performance of the integrated systems concerning fouling formation, PAC/biochar attachment, effluent quality, and foulant components. The results indicate that both PAC and biochar effectively improved effluent quality in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and hardness, although they significantly deposited on the membrane surface during operation. Notably, PAC was more prone to attach to the membrane than biochar, and the fouling in biochar-UF systems was primarily attributed to the attachment of organic foulants rather than biochar itself. By combining with GAC, up to 46.01% of membrane fouling and 96.11% of PAC/biochar attachment were mitigated due to the strong mechanical action of the fluidized GAC particles. Importantly, the inclusion of fluidized GAC did not significantly affect effluent quality. Consequently, the GAC-PAC/biochar systems proposed in this study demonstrated dual benefits of improving effluent quality and ensuring stable operation, thereby providing a viable solution for efficient and sustainable water treatment.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-30</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 312: Study on an Integrated Water Treatment System by Simultaneously Coupling Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Powdered Carbon with Ultrafiltration</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/312">doi: 10.3390/separations11110312</a></p> <p>Authors: Yi Wang Sijia Yu Weiwei Cai </p> <p>The process of using powdered activated carbon (PAC) in conjunction with ultrafiltration (UF) has been widely adopted for the treatment of various types of water and wastewater. However, during the application of this integrated PAC-UF process, PAC tends to adhere significantly to the surface of the UF membrane, which exacerbates membrane fouling. To tackle this issue, this study proposed an innovative water treatment approach that simultaneously integrated granular activated carbon (GAC) and PAC/biochar with UF. In this setup, PAC/biochar was intended to enhance water quality, while the fluidized GAC particles were aimed at reducing membrane fouling and the deposition of PAC/biochar on the membrane surface. We systematically analyzed the operational performance of the integrated systems concerning fouling formation, PAC/biochar attachment, effluent quality, and foulant components. The results indicate that both PAC and biochar effectively improved effluent quality in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and hardness, although they significantly deposited on the membrane surface during operation. Notably, PAC was more prone to attach to the membrane than biochar, and the fouling in biochar-UF systems was primarily attributed to the attachment of organic foulants rather than biochar itself. By combining with GAC, up to 46.01% of membrane fouling and 96.11% of PAC/biochar attachment were mitigated due to the strong mechanical action of the fluidized GAC particles. Importantly, the inclusion of fluidized GAC did not significantly affect effluent quality. Consequently, the GAC-PAC/biochar systems proposed in this study demonstrated dual benefits of improving effluent quality and ensuring stable operation, thereby providing a viable solution for efficient and sustainable water treatment.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Study on an Integrated Water Treatment System by Simultaneously Coupling Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Powdered Carbon with Ultrafiltration</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yi Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sijia Yu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Weiwei Cai</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110312</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>312</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110312</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/312</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/311"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 311: Exploration of the Functional Constituents of the Substrate of Flammulina velutipes</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/311</link> <description>After harvesting, the substrate of Flammulina velutipes (SFV) is repurposed for uses such as feed, fuel, and culture medium. This study identified four phenolic acids and one flavonoid from the SFV for the first time using solvent extraction and chromatography: ferulic acid (1), &amp;amp;rho;-coumaric acid (2), vanillic acid (3), 3-methoxygallic acid (4), and tricin (5). They showed significant activity in the DPPH scavenging test with concentrations determined by HPLC as follows: ferulic acid (218.88 mg/kg), &amp;amp;rho;-coumaric acid (157.31 mg/kg), vanillic acid (281.54 mg/kg), 3-methoxygallic acid (33.85 mg/kg), and tricin (713.42 mg/kg). These findings indicate that the SFV is a valuable source of bioactive compounds for medicinal and health-promoting applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-28</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 311: Exploration of the Functional Constituents of the Substrate of Flammulina velutipes</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/311">doi: 10.3390/separations11110311</a></p> <p>Authors: Ruixiang Jiang Renqing Zheng Bin Yuan Bo Li Yiyong Chen Yongbiao Zheng </p> <p>After harvesting, the substrate of Flammulina velutipes (SFV) is repurposed for uses such as feed, fuel, and culture medium. This study identified four phenolic acids and one flavonoid from the SFV for the first time using solvent extraction and chromatography: ferulic acid (1), &amp;amp;rho;-coumaric acid (2), vanillic acid (3), 3-methoxygallic acid (4), and tricin (5). They showed significant activity in the DPPH scavenging test with concentrations determined by HPLC as follows: ferulic acid (218.88 mg/kg), &amp;amp;rho;-coumaric acid (157.31 mg/kg), vanillic acid (281.54 mg/kg), 3-methoxygallic acid (33.85 mg/kg), and tricin (713.42 mg/kg). These findings indicate that the SFV is a valuable source of bioactive compounds for medicinal and health-promoting applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Exploration of the Functional Constituents of the Substrate of Flammulina velutipes</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ruixiang Jiang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Renqing Zheng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bin Yuan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yiyong Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yongbiao Zheng</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110311</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>311</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110311</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/311</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/310"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 310: Eco-Friendly Green Approach to the Biosorption of Hazardous Dyes from Aqueous Solution on Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Biomass</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/310</link> <description>The presented research includes the preparation, characterization, and implementation of magnetic biosorbent (Fe3O4/RWB), obtained from ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) biomass. Fe3O4/RWB was examined for the removal of a hazardous dye, malachite green (MG), from an aqueous solution in a batch system. The effects of the experimental parameters&amp;amp;mdash;initial dye concentration (10&amp;amp;ndash;300 mg/L), contact time (0&amp;amp;ndash;120 min), biosorbent dose (1&amp;amp;ndash;5 g/L), initial pH (2&amp;amp;ndash;10), ionic strength (0&amp;amp;ndash;1 mol/L), and temperature (298&amp;amp;ndash;318 K) on dye biosorption&amp;amp;mdash;were studied. The results showed that increases in biosorbent dose, contact time, and initial pH led to an increase in biosorption efficiency, while the increase in initial dye concentration, the ionic strength, and temperature had the opposite effect. The biosorption kinetics for MG on Fe3O4/RWB were analyzed with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic models, while the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were used for equilibrium data analysis. It was observed that the MG biosorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, whereas the Langmuir model was the best fit for the equilibrium biosorption data of MG, with a Qmax of 34.1 mg/g. the desorption of MG from Fe3O4/RWB indicated reusability in five adsorption/desorption cycles, good performance, and potential in practical applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-28</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 310: Eco-Friendly Green Approach to the Biosorption of Hazardous Dyes from Aqueous Solution on Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Biomass</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/310">doi: 10.3390/separations11110310</a></p> <p>Authors: Natalija Nedi膰 Tamara Tadi膰 Bojana Markovi膰 Aleksandra Nastasovi膰 Aleksandar Popovi膰 Sandra Bulatovi膰 </p> <p>The presented research includes the preparation, characterization, and implementation of magnetic biosorbent (Fe3O4/RWB), obtained from ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) biomass. Fe3O4/RWB was examined for the removal of a hazardous dye, malachite green (MG), from an aqueous solution in a batch system. The effects of the experimental parameters&amp;amp;mdash;initial dye concentration (10&amp;amp;ndash;300 mg/L), contact time (0&amp;amp;ndash;120 min), biosorbent dose (1&amp;amp;ndash;5 g/L), initial pH (2&amp;amp;ndash;10), ionic strength (0&amp;amp;ndash;1 mol/L), and temperature (298&amp;amp;ndash;318 K) on dye biosorption&amp;amp;mdash;were studied. The results showed that increases in biosorbent dose, contact time, and initial pH led to an increase in biosorption efficiency, while the increase in initial dye concentration, the ionic strength, and temperature had the opposite effect. The biosorption kinetics for MG on Fe3O4/RWB were analyzed with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic models, while the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were used for equilibrium data analysis. It was observed that the MG biosorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, whereas the Langmuir model was the best fit for the equilibrium biosorption data of MG, with a Qmax of 34.1 mg/g. the desorption of MG from Fe3O4/RWB indicated reusability in five adsorption/desorption cycles, good performance, and potential in practical applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Eco-Friendly Green Approach to the Biosorption of Hazardous Dyes from Aqueous Solution on Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Biomass</dc:title> <dc:creator>Natalija Nedi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tamara Tadi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bojana Markovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Aleksandra Nastasovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Aleksandar Popovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sandra Bulatovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110310</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>310</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110310</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/310</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 309: Solid&amp;ndash;Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42&amp;minus; - H2O at T = 323.2 K</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309</link> <description>Sulfate-type salt lakes constitute over half of the total salt lakes in China and are rich in rare elements, such as rubidium and cesium. However, the complex interactions between ions make the separation and extraction process quite challenging. To address this, phase equilibrium studies were conducted on the sulfate system containing rubidium, cesium, and magnesium. Specifically, the phase equilibria of the aqueous quaternary system Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42&amp;amp;minus; - H2O at 323.2 K were investigated using the isothermal dissolution method. The solubility, density, and refractive index of the system were experimentally measured. The results indicate that the system at 323.2 K belongs to a complex type with the formation of one solid solution (Rb, Cs)2SO4 and two double salts (Rb2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O, Cs2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O). The corresponding phase diagram consists of four quaternary invariant points, nine univariate curves, and six crystallization regions. Among these, the crystalline region for Cs2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O is the largest, while that for the single salt Cs2SO4 is the smallest. Moreover, the crystalline regions for the double salt and solid solutions are significantly larger than those for the single salt, highlighting the difficulty in separation of valuable single salts. A comparison of multi-temperature phase diagrams from 298.2 K to 323.2 K reveals that the crystalline form of MgSO4 changes from MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;7H2O (298.2 K) to MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O (323.2 K). As the temperature increases, the phase regions for Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4, (Rb, Cs)2SO4, and Cs2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O expand, while the phase region of Rb2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O contracts, indicating that the single salts (Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4) are more readily precipitated at higher temperature, which provides theoretical guidance for the future production and separation of Rb, Cs, and Mg from sulfate-type salt lakes.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-27</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 309: Solid&amp;ndash;Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42&amp;minus; - H2O at T = 323.2 K</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309">doi: 10.3390/separations11110309</a></p> <p>Authors: Zhangfa Yu Ying Zeng Xuequn Li Hongbo Sun Longgang Li Wanghai He Peijun Chen Xudong Yu </p> <p>Sulfate-type salt lakes constitute over half of the total salt lakes in China and are rich in rare elements, such as rubidium and cesium. However, the complex interactions between ions make the separation and extraction process quite challenging. To address this, phase equilibrium studies were conducted on the sulfate system containing rubidium, cesium, and magnesium. Specifically, the phase equilibria of the aqueous quaternary system Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42&amp;amp;minus; - H2O at 323.2 K were investigated using the isothermal dissolution method. The solubility, density, and refractive index of the system were experimentally measured. The results indicate that the system at 323.2 K belongs to a complex type with the formation of one solid solution (Rb, Cs)2SO4 and two double salts (Rb2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O, Cs2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O). The corresponding phase diagram consists of four quaternary invariant points, nine univariate curves, and six crystallization regions. Among these, the crystalline region for Cs2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O is the largest, while that for the single salt Cs2SO4 is the smallest. Moreover, the crystalline regions for the double salt and solid solutions are significantly larger than those for the single salt, highlighting the difficulty in separation of valuable single salts. A comparison of multi-temperature phase diagrams from 298.2 K to 323.2 K reveals that the crystalline form of MgSO4 changes from MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;7H2O (298.2 K) to MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O (323.2 K). As the temperature increases, the phase regions for Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4, (Rb, Cs)2SO4, and Cs2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O expand, while the phase region of Rb2SO4&amp;amp;middot;MgSO4&amp;amp;middot;6H2O contracts, indicating that the single salts (Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4) are more readily precipitated at higher temperature, which provides theoretical guidance for the future production and separation of Rb, Cs, and Mg from sulfate-type salt lakes.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Solid&amp;amp;ndash;Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42&amp;amp;minus; - H2O at T = 323.2 K</dc:title> <dc:creator>Zhangfa Yu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ying Zeng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xuequn Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hongbo Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Longgang Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wanghai He</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Peijun Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xudong Yu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110309</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-27</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-27</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>309</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110309</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/308"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 308: Utilizing Zn(Cu/Cr)Al-Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Photocatalysts for Effective Photodegradation of Environmental Pollutants</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/308</link> <description>Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their derived mixed oxides are emerging as a promising class of biocompatible inorganic lamellar nanomaterials. The detailed structure and textural characteristics of the synthesized LDH-based materials were examined using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. This study explored the removal efficiency of pharmaceutical tolperisone hydrochloride (TLP), as well as the herbicides quinmerac (QUI) and clomazone (CLO) from water, using dried and calcined LDH-based photocatalysts under simulated solar irradiation and UV irradiation. A higher removal efficiency was observed using UV irradiation, for all substrates. The most effective removal was achieved using ZnAl photocatalysts thermally treated at 100 &amp;amp;deg;C (ZnAl 100) and 500 &amp;amp;deg;C (ZnAl 500). The highest removal rates were observed in the TLP/ZnAl 100 and QUI/ZnAl 100 systems, achieving ~79% and ~86% removal after 75 min of treatment under UV. In contrast, the CLO/ZnAl 100 and CLO/ZnAl 500 systems achieved ~47% removal of CLO. Furthermore, this study investigated the role of reactive species to elucidate the mechanisms of photodegradation under UV. It was found that in the degradation of TLP and QUI in the presence of ZnAl 100 and ZnAl 500, the superoxide anion radical played the most important role.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-27</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 308: Utilizing Zn(Cu/Cr)Al-Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Photocatalysts for Effective Photodegradation of Environmental Pollutants</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/308">doi: 10.3390/separations11110308</a></p> <p>Authors: Vesna Despotovi膰 Milica Hadna膽ev-Kosti膰 Tatjana Vuli膰 Szabolcs Bogn谩r 膼ur膽ica Karanovi膰 Nata拧a Tot Daniela 艩oji膰 Merkulov </p> <p>Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their derived mixed oxides are emerging as a promising class of biocompatible inorganic lamellar nanomaterials. The detailed structure and textural characteristics of the synthesized LDH-based materials were examined using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. This study explored the removal efficiency of pharmaceutical tolperisone hydrochloride (TLP), as well as the herbicides quinmerac (QUI) and clomazone (CLO) from water, using dried and calcined LDH-based photocatalysts under simulated solar irradiation and UV irradiation. A higher removal efficiency was observed using UV irradiation, for all substrates. The most effective removal was achieved using ZnAl photocatalysts thermally treated at 100 &amp;amp;deg;C (ZnAl 100) and 500 &amp;amp;deg;C (ZnAl 500). The highest removal rates were observed in the TLP/ZnAl 100 and QUI/ZnAl 100 systems, achieving ~79% and ~86% removal after 75 min of treatment under UV. In contrast, the CLO/ZnAl 100 and CLO/ZnAl 500 systems achieved ~47% removal of CLO. Furthermore, this study investigated the role of reactive species to elucidate the mechanisms of photodegradation under UV. It was found that in the degradation of TLP and QUI in the presence of ZnAl 100 and ZnAl 500, the superoxide anion radical played the most important role.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Utilizing Zn(Cu/Cr)Al-Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Photocatalysts for Effective Photodegradation of Environmental Pollutants</dc:title> <dc:creator>Vesna Despotovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Milica Hadna膽ev-Kosti膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tatjana Vuli膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Szabolcs Bogn谩r</dc:creator> <dc:creator>膼ur膽ica Karanovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nata拧a Tot</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Daniela 艩oji膰 Merkulov</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110308</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-27</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-27</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>308</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110308</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/308</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/307"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 307: The Development and Evaluation of Biosorbent Composite Spheres for the Adsorption and Quantification of Copper</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/307</link> <description>Separation techniques are employed to treat and preconcentrate samples. Preconcentration commonly employs adsorption due to the wide range of sorbents available. The biosorbent composite has emerged as a highly effective alternative, primarily due to its selectivity for active sites and its impressive adsorption capability. This study aimed to assess and create a spherical biosorbent composite using cellulose acetate and avocado seed. The purpose of this work was to use a biosorbent composite for copper adsorption by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The copper adsorption follows the Langmuir isotherm, which indicates that it occurs in a monolayer and is homogeneous. Additionally, the adsorption nature is favorable according to the RL factor. The highest capacity for copper adsorption is 0.121 mg g&amp;amp;minus;1. The report describes the methodology and validation process for quantifying copper. The findings demonstrate that the composite biosorbent enables accurate preconcentration and quantification of copper found in decongestants.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-26</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 307: The Development and Evaluation of Biosorbent Composite Spheres for the Adsorption and Quantification of Copper</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/307">doi: 10.3390/separations11110307</a></p> <p>Authors: Irma P茅rez-Silva Mar铆a Elena P谩ez-Hern谩ndez Francisco Javier Mart铆nez-Flores Jes煤s Andr茅s Taviz贸n-Pozos Giaan Arturo 脕lvarez Romero </p> <p>Separation techniques are employed to treat and preconcentrate samples. Preconcentration commonly employs adsorption due to the wide range of sorbents available. The biosorbent composite has emerged as a highly effective alternative, primarily due to its selectivity for active sites and its impressive adsorption capability. This study aimed to assess and create a spherical biosorbent composite using cellulose acetate and avocado seed. The purpose of this work was to use a biosorbent composite for copper adsorption by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The copper adsorption follows the Langmuir isotherm, which indicates that it occurs in a monolayer and is homogeneous. Additionally, the adsorption nature is favorable according to the RL factor. The highest capacity for copper adsorption is 0.121 mg g&amp;amp;minus;1. The report describes the methodology and validation process for quantifying copper. The findings demonstrate that the composite biosorbent enables accurate preconcentration and quantification of copper found in decongestants.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Development and Evaluation of Biosorbent Composite Spheres for the Adsorption and Quantification of Copper</dc:title> <dc:creator>Irma P茅rez-Silva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mar铆a Elena P谩ez-Hern谩ndez</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Francisco Javier Mart铆nez-Flores</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jes煤s Andr茅s Taviz贸n-Pozos</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giaan Arturo 脕lvarez Romero</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110307</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>307</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110307</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/307</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/306"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 306: Investigation of Metoprolol Concentrations in Plasma Using Automated Sample Preparation and LC-MS/MS Detection</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/306</link> <description>Metoprolol (MTP), a selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker, is commonly administered in the form of succinate or tartrate salts, depending on the pharmaceutical formulation. It is typically prescribed in oral forms as either immediate-release or extended-release tablets. This study describes a chromatographic method using automated sample clean-up and elution via a reversed-phase mechanism. A TurboFlow approach was applied with a Cyclone P column, and the elution was performed isocratically using a mobile phase of water and acetonitrile (0.1% v/v formic acid) within 4.5 min. Quantification of MTP was achieved using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, with the transition m/z 268.1 &amp;amp;rarr; m/z 130.96 for metoprolol, while bisoprolol fumarate, the internal standard, was detected at m/z 326.3 &amp;amp;rarr; m/z 116.2. The method was validated according to bioequivalence guidelines. Selectivity was assessed by checking for potential interferences from blank samples or related compounds formed during sample preparation. Precision and accuracy were evaluated both within and between runs, with a maximum coefficient of variation (CV%) of 10.28 and a maximum relative error (ER%) of 5.38. Linearity was demonstrated over the range of 5 ng/L to 1000 ng/L, with a lower limit of quantification at 0.042 ng/L, made possible by injecting larger sample volumes. A matrix effect of 89% was considered acceptable when compared to standard solutions. Plasma concentrations of MTP were monitored in patients administered either 50 mg or 100 mg doses. For the 50 mg dose, plasma levels reached up to 34 &amp;amp;mu;g/L, while the 100 mg dose produced concentrations ranging from 3.56 to 50.81 &amp;amp;mu;g/L. Although the higher dose generally resulted in elevated plasma levels, significant variability was observed. A strong correlation (r = 0.992) was found between the administered dose and plasma concentration, though variations in absorption rates and patient demographics likely contributed to the observed variability. This method provides a reliable analytical approach suitable for pharmacokinetic and clinical studies involving metoprolol.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 306: Investigation of Metoprolol Concentrations in Plasma Using Automated Sample Preparation and LC-MS/MS Detection</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/306">doi: 10.3390/separations11110306</a></p> <p>Authors: Ionel-Bogdan Cioroiu Mona-Elisabeta Dobrin Marius Niculaua Constantin-Bogdan Nechita Valeriu V. Cotea </p> <p>Metoprolol (MTP), a selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker, is commonly administered in the form of succinate or tartrate salts, depending on the pharmaceutical formulation. It is typically prescribed in oral forms as either immediate-release or extended-release tablets. This study describes a chromatographic method using automated sample clean-up and elution via a reversed-phase mechanism. A TurboFlow approach was applied with a Cyclone P column, and the elution was performed isocratically using a mobile phase of water and acetonitrile (0.1% v/v formic acid) within 4.5 min. Quantification of MTP was achieved using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, with the transition m/z 268.1 &amp;amp;rarr; m/z 130.96 for metoprolol, while bisoprolol fumarate, the internal standard, was detected at m/z 326.3 &amp;amp;rarr; m/z 116.2. The method was validated according to bioequivalence guidelines. Selectivity was assessed by checking for potential interferences from blank samples or related compounds formed during sample preparation. Precision and accuracy were evaluated both within and between runs, with a maximum coefficient of variation (CV%) of 10.28 and a maximum relative error (ER%) of 5.38. Linearity was demonstrated over the range of 5 ng/L to 1000 ng/L, with a lower limit of quantification at 0.042 ng/L, made possible by injecting larger sample volumes. A matrix effect of 89% was considered acceptable when compared to standard solutions. Plasma concentrations of MTP were monitored in patients administered either 50 mg or 100 mg doses. For the 50 mg dose, plasma levels reached up to 34 &amp;amp;mu;g/L, while the 100 mg dose produced concentrations ranging from 3.56 to 50.81 &amp;amp;mu;g/L. Although the higher dose generally resulted in elevated plasma levels, significant variability was observed. A strong correlation (r = 0.992) was found between the administered dose and plasma concentration, though variations in absorption rates and patient demographics likely contributed to the observed variability. This method provides a reliable analytical approach suitable for pharmacokinetic and clinical studies involving metoprolol.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Investigation of Metoprolol Concentrations in Plasma Using Automated Sample Preparation and LC-MS/MS Detection</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ionel-Bogdan Cioroiu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mona-Elisabeta Dobrin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marius Niculaua</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Constantin-Bogdan Nechita</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Valeriu V. Cotea</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110306</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>306</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110306</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/306</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/305"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 305: Decoration of Pt&amp;ndash;Ni Alloy on Molten Salt Etched Halloysite Nanotubes for Enhanced Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/305</link> <description>Efficient and low-cost nanocatalysts are extremely desirable for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). A smaller nanocatalyst particle size and stronger support effect can significantly enhance the catalytic performance. Naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are promising alternative supports for fine metal nanoparticles, but the smooth surface and single type of functional groups on HNTs are usually unfavorable for the anchoring of metal ions. Herein, we modified HNTs using a mild and controllable molten salt etching method to create a rough surface (rHNTs), followed by loading Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni alloys to prepare Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni/rHNTs for the catalytic reduction of 4-NP. The results demonstrate that ultrafine Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni alloy nanoparticles with a diameter of 1.60 nm are uniformly dispersed on the rough surface of rHNTs. The particle size and catalytic performance can be tuned by adjusting the loading amount of Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni. The optimized Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni/rHNT (1 wt %) nanocatalyst reveals the smallest Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni particle size and the highest catalytic rate of 0.1953 min&amp;amp;minus;1, which exceeds many Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni-based catalysts in previous reports. This work offers an ingenious idea for the mild surface modification of HNTs and a brilliant perspective for the rational design of inexpensive 4-NP reduction nanocatalysts.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 305: Decoration of Pt&amp;ndash;Ni Alloy on Molten Salt Etched Halloysite Nanotubes for Enhanced Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/305">doi: 10.3390/separations11110305</a></p> <p>Authors: Jingmin Duan Yafei Zhao Zhuhe Zhai Shengqiang Chen Bing Zhang </p> <p>Efficient and low-cost nanocatalysts are extremely desirable for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). A smaller nanocatalyst particle size and stronger support effect can significantly enhance the catalytic performance. Naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are promising alternative supports for fine metal nanoparticles, but the smooth surface and single type of functional groups on HNTs are usually unfavorable for the anchoring of metal ions. Herein, we modified HNTs using a mild and controllable molten salt etching method to create a rough surface (rHNTs), followed by loading Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni alloys to prepare Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni/rHNTs for the catalytic reduction of 4-NP. The results demonstrate that ultrafine Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni alloy nanoparticles with a diameter of 1.60 nm are uniformly dispersed on the rough surface of rHNTs. The particle size and catalytic performance can be tuned by adjusting the loading amount of Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni. The optimized Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni/rHNT (1 wt %) nanocatalyst reveals the smallest Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni particle size and the highest catalytic rate of 0.1953 min&amp;amp;minus;1, which exceeds many Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni-based catalysts in previous reports. This work offers an ingenious idea for the mild surface modification of HNTs and a brilliant perspective for the rational design of inexpensive 4-NP reduction nanocatalysts.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Decoration of Pt&amp;amp;ndash;Ni Alloy on Molten Salt Etched Halloysite Nanotubes for Enhanced Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jingmin Duan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yafei Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhuhe Zhai</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shengqiang Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bing Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110305</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>305</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110305</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/305</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/304"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 304: Identification of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, and Platycodonis Radix Based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS and &amp;ldquo;Matrix Characteristics&amp;rdquo;</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/304</link> <description>Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (GRR), Panacis Quinquefolii Radix (PQR), Notoginseng radix et rhizoma (NRR) and Platycodonis Radix (PR) are often confused in the material market because of similar appearances and characteristics. Moreover, chemical identification methods tend to characterize the whole herb with regard to a single or a few components, which is an inaccurate representation and does not demonstrate the effective utilization of unknown components, and the result is unconvincing. In order to strengthen quality control, improve identification efficiency, and realize digital identification at the individual level of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), we have put forward the &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo; of TCM, combined with a UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis to explore and realize the digital identification of GRR, PQR, NRR, and PR. The mass spectrometry was quantized to extract common data from different batches of the same TCMs as their matrix characteristics, and the matching credibility (M) was given by matching the &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo; with unknown Chinese medicines. The results show that within a reasonable parameter threshold range, the M of four TCMs was higher than 92.00% compared with their own &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo;, which was significantly higher than the M ranked second. Furthermore, the digital identification of four TCMs can be successfully realized based on the UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis and &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo;. This has important reference significance for developing the digital identification of GRR at an individual level based on UPLC-QTOF-MS and &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo;.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 304: Identification of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, and Platycodonis Radix Based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS and &amp;ldquo;Matrix Characteristics&amp;rdquo;</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/304">doi: 10.3390/separations11110304</a></p> <p>Authors: Jiating Zhang Fangliang He Xianrui Wang Wenguang Jing Minghua Li Xiaohan Guo Xianlong Cheng Fudong An Feng Wei </p> <p>Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (GRR), Panacis Quinquefolii Radix (PQR), Notoginseng radix et rhizoma (NRR) and Platycodonis Radix (PR) are often confused in the material market because of similar appearances and characteristics. Moreover, chemical identification methods tend to characterize the whole herb with regard to a single or a few components, which is an inaccurate representation and does not demonstrate the effective utilization of unknown components, and the result is unconvincing. In order to strengthen quality control, improve identification efficiency, and realize digital identification at the individual level of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), we have put forward the &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo; of TCM, combined with a UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis to explore and realize the digital identification of GRR, PQR, NRR, and PR. The mass spectrometry was quantized to extract common data from different batches of the same TCMs as their matrix characteristics, and the matching credibility (M) was given by matching the &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo; with unknown Chinese medicines. The results show that within a reasonable parameter threshold range, the M of four TCMs was higher than 92.00% compared with their own &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo;, which was significantly higher than the M ranked second. Furthermore, the digital identification of four TCMs can be successfully realized based on the UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis and &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo;. This has important reference significance for developing the digital identification of GRR at an individual level based on UPLC-QTOF-MS and &amp;amp;ldquo;matrix characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo;.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Identification of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, and Platycodonis Radix Based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS and &amp;amp;ldquo;Matrix Characteristics&amp;amp;rdquo;</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jiating Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fangliang He</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xianrui Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenguang Jing</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Minghua Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaohan Guo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xianlong Cheng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fudong An</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Feng Wei</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110304</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>304</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110304</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/304</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/303"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 303: Experimental Analysis of the Supercritical CO2-Based Circulation Type for the Remediation of Kilogram-Scale Soil Samples from Metal Ions</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/303</link> <description>Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) has been proposed as one new alternative separation medium for soil remediation due to its preferrable dissolution properties and environmentally friendly nature. This study is focused on the effects of operation parameters, such as separation pressure, temperature and processing time, on the extraction efficiency of inorganic contaminants (chromium; arsenic) from soil samples by using the newly established kilogram-scale prototype. The prototype system was operated with Cyanex 302 as a chelating agent and methanol as a co-solvent. The extraction efficiency (EE) of chromium (Cr) is experimentally identified to be 97.98% at 35 MPa and 75 &amp;amp;deg;C (with 60 min processing time), while it is found to drop quickly at low temperature and pressure (only 40% under 20 MPa and 35 &amp;amp;deg;C). The EE of arsenic (As) has been identified generally with high efficiency, over 95% for most cases. For chromium (Cr), 30 MPa and 55 &amp;amp;deg;C or higher parameter ranges are recommended to maintain an efficiency over 90%.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 303: Experimental Analysis of the Supercritical CO2-Based Circulation Type for the Remediation of Kilogram-Scale Soil Samples from Metal Ions</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/303">doi: 10.3390/separations11110303</a></p> <p>Authors: Wentao Wu Lin Chen Deqing Mei Yuki Kanda Atsuki Komiya </p> <p>Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) has been proposed as one new alternative separation medium for soil remediation due to its preferrable dissolution properties and environmentally friendly nature. This study is focused on the effects of operation parameters, such as separation pressure, temperature and processing time, on the extraction efficiency of inorganic contaminants (chromium; arsenic) from soil samples by using the newly established kilogram-scale prototype. The prototype system was operated with Cyanex 302 as a chelating agent and methanol as a co-solvent. The extraction efficiency (EE) of chromium (Cr) is experimentally identified to be 97.98% at 35 MPa and 75 &amp;amp;deg;C (with 60 min processing time), while it is found to drop quickly at low temperature and pressure (only 40% under 20 MPa and 35 &amp;amp;deg;C). The EE of arsenic (As) has been identified generally with high efficiency, over 95% for most cases. For chromium (Cr), 30 MPa and 55 &amp;amp;deg;C or higher parameter ranges are recommended to maintain an efficiency over 90%.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Experimental Analysis of the Supercritical CO2-Based Circulation Type for the Remediation of Kilogram-Scale Soil Samples from Metal Ions</dc:title> <dc:creator>Wentao Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lin Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Deqing Mei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yuki Kanda</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Atsuki Komiya</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11110303</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>11</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>303</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11110303</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/303</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/302"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 302: Presence of Soya in Industrial and Homemade Sausage Production in Kosovo and Its Reflection on Fatty Acid Profile</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/302</link> <description>In the present study, we investigated to what extent soybean was used in industrial and homemade sausage produced in Kosovo, as well as its potential impact on the fatty acid profile. In total, 63 samples, 42 industrial and 21 traditional sausages, were collected either from the market or the production site. All samples were tested by means of real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of soy content, as well as the GC-FID to determine the potential reflection in the fatty acid profile. The presence of soy DNA was detected in 54 out of 63 samples. In total, 41 out of 42 industrial sausage samples were positive for soy DNA, with an average ct value of 22.60 and a standard deviation (SD) of 4.28, whereas 13 out of 21 traditional sausage samples were positive for soy DNA, with a mean ct value of 23.36 and a standard deviation (SD) of 4.56. There was a statistically significant difference in means between industrial sausage and traditional sausage, with p &amp;amp;le; 0.001 based on CT values (ANOVA test). We investigated the correlation between ct values in real-time PCR for soy DNA with each fatty acid content. There is a moderate correlation of soy DNA ct values with C16:0 palmitin (decrease), C18:0 stearic acid (decrease), C18:1 oleic acid (increase), and overall saturated fatty acids (decrease). With the exception of C14:0 Myristin, C18:1 oleic, and C20:0 Arachin acids and monosaturated fats, the ANOVA test reveals a significant difference in means between groups for the majority of the fatty acids between industrial sausages and traditional sausages. The current study demonstrates that the fatty acid composition of sausages is influenced by the amount of soy present in them. The extent to which other components affect the fatty acid profile is unknown. However, an increase in oleic acid and a decrease in stearic and overall saturated fatty acids are expected.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-21</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 302: Presence of Soya in Industrial and Homemade Sausage Production in Kosovo and Its Reflection on Fatty Acid Profile</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/302">doi: 10.3390/separations11100302</a></p> <p>Authors: Dafina Mehmetukaj Xhavit Byty莽i Armend Cana Vlora Gashi-Zog毛jani Malbora Shandro-Zeqiri Drita Bajraktari Dean Jankuloski Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu </p> <p>In the present study, we investigated to what extent soybean was used in industrial and homemade sausage produced in Kosovo, as well as its potential impact on the fatty acid profile. In total, 63 samples, 42 industrial and 21 traditional sausages, were collected either from the market or the production site. All samples were tested by means of real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of soy content, as well as the GC-FID to determine the potential reflection in the fatty acid profile. The presence of soy DNA was detected in 54 out of 63 samples. In total, 41 out of 42 industrial sausage samples were positive for soy DNA, with an average ct value of 22.60 and a standard deviation (SD) of 4.28, whereas 13 out of 21 traditional sausage samples were positive for soy DNA, with a mean ct value of 23.36 and a standard deviation (SD) of 4.56. There was a statistically significant difference in means between industrial sausage and traditional sausage, with p &amp;amp;le; 0.001 based on CT values (ANOVA test). We investigated the correlation between ct values in real-time PCR for soy DNA with each fatty acid content. There is a moderate correlation of soy DNA ct values with C16:0 palmitin (decrease), C18:0 stearic acid (decrease), C18:1 oleic acid (increase), and overall saturated fatty acids (decrease). With the exception of C14:0 Myristin, C18:1 oleic, and C20:0 Arachin acids and monosaturated fats, the ANOVA test reveals a significant difference in means between groups for the majority of the fatty acids between industrial sausages and traditional sausages. The current study demonstrates that the fatty acid composition of sausages is influenced by the amount of soy present in them. The extent to which other components affect the fatty acid profile is unknown. However, an increase in oleic acid and a decrease in stearic and overall saturated fatty acids are expected.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Presence of Soya in Industrial and Homemade Sausage Production in Kosovo and Its Reflection on Fatty Acid Profile</dc:title> <dc:creator>Dafina Mehmetukaj</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xhavit Byty莽i</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Armend Cana</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vlora Gashi-Zog毛jani</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Malbora Shandro-Zeqiri</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Drita Bajraktari</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dean Jankuloski</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100302</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>302</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100302</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/302</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/301"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 301: A Hollow Hemispherical Mixed Matrix Lithium Adsorbent with High Interfacial Interaction for Lithium Recovery from Brine</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/301</link> <description>Mixed matrix lithium adsorbents have attracted much interest for lithium recovery from brine. However, the absence of an interfacial interaction between the inorganic lithium-ion sieves (LISs) and the organic polymer matrix resulted in the poor structural stability and attenuated lithium adsorption efficiency. Here, a novel hollow hemispherical mixed matrix lithium adsorbent (H-LIS) with high interfacial compatibility was constructed based on mussel-bioinspired surface chemistry using a solvent evaporation induced phase transition method. The effects of types of functional modifiers, LIS loading amount, adsorption temperature and pH on their structural stability and lithium adsorption performance were systematically investigated. The optimized H-LIS adsorbent with the LIS loading amount of 50 wt.% possessed the structural merit that the LIS functionally modified by dopamine exposed on both the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow hemispheres. At the best adsorption pH of 12.0, it showed a comparable lithium adsorption capacity of 25.68 mg&amp;amp;middot;g&amp;amp;minus;1 to the powdery LIS within 4 h, favorable adsorption selectivity of Mg/Li and good reusability that could maintain over 90% of lithium adsorption capacity after the LiCl adsorption&amp;amp;mdash;0.25 M HCl pickling-DI water cleaning cycling processes for three times. The interfacial interaction mechanism of H-LIS for lithium adsorption was innovatively explored via advanced microcalorimetry technology. It suggested the nature of the Li+ adsorption process was exothermic and dopamine modification could reduce the activation energy for lithium adsorption from 15.68 kJ&amp;amp;middot;mol&amp;amp;minus;1 to 13.83 kJ&amp;amp;middot;mol&amp;amp;minus;1 and trigger a faster response to Li+ by strengthening the Li+-H+ exchange rate, which established the thermodynamic relationship between the structure and Li+ adsorption performance of H-LIS. This work will provide a technical support for the structural regulation of functional materials for lithium extraction from brine.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 301: A Hollow Hemispherical Mixed Matrix Lithium Adsorbent with High Interfacial Interaction for Lithium Recovery from Brine</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/301">doi: 10.3390/separations11100301</a></p> <p>Authors: Yuyang Feng Yifei Zhang Lin Wang Shiqiang Wang Lina Xu Senjian Han Tianlong Deng </p> <p>Mixed matrix lithium adsorbents have attracted much interest for lithium recovery from brine. However, the absence of an interfacial interaction between the inorganic lithium-ion sieves (LISs) and the organic polymer matrix resulted in the poor structural stability and attenuated lithium adsorption efficiency. Here, a novel hollow hemispherical mixed matrix lithium adsorbent (H-LIS) with high interfacial compatibility was constructed based on mussel-bioinspired surface chemistry using a solvent evaporation induced phase transition method. The effects of types of functional modifiers, LIS loading amount, adsorption temperature and pH on their structural stability and lithium adsorption performance were systematically investigated. The optimized H-LIS adsorbent with the LIS loading amount of 50 wt.% possessed the structural merit that the LIS functionally modified by dopamine exposed on both the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow hemispheres. At the best adsorption pH of 12.0, it showed a comparable lithium adsorption capacity of 25.68 mg&amp;amp;middot;g&amp;amp;minus;1 to the powdery LIS within 4 h, favorable adsorption selectivity of Mg/Li and good reusability that could maintain over 90% of lithium adsorption capacity after the LiCl adsorption&amp;amp;mdash;0.25 M HCl pickling-DI water cleaning cycling processes for three times. The interfacial interaction mechanism of H-LIS for lithium adsorption was innovatively explored via advanced microcalorimetry technology. It suggested the nature of the Li+ adsorption process was exothermic and dopamine modification could reduce the activation energy for lithium adsorption from 15.68 kJ&amp;amp;middot;mol&amp;amp;minus;1 to 13.83 kJ&amp;amp;middot;mol&amp;amp;minus;1 and trigger a faster response to Li+ by strengthening the Li+-H+ exchange rate, which established the thermodynamic relationship between the structure and Li+ adsorption performance of H-LIS. This work will provide a technical support for the structural regulation of functional materials for lithium extraction from brine.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Hollow Hemispherical Mixed Matrix Lithium Adsorbent with High Interfacial Interaction for Lithium Recovery from Brine</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yuyang Feng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yifei Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lin Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shiqiang Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lina Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Senjian Han</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tianlong Deng</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100301</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>301</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100301</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/301</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/300"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 300: Retention Mechanisms of Basic Compounds in Liquid Chromatography with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and 1-Hexyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride as Mobile Phase Reagents in Two C18 Columns</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/300</link> <description>Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) relies on a non-polar stationary phase and a more polar hydro-organic mobile phase, where compound retention is primarily governed by hydrophobicity, with more hydrophobic compounds being retained longer. The introduction of secondary equilibria in the chromatographic system through additives, such as anionic surfactants and ionic liquids (ILs), was proposed to mitigate ionic interactions between positively charged analytes and the anionic free silanol groups in non-endcapped stationary phases, thereby preventing increased retention and peak tailing. Additionally, the combined hydrophobic and ionic interactions between cationic analytes and the ions in these additives was demonstrated to create mixed retention mechanisms that influence retention and selectivity. In this regard, this study investigates aqueous chromatographic systems incorporating both the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the IL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as mobile phase reagents. This combination of reagents modulates the retention, eliminating the need for organic solvents and resulting in highly sustainable HPLC procedures. The chromatographic behavior was assessed using two different C18 columns (Zorbax Eclipse and XTerra-MS). The strength of solute interactions was estimated by calculating equilibrium parameters and the contributions of hydrophobic and ionic interactions through simple mathematical models. Focusing on the retention of six basic drugs (&amp;amp;beta;-adrenoceptor antagonists), the study highlighted the significant role of ionic interactions. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using aqueous systems combining SDS and an IL for the efficient separation of moderately polar basic compounds without the use of organic solvents.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 300: Retention Mechanisms of Basic Compounds in Liquid Chromatography with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and 1-Hexyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride as Mobile Phase Reagents in Two C18 Columns</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/300">doi: 10.3390/separations11100300</a></p> <p>Authors: Carlos Josu茅 Tereba-Mamani Maria Celia Garcia-Alvarez-Coque Mar铆a Jos茅 Ruiz-脕ngel </p> <p>Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) relies on a non-polar stationary phase and a more polar hydro-organic mobile phase, where compound retention is primarily governed by hydrophobicity, with more hydrophobic compounds being retained longer. The introduction of secondary equilibria in the chromatographic system through additives, such as anionic surfactants and ionic liquids (ILs), was proposed to mitigate ionic interactions between positively charged analytes and the anionic free silanol groups in non-endcapped stationary phases, thereby preventing increased retention and peak tailing. Additionally, the combined hydrophobic and ionic interactions between cationic analytes and the ions in these additives was demonstrated to create mixed retention mechanisms that influence retention and selectivity. In this regard, this study investigates aqueous chromatographic systems incorporating both the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the IL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as mobile phase reagents. This combination of reagents modulates the retention, eliminating the need for organic solvents and resulting in highly sustainable HPLC procedures. The chromatographic behavior was assessed using two different C18 columns (Zorbax Eclipse and XTerra-MS). The strength of solute interactions was estimated by calculating equilibrium parameters and the contributions of hydrophobic and ionic interactions through simple mathematical models. Focusing on the retention of six basic drugs (&amp;amp;beta;-adrenoceptor antagonists), the study highlighted the significant role of ionic interactions. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using aqueous systems combining SDS and an IL for the efficient separation of moderately polar basic compounds without the use of organic solvents.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Retention Mechanisms of Basic Compounds in Liquid Chromatography with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and 1-Hexyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride as Mobile Phase Reagents in Two C18 Columns</dc:title> <dc:creator>Carlos Josu茅 Tereba-Mamani</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Maria Celia Garcia-Alvarez-Coque</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mar铆a Jos茅 Ruiz-脕ngel</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100300</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>300</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100300</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/300</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/299"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 299: Research Progress on Physical and Chemical Remediation Methods for the Removal of Cadmium from Soil</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/299</link> <description>Soil cadmium contamination is a global environmental issue, threatening ecosystem health and human safety. Common remediation strategies, including phytoremediation and soil replacement, are typically hampered by their lengthy processes or high costs. The aim of this review is to explore and evaluate innovative physical and chemical remediation techniques to address cadmium pollution effectively. This review focuses on three promising approaches: the co-application of phosphate fertilizers and sepiolite, CaAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) immobilization, and hydrochar treatments. The primary methodologies involved evaluating the adsorption capacity, ion exchange mechanisms, and remediation efficiency under varying environmental conditions. Results indicate that these techniques significantly enhance cadmium immobilization, with the co-application of phosphate fertilizers and sepiolite demonstrating up to 72.6% removal of HCl-extractable cadmium. The review concludes that these techniques offer superior cost-effectiveness and scalability for large-scale applications and recommends future research to optimize amendment formulations and develop renewable adsorbents to further improve sustainability.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 299: Research Progress on Physical and Chemical Remediation Methods for the Removal of Cadmium from Soil</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/299">doi: 10.3390/separations11100299</a></p> <p>Authors: Yonglin Mu Chunhui Zhang Yiyun Li Weilong Zhou Yanxin Li Guifeng Zhao Peidong Su </p> <p>Soil cadmium contamination is a global environmental issue, threatening ecosystem health and human safety. Common remediation strategies, including phytoremediation and soil replacement, are typically hampered by their lengthy processes or high costs. The aim of this review is to explore and evaluate innovative physical and chemical remediation techniques to address cadmium pollution effectively. This review focuses on three promising approaches: the co-application of phosphate fertilizers and sepiolite, CaAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) immobilization, and hydrochar treatments. The primary methodologies involved evaluating the adsorption capacity, ion exchange mechanisms, and remediation efficiency under varying environmental conditions. Results indicate that these techniques significantly enhance cadmium immobilization, with the co-application of phosphate fertilizers and sepiolite demonstrating up to 72.6% removal of HCl-extractable cadmium. The review concludes that these techniques offer superior cost-effectiveness and scalability for large-scale applications and recommends future research to optimize amendment formulations and develop renewable adsorbents to further improve sustainability.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Research Progress on Physical and Chemical Remediation Methods for the Removal of Cadmium from Soil</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yonglin Mu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chunhui Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yiyun Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Weilong Zhou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yanxin Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guifeng Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Peidong Su</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100299</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>299</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100299</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/299</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/298"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 298: Treatment and Recycling of Tungsten Beneficiation Wastewater: A Review</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/298</link> <description>The large amount of wastewater containing various pollutants generated during the tungsten beneficiation process has become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of tungsten mining enterprises. Typical pollutants mainly include suspended solids (SSs), silicate ions, metal ions, and residual organic reagents. The direct discharge of untreated tungsten beneficiation wastewater can cause serious harm to the ecological environment, while recycling can significantly affect flotation indicators. In this paper, the sources and characteristics of typical pollutants were analyzed, and various purification techniques were outlined, including coagulation, adsorption, chemical precipitation, oxidation, and biological treatment methods. Among these techniques, coagulation is particularly effective for the removal of SSs, while adsorption and chemical precipitation are recommended for the removal of soluble ions. For residual organic reagents, oxidation methods have demonstrated high treatment efficiencies. The mainstream methods for wastewater recycling were summarized, including centralized recycling, as well as internal recycling at certain stages. For tungsten beneficiation such a complex process, where the quality of wastewater varies greatly between different stages, it is suitable to recycle the wastewater after appropriate treatment at a specific stage. Furthermore, this study provided a perspective on the future directions of tungsten beneficiation wastewater treatment, serving as a reference for related research and industrial practices.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-16</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 298: Treatment and Recycling of Tungsten Beneficiation Wastewater: A Review</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/298">doi: 10.3390/separations11100298</a></p> <p>Authors: Wenxia Zhu Jianhua Kang Danxian Zhang Wei Sun Zhiyong Gao Haisheng Han Runqing Liu </p> <p>The large amount of wastewater containing various pollutants generated during the tungsten beneficiation process has become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of tungsten mining enterprises. Typical pollutants mainly include suspended solids (SSs), silicate ions, metal ions, and residual organic reagents. The direct discharge of untreated tungsten beneficiation wastewater can cause serious harm to the ecological environment, while recycling can significantly affect flotation indicators. In this paper, the sources and characteristics of typical pollutants were analyzed, and various purification techniques were outlined, including coagulation, adsorption, chemical precipitation, oxidation, and biological treatment methods. Among these techniques, coagulation is particularly effective for the removal of SSs, while adsorption and chemical precipitation are recommended for the removal of soluble ions. For residual organic reagents, oxidation methods have demonstrated high treatment efficiencies. The mainstream methods for wastewater recycling were summarized, including centralized recycling, as well as internal recycling at certain stages. For tungsten beneficiation such a complex process, where the quality of wastewater varies greatly between different stages, it is suitable to recycle the wastewater after appropriate treatment at a specific stage. Furthermore, this study provided a perspective on the future directions of tungsten beneficiation wastewater treatment, serving as a reference for related research and industrial practices.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Treatment and Recycling of Tungsten Beneficiation Wastewater: A Review</dc:title> <dc:creator>Wenxia Zhu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianhua Kang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Danxian Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wei Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhiyong Gao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Haisheng Han</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Runqing Liu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100298</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>298</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100298</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/298</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/297"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 297: Study on Phosphorus Variability Characteristics and Response Mechanism of Microbial Community during Sediment Resuspension Process</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/297</link> <description>Submerged plants and related disturbances can affect both the phosphorus (P) release and the microbial communities in sediments. In this study, a sediment resuspension system was constructed, and P variability characteristics influenced by Vallisneria natans (V. natans) and the response mechanism of the microbial community were studied. The results indicated that the total phosphorus (TP) content increased from 678.875 to 1019.133 mg/kg and from 1126.017 to 1280.679 mg/kg in sediments and suspended solids (SSs) during the sediment resuspension process, respectively. Organic P (OP) increased by 127.344 mg/kg and 302.448 mg/kg in sediments and SSs after the disturbance, respectively. The microbial communities in the sediments and the leaves of V. natans had higher Chao values after the disturbance, while Shannon values decreased after the disturbance compared to the control in SSs. Proteobacteria had the highest abundance with the value of 51.1% after the disturbance in the sediments and SSs, and the abundance values of Proteobacteria in rhizomes and leaves of V. natans could reach 73.2% on average. Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Firmicutes were also the main phyla in the sediment resuspension system. Sodium hydroxide extractable P (NaOH-P) in sediments could reduce the bioavailability of this P fraction under disturbance conditions. The decrease in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae indicated that they were more sensitive to the disturbance, and the rotational speed changed the survival conditions for the Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae. The response mechanism of microbial community during the sediment resuspension process could reflect the influence of the microbial community on the changing characteristics of P and could provide a theoretical foundation for P control at the micro level.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-14</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 297: Study on Phosphorus Variability Characteristics and Response Mechanism of Microbial Community during Sediment Resuspension Process</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/297">doi: 10.3390/separations11100297</a></p> <p>Authors: Bo Zhang Yujia Liu Haoran Yang Peng Ji Yunyan Guo </p> <p>Submerged plants and related disturbances can affect both the phosphorus (P) release and the microbial communities in sediments. In this study, a sediment resuspension system was constructed, and P variability characteristics influenced by Vallisneria natans (V. natans) and the response mechanism of the microbial community were studied. The results indicated that the total phosphorus (TP) content increased from 678.875 to 1019.133 mg/kg and from 1126.017 to 1280.679 mg/kg in sediments and suspended solids (SSs) during the sediment resuspension process, respectively. Organic P (OP) increased by 127.344 mg/kg and 302.448 mg/kg in sediments and SSs after the disturbance, respectively. The microbial communities in the sediments and the leaves of V. natans had higher Chao values after the disturbance, while Shannon values decreased after the disturbance compared to the control in SSs. Proteobacteria had the highest abundance with the value of 51.1% after the disturbance in the sediments and SSs, and the abundance values of Proteobacteria in rhizomes and leaves of V. natans could reach 73.2% on average. Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Firmicutes were also the main phyla in the sediment resuspension system. Sodium hydroxide extractable P (NaOH-P) in sediments could reduce the bioavailability of this P fraction under disturbance conditions. The decrease in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae indicated that they were more sensitive to the disturbance, and the rotational speed changed the survival conditions for the Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae. The response mechanism of microbial community during the sediment resuspension process could reflect the influence of the microbial community on the changing characteristics of P and could provide a theoretical foundation for P control at the micro level.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Study on Phosphorus Variability Characteristics and Response Mechanism of Microbial Community during Sediment Resuspension Process</dc:title> <dc:creator>Bo Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yujia Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Haoran Yang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Peng Ji</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yunyan Guo</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100297</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>297</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100297</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/297</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/296"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 296: Comparison and Optimization of Three Extraction Methods for Epimedium polysaccharides</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/296</link> <description>Epimedium is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Epimedium polysaccharides have a variety of physiological properties. This study compared three different processes for the extraction of polysaccharides from Epimedium spp., including ultrasonic, aqueous enzymatic, and microwave extraction, to optimize the extraction conditions and determine the optimal extraction method. The optimal parameters for each method were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal process for ultrasonic extraction was an ultrasonic power of 250 W, an extraction time of 60 min, a temperature of 50 &amp;amp;deg;C, and a solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio of 1:35. The optimal conditions for the aqueous enzymatic method were a papain concentration of 70 U/mL, extraction time of 70 min, a temperature of 50 &amp;amp;deg;C, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:30, while those for microwave extraction were a microwave power of 650 W, an extraction time of 50 min, a temperature of 40 &amp;amp;deg;C, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:25. The polysaccharide yields were 4.85%, 4.72%, and 3.98% for the three methods, respectively, indicating that ultrasonic extraction resulted in the highest yield of polysaccharides from Epimedium brevicornum. After purification with DEAE-cellulose, the polysaccharide yields were 4.13%, 3.67%, and 3.12%, respectively. A comprehensive comparison demonstrated the superiority of the ultrasonic extraction method in terms of both extraction yield and purification efficiency. Characterization of the extracted Epimedium polysaccharides showed the presence of five monosaccharides, i.e., glucose, galactose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose, and a number average molecular weight Mn of 1.65 &amp;amp;times; 105 Da and weight average molecular weight Mw of 6.61 &amp;amp;times; 105 Da. These results provide a scientific basis for the in-depth study and application of Epimedium polysaccharides.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-14</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 296: Comparison and Optimization of Three Extraction Methods for Epimedium polysaccharides</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/296">doi: 10.3390/separations11100296</a></p> <p>Authors: Cheng Liu Fangyuan Gong Yijia Chen Zhengwei Xiong Cun Wang Jiepei Li Jin Guo </p> <p>Epimedium is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Epimedium polysaccharides have a variety of physiological properties. This study compared three different processes for the extraction of polysaccharides from Epimedium spp., including ultrasonic, aqueous enzymatic, and microwave extraction, to optimize the extraction conditions and determine the optimal extraction method. The optimal parameters for each method were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal process for ultrasonic extraction was an ultrasonic power of 250 W, an extraction time of 60 min, a temperature of 50 &amp;amp;deg;C, and a solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid ratio of 1:35. The optimal conditions for the aqueous enzymatic method were a papain concentration of 70 U/mL, extraction time of 70 min, a temperature of 50 &amp;amp;deg;C, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:30, while those for microwave extraction were a microwave power of 650 W, an extraction time of 50 min, a temperature of 40 &amp;amp;deg;C, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:25. The polysaccharide yields were 4.85%, 4.72%, and 3.98% for the three methods, respectively, indicating that ultrasonic extraction resulted in the highest yield of polysaccharides from Epimedium brevicornum. After purification with DEAE-cellulose, the polysaccharide yields were 4.13%, 3.67%, and 3.12%, respectively. A comprehensive comparison demonstrated the superiority of the ultrasonic extraction method in terms of both extraction yield and purification efficiency. Characterization of the extracted Epimedium polysaccharides showed the presence of five monosaccharides, i.e., glucose, galactose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose, and a number average molecular weight Mn of 1.65 &amp;amp;times; 105 Da and weight average molecular weight Mw of 6.61 &amp;amp;times; 105 Da. These results provide a scientific basis for the in-depth study and application of Epimedium polysaccharides.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Comparison and Optimization of Three Extraction Methods for Epimedium polysaccharides</dc:title> <dc:creator>Cheng Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fangyuan Gong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yijia Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhengwei Xiong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cun Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiepei Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jin Guo</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100296</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>296</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100296</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/296</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/295"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 295: Supercritical Extraction of Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata) Essential Oil at the Near-Critical Region</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/295</link> <description>The flowers of the ylang ylang tree contain an essential oil which is utilized in high-quality perfumes. The traditional mode of extraction is by steam distillation but it has been shown that the more modern supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide has potential for replacing steam distillation. This technology, however, generally operates under high pressures, up to 500 bar. The work described in this paper examines the possibility of using carbon dioxide at much lower pressures, close to the critical point, i.e., 75 bar and 30 &amp;amp;deg;C. Two series of experiments were therefore carried out under such conditions, the first using carbon dioxide alone and the second utilizing ethanol as a co-solvent, the conditions being chosen by applying the Design of Experiments (DOE) technique over ranges of pressure from 80 to 120 bar and temperatures from 35 to 50 &amp;amp;deg;C. Extraction curves are presented which show the rates of extraction to be significantly increased by the use of the co-solvent, with the measured values being 0.74% to 0.97% with no co-solvent addition, increasing to 0.92% to 1.16% with co-solvent addition. These rates are, however, lower than the rates previously reported at higher pressures, i.e., 0.9 to 1.8%. Better quality oils are, however, produced compared to those at higher pressures, with the major components being benzene benzoate, benzene salicylate, cubebene, and benzyl acetate. It is recommended that an economic study be carried out to evaluate whether it is feasible to utilize this process commercially.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-13</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 295: Supercritical Extraction of Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata) Essential Oil at the Near-Critical Region</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/295">doi: 10.3390/separations11100295</a></p> <p>Authors: Rodney Mahabir Sharad Maharaj Marian J. Watson David R. McGaw Cian Coonai </p> <p>The flowers of the ylang ylang tree contain an essential oil which is utilized in high-quality perfumes. The traditional mode of extraction is by steam distillation but it has been shown that the more modern supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide has potential for replacing steam distillation. This technology, however, generally operates under high pressures, up to 500 bar. The work described in this paper examines the possibility of using carbon dioxide at much lower pressures, close to the critical point, i.e., 75 bar and 30 &amp;amp;deg;C. Two series of experiments were therefore carried out under such conditions, the first using carbon dioxide alone and the second utilizing ethanol as a co-solvent, the conditions being chosen by applying the Design of Experiments (DOE) technique over ranges of pressure from 80 to 120 bar and temperatures from 35 to 50 &amp;amp;deg;C. Extraction curves are presented which show the rates of extraction to be significantly increased by the use of the co-solvent, with the measured values being 0.74% to 0.97% with no co-solvent addition, increasing to 0.92% to 1.16% with co-solvent addition. These rates are, however, lower than the rates previously reported at higher pressures, i.e., 0.9 to 1.8%. Better quality oils are, however, produced compared to those at higher pressures, with the major components being benzene benzoate, benzene salicylate, cubebene, and benzyl acetate. It is recommended that an economic study be carried out to evaluate whether it is feasible to utilize this process commercially.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Supercritical Extraction of Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata) Essential Oil at the Near-Critical Region</dc:title> <dc:creator>Rodney Mahabir</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sharad Maharaj</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marian J. Watson</dc:creator> <dc:creator>David R. McGaw</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cian Coonai</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100295</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>295</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100295</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/295</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/294"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 294: Heavy Metal Removal from Water Using Graphene Oxide in Magnetic-Assisted Adsorption Systems: Characterization, Adsorption Properties, and Modelling</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/294</link> <description>This study investigated the adsorption properties of graphene oxide in a magnetic-assisted adsorber for the depollution of water containing heavy metals. Two samples of graphene oxide with different surface chemistry were synthetized and assessed using the magnetic-assisted adsorption systems. One graphene oxide sample exhibited a dual magnetic behavior presenting both diamagnetic and ferromagnetic phases, while the other graphene oxide was diamagnetic. The adsorption properties of these graphene oxide samples for removing Pb2+ and Cu2+ were tested and compared with and without a magnetic field exposure. The results showed that the Pb2+ removal increased using both graphene oxide samples in the magnetic-assisted configuration, while Cu2+ adsorption was less sensitive to the application of the magnetic field. A monolayer model was used to simulate all the heavy metal adsorption isotherms quantified experimentally. It was concluded that the adsorption mechanism designed to remove Pb2+ and Cu2+ using tested graphene oxide samples was mainly multi-ionic where two metallic cations could interact with one active site (i.e., oxygenated functional groups) from the adsorbent surface. The oxygenated surface functionalities of graphene oxide samples played a relevant role in determining the impact of magnetic field exposure on the heavy metal removal efficacy. Magnetic-assisted adsorption using graphene oxide is an interesting alternative to reduce the concentration of Pb2+ in polluted effluents, and it can also be applied to improve the performance of adsorbents with a limited concentration of oxygenated functional groups, which usually show poor removal of challenging water pollutants such as toxic heavy metals.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-12</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 294: Heavy Metal Removal from Water Using Graphene Oxide in Magnetic-Assisted Adsorption Systems: Characterization, Adsorption Properties, and Modelling</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/294">doi: 10.3390/separations11100294</a></p> <p>Authors: A. P. Melchor-Dur谩n M. R. Moreno-Virgen A. Bonilla-Petriciolet H. E. Reynel-脕vila E. Lucio Ortiz O. F. Gonz谩lez-V谩zquez </p> <p>This study investigated the adsorption properties of graphene oxide in a magnetic-assisted adsorber for the depollution of water containing heavy metals. Two samples of graphene oxide with different surface chemistry were synthetized and assessed using the magnetic-assisted adsorption systems. One graphene oxide sample exhibited a dual magnetic behavior presenting both diamagnetic and ferromagnetic phases, while the other graphene oxide was diamagnetic. The adsorption properties of these graphene oxide samples for removing Pb2+ and Cu2+ were tested and compared with and without a magnetic field exposure. The results showed that the Pb2+ removal increased using both graphene oxide samples in the magnetic-assisted configuration, while Cu2+ adsorption was less sensitive to the application of the magnetic field. A monolayer model was used to simulate all the heavy metal adsorption isotherms quantified experimentally. It was concluded that the adsorption mechanism designed to remove Pb2+ and Cu2+ using tested graphene oxide samples was mainly multi-ionic where two metallic cations could interact with one active site (i.e., oxygenated functional groups) from the adsorbent surface. The oxygenated surface functionalities of graphene oxide samples played a relevant role in determining the impact of magnetic field exposure on the heavy metal removal efficacy. Magnetic-assisted adsorption using graphene oxide is an interesting alternative to reduce the concentration of Pb2+ in polluted effluents, and it can also be applied to improve the performance of adsorbents with a limited concentration of oxygenated functional groups, which usually show poor removal of challenging water pollutants such as toxic heavy metals.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Heavy Metal Removal from Water Using Graphene Oxide in Magnetic-Assisted Adsorption Systems: Characterization, Adsorption Properties, and Modelling</dc:title> <dc:creator>A. P. Melchor-Dur谩n</dc:creator> <dc:creator>M. R. Moreno-Virgen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>A. Bonilla-Petriciolet</dc:creator> <dc:creator>H. E. Reynel-脕vila</dc:creator> <dc:creator>E. Lucio Ortiz</dc:creator> <dc:creator>O. F. Gonz谩lez-V谩zquez</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100294</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>294</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100294</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/294</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/293"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 293: Quantitation of Copper Tripeptide in Cosmetics via Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and UV/Vis Detection</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/293</link> <description>The increasing demand for effective cosmetics has driven the development of innovative analytical techniques to ensure product quality. This work presents the development and validation of a zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography method, coupled with ultraviolet detection, for the quantification of copper tripeptide in cosmetics. A novel protocol for sample preparation was developed using fabric phase sorptive extraction to extract the targeted analyte from the complex cosmetic cream matrix, followed by chromatographic separation on a ZIC&amp;amp;reg;-pHILIC analytical column. A thorough investigation of the chromatographic behavior of the copper tripeptide on the HILIC column was performed during method development. The mobile phase consisted of 133 mM ammonium formate (pH 9, adjusted with ammonium hydroxide) and acetonitrile at a 40:60 (v/v) ratio, with a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. A design of experiments (DOE) approach allowed precise adjustments to various factors influencing the extraction process, leading to the optimization of the fabric phase sorptive extraction protocol for copper tripeptide analysis. The method demonstrated excellent linearity over a concentration range of 0.002 to 0.005% w/w for copper tripeptide, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.998. The limits of detection and quantitation were 5.3 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;4% w/w and 2.0 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3% w/w, respectively. The selectivity of the method was verified through successful separation of copper tripeptide from other cream components within 10 min, establishing its suitability for high-throughput quality control of cosmetic formulations.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-12</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 293: Quantitation of Copper Tripeptide in Cosmetics via Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and UV/Vis Detection</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/293">doi: 10.3390/separations11100293</a></p> <p>Authors: Pantelitsa Pingou Anthi Parla Abuzar Kabir Kenneth G. Furton Victoria Samanidou Spyridon Papageorgiou Efthimios Tsirivas Athanasia Varvaresou Irene Panderi </p> <p>The increasing demand for effective cosmetics has driven the development of innovative analytical techniques to ensure product quality. This work presents the development and validation of a zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography method, coupled with ultraviolet detection, for the quantification of copper tripeptide in cosmetics. A novel protocol for sample preparation was developed using fabric phase sorptive extraction to extract the targeted analyte from the complex cosmetic cream matrix, followed by chromatographic separation on a ZIC&amp;amp;reg;-pHILIC analytical column. A thorough investigation of the chromatographic behavior of the copper tripeptide on the HILIC column was performed during method development. The mobile phase consisted of 133 mM ammonium formate (pH 9, adjusted with ammonium hydroxide) and acetonitrile at a 40:60 (v/v) ratio, with a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. A design of experiments (DOE) approach allowed precise adjustments to various factors influencing the extraction process, leading to the optimization of the fabric phase sorptive extraction protocol for copper tripeptide analysis. The method demonstrated excellent linearity over a concentration range of 0.002 to 0.005% w/w for copper tripeptide, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.998. The limits of detection and quantitation were 5.3 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;4% w/w and 2.0 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3% w/w, respectively. The selectivity of the method was verified through successful separation of copper tripeptide from other cream components within 10 min, establishing its suitability for high-throughput quality control of cosmetic formulations.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Quantitation of Copper Tripeptide in Cosmetics via Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and UV/Vis Detection</dc:title> <dc:creator>Pantelitsa Pingou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Anthi Parla</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Abuzar Kabir</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kenneth G. Furton</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Victoria Samanidou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Spyridon Papageorgiou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Efthimios Tsirivas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Athanasia Varvaresou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Irene Panderi</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100293</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>293</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100293</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/293</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/292"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 292: Separation and Characterization of Wenjin Tongluo San Essential Oil with a Comprehensive Chromatographic Separation</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/292</link> <description>The essential oil components of traditional Chinese medicine in-hospital preparation were complex, and one-dimensional chromatographic separation was difficult to completely separate them due to the limited peak capacity. This study was carried out to establish a comprehensive two-dimensional chromatographic separation and analysis method based on countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and gas chromatography (GC). In this paper, we focused on the separation of the essential oil of the traditional Chinese medicine in-hospital preparation Wenjing Tongluo San by CCC &amp;amp;times; GC, and explored the orthogonality between the two chromatographic techniques to provide the new technical support for the screening of the active ingredients. A solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (9.5:0.5:8.5:1.5, v/v) was chosen for the first-dimensional CCC separation. All the fractions collected from CCC were transferred to GC for plotting two-dimensional contours map. The calculated capacity of the two-dimensional separation system exceeded 3000, which was 8 times more than that of the one-dimensional separation system. High orthogonality (r = 0.42) and spatial coverage factor (70.42%) were obtained. Meanwhile, all the fractions were identified by GC-MS. Our research provided a new methodology for separating essential oils in traditional Chinese medicine as well as an approach for evaluating the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal in-hospital preparation based on two-dimensional chromatographic fingerprints.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-11</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 292: Separation and Characterization of Wenjin Tongluo San Essential Oil with a Comprehensive Chromatographic Separation</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/292">doi: 10.3390/separations11100292</a></p> <p>Authors: Chaoyue Wang Xionggao Han Guanglei Zuo Jinghui Feng </p> <p>The essential oil components of traditional Chinese medicine in-hospital preparation were complex, and one-dimensional chromatographic separation was difficult to completely separate them due to the limited peak capacity. This study was carried out to establish a comprehensive two-dimensional chromatographic separation and analysis method based on countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and gas chromatography (GC). In this paper, we focused on the separation of the essential oil of the traditional Chinese medicine in-hospital preparation Wenjing Tongluo San by CCC &amp;amp;times; GC, and explored the orthogonality between the two chromatographic techniques to provide the new technical support for the screening of the active ingredients. A solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (9.5:0.5:8.5:1.5, v/v) was chosen for the first-dimensional CCC separation. All the fractions collected from CCC were transferred to GC for plotting two-dimensional contours map. The calculated capacity of the two-dimensional separation system exceeded 3000, which was 8 times more than that of the one-dimensional separation system. High orthogonality (r = 0.42) and spatial coverage factor (70.42%) were obtained. Meanwhile, all the fractions were identified by GC-MS. Our research provided a new methodology for separating essential oils in traditional Chinese medicine as well as an approach for evaluating the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal in-hospital preparation based on two-dimensional chromatographic fingerprints.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Separation and Characterization of Wenjin Tongluo San Essential Oil with a Comprehensive Chromatographic Separation</dc:title> <dc:creator>Chaoyue Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xionggao Han</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Guanglei Zuo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jinghui Feng</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100292</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>292</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100292</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/292</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/291"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 291: Emerging and Conventional Water Desalination Technologies Powered by Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems toward Zero Liquid Discharge</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/291</link> <description>The depletion of fossil fuels has become a significant global issue, prompting scientists to explore and refine methods for harnessing alternative energy sources. This study provides a comprehensive review of advancements and emerging technologies in the desalination industry, focusing on technological improvements and economic considerations. The analysis highlights the potential synergies of integrating multiple renewable energy systems to enhance desalination efficiency and minimise environmental consequences. The main areas of focus include aligning developing technologies like membrane distillation, pervaporation and forward osmosis with renewable energy and implementing hybrid renewable energy systems to improve the scalability and economic viability of desalination enterprises. The study also analyses obstacles related to desalination driven by renewable energy, including energy storage, fluctuations in energy supply, and deployment costs. By resolving these obstacles and investigating novel methodologies, the study enhances the understanding of how renewable energy can be used to construct more efficient, sustainable, and economical desalination systems. Thermal desalination technologies require more energy than membrane-based systems due to the significant energy requirements associated with water vaporisation. The photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis (RO) system had the most economically favourable production cost, while MED powered via a concentrated solar power (CSP) system had the highest production cost. The study aims to guide future research and development efforts, ultimately promoting the worldwide use of renewable energy-powered desalination systems.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-11</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 291: Emerging and Conventional Water Desalination Technologies Powered by Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems toward Zero Liquid Discharge</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/291">doi: 10.3390/separations11100291</a></p> <p>Authors: Mahmoud M. Elewa </p> <p>The depletion of fossil fuels has become a significant global issue, prompting scientists to explore and refine methods for harnessing alternative energy sources. This study provides a comprehensive review of advancements and emerging technologies in the desalination industry, focusing on technological improvements and economic considerations. The analysis highlights the potential synergies of integrating multiple renewable energy systems to enhance desalination efficiency and minimise environmental consequences. The main areas of focus include aligning developing technologies like membrane distillation, pervaporation and forward osmosis with renewable energy and implementing hybrid renewable energy systems to improve the scalability and economic viability of desalination enterprises. The study also analyses obstacles related to desalination driven by renewable energy, including energy storage, fluctuations in energy supply, and deployment costs. By resolving these obstacles and investigating novel methodologies, the study enhances the understanding of how renewable energy can be used to construct more efficient, sustainable, and economical desalination systems. Thermal desalination technologies require more energy than membrane-based systems due to the significant energy requirements associated with water vaporisation. The photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis (RO) system had the most economically favourable production cost, while MED powered via a concentrated solar power (CSP) system had the highest production cost. The study aims to guide future research and development efforts, ultimately promoting the worldwide use of renewable energy-powered desalination systems.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Emerging and Conventional Water Desalination Technologies Powered by Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems toward Zero Liquid Discharge</dc:title> <dc:creator>Mahmoud M. Elewa</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100291</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>291</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100291</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/291</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/290"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 290: Development, Validation, and Greenness Assessment of Eco-Friendly Analytical Methods for the Determination of Abiraterone Acetate in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Formulations</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/290</link> <description>This study presents the development and validation of environmentally friendly analytical methods for quantifying Abiraterone Acetate (AA) in both its pure form and commercial pharmaceutical formulations. An optimized High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was developed using an Agilent Extend C18 column (250 mm &amp;amp;times; 4.6 mm, 5 &amp;amp;mu;m) at 25 &amp;amp;deg;C. The mobile phase consisted of formic acid and ethanol in isocratic mode, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min&amp;amp;minus;1, and detection was performed at 253 nm. The spectrophotometric method involved a comprehensive evaluation of AA&amp;amp;rsquo;s spectral properties in various solvents, with ultrapure water providing the most suitable spectra for analysis at 253 nm. Both methods were validated according to ICH guidelines, demonstrating selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection and quantification limits, and robustness, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999 across the 5&amp;amp;ndash;30 &amp;amp;mu;g mL&amp;amp;minus;1 concentration range. Comparative statistical analysis using Student&amp;amp;rsquo;s t-test and Fisher&amp;amp;rsquo;s F-test showed no significant differences between the two methods. The environmental impact of both methods was assessed using AGREE and GAPI software, confirming their sustainability. These validated methods offer reliable and eco-friendly approaches for the quantitative analysis of AA in tablet formulations, promoting safer and greener laboratory practices in pharmaceutical analysis.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-11</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 290: Development, Validation, and Greenness Assessment of Eco-Friendly Analytical Methods for the Determination of Abiraterone Acetate in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Formulations</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/290">doi: 10.3390/separations11100290</a></p> <p>Authors: Erten Akbel </p> <p>This study presents the development and validation of environmentally friendly analytical methods for quantifying Abiraterone Acetate (AA) in both its pure form and commercial pharmaceutical formulations. An optimized High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was developed using an Agilent Extend C18 column (250 mm &amp;amp;times; 4.6 mm, 5 &amp;amp;mu;m) at 25 &amp;amp;deg;C. The mobile phase consisted of formic acid and ethanol in isocratic mode, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min&amp;amp;minus;1, and detection was performed at 253 nm. The spectrophotometric method involved a comprehensive evaluation of AA&amp;amp;rsquo;s spectral properties in various solvents, with ultrapure water providing the most suitable spectra for analysis at 253 nm. Both methods were validated according to ICH guidelines, demonstrating selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection and quantification limits, and robustness, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999 across the 5&amp;amp;ndash;30 &amp;amp;mu;g mL&amp;amp;minus;1 concentration range. Comparative statistical analysis using Student&amp;amp;rsquo;s t-test and Fisher&amp;amp;rsquo;s F-test showed no significant differences between the two methods. The environmental impact of both methods was assessed using AGREE and GAPI software, confirming their sustainability. These validated methods offer reliable and eco-friendly approaches for the quantitative analysis of AA in tablet formulations, promoting safer and greener laboratory practices in pharmaceutical analysis.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Development, Validation, and Greenness Assessment of Eco-Friendly Analytical Methods for the Determination of Abiraterone Acetate in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Formulations</dc:title> <dc:creator>Erten Akbel</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100290</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>290</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100290</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/290</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/289"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 289: Dehydration by Pervaporation of an Organic Solution for the Direct Synthesis of Diethyl Carbonate</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/289</link> <description>Pervaporation has been a central subject in the research community within the scope of the further development of energy- and cost-efficient alternatives to conventional liquid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid separation technologies. The potential eligibility of four commercial membranes (ZEBREX ZX0, PERVAPTM 4155-80, PERVAPTM 4100, PERVAPTM 4101) for use in an integrated dehydration application of a diethyl carbonate/water/ethanol mixture by pervaporation was assessed experimentally. The impact of feed concentration, operating temperature, pressure, and sweep gas flow rate on membrane separation performance, including permeation flux, permeate quality, selectivity, and permeance, was thoroughly investigated. Applying the ZX0 membrane delivered the best qualities of all tested membranes of the permeate stream, with a water concentration of mostly &amp;amp;gt;98%. In comparing the water flux, the ZX0 membrane remained reasonably competitive with the polymer membranes. Furthermore, the sweep gas volume flow rate and the operating temperature were identified as influencing the flux significantly but not the product composition. At the same time, the feed concentration of water also influenced the water purity within the permeate. The experiments were monitored with a partial least squares model, allowing a quick assessment of obtained samples while delivering accurate results.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-10</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 289: Dehydration by Pervaporation of an Organic Solution for the Direct Synthesis of Diethyl Carbonate</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/289">doi: 10.3390/separations11100289</a></p> <p>Authors: Kouessan Aziaba Marco Annerl Gerhard Greilinger Magdalena Teufner-Kabas Florian Kabas Christian Jordan Michael Harasek </p> <p>Pervaporation has been a central subject in the research community within the scope of the further development of energy- and cost-efficient alternatives to conventional liquid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid separation technologies. The potential eligibility of four commercial membranes (ZEBREX ZX0, PERVAPTM 4155-80, PERVAPTM 4100, PERVAPTM 4101) for use in an integrated dehydration application of a diethyl carbonate/water/ethanol mixture by pervaporation was assessed experimentally. The impact of feed concentration, operating temperature, pressure, and sweep gas flow rate on membrane separation performance, including permeation flux, permeate quality, selectivity, and permeance, was thoroughly investigated. Applying the ZX0 membrane delivered the best qualities of all tested membranes of the permeate stream, with a water concentration of mostly &amp;amp;gt;98%. In comparing the water flux, the ZX0 membrane remained reasonably competitive with the polymer membranes. Furthermore, the sweep gas volume flow rate and the operating temperature were identified as influencing the flux significantly but not the product composition. At the same time, the feed concentration of water also influenced the water purity within the permeate. The experiments were monitored with a partial least squares model, allowing a quick assessment of obtained samples while delivering accurate results.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Dehydration by Pervaporation of an Organic Solution for the Direct Synthesis of Diethyl Carbonate</dc:title> <dc:creator>Kouessan Aziaba</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marco Annerl</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gerhard Greilinger</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Magdalena Teufner-Kabas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Florian Kabas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Christian Jordan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Michael Harasek</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100289</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>289</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100289</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/289</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/288"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 288: Comparative Analysis of Acid Leaching for the Efficient Recovery of Lanthanum and Cerium from Phosphate</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/288</link> <description>The extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) from mineral resources is of significant global importance due to their critical role in modern technologies. This study focuses on the leaching behavior of artificial cerium and lanthanum phosphates using nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids under varying conditions of acid concentration and temperature. Our experiments demonstrated that the maximum extraction efficiency of lanthanum and cerium was achieved with nitric acid solutions at concentrations of 12.5 mol/dm3, with 85.0% and 79.1% extraction efficiency, respectively. The leaching mechanism involved the protonation of phosphate anions, which disrupted the phosphate matrix, facilitating the dissolution of lanthanum and cerium into solution. Sulfuric acid, although less effective at room temperature, proved to be the most thermodynamically favorable leaching agent at higher temperatures due to the formation of stable sulfate complexes. Additionally, hydrochloric acid displayed high selectivity for cerium extraction, although its applicability is limited by complexation and environmental concerns. This study offers new insights into optimizing REE recovery from phosphates, demonstrating the advantages of sulfuric acid for industrial-scale leaching processes due to its economic and thermodynamic benefits. The novelty of this work lies in its systematic comparison of the three acids&amp;amp;rsquo; effects on REE extraction, providing a comprehensive framework for selecting optimal leaching agents based on specific operational conditions.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-10</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 288: Comparative Analysis of Acid Leaching for the Efficient Recovery of Lanthanum and Cerium from Phosphate</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/288">doi: 10.3390/separations11100288</a></p> <p>Authors: Rinat Abdulvaliyev Almagul Ultarakova Arailym Mukangaliyeva Nina Lokhova Kaisar Kassymzhanov </p> <p>The extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) from mineral resources is of significant global importance due to their critical role in modern technologies. This study focuses on the leaching behavior of artificial cerium and lanthanum phosphates using nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids under varying conditions of acid concentration and temperature. Our experiments demonstrated that the maximum extraction efficiency of lanthanum and cerium was achieved with nitric acid solutions at concentrations of 12.5 mol/dm3, with 85.0% and 79.1% extraction efficiency, respectively. The leaching mechanism involved the protonation of phosphate anions, which disrupted the phosphate matrix, facilitating the dissolution of lanthanum and cerium into solution. Sulfuric acid, although less effective at room temperature, proved to be the most thermodynamically favorable leaching agent at higher temperatures due to the formation of stable sulfate complexes. Additionally, hydrochloric acid displayed high selectivity for cerium extraction, although its applicability is limited by complexation and environmental concerns. This study offers new insights into optimizing REE recovery from phosphates, demonstrating the advantages of sulfuric acid for industrial-scale leaching processes due to its economic and thermodynamic benefits. The novelty of this work lies in its systematic comparison of the three acids&amp;amp;rsquo; effects on REE extraction, providing a comprehensive framework for selecting optimal leaching agents based on specific operational conditions.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Comparative Analysis of Acid Leaching for the Efficient Recovery of Lanthanum and Cerium from Phosphate</dc:title> <dc:creator>Rinat Abdulvaliyev</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Almagul Ultarakova</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Arailym Mukangaliyeva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nina Lokhova</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kaisar Kassymzhanov</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100288</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>288</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100288</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/288</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/287"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 287: Systematic Assessment of Practical Challenges in Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment in China: Examining Treatment Models, Ecological Risks, and Management Dilemmas</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/287</link> <description>The treatment and purification of rural domestic sewage (RDS) is a pivotal focus in enhancing the living environment in rural areas. Since 2008, special funds for comprehensive rural environmental improvement have been established by the Chinese government. Numerous projects have been implemented to treat RDS, resulting in a significant enhancement of China&amp;amp;rsquo;s rural sewage treatment ratio. However, current discussions often focus on technical investigations, process selection, and operation modes pertaining to urban sewage while overlooking the unique challenges posed by decentralized sewage treatment facilities in rural areas. This work aims to provide technical support for addressing rural sewage treatment and purification in China through an analysis of limitations associated with prevailing mainstream sewage treatment and separation technologies, ecological risks arising from new pollutants present in domestic wastewater, and subsequent management difficulties.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-09</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 287: Systematic Assessment of Practical Challenges in Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment in China: Examining Treatment Models, Ecological Risks, and Management Dilemmas</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/287">doi: 10.3390/separations11100287</a></p> <p>Authors: Yi Gao Luoyu Wei Yihong Ge Xia Xiong Ming Liu Xiaomei Jiang Ke Pan Xiaobo Guo Yunhui Lei Nuan Yang </p> <p>The treatment and purification of rural domestic sewage (RDS) is a pivotal focus in enhancing the living environment in rural areas. Since 2008, special funds for comprehensive rural environmental improvement have been established by the Chinese government. Numerous projects have been implemented to treat RDS, resulting in a significant enhancement of China&amp;amp;rsquo;s rural sewage treatment ratio. However, current discussions often focus on technical investigations, process selection, and operation modes pertaining to urban sewage while overlooking the unique challenges posed by decentralized sewage treatment facilities in rural areas. This work aims to provide technical support for addressing rural sewage treatment and purification in China through an analysis of limitations associated with prevailing mainstream sewage treatment and separation technologies, ecological risks arising from new pollutants present in domestic wastewater, and subsequent management difficulties.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Systematic Assessment of Practical Challenges in Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment in China: Examining Treatment Models, Ecological Risks, and Management Dilemmas</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yi Gao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Luoyu Wei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yihong Ge</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xia Xiong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ming Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaomei Jiang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ke Pan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaobo Guo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yunhui Lei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nuan Yang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100287</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-09</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-09</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>287</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100287</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/287</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/286"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 286: Bioactives in Berry Fruits with Emphasis on In Vitro Bioaccessibility for Human Nutrition</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/286</link> <description>This study aimed to investigate the bioaccessibility and biostability of carotenoids, vitamin E isomers, and individual polyphenolic compounds after the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of two types of berries (raspberry and blackberry fruits). The results of the polyphenols analysis showed that raspberry fruits contained higher concentrations of hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and flavonols compared to blackberry fruits, but exhibited the lowest bioaccessibility values for all the studied polyphenol classes. Ellagic acid represented 13.63% and 2.65% of the hydroxybenzoic acids in raspberry and blackberry fruits. The hydroxybenzoic acids exhibited the highest bioaccessibility index in the intestinal phase of both types of berries, and gallic acid emerged as one of the most bioaccessible phenolic compounds. The bioaccessibility of carotenoids ranged between 15.7 and 17.30% for lutein, 5.52 and 7.56% for astaxanthin, and 7.85 and 9.93% for canthaxanthin, with elevated values being observed in raspberry fruits. Although vitamin E and carotenoids follow a similar path for absorption, the bioaccessibility of vitamin E isomers was higher than that of carotenoids, with &amp;amp;gamma;-tocopherol being the most bioaccessible isomer in both raspberries and blackberries. Knowing the bioaccessibility of food constituents during digestion is crucial, as the potential effectiveness of bioactives for human health largely depends on the bioavailability of these molecules.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-06</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 286: Bioactives in Berry Fruits with Emphasis on In Vitro Bioaccessibility for Human Nutrition</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/286">doi: 10.3390/separations11100286</a></p> <p>Authors: Iulia Varzaru Arabela Elena Untea Alexandra Gabriela Oancea Mihaela Saracila Petru Alexandru Vlaicu </p> <p>This study aimed to investigate the bioaccessibility and biostability of carotenoids, vitamin E isomers, and individual polyphenolic compounds after the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of two types of berries (raspberry and blackberry fruits). The results of the polyphenols analysis showed that raspberry fruits contained higher concentrations of hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and flavonols compared to blackberry fruits, but exhibited the lowest bioaccessibility values for all the studied polyphenol classes. Ellagic acid represented 13.63% and 2.65% of the hydroxybenzoic acids in raspberry and blackberry fruits. The hydroxybenzoic acids exhibited the highest bioaccessibility index in the intestinal phase of both types of berries, and gallic acid emerged as one of the most bioaccessible phenolic compounds. The bioaccessibility of carotenoids ranged between 15.7 and 17.30% for lutein, 5.52 and 7.56% for astaxanthin, and 7.85 and 9.93% for canthaxanthin, with elevated values being observed in raspberry fruits. Although vitamin E and carotenoids follow a similar path for absorption, the bioaccessibility of vitamin E isomers was higher than that of carotenoids, with &amp;amp;gamma;-tocopherol being the most bioaccessible isomer in both raspberries and blackberries. Knowing the bioaccessibility of food constituents during digestion is crucial, as the potential effectiveness of bioactives for human health largely depends on the bioavailability of these molecules.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Bioactives in Berry Fruits with Emphasis on In Vitro Bioaccessibility for Human Nutrition</dc:title> <dc:creator>Iulia Varzaru</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Arabela Elena Untea</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alexandra Gabriela Oancea</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mihaela Saracila</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Petru Alexandru Vlaicu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100286</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>286</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100286</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/286</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/285"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 285: On the Specific Diclofenac&amp;ndash;Iron Cation Interaction for Selective Diclofenac Removal from a Water Solution</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/285</link> <description>Diclofenac is one of the most common, commercially available, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the world, with thousands of tons produced and consumed per year, which creates issues related to its presence in water bodies and the need for its removal from them. Diclofenac forms complexes with cations of each metal, which has inspired a study to check if the formation/precipitation of such complexes can be used for effective diclofenac removal from water solutions. It was found that iron salts, e.g., FeCl3, can be used to remove diclofenac from a water solution in the form a of precipitated complex, provided that a high excess of iron salt was used. It has been observed that the diclofenac initial concentration of 5 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;4 M, as a result of FeCl3 addition, after 48 h, decreased by two orders of magnitude. Salts of other metals were found less effective in reducing diclofenac concentration. The iron cation&amp;amp;ndash;diclofenac interaction was found to be specific, since the precipitation of other drugs by iron cations has not been observed. In order to quantitively analyze the diclofenac removal (precipitation) by iron and other metal cations, the HPLC/ESI-MS analyses were performed.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-05</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 285: On the Specific Diclofenac&amp;ndash;Iron Cation Interaction for Selective Diclofenac Removal from a Water Solution</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/285">doi: 10.3390/separations11100285</a></p> <p>Authors: Magdalena Fra艅ska Aleksandra Grze艣kowiak </p> <p>Diclofenac is one of the most common, commercially available, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the world, with thousands of tons produced and consumed per year, which creates issues related to its presence in water bodies and the need for its removal from them. Diclofenac forms complexes with cations of each metal, which has inspired a study to check if the formation/precipitation of such complexes can be used for effective diclofenac removal from water solutions. It was found that iron salts, e.g., FeCl3, can be used to remove diclofenac from a water solution in the form a of precipitated complex, provided that a high excess of iron salt was used. It has been observed that the diclofenac initial concentration of 5 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;4 M, as a result of FeCl3 addition, after 48 h, decreased by two orders of magnitude. Salts of other metals were found less effective in reducing diclofenac concentration. The iron cation&amp;amp;ndash;diclofenac interaction was found to be specific, since the precipitation of other drugs by iron cations has not been observed. In order to quantitively analyze the diclofenac removal (precipitation) by iron and other metal cations, the HPLC/ESI-MS analyses were performed.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>On the Specific Diclofenac&amp;amp;ndash;Iron Cation Interaction for Selective Diclofenac Removal from a Water Solution</dc:title> <dc:creator>Magdalena Fra艅ska</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Aleksandra Grze艣kowiak</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100285</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>285</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100285</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/285</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/284"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 284: Process Intensification of Gas&amp;ndash;Liquid Separations Using Packed Beds: A Review</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/284</link> <description>The gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid multiphase process plays a crucial role in the chemical industry, and the utilization of packed beds enhances separation efficiency by increasing the contact area and promoting effective gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid interaction during the separation process. This paper primarily reviews the progress from fundamental research to practical application of gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid multiphase processes in packed bed reactors, focusing on advancements in fluid mechanics (flow patterns, liquid holdup, and pressure drop) and the mechanisms governing gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid interactions within these reactors. Firstly, we present an overview of recent developments in understanding gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid flow patterns; subsequently we summarize liquid holdup and pressure drop characteristics within packed beds. Furthermore, we analyze the underlying mechanisms involved in bubble breakup and coalescence phenomena occurring during continuous flow of gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid dispersions, providing insights for reactor design and operation strategies. Finally, we summarize applications of packed bed reactors in carbon dioxide absorption, chemical reactions, and wastewater treatment while offering future perspectives. These findings serve as valuable references for optimizing gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid separation processes.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-02</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 284: Process Intensification of Gas&amp;ndash;Liquid Separations Using Packed Beds: A Review</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/284">doi: 10.3390/separations11100284</a></p> <p>Authors: Yafang Zhang Chencan Du Zhibo Zhang Jiawei Du Yuming Tu Zhongqi Ren </p> <p>The gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid multiphase process plays a crucial role in the chemical industry, and the utilization of packed beds enhances separation efficiency by increasing the contact area and promoting effective gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid interaction during the separation process. This paper primarily reviews the progress from fundamental research to practical application of gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid multiphase processes in packed bed reactors, focusing on advancements in fluid mechanics (flow patterns, liquid holdup, and pressure drop) and the mechanisms governing gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid interactions within these reactors. Firstly, we present an overview of recent developments in understanding gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid flow patterns; subsequently we summarize liquid holdup and pressure drop characteristics within packed beds. Furthermore, we analyze the underlying mechanisms involved in bubble breakup and coalescence phenomena occurring during continuous flow of gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid dispersions, providing insights for reactor design and operation strategies. Finally, we summarize applications of packed bed reactors in carbon dioxide absorption, chemical reactions, and wastewater treatment while offering future perspectives. These findings serve as valuable references for optimizing gas&amp;amp;ndash;liquid separation processes.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Process Intensification of Gas&amp;amp;ndash;Liquid Separations Using Packed Beds: A Review</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yafang Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chencan Du</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhibo Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiawei Du</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yuming Tu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhongqi Ren</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100284</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>284</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100284</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/284</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/283"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 283: Roles of Nitrogen- and Sulphur-Containing Groups in Copper Ion Adsorption by a Modified Chitosan Carboxymethyl Starch Polymer</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/283</link> <description>Owing to the toxicity and widespread use of copper, the pollution caused by copper ions has become a long-standing environmental and industrial challenge. In this study, a new adsorbent was developed to dispose of and remove copper ions from water. The modified chitosan&amp;amp;ndash;carboxymethyl starch (MCTS-CMS) polymer was characterised, and FTIR and SEM-EDS confirmed the successful graft modification of the receptor. The adsorption behaviour was investigated through various parameters, and the results showed that the optimal parameters were pH &amp;amp;gt; 4.0, an adsorption time of 30 min, a reaction temperature of 293 K, and an initial concentration of 100&amp;amp;ndash;120 mg/L. The experimental data exhibited a good fit with pseudo-second-order models, and the Langmuir isotherm revealed that the polymer was found to be highly suitable for adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 321.16 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. XRD and XPS confirmed the generation of posnjakite after the adsorption and the predominant roles of nitrogen- and sulphur-containing groups in the adsorption. Further analysis confirmed the existence of chemisorption and physical adsorption, with chemisorption mainly facilitating the Cu(II) absorption of the polymer. MCTS-CMS showed an excellent removal efficiency of 98% in acidic solutions. On the basis of these findings, the MCTS-CMS polymer demonstrates excellent performance and high selectivity in the removal of copper ions from industrial wastewater or polluted water bodies. This work recommends expanding the polymer&amp;amp;rsquo;s practical applications to contribute to water purification efforts.</description> <pubDate>2024-10-01</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 283: Roles of Nitrogen- and Sulphur-Containing Groups in Copper Ion Adsorption by a Modified Chitosan Carboxymethyl Starch Polymer</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/283">doi: 10.3390/separations11100283</a></p> <p>Authors: Zhongbao Hua Yujie Dong Liang Chen Feng Jiang Honghu Tang Dongxia Feng </p> <p>Owing to the toxicity and widespread use of copper, the pollution caused by copper ions has become a long-standing environmental and industrial challenge. In this study, a new adsorbent was developed to dispose of and remove copper ions from water. The modified chitosan&amp;amp;ndash;carboxymethyl starch (MCTS-CMS) polymer was characterised, and FTIR and SEM-EDS confirmed the successful graft modification of the receptor. The adsorption behaviour was investigated through various parameters, and the results showed that the optimal parameters were pH &amp;amp;gt; 4.0, an adsorption time of 30 min, a reaction temperature of 293 K, and an initial concentration of 100&amp;amp;ndash;120 mg/L. The experimental data exhibited a good fit with pseudo-second-order models, and the Langmuir isotherm revealed that the polymer was found to be highly suitable for adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 321.16 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. XRD and XPS confirmed the generation of posnjakite after the adsorption and the predominant roles of nitrogen- and sulphur-containing groups in the adsorption. Further analysis confirmed the existence of chemisorption and physical adsorption, with chemisorption mainly facilitating the Cu(II) absorption of the polymer. MCTS-CMS showed an excellent removal efficiency of 98% in acidic solutions. On the basis of these findings, the MCTS-CMS polymer demonstrates excellent performance and high selectivity in the removal of copper ions from industrial wastewater or polluted water bodies. This work recommends expanding the polymer&amp;amp;rsquo;s practical applications to contribute to water purification efforts.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Roles of Nitrogen- and Sulphur-Containing Groups in Copper Ion Adsorption by a Modified Chitosan Carboxymethyl Starch Polymer</dc:title> <dc:creator>Zhongbao Hua</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yujie Dong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Liang Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Feng Jiang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Honghu Tang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dongxia Feng</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100283</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>283</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100283</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/283</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/282"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 282: Hyphenated Techniques and NMR Methods for Possible Organochlorinated Pesticides Occurrence in Human and Animal Milk</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/282</link> <description>Although not expected to be used due to restrictions raised on their usage, Persisted Organic Pollutants (POP) such as organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) can be found in several matrices, even nowadays. The lack of biodegradation and, furthermore, their persistence in the environment result in the possible occurrence of these lipophilic toxins in several matrices, from environmental samples and foods to human milk. The current review focuses on the usage of hyphenated techniques for the determination and monitoring of OCPs in several matrices, such as milk&amp;amp;mdash;both animal and human milk. The lipid matrix of milk and dairy products favors the possible bioaccumulation of the above pollutants, and the complex matrix of the dairy products is a challenge for method development. Additionally, spectroscopic methods&amp;amp;mdash;mainly Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics&amp;amp;mdash;for biomonitoring of OCPs persistence, bioaccumulation, and effect of possible exposure, along with NMR usage in several methods developed, are also presented and discussed. Finally, we introduce and present the metabolomic approach for OCPs and other POPs in lipid matrices.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-29</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 282: Hyphenated Techniques and NMR Methods for Possible Organochlorinated Pesticides Occurrence in Human and Animal Milk</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/282">doi: 10.3390/separations11100282</a></p> <p>Authors: Eleni D. Thanou Constantinos G. Tsiafoulis </p> <p>Although not expected to be used due to restrictions raised on their usage, Persisted Organic Pollutants (POP) such as organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) can be found in several matrices, even nowadays. The lack of biodegradation and, furthermore, their persistence in the environment result in the possible occurrence of these lipophilic toxins in several matrices, from environmental samples and foods to human milk. The current review focuses on the usage of hyphenated techniques for the determination and monitoring of OCPs in several matrices, such as milk&amp;amp;mdash;both animal and human milk. The lipid matrix of milk and dairy products favors the possible bioaccumulation of the above pollutants, and the complex matrix of the dairy products is a challenge for method development. Additionally, spectroscopic methods&amp;amp;mdash;mainly Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics&amp;amp;mdash;for biomonitoring of OCPs persistence, bioaccumulation, and effect of possible exposure, along with NMR usage in several methods developed, are also presented and discussed. Finally, we introduce and present the metabolomic approach for OCPs and other POPs in lipid matrices.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Hyphenated Techniques and NMR Methods for Possible Organochlorinated Pesticides Occurrence in Human and Animal Milk</dc:title> <dc:creator>Eleni D. Thanou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Constantinos G. Tsiafoulis</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100282</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-29</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-29</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>282</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100282</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/282</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/281"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 281: The Removal of Organic Contaminants from Condensed Wastewater Using Electrolysis Combined with Ozonation: A Pilot-Scale Study</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/281</link> <description>A pilot-scale investigation of ozonation combined with electrolysis (E-O3) was performed to treat concentrated wastewater from a reverse osmosis system from the printing and dyeing industry. It was found that E-O3 only exhibits an efficiency advantage after the removal of carbonate ions. The synergy of ozone and electrolysis lies not only in the generation of hydroxyl radicals, but also in the degradation of organic compounds. Moreover, the combination of electrolysis and ozonation has an inhibitory effect on the decrease in pH, which plays an important role in the synergistic generation of hydroxyl radicals. This pilot-scale study holds reference significance for the engineering applications of the E-O3 technology.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-29</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 281: The Removal of Organic Contaminants from Condensed Wastewater Using Electrolysis Combined with Ozonation: A Pilot-Scale Study</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/281">doi: 10.3390/separations11100281</a></p> <p>Authors: Yalei Ding Jie Wang Bin Tan </p> <p>A pilot-scale investigation of ozonation combined with electrolysis (E-O3) was performed to treat concentrated wastewater from a reverse osmosis system from the printing and dyeing industry. It was found that E-O3 only exhibits an efficiency advantage after the removal of carbonate ions. The synergy of ozone and electrolysis lies not only in the generation of hydroxyl radicals, but also in the degradation of organic compounds. Moreover, the combination of electrolysis and ozonation has an inhibitory effect on the decrease in pH, which plays an important role in the synergistic generation of hydroxyl radicals. This pilot-scale study holds reference significance for the engineering applications of the E-O3 technology.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Removal of Organic Contaminants from Condensed Wastewater Using Electrolysis Combined with Ozonation: A Pilot-Scale Study</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yalei Ding</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jie Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bin Tan</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100281</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-29</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-29</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>281</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100281</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/281</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/280"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 280: Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Effects on Isolated Murine Lymphocytes and Macrophages of Polymeric Micelles Loaded with Cycloartane Saponin</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/280</link> <description>Triterpenoid saponins from the Astragalus species possess valuable effects (cytotoxic, adjuvant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antiviral, etc.). Some also have immunomodulatory activities. Astragalus glycyphyllos is distributed in Bulgaria and mainly accumulates cycloartane saponins. From the overground parts of the species, a triterpenoid cyloartane-type saponin (AGOS3) was isolated by different chromatographic techniques. A quantitative LC-MS method for the determination of the saponin was developed and validated. Further, the saponin was loaded in copolymeric micelles based on triblock copolymers of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide (Pluronics). The LC-MS method was applied on the developed micelles to determine their loading degrees. Afterwards, the possible pharmacological effects of free and encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles of triterpenoid saponin (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 &amp;amp;micro;g/mL) were evaluated in isolated murine macrophages and lymphocytes in vitro. Free AGOS3 stimulated proliferation only at the highest tested concentrations (50&amp;amp;ndash;100 &amp;amp;micro;g/mL), and the effect was more evident in isolated macrophages. Interestingly, AGOS3-loaded polymeric micelles caused concentration dependency and statistically significant increases in the proliferation of both isolated lymphocytes and macrophages, even at a lower concentration (10 &amp;amp;micro;g/mL). These results could serve as the basis for further research on the immunomodulatory effect of this saponin.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-28</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 280: Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Effects on Isolated Murine Lymphocytes and Macrophages of Polymeric Micelles Loaded with Cycloartane Saponin</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/280">doi: 10.3390/separations11100280</a></p> <p>Authors: Aleksandar Shkondrov Denitsa Stefanova Ivan Stambolov Krassimira Yoncheva Virginia Tzankova Ilina Krasteva </p> <p>Triterpenoid saponins from the Astragalus species possess valuable effects (cytotoxic, adjuvant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antiviral, etc.). Some also have immunomodulatory activities. Astragalus glycyphyllos is distributed in Bulgaria and mainly accumulates cycloartane saponins. From the overground parts of the species, a triterpenoid cyloartane-type saponin (AGOS3) was isolated by different chromatographic techniques. A quantitative LC-MS method for the determination of the saponin was developed and validated. Further, the saponin was loaded in copolymeric micelles based on triblock copolymers of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide (Pluronics). The LC-MS method was applied on the developed micelles to determine their loading degrees. Afterwards, the possible pharmacological effects of free and encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles of triterpenoid saponin (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 &amp;amp;micro;g/mL) were evaluated in isolated murine macrophages and lymphocytes in vitro. Free AGOS3 stimulated proliferation only at the highest tested concentrations (50&amp;amp;ndash;100 &amp;amp;micro;g/mL), and the effect was more evident in isolated macrophages. Interestingly, AGOS3-loaded polymeric micelles caused concentration dependency and statistically significant increases in the proliferation of both isolated lymphocytes and macrophages, even at a lower concentration (10 &amp;amp;micro;g/mL). These results could serve as the basis for further research on the immunomodulatory effect of this saponin.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Effects on Isolated Murine Lymphocytes and Macrophages of Polymeric Micelles Loaded with Cycloartane Saponin</dc:title> <dc:creator>Aleksandar Shkondrov</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Denitsa Stefanova</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ivan Stambolov</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Krassimira Yoncheva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Virginia Tzankova</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ilina Krasteva</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100280</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>280</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100280</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/280</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/279"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 279: Development and Validation of a Novel Method Using QuEChERS and UHPLC-MS-MS for the Determination of Multiple Emerging Fungicides in Surface Waters</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/279</link> <description>The increasing global reliance on pesticides for agricultural pest control has raised significant environmental concerns, particularly due to inadequate monitoring of emerging chemicals in surface waters. This study addresses the potential contamination of aquatic ecosystems by developing and validating a method for detecting trace amounts of four recently registered fungicides: three succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (fluopyram, penthiopyrad, pydiflumetofen) and fluopicolide, a structurally related fungicide. Employing QuEChERS-based sample extraction combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS-MS), this method achieves detection limits of 0.1 to 0.2 &amp;amp;mu;g/L, with recovery rates between 90% and 110%, and intra-day relative standard deviation values well within the acceptable range of less than 20%. Applied to surface grab water samples from the greater Melbourne area, Australia, the method successfully identified all four fungicides at trace levels, including a notable high concentration of fluopyram (7.3 &amp;amp;mu;g/L) during autumn, with the others intermittently detected at lower concentrations. This study represents the first documented instance of quantifiable detections of these four fungicides in Australian surface water systems. Given their high toxicity to several organisms and the limited global data on these substances, our findings underscore the critical need for continuous monitoring to inform strategies to safeguard aquatic ecosystems from these chemicals.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-24</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 279: Development and Validation of a Novel Method Using QuEChERS and UHPLC-MS-MS for the Determination of Multiple Emerging Fungicides in Surface Waters</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/279">doi: 10.3390/separations11100279</a></p> <p>Authors: Pulasthi Serasinghe Deni Taleski Hao T. K. Nguyen Dayanthi Nugegoda Vincent Pettigrove </p> <p>The increasing global reliance on pesticides for agricultural pest control has raised significant environmental concerns, particularly due to inadequate monitoring of emerging chemicals in surface waters. This study addresses the potential contamination of aquatic ecosystems by developing and validating a method for detecting trace amounts of four recently registered fungicides: three succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (fluopyram, penthiopyrad, pydiflumetofen) and fluopicolide, a structurally related fungicide. Employing QuEChERS-based sample extraction combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS-MS), this method achieves detection limits of 0.1 to 0.2 &amp;amp;mu;g/L, with recovery rates between 90% and 110%, and intra-day relative standard deviation values well within the acceptable range of less than 20%. Applied to surface grab water samples from the greater Melbourne area, Australia, the method successfully identified all four fungicides at trace levels, including a notable high concentration of fluopyram (7.3 &amp;amp;mu;g/L) during autumn, with the others intermittently detected at lower concentrations. This study represents the first documented instance of quantifiable detections of these four fungicides in Australian surface water systems. Given their high toxicity to several organisms and the limited global data on these substances, our findings underscore the critical need for continuous monitoring to inform strategies to safeguard aquatic ecosystems from these chemicals.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Development and Validation of a Novel Method Using QuEChERS and UHPLC-MS-MS for the Determination of Multiple Emerging Fungicides in Surface Waters</dc:title> <dc:creator>Pulasthi Serasinghe</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Deni Taleski</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hao T. K. Nguyen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dayanthi Nugegoda</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vincent Pettigrove</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11100279</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>10</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>279</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11100279</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/10/279</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/278"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 278: Kinetic Study and Process Optimization of Plutonium Barrier Units for Enhanced Plutonium Stripping in the PUREX Process</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/278</link> <description>In the PUREX (the plutonium uranium reduction extraction) process, a plutonium barrier unit (1BXX) is used to achieve deep plutonium stripping. According to the operating experience of the French reprocessing plant, after the separation of uranium and plutonium in the first cycle (1B + 1BXX), the plutonium barrier unit has excellent stripping effect, such that the removal of plutonium from uranium can already be achieved in the first cycle, and the second cycle only needs to focus on the removal of neptunium from uranium in order to obtain a qualified uranium product. In recent decades, China has also been actively conducting research on the plutonium barrier unit process to reduce the plutonium concentration in the primary uranium product in the first cycle to avoid the need to remove neptunium and plutonium at the same time in the second cycle, and to improve the efficiency and feasibility of reprocessing. Due to the lack of design basis for plutonium barriers to achieve deep plutonium stripping at present, this study conducts a basic study on the plutonium barrier unit, aiming to provide data for the optimization of plutonium barriers in the actual reprocessing process at a later date. In this work, a kinetic study on the reduction and stripping of trace plutonium from dibutyl phosphate-containing organic phases was carried out first, and the kinetic equations for the reduction and stripping of Pu(IV) by U(IV) under flow process conditions were obtained. The effects of U(IV) addition on the extraction loss of U(IV) and the concentration distribution of U(IV) at various stages were investigated by process simulation. Additionally, the oxidation of U(IV) under process conditions was investigated to clarify the process chemistry of U(IV) oxidation and to provide a reference for the oxidation consumption of U(IV). Finally, the process parameters of the plutonium barrier unit were preliminarily designed based on the above research.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 278: Kinetic Study and Process Optimization of Plutonium Barrier Units for Enhanced Plutonium Stripping in the PUREX Process</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/278">doi: 10.3390/separations11090278</a></p> <p>Authors: Haowei Zhu Qi Chen Chen Zuo Tianchi Li Jieqiong Yuan Ziqian Zhao Taihong Yan Weifang Zheng </p> <p>In the PUREX (the plutonium uranium reduction extraction) process, a plutonium barrier unit (1BXX) is used to achieve deep plutonium stripping. According to the operating experience of the French reprocessing plant, after the separation of uranium and plutonium in the first cycle (1B + 1BXX), the plutonium barrier unit has excellent stripping effect, such that the removal of plutonium from uranium can already be achieved in the first cycle, and the second cycle only needs to focus on the removal of neptunium from uranium in order to obtain a qualified uranium product. In recent decades, China has also been actively conducting research on the plutonium barrier unit process to reduce the plutonium concentration in the primary uranium product in the first cycle to avoid the need to remove neptunium and plutonium at the same time in the second cycle, and to improve the efficiency and feasibility of reprocessing. Due to the lack of design basis for plutonium barriers to achieve deep plutonium stripping at present, this study conducts a basic study on the plutonium barrier unit, aiming to provide data for the optimization of plutonium barriers in the actual reprocessing process at a later date. In this work, a kinetic study on the reduction and stripping of trace plutonium from dibutyl phosphate-containing organic phases was carried out first, and the kinetic equations for the reduction and stripping of Pu(IV) by U(IV) under flow process conditions were obtained. The effects of U(IV) addition on the extraction loss of U(IV) and the concentration distribution of U(IV) at various stages were investigated by process simulation. Additionally, the oxidation of U(IV) under process conditions was investigated to clarify the process chemistry of U(IV) oxidation and to provide a reference for the oxidation consumption of U(IV). Finally, the process parameters of the plutonium barrier unit were preliminarily designed based on the above research.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Kinetic Study and Process Optimization of Plutonium Barrier Units for Enhanced Plutonium Stripping in the PUREX Process</dc:title> <dc:creator>Haowei Zhu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qi Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chen Zuo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tianchi Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jieqiong Yuan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ziqian Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Taihong Yan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Weifang Zheng</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090278</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>278</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090278</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/278</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/277"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 277: High-Efficiency Selective Adsorption of Rubidium and Cesium from Simulated Brine Using a Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Adsorbent</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/277</link> <description>Rubidium and cesium are critical strategic elements, and their development and utilization are of great significance. In this study, a magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) adsorbent was prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer&amp;amp;ndash;Emmett&amp;amp;ndash;Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption performance of the adsorbent for Rb+ and Cs+ in solution was investigated. The results showed that the adsorbent exhibited high adsorption capacities of 2.83 mol/g for Rb+ and 4.37 mol/g for Cs+. In simulated brine, the adsorbent demonstrated excellent selectivity for Cs+. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The primary adsorption mechanism was an ion exchange. The development of this adsorbent holds significant promise for the extraction of rubidium and cesium from liquid resources.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 277: High-Efficiency Selective Adsorption of Rubidium and Cesium from Simulated Brine Using a Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Adsorbent</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/277">doi: 10.3390/separations11090277</a></p> <p>Authors: Haining Liu Yanping Wang Qiongyuan Zhang Wenjie Han Huifang Zhang Xiushen Ye </p> <p>Rubidium and cesium are critical strategic elements, and their development and utilization are of great significance. In this study, a magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) adsorbent was prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer&amp;amp;ndash;Emmett&amp;amp;ndash;Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption performance of the adsorbent for Rb+ and Cs+ in solution was investigated. The results showed that the adsorbent exhibited high adsorption capacities of 2.83 mol/g for Rb+ and 4.37 mol/g for Cs+. In simulated brine, the adsorbent demonstrated excellent selectivity for Cs+. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The primary adsorption mechanism was an ion exchange. The development of this adsorbent holds significant promise for the extraction of rubidium and cesium from liquid resources.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>High-Efficiency Selective Adsorption of Rubidium and Cesium from Simulated Brine Using a Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Adsorbent</dc:title> <dc:creator>Haining Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yanping Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiongyuan Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenjie Han</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Huifang Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiushen Ye</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090277</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>277</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090277</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/277</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/276"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 276: Development of a QAMS Analysis Method for Industrial Lanolin Alcohol Based on the Concept of Analytical Quality by Design</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/276</link> <description>The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept was adopted to establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (QAMS) method for industrial lanolin alcohol, targeting cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. The potential critical method parameters (CMPs) were identified as column temperature, flow rate, and gradient. Definitive screening design and statistical modeling were employed to optimize the gradient conditions of the mobile phase, column temperature, and flow rate. The Method Operable Design Region (MODR) was determined using a risk-based quantification approach. The robustness was assessed using a Plackett&amp;amp;ndash;Burman experimental design, followed by methodological validation. Optimal analytical conditions were as follows: acetonitrile (B)&amp;amp;mdash;water (A) mobile phase system; flow rate of 1.58 mL/min; detection wavelength of 205 nm; injection volume of 10 &amp;amp;micro;L; and column temperature of 37 &amp;amp;deg;C. A gradient elution program was implemented as follows: 0&amp;amp;ndash;19.0 min, 90.5% B; 19.0&amp;amp;ndash;25.0 min, 90.5&amp;amp;ndash;100% B; and 25.0&amp;amp;ndash;55.0 min, 100% B. Cholesterol served as an internal standard for quantifying lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, with relative correction factors of 0.4227 and 0.8228, respectively. This analytical method utilized only the cholesterol reference substance as an internal standard to quantify the content of cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol in industrial lanolin alcohol. It reduced the testing costs and enhanced efficiency, making it potentially suitable for widespread adoption in lanolin alcohol processing industries.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 276: Development of a QAMS Analysis Method for Industrial Lanolin Alcohol Based on the Concept of Analytical Quality by Design</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/276">doi: 10.3390/separations11090276</a></p> <p>Authors: Kaidierya Abudureheman Qinglin Wang Hao Zhang Xingchu Gong </p> <p>The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept was adopted to establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (QAMS) method for industrial lanolin alcohol, targeting cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. The potential critical method parameters (CMPs) were identified as column temperature, flow rate, and gradient. Definitive screening design and statistical modeling were employed to optimize the gradient conditions of the mobile phase, column temperature, and flow rate. The Method Operable Design Region (MODR) was determined using a risk-based quantification approach. The robustness was assessed using a Plackett&amp;amp;ndash;Burman experimental design, followed by methodological validation. Optimal analytical conditions were as follows: acetonitrile (B)&amp;amp;mdash;water (A) mobile phase system; flow rate of 1.58 mL/min; detection wavelength of 205 nm; injection volume of 10 &amp;amp;micro;L; and column temperature of 37 &amp;amp;deg;C. A gradient elution program was implemented as follows: 0&amp;amp;ndash;19.0 min, 90.5% B; 19.0&amp;amp;ndash;25.0 min, 90.5&amp;amp;ndash;100% B; and 25.0&amp;amp;ndash;55.0 min, 100% B. Cholesterol served as an internal standard for quantifying lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, with relative correction factors of 0.4227 and 0.8228, respectively. This analytical method utilized only the cholesterol reference substance as an internal standard to quantify the content of cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol in industrial lanolin alcohol. It reduced the testing costs and enhanced efficiency, making it potentially suitable for widespread adoption in lanolin alcohol processing industries.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Development of a QAMS Analysis Method for Industrial Lanolin Alcohol Based on the Concept of Analytical Quality by Design</dc:title> <dc:creator>Kaidierya Abudureheman</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qinglin Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hao Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xingchu Gong</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090276</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>276</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090276</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/276</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/275"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 275: Assessment of the Antioxidant Potential of Blackthorns and Hawthorns: Comparative Analysis and Potential Use in Ruminants&amp;rsquo; Nutrition</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/275</link> <description>The food industry is intensifying its effort to enrich food composition in various nutrients through animal feeding, but these challenges can be limited by the costly feed resources, water scarcity, and pesticide pollution, making it crucial to explore alternative feedstuffs with fewer requirements. Blackthorns and hawthorns are characterized by their rich phytochemical and antioxidant profiles, suggesting their potential to enhance the performance of ruminants though the supply of bioactive substances. Our study revealed their rich composition of micronutrients; hawthorns showed a remarkable amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (57.23 g FAME/100 g total FAME), particularly omega-3 and omega-6, while blackthorn presented higher concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, specifically oleic acid (56.99 g FAME/100 g total FAME). In terms of lipo-soluble antioxidants, blackthorn exhibited higher levels of xanthophyll and vitamin E (123.83 mg/kg DM), including its isomers (alpha, gamma, and delta). Concerning the water-soluble antioxidants, hawthorns showed elevated composition of the total content of flavonoids and polyphenols, comparing with blackthorn. Moreover, hawthorns showed a high antioxidant capacity, as assessed through DPPH, ABTS, and TAC analyses. In terms of the scavenging capacity of blackthorn and hawthorn against superoxide radicals, blackthorn had higher radical scavenging potential against superoxide radicals, compared to hawthorn.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 275: Assessment of the Antioxidant Potential of Blackthorns and Hawthorns: Comparative Analysis and Potential Use in Ruminants&amp;rsquo; Nutrition</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/275">doi: 10.3390/separations11090275</a></p> <p>Authors: Alexandra-Gabriela Oancea Mihaela Saracila Petru Alexandru Vlaicu Iulia Varzaru Arabela Elena Untea Catalin Dragomir </p> <p>The food industry is intensifying its effort to enrich food composition in various nutrients through animal feeding, but these challenges can be limited by the costly feed resources, water scarcity, and pesticide pollution, making it crucial to explore alternative feedstuffs with fewer requirements. Blackthorns and hawthorns are characterized by their rich phytochemical and antioxidant profiles, suggesting their potential to enhance the performance of ruminants though the supply of bioactive substances. Our study revealed their rich composition of micronutrients; hawthorns showed a remarkable amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (57.23 g FAME/100 g total FAME), particularly omega-3 and omega-6, while blackthorn presented higher concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, specifically oleic acid (56.99 g FAME/100 g total FAME). In terms of lipo-soluble antioxidants, blackthorn exhibited higher levels of xanthophyll and vitamin E (123.83 mg/kg DM), including its isomers (alpha, gamma, and delta). Concerning the water-soluble antioxidants, hawthorns showed elevated composition of the total content of flavonoids and polyphenols, comparing with blackthorn. Moreover, hawthorns showed a high antioxidant capacity, as assessed through DPPH, ABTS, and TAC analyses. In terms of the scavenging capacity of blackthorn and hawthorn against superoxide radicals, blackthorn had higher radical scavenging potential against superoxide radicals, compared to hawthorn.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Assessment of the Antioxidant Potential of Blackthorns and Hawthorns: Comparative Analysis and Potential Use in Ruminants&amp;amp;rsquo; Nutrition</dc:title> <dc:creator>Alexandra-Gabriela Oancea</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mihaela Saracila</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Petru Alexandru Vlaicu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Iulia Varzaru</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Arabela Elena Untea</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Catalin Dragomir</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090275</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>275</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090275</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/275</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/274"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 274: Visible Light-Assisted Periodate Activation Using Carbon Nitride for the Efficient Elimination of Acid Orange 7</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/274</link> <description>The development of appropriate and effective periodate (PI) activation technology is currently a popular research area. This study presents a novel efficient photocatalytic activation approach of PI for pollutant degradation based on carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and visible light (Vis). The results show that the system can remove 92.3% of acid orange 7 (AO7) within 60 min under the g-C3N4/PI/Vis reaction system. The degradation rate constant (kobs) reached 4.08 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;2 min&amp;amp;minus;1, which is 4.21, 5.16 times, and 51.3 times higher than that of the g-C3N4/Vis system (9.7 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3 min&amp;amp;minus;1), PI/Vis system (7.9 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3 min&amp;amp;minus;1) and the g-C3N4/PI system (7.96 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;4 min&amp;amp;minus;1), respectively. Clearly, the addition of PI significantly enhances the degradation efficiency of AO7 in the system. Additionally, under the same reaction conditions, the presence of PI showed excellent oxidation capacity in the photoactivation process compared with other common oxidants, such as peroxymonosulfate, peroxydisulfate, and H2O2. Moreover, the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system showed excellent removal of AO7 across a wide range of pH levels and in the presence of various anions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments suggested that the superoxide anions (&amp;amp;bull;O2&amp;amp;minus;) and singlet oxygen (1O2) dominated in the oxidation of pollutants in the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system. In addition, the catalyst showed relative stability during cyclic testing, although a slight reduction in degradation efficiency was observed. In brief, the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system is highly efficient and environmentally friendly, with significant application potential in wastewater treatment.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 274: Visible Light-Assisted Periodate Activation Using Carbon Nitride for the Efficient Elimination of Acid Orange 7</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/274">doi: 10.3390/separations11090274</a></p> <p>Authors: Wenjun Xu Qianyi Wang Jintao He Fuzhen Liu Xiang Yan Yin Xu </p> <p>The development of appropriate and effective periodate (PI) activation technology is currently a popular research area. This study presents a novel efficient photocatalytic activation approach of PI for pollutant degradation based on carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and visible light (Vis). The results show that the system can remove 92.3% of acid orange 7 (AO7) within 60 min under the g-C3N4/PI/Vis reaction system. The degradation rate constant (kobs) reached 4.08 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;2 min&amp;amp;minus;1, which is 4.21, 5.16 times, and 51.3 times higher than that of the g-C3N4/Vis system (9.7 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3 min&amp;amp;minus;1), PI/Vis system (7.9 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3 min&amp;amp;minus;1) and the g-C3N4/PI system (7.96 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;4 min&amp;amp;minus;1), respectively. Clearly, the addition of PI significantly enhances the degradation efficiency of AO7 in the system. Additionally, under the same reaction conditions, the presence of PI showed excellent oxidation capacity in the photoactivation process compared with other common oxidants, such as peroxymonosulfate, peroxydisulfate, and H2O2. Moreover, the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system showed excellent removal of AO7 across a wide range of pH levels and in the presence of various anions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments suggested that the superoxide anions (&amp;amp;bull;O2&amp;amp;minus;) and singlet oxygen (1O2) dominated in the oxidation of pollutants in the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system. In addition, the catalyst showed relative stability during cyclic testing, although a slight reduction in degradation efficiency was observed. In brief, the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system is highly efficient and environmentally friendly, with significant application potential in wastewater treatment.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Visible Light-Assisted Periodate Activation Using Carbon Nitride for the Efficient Elimination of Acid Orange 7</dc:title> <dc:creator>Wenjun Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qianyi Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jintao He</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fuzhen Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiang Yan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yin Xu</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090274</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>274</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090274</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/274</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/273"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 273: Optimizing Vertical Zone Refining for Ultra-High-Purity Tin: Numerical Simulations and Experimental Analyses</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/273</link> <description>This study investigates the application of the vertical zone refining process to produce ultra-high-purity tin. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted using an Sn-1 wt.%Bi binary alloy to assess the effects of two key parameters&amp;amp;mdash;heater temperature and pulling rate&amp;amp;mdash;on Bi impurity segregation. The simulations revealed a dynamic evolution in molten zone height, characterized by an initial rapid rise, followed by a gradual increase and ending with a sharp decline. Despite these fluctuations, the lower solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid interface consistently remained slightly convex. After nine zone passes, impurities accumulated at the top of the sample, with dual vortices forming a rhombus- or gate-shaped negative segregation zone. The simulations demonstrated that lower heater temperatures and slower pulling rates enhanced impurity segregation efficiency. Based on these results, experiments were performed using 6N-grade tin as the starting material. Glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) analysis showed that the effective partition coefficients (keff) for impurities such as Ag, Pb, Co, Al, Bi, Cu, Fe, and Ni were significantly less than 1, while As was slightly below but very close to 1, and Sb was above 1. Under optimal conditions&amp;amp;mdash;405 &amp;amp;deg;C heater temperature and a pulling rate of 5 &amp;amp;mu;m/s&amp;amp;mdash;over 60% of impurities were removed after nine zone passes, approaching 6N9-grade purity. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing the vertical zone refining process and demonstrate its potential for achieving 7N-grade ultra-high-purity tin.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 273: Optimizing Vertical Zone Refining for Ultra-High-Purity Tin: Numerical Simulations and Experimental Analyses</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/273">doi: 10.3390/separations11090273</a></p> <p>Authors: Yu Yao Jiajun Wen Qi He Meizhen Wu Lishi Chen Yuxu Bao Hongxing Zheng </p> <p>This study investigates the application of the vertical zone refining process to produce ultra-high-purity tin. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted using an Sn-1 wt.%Bi binary alloy to assess the effects of two key parameters&amp;amp;mdash;heater temperature and pulling rate&amp;amp;mdash;on Bi impurity segregation. The simulations revealed a dynamic evolution in molten zone height, characterized by an initial rapid rise, followed by a gradual increase and ending with a sharp decline. Despite these fluctuations, the lower solid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid interface consistently remained slightly convex. After nine zone passes, impurities accumulated at the top of the sample, with dual vortices forming a rhombus- or gate-shaped negative segregation zone. The simulations demonstrated that lower heater temperatures and slower pulling rates enhanced impurity segregation efficiency. Based on these results, experiments were performed using 6N-grade tin as the starting material. Glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) analysis showed that the effective partition coefficients (keff) for impurities such as Ag, Pb, Co, Al, Bi, Cu, Fe, and Ni were significantly less than 1, while As was slightly below but very close to 1, and Sb was above 1. Under optimal conditions&amp;amp;mdash;405 &amp;amp;deg;C heater temperature and a pulling rate of 5 &amp;amp;mu;m/s&amp;amp;mdash;over 60% of impurities were removed after nine zone passes, approaching 6N9-grade purity. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing the vertical zone refining process and demonstrate its potential for achieving 7N-grade ultra-high-purity tin.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Optimizing Vertical Zone Refining for Ultra-High-Purity Tin: Numerical Simulations and Experimental Analyses</dc:title> <dc:creator>Yu Yao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiajun Wen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qi He</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Meizhen Wu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lishi Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yuxu Bao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hongxing Zheng</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090273</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>273</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090273</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/273</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/272"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 272: Photocatalytic Degradation of Levofloxacin and Inactivation of Enterococci Levofloxacin-Resistant Bacteria Using Pure Rare-Earth Oxides</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/272</link> <description>In this study, La2O3 and CeO2 nanopowders were prepared using a simple and cost-effective precipitation method. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), UV-Visible reflectance diffuses (UV-Vis DRS), Raman spectroscopy, and specific surface area were used to characterize the photocatalysts, evidencing that the used preparation method was effective in the generation of crystalline CeO2 and La2O3. In particular, WAXD results showed that the average crystallite size of the achieved La2O3 and CeO2 samples were about 22 nm and 28 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic performances of the prepared catalysts were investigated in the degradation of levofloxacin (LEV) and the inactivation of a waterborne pathogen levofloxacin resistant (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) by using a photoreactor equipped with a solar simulator (SS). After 120 min, the CeO2 and La2O3 photocatalytic treatments allowed us to achieve between 75% and 83% of levofloxacin removal, respectively. A complete removal of 106 CFU/mL Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was achieved after 5 and 60 min of La2O3 and CeO2 photocatalytic processes, respectively.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-18</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 272: Photocatalytic Degradation of Levofloxacin and Inactivation of Enterococci Levofloxacin-Resistant Bacteria Using Pure Rare-Earth Oxides</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/272">doi: 10.3390/separations11090272</a></p> <p>Authors: Lorenzo Saviano Antonietta Mancuso Alice Cardito Olga Sacco Vincenzo Vaiano Maurizio Carotenuto Giovanni Libralato Giusy Lofrano </p> <p>In this study, La2O3 and CeO2 nanopowders were prepared using a simple and cost-effective precipitation method. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), UV-Visible reflectance diffuses (UV-Vis DRS), Raman spectroscopy, and specific surface area were used to characterize the photocatalysts, evidencing that the used preparation method was effective in the generation of crystalline CeO2 and La2O3. In particular, WAXD results showed that the average crystallite size of the achieved La2O3 and CeO2 samples were about 22 nm and 28 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic performances of the prepared catalysts were investigated in the degradation of levofloxacin (LEV) and the inactivation of a waterborne pathogen levofloxacin resistant (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) by using a photoreactor equipped with a solar simulator (SS). After 120 min, the CeO2 and La2O3 photocatalytic treatments allowed us to achieve between 75% and 83% of levofloxacin removal, respectively. A complete removal of 106 CFU/mL Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was achieved after 5 and 60 min of La2O3 and CeO2 photocatalytic processes, respectively.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Photocatalytic Degradation of Levofloxacin and Inactivation of Enterococci Levofloxacin-Resistant Bacteria Using Pure Rare-Earth Oxides</dc:title> <dc:creator>Lorenzo Saviano</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Antonietta Mancuso</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alice Cardito</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Olga Sacco</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vincenzo Vaiano</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Maurizio Carotenuto</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giovanni Libralato</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giusy Lofrano</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090272</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>272</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090272</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/272</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/271"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 271: The Optimization of the Osborne Extraction Method for the Fractionation and Characterization of Oat Proteins</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/271</link> <description>The growing number of wheat-related allergies worldwide has resulted in a new trend towards gluten-free alternatives. In this context, alternative cereals such as sorghum and oats are attracting new interest. Given the limited data available, the question of whether these cereals are completely safe and gluten-free for allergy sufferers remains open. One of the key steps in protein research is their efficient extraction. In this work, the Osborne sequential extraction method was developed and optimized using the response surface methodology in order to fractionate oat proteins. An optimized desirability of 0.986 was achieved with an extraction time of 4.7 min, a speed of 6, and a sample/solvent ratio of 5. The corresponding optimized responses were 8.7, 4.0, and 5.1% for the extraction yields of the avenin, avenalin, and albumin/globulin fractions, respectively. Further characterization of the extracts was carried out on 24 homogeneous and commercial oat samples via LC-MS/MS, targeting six potentially allergenic proteins. The avenin-E protein featured prominently, with relative contents of 60.7, 32.2, 58.0, and 59.8% in the total extract, avenin, avenalin, and albumin/globulin fractions, respectively, while the Avenin-3, ATI-2, avenin, SSG2, and SSG1 proteins in the total extract showed levels of 16.4, 9.3, 6.6, 4.8, and 2.2%, respectively. The preliminary results of an ELISA performed on the different fractions revealed low levels of gluten (from 1.24 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.14 to 3.61 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.16 mg/kg), which were well below the threshold limit of 20 mg/kg. These results support the hypothesis that oats can be a safe food for people suffering from cereal-related allergies. These results open the door to further studies into the comprehensive characterization of oat proteins.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-17</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 271: The Optimization of the Osborne Extraction Method for the Fractionation and Characterization of Oat Proteins</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/271">doi: 10.3390/separations11090271</a></p> <p>Authors: Sorel Tchewonpi Sagu Lara Talea Wiedemann Kapil Nichani Andrea Henze Harshadrai M. Rawel </p> <p>The growing number of wheat-related allergies worldwide has resulted in a new trend towards gluten-free alternatives. In this context, alternative cereals such as sorghum and oats are attracting new interest. Given the limited data available, the question of whether these cereals are completely safe and gluten-free for allergy sufferers remains open. One of the key steps in protein research is their efficient extraction. In this work, the Osborne sequential extraction method was developed and optimized using the response surface methodology in order to fractionate oat proteins. An optimized desirability of 0.986 was achieved with an extraction time of 4.7 min, a speed of 6, and a sample/solvent ratio of 5. The corresponding optimized responses were 8.7, 4.0, and 5.1% for the extraction yields of the avenin, avenalin, and albumin/globulin fractions, respectively. Further characterization of the extracts was carried out on 24 homogeneous and commercial oat samples via LC-MS/MS, targeting six potentially allergenic proteins. The avenin-E protein featured prominently, with relative contents of 60.7, 32.2, 58.0, and 59.8% in the total extract, avenin, avenalin, and albumin/globulin fractions, respectively, while the Avenin-3, ATI-2, avenin, SSG2, and SSG1 proteins in the total extract showed levels of 16.4, 9.3, 6.6, 4.8, and 2.2%, respectively. The preliminary results of an ELISA performed on the different fractions revealed low levels of gluten (from 1.24 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.14 to 3.61 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.16 mg/kg), which were well below the threshold limit of 20 mg/kg. These results support the hypothesis that oats can be a safe food for people suffering from cereal-related allergies. These results open the door to further studies into the comprehensive characterization of oat proteins.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Optimization of the Osborne Extraction Method for the Fractionation and Characterization of Oat Proteins</dc:title> <dc:creator>Sorel Tchewonpi Sagu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lara Talea Wiedemann</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kapil Nichani</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Andrea Henze</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Harshadrai M. Rawel</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090271</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-17</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-17</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>271</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090271</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/271</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/270"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 270: Rapid Purification and Quantification of Intestinal and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Solid-Phase Extraction Using Bond Elut Plexa</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/270</link> <description>Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces are inextricably linked to intestinal homeostasis and can be used as potential markers for metabolic diseases. In this study, an efficient and simple method was developed for the purification of SCFAs without the need for derivatization of the samples. The SCFAs (acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acid) were extracted from a small amount (50 mg) of fecal and intestinal samples using acetone combined with solid phase extraction column (Bond Elut Plexa) enrichment. Quantitative analysis was performed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The developed method has shown very good limits of detection (LOD, 0.11&amp;amp;ndash;0.36 &amp;amp;mu;M) and limits of quantification (LOQ, 0.38&amp;amp;ndash;1.21 &amp;amp;mu;M) with excellent linearity (R2 &amp;amp;ge; 0.9998), good recovery (98.34&amp;amp;ndash;137.83%), and high reproducibility (RSD &amp;amp;le; 1.30). The applicability of this method was also demonstrated by testing the fecal and cecum contents of different species from mammals (mice, pigs) to insects (honeybees). The technique is highly suitable for analyzing complex, small amounts of intestinal and fecal SCFAs.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-16</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 270: Rapid Purification and Quantification of Intestinal and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Solid-Phase Extraction Using Bond Elut Plexa</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/270">doi: 10.3390/separations11090270</a></p> <p>Authors: Xing Zheng Tao Chen Wanli Li Kai Wang Xiaofeng Xue Nenad Naumovski Wenjun Peng </p> <p>Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces are inextricably linked to intestinal homeostasis and can be used as potential markers for metabolic diseases. In this study, an efficient and simple method was developed for the purification of SCFAs without the need for derivatization of the samples. The SCFAs (acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acid) were extracted from a small amount (50 mg) of fecal and intestinal samples using acetone combined with solid phase extraction column (Bond Elut Plexa) enrichment. Quantitative analysis was performed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The developed method has shown very good limits of detection (LOD, 0.11&amp;amp;ndash;0.36 &amp;amp;mu;M) and limits of quantification (LOQ, 0.38&amp;amp;ndash;1.21 &amp;amp;mu;M) with excellent linearity (R2 &amp;amp;ge; 0.9998), good recovery (98.34&amp;amp;ndash;137.83%), and high reproducibility (RSD &amp;amp;le; 1.30). The applicability of this method was also demonstrated by testing the fecal and cecum contents of different species from mammals (mice, pigs) to insects (honeybees). The technique is highly suitable for analyzing complex, small amounts of intestinal and fecal SCFAs.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Rapid Purification and Quantification of Intestinal and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Solid-Phase Extraction Using Bond Elut Plexa</dc:title> <dc:creator>Xing Zheng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tao Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wanli Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kai Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiaofeng Xue</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nenad Naumovski</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Wenjun Peng</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090270</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Communication</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>270</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090270</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/270</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/269"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 269: Multi-Residue Analysis of Thyreostats in Animal Muscle Tissues by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Thorough Chromatographic Study</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/269</link> <description>&amp;amp;Tau;hyreostats (TSs) are veterinary drugs used in livestock farming for fattening. Their administration is banned in the European Union since 1981, and their monitoring for food quality and safety control requires sensitive and confirmatory methods. The present study describes the development and validation of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 2-thiouracil (TU), 6-methyl-2-thiouracil (MTU), 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), 6-phenyl-2-thiouracil (PhTU), tapazole (TAP), and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) in bovine muscle tissues. Investigation of the retention mechanism of the six analytes on the selected amide-based stationary phase showed that hydrophilic partition was the dominant interaction. The sample preparation included extraction with ACN/H2O (80/20), followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) with C18 sorbent and hexane partitioning. The method was validated according to European guidelines using internal standards, including isotopically labelled ones. The method&amp;amp;rsquo;s LODs ranged between 2.8 ng g&amp;amp;minus;1 (6-phenyl-2-thiouracil) and 4.1 ng g&amp;amp;minus;1 (2-thiouracil). Application of the proposed method to 48 bovine tissue samples showed non-detectable results.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-14</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 269: Multi-Residue Analysis of Thyreostats in Animal Muscle Tissues by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Thorough Chromatographic Study</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/269">doi: 10.3390/separations11090269</a></p> <p>Authors: Anastasia S. Kritikou Marilena E. Dasenaki Niki C. Maragou Marios G. Kostakis Nikolaos S. Thomaidis </p> <p>&amp;amp;Tau;hyreostats (TSs) are veterinary drugs used in livestock farming for fattening. Their administration is banned in the European Union since 1981, and their monitoring for food quality and safety control requires sensitive and confirmatory methods. The present study describes the development and validation of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 2-thiouracil (TU), 6-methyl-2-thiouracil (MTU), 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), 6-phenyl-2-thiouracil (PhTU), tapazole (TAP), and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) in bovine muscle tissues. Investigation of the retention mechanism of the six analytes on the selected amide-based stationary phase showed that hydrophilic partition was the dominant interaction. The sample preparation included extraction with ACN/H2O (80/20), followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) with C18 sorbent and hexane partitioning. The method was validated according to European guidelines using internal standards, including isotopically labelled ones. The method&amp;amp;rsquo;s LODs ranged between 2.8 ng g&amp;amp;minus;1 (6-phenyl-2-thiouracil) and 4.1 ng g&amp;amp;minus;1 (2-thiouracil). Application of the proposed method to 48 bovine tissue samples showed non-detectable results.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Multi-Residue Analysis of Thyreostats in Animal Muscle Tissues by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Thorough Chromatographic Study</dc:title> <dc:creator>Anastasia S. Kritikou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marilena E. Dasenaki</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Niki C. Maragou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marios G. Kostakis</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nikolaos S. Thomaidis</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090269</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>269</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090269</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/269</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/268"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 268: Simultaneously Tuning Charge Separation and Surface Reaction Kinetics on ZnIn2S4 Photoanode by P-Doping for Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Urea Oxidation</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/268</link> <description>ZnIn2S4 nanosheets are a promising photoanode for driving photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen fuel production; nevertheless, poor charge separation and sluggish surface reaction kinetics hinder its PEC performance to an extreme degree. Herein, a facile element doping strategy (i.e., P element) was developed to obtain the desired photoanode. As a result, the ZnIn2S4-P (ZIS-P5) photoanode exhibits a remarkable photocurrent density of 1.66 mA cm&amp;amp;minus;2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) and a much lower onset potential of 0.12 V vs. RHE for water oxidation. Careful electrochemical analysis confirms that the P doping and sulfur vacancies (Sv) not only facilitate the hole transfer, but also boost surface reaction kinetics. Finally, the &amp;amp;ldquo;killing two birds with one stone&amp;amp;rdquo; goal can be achieved. Moreover, the optimized photoanode also presents high PEC performance for urea oxidation, obtaining a photocurrent density of 4.13 mA cm&amp;amp;minus;2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. This work provides an eco-friendly, simple and effective method to realize highly efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-13</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 268: Simultaneously Tuning Charge Separation and Surface Reaction Kinetics on ZnIn2S4 Photoanode by P-Doping for Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Urea Oxidation</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/268">doi: 10.3390/separations11090268</a></p> <p>Authors: Jiamin Sun Ling Tang Chenglong Li Jingjing Quan Li Xu Xingming Ning Pei Chen Qiang Weng Zhongwei An Xinbing Chen </p> <p>ZnIn2S4 nanosheets are a promising photoanode for driving photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen fuel production; nevertheless, poor charge separation and sluggish surface reaction kinetics hinder its PEC performance to an extreme degree. Herein, a facile element doping strategy (i.e., P element) was developed to obtain the desired photoanode. As a result, the ZnIn2S4-P (ZIS-P5) photoanode exhibits a remarkable photocurrent density of 1.66 mA cm&amp;amp;minus;2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) and a much lower onset potential of 0.12 V vs. RHE for water oxidation. Careful electrochemical analysis confirms that the P doping and sulfur vacancies (Sv) not only facilitate the hole transfer, but also boost surface reaction kinetics. Finally, the &amp;amp;ldquo;killing two birds with one stone&amp;amp;rdquo; goal can be achieved. Moreover, the optimized photoanode also presents high PEC performance for urea oxidation, obtaining a photocurrent density of 4.13 mA cm&amp;amp;minus;2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. This work provides an eco-friendly, simple and effective method to realize highly efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Simultaneously Tuning Charge Separation and Surface Reaction Kinetics on ZnIn2S4 Photoanode by P-Doping for Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Urea Oxidation</dc:title> <dc:creator>Jiamin Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ling Tang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Chenglong Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jingjing Quan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Li Xu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xingming Ning</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pei Chen</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qiang Weng</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhongwei An</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xinbing Chen</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090268</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>268</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090268</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/268</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/267"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 267: Experimental Study on Vehicle Pressure Swing Adsorption Oxygen Production Process Based on Response Surface Methodology</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/267</link> <description>In recent years, the number of people driving from plain areas to the western plateau of China has been increasing, and their safety is threatened by acute high-altitude reactions caused by hypoxia. Vehicle-mounted pressure swing adsorption oxygen supply technology can help solve this problem. For the optimization of vehicle pressure swing adsorption oxygen production, the influence of different pressure equalization methods on oxygen production efficiency was studied. The best oxygen production performance was achieved when the initial upper pressure equalization method and the simultaneous pressure equalization method were used. Using a 160 W air compressor, the product gas flow rate could reach 2.5 L/min with an oxygen concentration of 93.48%. The impact of adsorption time, equalization time, flow rate, and throttle inner diameter on oxygen concentration and recovery rate was analyzed using the response surface method. The order of the four factors affecting oxygen concentration is as follows: flow rate &amp;amp;gt; adsorption time &amp;amp;gt; equalization time &amp;amp;gt; throttle inner diameter. After optimization, the product gas flow rate was 2.6 L/min, the oxygen concentration was 92.11%, and the oxygen recovery rate was 44.51%.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-11</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 267: Experimental Study on Vehicle Pressure Swing Adsorption Oxygen Production Process Based on Response Surface Methodology</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/267">doi: 10.3390/separations11090267</a></p> <p>Authors: Ye Li Lisheng Zhao Shuguang Li Jianqiu Bei Haotu Zhong Yingshu Liu Quanli Zhang Ningqi Sun Ziyi Li Shifeng Wang Xiong Yang </p> <p>In recent years, the number of people driving from plain areas to the western plateau of China has been increasing, and their safety is threatened by acute high-altitude reactions caused by hypoxia. Vehicle-mounted pressure swing adsorption oxygen supply technology can help solve this problem. For the optimization of vehicle pressure swing adsorption oxygen production, the influence of different pressure equalization methods on oxygen production efficiency was studied. The best oxygen production performance was achieved when the initial upper pressure equalization method and the simultaneous pressure equalization method were used. Using a 160 W air compressor, the product gas flow rate could reach 2.5 L/min with an oxygen concentration of 93.48%. The impact of adsorption time, equalization time, flow rate, and throttle inner diameter on oxygen concentration and recovery rate was analyzed using the response surface method. The order of the four factors affecting oxygen concentration is as follows: flow rate &amp;amp;gt; adsorption time &amp;amp;gt; equalization time &amp;amp;gt; throttle inner diameter. After optimization, the product gas flow rate was 2.6 L/min, the oxygen concentration was 92.11%, and the oxygen recovery rate was 44.51%.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Experimental Study on Vehicle Pressure Swing Adsorption Oxygen Production Process Based on Response Surface Methodology</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ye Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lisheng Zhao</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shuguang Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jianqiu Bei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Haotu Zhong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yingshu Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Quanli Zhang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ningqi Sun</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ziyi Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Shifeng Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xiong Yang</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090267</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>267</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090267</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/267</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/266"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 266: HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis of the Volatile Composition of Italian Honey for Its Characterization and Authentication Using the Genetic Algorithm</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/266</link> <description>Honey&amp;amp;rsquo;s chemical and sensory characteristics depend on several factors, including its botanical and geographic origins. The consumers&amp;amp;rsquo; increasing interest in monofloral honey and honey with a clear indication of geographic origin make these types of honey susceptible to fraud. The aim was to propose an original chemometric approach for honey&amp;amp;rsquo;s botanical and geographic authentication purposes. The volatile fraction of almost 100 Italian honey samples (4 out of which are from Greece) from different regions and botanical origins was characterized using HS-SPME-GC-MS; the obtained data were combined for the first time with a genetic algorithm to provide a model for the simultaneous authentication of the botanical and geographic origins of the honey samples. A total of 212 volatile compounds were tentatively identified; strawberry tree honeys were those with the greatest total content (i.e., 4829.2 ng/g). A greater variability in the VOCs&amp;amp;rsquo; content was pointed out for botanical than for geographic origin. The genetic algorithm obtained a 100% correct classification for acacia and eucalyptus honeys, while worst results were achieved for honeydew (75%) and wildflower (60%) honeys; concerning geographic authentication, the best results were for Tuscany (92.7%). The original combination of HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis and a genetic algorithm is therefore proposed as a promising tool for honey authentication purposes.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-10</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 266: HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis of the Volatile Composition of Italian Honey for Its Characterization and Authentication Using the Genetic Algorithm</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/266">doi: 10.3390/separations11090266</a></p> <p>Authors: Carlotta Breschi Francesca Ieri Luca Calamai Alessandra Miele Silvia D鈥橝gostino Fabrizio Melani Bruno Zanoni Nadia Mulinacci Lorenzo Cecchi </p> <p>Honey&amp;amp;rsquo;s chemical and sensory characteristics depend on several factors, including its botanical and geographic origins. The consumers&amp;amp;rsquo; increasing interest in monofloral honey and honey with a clear indication of geographic origin make these types of honey susceptible to fraud. The aim was to propose an original chemometric approach for honey&amp;amp;rsquo;s botanical and geographic authentication purposes. The volatile fraction of almost 100 Italian honey samples (4 out of which are from Greece) from different regions and botanical origins was characterized using HS-SPME-GC-MS; the obtained data were combined for the first time with a genetic algorithm to provide a model for the simultaneous authentication of the botanical and geographic origins of the honey samples. A total of 212 volatile compounds were tentatively identified; strawberry tree honeys were those with the greatest total content (i.e., 4829.2 ng/g). A greater variability in the VOCs&amp;amp;rsquo; content was pointed out for botanical than for geographic origin. The genetic algorithm obtained a 100% correct classification for acacia and eucalyptus honeys, while worst results were achieved for honeydew (75%) and wildflower (60%) honeys; concerning geographic authentication, the best results were for Tuscany (92.7%). The original combination of HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis and a genetic algorithm is therefore proposed as a promising tool for honey authentication purposes.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis of the Volatile Composition of Italian Honey for Its Characterization and Authentication Using the Genetic Algorithm</dc:title> <dc:creator>Carlotta Breschi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Francesca Ieri</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Luca Calamai</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alessandra Miele</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Silvia D鈥橝gostino</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fabrizio Melani</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bruno Zanoni</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nadia Mulinacci</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lorenzo Cecchi</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090266</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>266</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090266</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/266</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/265"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 265: Determining Carbohydrates for Increasing Safety: GC-FID Quantification of Lactose, Galactose, Glucose, Tagatose and Myo-Inositol in &amp;lsquo;Maturo&amp;rsquo; PDO Pecorino Sardo Cheese</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/265</link> <description>Although PDO Pecorino Sardo is one of the oldest traditional cheeses of Sardinia, Italy, data on its nutritional properties and food safety are lacking. In particular, significant amounts of lactose and galactose may be a health concern for consumers. The primary objective of this study is to quantify, using a validated GC-FID method, the residual lactose and galactose content in &amp;amp;ldquo;maturo&amp;amp;rdquo; (i.e., ripened for at least two months) Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) Pecorino Sardo cheese. A statistically representative sampling from seven dairies distributed throughout Sardinia has been selected for this aim. In addition to lactose and galactose, two of their metabolites (i.e., glucose and tagatose, respectively) and a bioactive polyol like myo-inositol were quantified. The concentration of lactose (mean 26 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1, range 4&amp;amp;ndash;90 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1) was below the strictest limit set in the European Union (i.e., 100 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1), while the galactose content was found to be in an amount (mean: 76 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1, range: 10&amp;amp;ndash;200 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1) that even patients afflicted with severe galactosemia, albeit with some circumspection, could consume this cheese. Ripening (two to four months) had no significant effect on the amount of all analytes, while a slight decrease in galactose levels was observed during the manufacturing season. Finally, the amounts of glucose, tagatose, and myo-inositol are constant in the range of a few tens of mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-09</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 265: Determining Carbohydrates for Increasing Safety: GC-FID Quantification of Lactose, Galactose, Glucose, Tagatose and Myo-Inositol in &amp;lsquo;Maturo&amp;rsquo; PDO Pecorino Sardo Cheese</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/265">doi: 10.3390/separations11090265</a></p> <p>Authors: Alessio Silvio Dedola Marco Caredda Margherita Addis Giacomo Lai Myriam Fiori Massimo Pes Andrea Mara Gavino Sanna </p> <p>Although PDO Pecorino Sardo is one of the oldest traditional cheeses of Sardinia, Italy, data on its nutritional properties and food safety are lacking. In particular, significant amounts of lactose and galactose may be a health concern for consumers. The primary objective of this study is to quantify, using a validated GC-FID method, the residual lactose and galactose content in &amp;amp;ldquo;maturo&amp;amp;rdquo; (i.e., ripened for at least two months) Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) Pecorino Sardo cheese. A statistically representative sampling from seven dairies distributed throughout Sardinia has been selected for this aim. In addition to lactose and galactose, two of their metabolites (i.e., glucose and tagatose, respectively) and a bioactive polyol like myo-inositol were quantified. The concentration of lactose (mean 26 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1, range 4&amp;amp;ndash;90 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1) was below the strictest limit set in the European Union (i.e., 100 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1), while the galactose content was found to be in an amount (mean: 76 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1, range: 10&amp;amp;ndash;200 mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1) that even patients afflicted with severe galactosemia, albeit with some circumspection, could consume this cheese. Ripening (two to four months) had no significant effect on the amount of all analytes, while a slight decrease in galactose levels was observed during the manufacturing season. Finally, the amounts of glucose, tagatose, and myo-inositol are constant in the range of a few tens of mg kg&amp;amp;minus;1.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Determining Carbohydrates for Increasing Safety: GC-FID Quantification of Lactose, Galactose, Glucose, Tagatose and Myo-Inositol in &amp;amp;lsquo;Maturo&amp;amp;rsquo; PDO Pecorino Sardo Cheese</dc:title> <dc:creator>Alessio Silvio Dedola</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Marco Caredda</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Margherita Addis</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giacomo Lai</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Myriam Fiori</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Massimo Pes</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Andrea Mara</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gavino Sanna</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090265</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-09</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-09</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>265</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090265</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/265</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/264"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 264: Screening Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds from Common Portuguese Shrubs Using Headspace&amp;ndash;Bar Adsorptive Microextraction (HS-BA&amp;micro;E)</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/264</link> <description>In this study, headspace&amp;amp;ndash;bar adsorptive microextraction (HS-BA&amp;amp;micro;E) combined with gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to screen the major biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by six different Portuguese shrub species (Erica scoparia L., Cistus ladanifer L., Cistus monspeliensis L., Lavandula stoechas L., Thymus villosus L., and Thymus camphoratus). The HS-BA&amp;amp;micro;E/GC-MS methodology was developed, optimized, and validated using five common monoterpenoids (&amp;amp;alpha;-pinene, &amp;amp;beta;-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, and thymol) and one sesquiterpenoid (caryophyllene oxide). Under optimized experimental conditions (microextraction-sorbent phase: activated carbon (CN1), 3 h (35 &amp;amp;deg;C); back-extraction: n-C6 (1 h)), good efficiencies (&amp;amp;gt;45%), low analytical thresholds (5.0&amp;amp;ndash;15.0 &amp;amp;micro;g/L) and suitable linear dynamic ranges (20.0&amp;amp;ndash;120.0 &amp;amp;micro;g/L, r2 &amp;amp;gt; 0.9872) were achieved, as well as acceptable intra and inter-day precisions (RSD &amp;amp;le; 30.1%). Benchmarking the proposed methodology, HS-BA&amp;amp;micro;E(CN1), against the reference methodology, HS-SPME(PDMS/DVB), revealed comparable analytical responses and demonstrated excellent reproducibility. Among the six shrub species studied, Thymus camphoratus exhibited the highest emissions of BVOCs from its leaves, notably, 1,8-cineole (4136.9 &amp;amp;plusmn; 6.3 &amp;amp;micro;g/g), &amp;amp;alpha;-pinene (763.9 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.5 &amp;amp;micro;g/g), and &amp;amp;beta;-pinene (259.3 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.5 &amp;amp;micro;g/g). It was also the only species found to release caryophyllene oxide (411.4 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.3 &amp;amp;micro;g/g). The observed levels suggest that these shrub species could potentially serve as fuel sources in the event of forest fires occurring under extreme conditions. In summary, the proposed methodology proved to be a favorable analytical alternative for screening BVOCs in plants. It not only exhibited remarkable performance but also demonstrated user- and eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and ease of implementation.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-09</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 264: Screening Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds from Common Portuguese Shrubs Using Headspace&amp;ndash;Bar Adsorptive Microextraction (HS-BA&amp;micro;E)</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/264">doi: 10.3390/separations11090264</a></p> <p>Authors: J茅ssica S. R. F. Cerqueira Jos茅 M. F. Nogueira </p> <p>In this study, headspace&amp;amp;ndash;bar adsorptive microextraction (HS-BA&amp;amp;micro;E) combined with gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to screen the major biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by six different Portuguese shrub species (Erica scoparia L., Cistus ladanifer L., Cistus monspeliensis L., Lavandula stoechas L., Thymus villosus L., and Thymus camphoratus). The HS-BA&amp;amp;micro;E/GC-MS methodology was developed, optimized, and validated using five common monoterpenoids (&amp;amp;alpha;-pinene, &amp;amp;beta;-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, and thymol) and one sesquiterpenoid (caryophyllene oxide). Under optimized experimental conditions (microextraction-sorbent phase: activated carbon (CN1), 3 h (35 &amp;amp;deg;C); back-extraction: n-C6 (1 h)), good efficiencies (&amp;amp;gt;45%), low analytical thresholds (5.0&amp;amp;ndash;15.0 &amp;amp;micro;g/L) and suitable linear dynamic ranges (20.0&amp;amp;ndash;120.0 &amp;amp;micro;g/L, r2 &amp;amp;gt; 0.9872) were achieved, as well as acceptable intra and inter-day precisions (RSD &amp;amp;le; 30.1%). Benchmarking the proposed methodology, HS-BA&amp;amp;micro;E(CN1), against the reference methodology, HS-SPME(PDMS/DVB), revealed comparable analytical responses and demonstrated excellent reproducibility. Among the six shrub species studied, Thymus camphoratus exhibited the highest emissions of BVOCs from its leaves, notably, 1,8-cineole (4136.9 &amp;amp;plusmn; 6.3 &amp;amp;micro;g/g), &amp;amp;alpha;-pinene (763.9 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.5 &amp;amp;micro;g/g), and &amp;amp;beta;-pinene (259.3 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.5 &amp;amp;micro;g/g). It was also the only species found to release caryophyllene oxide (411.4 &amp;amp;plusmn; 0.3 &amp;amp;micro;g/g). The observed levels suggest that these shrub species could potentially serve as fuel sources in the event of forest fires occurring under extreme conditions. In summary, the proposed methodology proved to be a favorable analytical alternative for screening BVOCs in plants. It not only exhibited remarkable performance but also demonstrated user- and eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and ease of implementation.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Screening Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds from Common Portuguese Shrubs Using Headspace&amp;amp;ndash;Bar Adsorptive Microextraction (HS-BA&amp;amp;micro;E)</dc:title> <dc:creator>J茅ssica S. R. F. Cerqueira</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jos茅 M. F. Nogueira</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090264</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-09</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-09</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>264</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090264</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/264</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/263"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 263: In Vitro and In Silico Anticyclooxygenase and Antitopoisomerase Activity of Anonna cherimola Ent-Kaurenes</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/263</link> <description>Annona cherimola is noted for its bioactive compounds, particularly diterpenes called ent-kaurenes, which exhibit various biological activities. This study focused on evaluating the ability of ent-kaurenes from Annona cherimola to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) and topoisomerase (TOP) enzymes. Researchers used solvent-free lipophilic eluates (SFLEs) from the plant in enzymatic assays and a yeast model. The major compounds in SFLE were identified using gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and in silico studies explored their inhibition mechanisms. SFLE showed significant inhibition of COX-II (95.44%) and COX-I (75.78%) enzymes and fully inhibited the yeast strain. The effectiveness of inhibition is attributed to the compounds&amp;amp;rsquo; structural diversity, lipophilicity, and molecular weight. Two main compounds, kauran-16-ol and isopimaral, were identified, with in silico results suggesting that they inhibit COX-II by blocking peroxidase activity and COX-I by interacting with the membrane-binding region. Additionally, these compounds allosterically and synergistically inhibit TOP-II and potentially sensitize cancer cells by interacting with key amino acids. This research is the first to identify and evaluate kauran-16-ol and isopimaral in silico, suggesting their potential as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-06</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 263: In Vitro and In Silico Anticyclooxygenase and Antitopoisomerase Activity of Anonna cherimola Ent-Kaurenes</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/263">doi: 10.3390/separations11090263</a></p> <p>Authors: Carlos Eduardo Camacho-Gonz谩lez Alejandro P茅rez-Larios Sonia G. S谩yago-Ayerdi Jasmin Salazar-Mendoza Jorge A. S谩nchez-Burgos </p> <p>Annona cherimola is noted for its bioactive compounds, particularly diterpenes called ent-kaurenes, which exhibit various biological activities. This study focused on evaluating the ability of ent-kaurenes from Annona cherimola to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) and topoisomerase (TOP) enzymes. Researchers used solvent-free lipophilic eluates (SFLEs) from the plant in enzymatic assays and a yeast model. The major compounds in SFLE were identified using gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and in silico studies explored their inhibition mechanisms. SFLE showed significant inhibition of COX-II (95.44%) and COX-I (75.78%) enzymes and fully inhibited the yeast strain. The effectiveness of inhibition is attributed to the compounds&amp;amp;rsquo; structural diversity, lipophilicity, and molecular weight. Two main compounds, kauran-16-ol and isopimaral, were identified, with in silico results suggesting that they inhibit COX-II by blocking peroxidase activity and COX-I by interacting with the membrane-binding region. Additionally, these compounds allosterically and synergistically inhibit TOP-II and potentially sensitize cancer cells by interacting with key amino acids. This research is the first to identify and evaluate kauran-16-ol and isopimaral in silico, suggesting their potential as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>In Vitro and In Silico Anticyclooxygenase and Antitopoisomerase Activity of Anonna cherimola Ent-Kaurenes</dc:title> <dc:creator>Carlos Eduardo Camacho-Gonz谩lez</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alejandro P茅rez-Larios</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sonia G. S谩yago-Ayerdi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jasmin Salazar-Mendoza</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jorge A. S谩nchez-Burgos</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090263</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-06</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-06</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>263</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090263</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/263</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/262"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 262: A Facile and Efficient Protocol for Phospholipid Enrichment in Synovial Joint Fluid: Monodisperse-Mesoporous SiO2 Microspheres as a New Metal Oxide Affinity Sorbent</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/262</link> <description>Phospholipids (PLs), essential components of cell membranes, play significant roles in maintaining the structural integrity and functionality of joint tissues. One of the main components of synovial joint fluid (SJF) is PLs. Structures such as PLs that are found in low amounts in biological fluids may need to be selectively enriched to be analyzed. Monodisperse-mesoporous SiO2 microspheres were synthesized by a multi-step hydrolysis condensation method for the selective enrichment and separation of PLs in the SJF. The microspheres were characterized by SEM, XPS, XRD, and BET analyses. SiO2 microspheres had a 161.5 m2/g surface area, 1.1 cm3/g pore volume, and 6.7 nm pore diameter, which were efficient in the enrichment of PLs in the SJF. The extracted PLs with sorbents were analyzed using Q-TOF LC/MS in a gradient elution mode with a C18 column [2.1 &amp;amp;times; 100 mm, 2.5 &amp;amp;mu;M, Xbridge Waters (Milford, MA, USA)]. An untargeted lipidomic approach was performed, and the phospholipid enrichment was successfully carried out using the proposed solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol. Recovery of the SPE extraction of PLs using sorbents was compared to the classical liquid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid extraction (LLE) procedure for lipid extraction. The results showed that monodisperse-mesoporous SiO2 microspheres were eligible for selective enrichment of PLs in SJF samples. These microspheres can be used to identify PLs changes in articular joint cartilage (AJC) in physiological and pathological conditions including osteoarthritis (OA) research.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-05</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 262: A Facile and Efficient Protocol for Phospholipid Enrichment in Synovial Joint Fluid: Monodisperse-Mesoporous SiO2 Microspheres as a New Metal Oxide Affinity Sorbent</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/262">doi: 10.3390/separations11090262</a></p> <p>Authors: Serhat Alada臒 陌layda Demirdi艧 Burcu G枚k莽al Kapucu Emine Ko莽 Ozan Kaplan Batuhan Erhan Akta艧 Mustafa 脟elebier Ali Tuncel Feza Korkusuz </p> <p>Phospholipids (PLs), essential components of cell membranes, play significant roles in maintaining the structural integrity and functionality of joint tissues. One of the main components of synovial joint fluid (SJF) is PLs. Structures such as PLs that are found in low amounts in biological fluids may need to be selectively enriched to be analyzed. Monodisperse-mesoporous SiO2 microspheres were synthesized by a multi-step hydrolysis condensation method for the selective enrichment and separation of PLs in the SJF. The microspheres were characterized by SEM, XPS, XRD, and BET analyses. SiO2 microspheres had a 161.5 m2/g surface area, 1.1 cm3/g pore volume, and 6.7 nm pore diameter, which were efficient in the enrichment of PLs in the SJF. The extracted PLs with sorbents were analyzed using Q-TOF LC/MS in a gradient elution mode with a C18 column [2.1 &amp;amp;times; 100 mm, 2.5 &amp;amp;mu;M, Xbridge Waters (Milford, MA, USA)]. An untargeted lipidomic approach was performed, and the phospholipid enrichment was successfully carried out using the proposed solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol. Recovery of the SPE extraction of PLs using sorbents was compared to the classical liquid&amp;amp;ndash;liquid extraction (LLE) procedure for lipid extraction. The results showed that monodisperse-mesoporous SiO2 microspheres were eligible for selective enrichment of PLs in SJF samples. These microspheres can be used to identify PLs changes in articular joint cartilage (AJC) in physiological and pathological conditions including osteoarthritis (OA) research.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Facile and Efficient Protocol for Phospholipid Enrichment in Synovial Joint Fluid: Monodisperse-Mesoporous SiO2 Microspheres as a New Metal Oxide Affinity Sorbent</dc:title> <dc:creator>Serhat Alada臒</dc:creator> <dc:creator>陌layda Demirdi艧</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Burcu G枚k莽al Kapucu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Emine Ko莽</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ozan Kaplan</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Batuhan Erhan Akta艧</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mustafa 脟elebier</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ali Tuncel</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Feza Korkusuz</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090262</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>262</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090262</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/262</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/261"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 261: Prediction of Flavor Potential of Ocimum basilicum L. Side-Stream Phytoconstituents, Using Liquid Chromatography&amp;ndash;Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis and In Silico Techniques</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/261</link> <description>Although post-distillation side-streams of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) pose significant economic and environmental challenges, they also bring forth new opportunities in the flavor industry. Thus, the objective of the current study was to assess the phenolic profile of basil side-stream extracts to identify key compounds and to evaluate their taste properties, using liquid chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, flavor prediction tools and molecular docking. In particular, 52 phytoconstituents, mainly phenolic acids, salvianolic acids, flavonoids and fatty acids derivatives, were elucidated in the side-streams of two different basil varieties (Minimum and Genovese) harvested and distilled in early and late autumn, highlighting the effect of pre-harvest factors on basil&amp;amp;rsquo;s phenolic fingerprint. Furthermore, the results of tests undertaken using taste prediction tools showed that most of the identified compounds were very likely to taste bitter, while six of them (caffeoylferuloyltartaric acid, isoquercetin, lithospermic acid A, sagerinic acid, salvianolic acids C and F) presented a high bitterant capacity (70&amp;amp;ndash;90%). Moreover, according to molecular docking studies, these compounds exhibited a stronger binding affinity to the hTAS2R46 bitter receptor compared to its known agonist, strychnine. This outcome and consequently their bitterness were mainly attributed to interactions with Glu265, Thr180 and/or Trp88 through the formation of direct hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the present results provide insights into the taste profiles of basil side-streams, leading to more sustainable and innovative uses of aromatic herbs residues.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-03</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 261: Prediction of Flavor Potential of Ocimum basilicum L. Side-Stream Phytoconstituents, Using Liquid Chromatography&amp;ndash;Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis and In Silico Techniques</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/261">doi: 10.3390/separations11090261</a></p> <p>Authors: Eftichia Kritsi Thalia Tsiaka Anna Boroboka Garyfallia Koletsou Spyridon Theofilatos Artemis Maggenaki Paris Christodoulou Georgia Ladika Konstantinos Tsiantas Georgios Sotiroudis Vassilia J. Sinanoglou </p> <p>Although post-distillation side-streams of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) pose significant economic and environmental challenges, they also bring forth new opportunities in the flavor industry. Thus, the objective of the current study was to assess the phenolic profile of basil side-stream extracts to identify key compounds and to evaluate their taste properties, using liquid chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, flavor prediction tools and molecular docking. In particular, 52 phytoconstituents, mainly phenolic acids, salvianolic acids, flavonoids and fatty acids derivatives, were elucidated in the side-streams of two different basil varieties (Minimum and Genovese) harvested and distilled in early and late autumn, highlighting the effect of pre-harvest factors on basil&amp;amp;rsquo;s phenolic fingerprint. Furthermore, the results of tests undertaken using taste prediction tools showed that most of the identified compounds were very likely to taste bitter, while six of them (caffeoylferuloyltartaric acid, isoquercetin, lithospermic acid A, sagerinic acid, salvianolic acids C and F) presented a high bitterant capacity (70&amp;amp;ndash;90%). Moreover, according to molecular docking studies, these compounds exhibited a stronger binding affinity to the hTAS2R46 bitter receptor compared to its known agonist, strychnine. This outcome and consequently their bitterness were mainly attributed to interactions with Glu265, Thr180 and/or Trp88 through the formation of direct hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the present results provide insights into the taste profiles of basil side-streams, leading to more sustainable and innovative uses of aromatic herbs residues.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Prediction of Flavor Potential of Ocimum basilicum L. Side-Stream Phytoconstituents, Using Liquid Chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis and In Silico Techniques</dc:title> <dc:creator>Eftichia Kritsi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Thalia Tsiaka</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Anna Boroboka</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Garyfallia Koletsou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Spyridon Theofilatos</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Artemis Maggenaki</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Paris Christodoulou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Georgia Ladika</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Konstantinos Tsiantas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Georgios Sotiroudis</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vassilia J. Sinanoglou</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090261</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>261</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090261</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/261</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/260"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 260: Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study Using Curcumin and Hydrogen Peroxide</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/260</link> <description>Contamination of soil, water, and wastewater by pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, is a global health problem. This work evaluated the use of a natural compound, curcumin (CUR), as a homogeneous photocatalyst, together with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a benign oxidant, to promote the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). Furthermore, we carried out theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) to assess the chemical reactivity of ciprofloxacin. In addition, the intermolecular interaction patterns of two crystalline polymorphs of the antibiotic drug were analyzed through Hirshfeld surfaces. Finally, calculations using the TD-DFT formalism were carried out to understand the effects on the CIP molecule caused by the simultaneous presence of the CUR molecule and ultraviolet-visible light (UV-Vis). A photooxidative effect was observed in the presence of the CUR photocatalyst (CIP + CUR (1:0.5)), resulting in a degradation of CIP of up to 24.4%. However, increasing the concentration of the CUR photocatalyst (ciprofloxacin + curcumin (1:1)) decreased the photodegradation of CIP, which may be caused by competition between the CIP molecule and CUR for ROS generated in situ. Additionally, the calculation results showed that the electronic excitations caused by the associated CIP + CUR structures affect the CIP molecule, resulting in the effects observed experimentally. The results show that CUR, when applied as a photosensitizing catalyst, presents synergistic potential with H2O2 in the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin. This photocatalytic process can be applied to the environmental remediation of pharmaceutical micropollutants, a subject of ongoing studies.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-02</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 260: Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study Using Curcumin and Hydrogen Peroxide</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/260">doi: 10.3390/separations11090260</a></p> <p>Authors: Fl贸rida L. P. de Paiva Maria Vivian C. Silva Ana Lara F. Mendon莽a Cristiane S. Ara煤jo L贸ide O. Sallum Antonio S. N. de Aguiar Alessandra R. Lima Hamilton B. Napolitano M谩rio J. F. Calvete Lucas D. Dias </p> <p>Contamination of soil, water, and wastewater by pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, is a global health problem. This work evaluated the use of a natural compound, curcumin (CUR), as a homogeneous photocatalyst, together with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a benign oxidant, to promote the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). Furthermore, we carried out theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) to assess the chemical reactivity of ciprofloxacin. In addition, the intermolecular interaction patterns of two crystalline polymorphs of the antibiotic drug were analyzed through Hirshfeld surfaces. Finally, calculations using the TD-DFT formalism were carried out to understand the effects on the CIP molecule caused by the simultaneous presence of the CUR molecule and ultraviolet-visible light (UV-Vis). A photooxidative effect was observed in the presence of the CUR photocatalyst (CIP + CUR (1:0.5)), resulting in a degradation of CIP of up to 24.4%. However, increasing the concentration of the CUR photocatalyst (ciprofloxacin + curcumin (1:1)) decreased the photodegradation of CIP, which may be caused by competition between the CIP molecule and CUR for ROS generated in situ. Additionally, the calculation results showed that the electronic excitations caused by the associated CIP + CUR structures affect the CIP molecule, resulting in the effects observed experimentally. The results show that CUR, when applied as a photosensitizing catalyst, presents synergistic potential with H2O2 in the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin. This photocatalytic process can be applied to the environmental remediation of pharmaceutical micropollutants, a subject of ongoing studies.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study Using Curcumin and Hydrogen Peroxide</dc:title> <dc:creator>Fl贸rida L. P. de Paiva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Maria Vivian C. Silva</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ana Lara F. Mendon莽a</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cristiane S. Ara煤jo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>L贸ide O. Sallum</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Antonio S. N. de Aguiar</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alessandra R. Lima</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Hamilton B. Napolitano</dc:creator> <dc:creator>M谩rio J. F. Calvete</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Lucas D. Dias</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090260</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>260</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090260</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/260</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/259"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 259: Design of Selective Nanoparticles of Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDH) for the Analysis of Anti-Inflammatory Non-Steroidal Agents in Environmental Samples, Coupled with Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary Electrophoresis</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/259</link> <description>A simple, fast, and low-cost pre-concentration methodology based on the application of solid-phase extraction coupled to layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and capillary electrophoresis was developed for the determination of naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DFC), and ibuprofen (IBP) in environmental sample waters. A systematic study of the LDH composition was designed, including the effects of interlayer anions (NO3&amp;amp;minus;, Cl&amp;amp;minus;, CO32&amp;amp;minus;, BenO&amp;amp;minus;, and SDS&amp;amp;minus;) and the effect of molar ratio (Mg:Al). The optimal composition of MgAl/Cl&amp;amp;minus;-LDH (Mg:Al; 1.5:1.0) was coupled to an SPE system: pH (neutral pH), LDH amount (15 mg), and extraction capacity ranged from 79.71 to 83.11% for the three anti-inflammatory non-steroidal agents analyzed. A recovery rate of up to 80.87% was obtained when 0.01 M chloride acid in methanol was used as the eluent and 50 mL of sample was used. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of the calibration curve ranges from 18.02 to 200 &amp;amp;mu;g L&amp;amp;minus;1, with limits of detection ranging from 6.03 to 18.02 &amp;amp;mu;g L&amp;amp;minus;1 for the three NSAIDs. The precision of the methodology was evaluated in terms of inter- and intra-day repeatability, with %RSD &amp;amp;lt; 10% in all cases. The proposed method was applied to analyze environmental water samples (bottle, tap, cistern, well, and river water samples). The developed method is a robust technique capable of combining with other analytical methods to quantitatively determine anti-inflammatory non-steroidal agents.</description> <pubDate>2024-09-01</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 259: Design of Selective Nanoparticles of Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDH) for the Analysis of Anti-Inflammatory Non-Steroidal Agents in Environmental Samples, Coupled with Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary Electrophoresis</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/259">doi: 10.3390/separations11090259</a></p> <p>Authors: David Aurelio-Soria Xochitl H. Canales Isai V谩zquez-Garrido Gabriela Islas Giaan A. 脕lvarez-Romero Israel S. Ibarra </p> <p>A simple, fast, and low-cost pre-concentration methodology based on the application of solid-phase extraction coupled to layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and capillary electrophoresis was developed for the determination of naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DFC), and ibuprofen (IBP) in environmental sample waters. A systematic study of the LDH composition was designed, including the effects of interlayer anions (NO3&amp;amp;minus;, Cl&amp;amp;minus;, CO32&amp;amp;minus;, BenO&amp;amp;minus;, and SDS&amp;amp;minus;) and the effect of molar ratio (Mg:Al). The optimal composition of MgAl/Cl&amp;amp;minus;-LDH (Mg:Al; 1.5:1.0) was coupled to an SPE system: pH (neutral pH), LDH amount (15 mg), and extraction capacity ranged from 79.71 to 83.11% for the three anti-inflammatory non-steroidal agents analyzed. A recovery rate of up to 80.87% was obtained when 0.01 M chloride acid in methanol was used as the eluent and 50 mL of sample was used. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of the calibration curve ranges from 18.02 to 200 &amp;amp;mu;g L&amp;amp;minus;1, with limits of detection ranging from 6.03 to 18.02 &amp;amp;mu;g L&amp;amp;minus;1 for the three NSAIDs. The precision of the methodology was evaluated in terms of inter- and intra-day repeatability, with %RSD &amp;amp;lt; 10% in all cases. The proposed method was applied to analyze environmental water samples (bottle, tap, cistern, well, and river water samples). The developed method is a robust technique capable of combining with other analytical methods to quantitatively determine anti-inflammatory non-steroidal agents.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Design of Selective Nanoparticles of Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDH) for the Analysis of Anti-Inflammatory Non-Steroidal Agents in Environmental Samples, Coupled with Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary Electrophoresis</dc:title> <dc:creator>David Aurelio-Soria</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xochitl H. Canales</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Isai V谩zquez-Garrido</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gabriela Islas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giaan A. 脕lvarez-Romero</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Israel S. Ibarra</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090259</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-09-01</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-09-01</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>259</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090259</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/259</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/258"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 258: Applications of Sample Preparation Techniques in the Analysis of New Psychoactive Substances</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/258</link> <description>The global rise of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) poses challenges for their analysis in biological matrices due to their complex chemistries and short market lifespan. A comparative study for the simultaneous extraction, separation, and detection of 19 NPSs was conducted. Six solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods and one supported liquid extraction method (SLE) were compared for the extraction of analytes from blood, serum, plasma, and urine. Comparisons of four derivatization agents were conducted, at four temperatures and two incubation times. Extraction methods were assessed by precision, sensitivity, and extraction efficiency. Derivatizing agents were assessed on their selectivity and sensitivity, and a three-way ANOVA was conducted to determine statistical significance. CSDAU SPE cartridges were shown to be the most efficient when extracting analytes from blood, serum, and plasma, whereas Xcel I cartridges performed the strongest when extracting analytes from urine. SPE extraction efficiencies, when utilizing the best-performing cartridges, ranged from 49 to 119%. SLE successfully extracted all analytes from all matrices (ranging from 22 to 120%). Pentafluoropropionic anhydride: ethyl acetate was the most successful derivatizing agent, allowing all analytes to be detected, with the highest peak area responses and more unique spectra. The optimum temperature for incubation was 37 &amp;amp;deg;C, with no statistical difference found between the two incubation times.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-30</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 258: Applications of Sample Preparation Techniques in the Analysis of New Psychoactive Substances</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/258">doi: 10.3390/separations11090258</a></p> <p>Authors: Lorna A. Nisbet Fiona M. Wylie Karen S. Scott </p> <p>The global rise of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) poses challenges for their analysis in biological matrices due to their complex chemistries and short market lifespan. A comparative study for the simultaneous extraction, separation, and detection of 19 NPSs was conducted. Six solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods and one supported liquid extraction method (SLE) were compared for the extraction of analytes from blood, serum, plasma, and urine. Comparisons of four derivatization agents were conducted, at four temperatures and two incubation times. Extraction methods were assessed by precision, sensitivity, and extraction efficiency. Derivatizing agents were assessed on their selectivity and sensitivity, and a three-way ANOVA was conducted to determine statistical significance. CSDAU SPE cartridges were shown to be the most efficient when extracting analytes from blood, serum, and plasma, whereas Xcel I cartridges performed the strongest when extracting analytes from urine. SPE extraction efficiencies, when utilizing the best-performing cartridges, ranged from 49 to 119%. SLE successfully extracted all analytes from all matrices (ranging from 22 to 120%). Pentafluoropropionic anhydride: ethyl acetate was the most successful derivatizing agent, allowing all analytes to be detected, with the highest peak area responses and more unique spectra. The optimum temperature for incubation was 37 &amp;amp;deg;C, with no statistical difference found between the two incubation times.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Applications of Sample Preparation Techniques in the Analysis of New Psychoactive Substances</dc:title> <dc:creator>Lorna A. Nisbet</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fiona M. Wylie</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Karen S. Scott</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090258</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>258</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090258</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/258</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/257"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 257: Bioactive Compounds from Spirulina spp.&amp;mdash;Nutritional Value, Extraction, and Application in Food Industry</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/257</link> <description>The surging popularity of plant-based diets and the growing emphasis on clean-label products have intensified interest in Spirulina within the food industry. As more people adopt vegetarian, vegan, or flexitarian lifestyles, demand for plant-based protein sources has escalated. Spirulina&amp;amp;rsquo;s high protein content and complete amino acid profile make it an ideal candidate to meet this demand. However, incorporating Spirulina into food products is not without its challenges. Its strong, earthy, or fishy taste can be off-putting to consumers and difficult to mask in food formulations. Furthermore, isolating Spirulina&amp;amp;rsquo;s bioactive compounds while preserving their integrity is complex, especially considering the heat sensitivity of many of these components. Traditional extraction methods often employ high temperatures, which can degrade these valuable compounds. Consequently, there is a growing preference for non-thermal extraction techniques. This paper provides an overview of recent advancements in Spirulina cultivation, bioactive extraction, and their application in food products.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-30</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 257: Bioactive Compounds from Spirulina spp.&amp;mdash;Nutritional Value, Extraction, and Application in Food Industry</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/257">doi: 10.3390/separations11090257</a></p> <p>Authors: Bla啪enko Marjanovi膰 Maja Benkovi膰 Tamara Jurina Tea Soka膷 Cvetni膰 Davor Valinger Jasenka Gajdo拧 Kljusuri膰 Ana Jurinjak Tu拧ek </p> <p>The surging popularity of plant-based diets and the growing emphasis on clean-label products have intensified interest in Spirulina within the food industry. As more people adopt vegetarian, vegan, or flexitarian lifestyles, demand for plant-based protein sources has escalated. Spirulina&amp;amp;rsquo;s high protein content and complete amino acid profile make it an ideal candidate to meet this demand. However, incorporating Spirulina into food products is not without its challenges. Its strong, earthy, or fishy taste can be off-putting to consumers and difficult to mask in food formulations. Furthermore, isolating Spirulina&amp;amp;rsquo;s bioactive compounds while preserving their integrity is complex, especially considering the heat sensitivity of many of these components. Traditional extraction methods often employ high temperatures, which can degrade these valuable compounds. Consequently, there is a growing preference for non-thermal extraction techniques. This paper provides an overview of recent advancements in Spirulina cultivation, bioactive extraction, and their application in food products.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Bioactive Compounds from Spirulina spp.&amp;amp;mdash;Nutritional Value, Extraction, and Application in Food Industry</dc:title> <dc:creator>Bla啪enko Marjanovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Maja Benkovi膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tamara Jurina</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tea Soka膷 Cvetni膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Davor Valinger</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jasenka Gajdo拧 Kljusuri膰</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ana Jurinjak Tu拧ek</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090257</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>257</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090257</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/257</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/256"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 256: Melt-Extruded High-Density Polyethylene/Pineapple Leaf Waste Fiber Composites for Plastic Product Applications</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/256</link> <description>This study examines the impact of Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) loading on the properties of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)/PALF composites successfully produced through a melt extrusion process. The melt-extruded HDPE/PALF composites were characterized by their thermal and mechanical properties and their morphologies. Subsequently, adding 5% maleic anhydride (MA) to the HDPE/PALF composite formulation led to significant improvements in the mechanical strength properties. Moreover, adding 10 wt.% PALF and 5% MA to the composites improves the crystallinity (10.38%) and Young&amp;amp;rsquo;s modulus (17.30%) properties and affects the thermal stability. The optimal formulation is achieved with 10 wt.% PALF filler incorporated into the HDPE composite. This study highlights the promising potential of HDPE/PALF composites for plastic product applications.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-30</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 256: Melt-Extruded High-Density Polyethylene/Pineapple Leaf Waste Fiber Composites for Plastic Product Applications</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/256">doi: 10.3390/separations11090256</a></p> <p>Authors: Mandla Vincent Khumalo Murugan Sethupathi Sifiso John Skosana Sudhakar Muniyasamy </p> <p>This study examines the impact of Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) loading on the properties of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)/PALF composites successfully produced through a melt extrusion process. The melt-extruded HDPE/PALF composites were characterized by their thermal and mechanical properties and their morphologies. Subsequently, adding 5% maleic anhydride (MA) to the HDPE/PALF composite formulation led to significant improvements in the mechanical strength properties. Moreover, adding 10 wt.% PALF and 5% MA to the composites improves the crystallinity (10.38%) and Young&amp;amp;rsquo;s modulus (17.30%) properties and affects the thermal stability. The optimal formulation is achieved with 10 wt.% PALF filler incorporated into the HDPE composite. This study highlights the promising potential of HDPE/PALF composites for plastic product applications.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Melt-Extruded High-Density Polyethylene/Pineapple Leaf Waste Fiber Composites for Plastic Product Applications</dc:title> <dc:creator>Mandla Vincent Khumalo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Murugan Sethupathi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sifiso John Skosana</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sudhakar Muniyasamy</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090256</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>256</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090256</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/256</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/255"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 255: Influence of Organic Carbon from Weathered Sediments on Triclocarban Distribution in Environmental Aqueous Systems</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/255</link> <description>In this study, the chemical distribution of triclocarban (TCC), in natural aqueous systems, between water and sediment, with different chemical compositions of the aqueous phase and different percentages of organic carbon (OC%) in the sediments is presented. The influences of the temperature, of the composition of the aqueous matrices of natural waters and (OC%) in the sediment over the solubility of triclocarban, and its distribution coefficient Kd values were studied. log KD at 25 &amp;amp;deg;C varied between 1.94 and 3.27 for a sediment with 5.50% OC and between 3.95 and 5.93% for a sediment with 6.75% OC, in the studied aqueous systems, with different concentrations of OC in the sediment.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-25</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 255: Influence of Organic Carbon from Weathered Sediments on Triclocarban Distribution in Environmental Aqueous Systems</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/255">doi: 10.3390/separations11090255</a></p> <p>Authors: Ion Ion Raluca Madalina Senin Alina Catrinel Ion </p> <p>In this study, the chemical distribution of triclocarban (TCC), in natural aqueous systems, between water and sediment, with different chemical compositions of the aqueous phase and different percentages of organic carbon (OC%) in the sediments is presented. The influences of the temperature, of the composition of the aqueous matrices of natural waters and (OC%) in the sediment over the solubility of triclocarban, and its distribution coefficient Kd values were studied. log KD at 25 &amp;amp;deg;C varied between 1.94 and 3.27 for a sediment with 5.50% OC and between 3.95 and 5.93% for a sediment with 6.75% OC, in the studied aqueous systems, with different concentrations of OC in the sediment.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Influence of Organic Carbon from Weathered Sediments on Triclocarban Distribution in Environmental Aqueous Systems</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ion Ion</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Raluca Madalina Senin</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alina Catrinel Ion</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090255</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-25</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-25</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>255</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090255</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/255</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/254"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 254: Papaya Seed Extract and Recovery of Some Main Constituents</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/254</link> <description>Carica papaya Linn. is one of the most common plants in almost all tropical countries. Its fruit is widely used as food or an ointment in traditional medicine. It is one of the few tropical fruits to contain glucotropaeolin (benzyl glucosinolate) detected in great quantity, mainly in the seeds of papaya. When cells in plant tissue are damaged, glucotropaeolin is hydrolysed by the enzyme myrosinase to benzyl isothiocyanate. The anticancer activity of this latter compound has been widely evidenced, but the metabolic profile of the papaya seed extracts is not reported in the literature. The objective of this study is to investigate the seed extracts of C. papaya L. by UHPLC-PDA ESI/MS, with and without the inactivation of myrosinase, and compare the recovery of some main components using two different inactivation procedures. The extracts (methanol/water, 60:40, v/v) were studied in negative and positive ionisation modes. Separations were carried out on an Acquity BEH C18 (50 &amp;amp;times; 2.1 mm i.d.) 1.7 &amp;amp;mu;m analytical column, and 0.02% formic acid in water and acetonitrile was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min&amp;amp;minus;1. Beyond the amino acids and glucotropaeolin already detected in papaya seeds, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, which has never been detected in papaya seeds with this technique before, was identified. Moreover, mono-, di- and tri-glycosides of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were putatively assigned. Glucotropaeolin, 4-hydroxybenzoic and tryptophan were quantified in seeds extracted after myrosinase deactivation. These three components were more effectively recovered using an oven than microwave myrosinase inactivation.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 254: Papaya Seed Extract and Recovery of Some Main Constituents</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/254">doi: 10.3390/separations11090254</a></p> <p>Authors: Alessia Panusa Francesca Romana Mammone Paola Rotundo Giuseppina Multari Giovanna Palazzino Francesca Romana Gallo </p> <p>Carica papaya Linn. is one of the most common plants in almost all tropical countries. Its fruit is widely used as food or an ointment in traditional medicine. It is one of the few tropical fruits to contain glucotropaeolin (benzyl glucosinolate) detected in great quantity, mainly in the seeds of papaya. When cells in plant tissue are damaged, glucotropaeolin is hydrolysed by the enzyme myrosinase to benzyl isothiocyanate. The anticancer activity of this latter compound has been widely evidenced, but the metabolic profile of the papaya seed extracts is not reported in the literature. The objective of this study is to investigate the seed extracts of C. papaya L. by UHPLC-PDA ESI/MS, with and without the inactivation of myrosinase, and compare the recovery of some main components using two different inactivation procedures. The extracts (methanol/water, 60:40, v/v) were studied in negative and positive ionisation modes. Separations were carried out on an Acquity BEH C18 (50 &amp;amp;times; 2.1 mm i.d.) 1.7 &amp;amp;mu;m analytical column, and 0.02% formic acid in water and acetonitrile was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min&amp;amp;minus;1. Beyond the amino acids and glucotropaeolin already detected in papaya seeds, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, which has never been detected in papaya seeds with this technique before, was identified. Moreover, mono-, di- and tri-glycosides of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were putatively assigned. Glucotropaeolin, 4-hydroxybenzoic and tryptophan were quantified in seeds extracted after myrosinase deactivation. These three components were more effectively recovered using an oven than microwave myrosinase inactivation.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Papaya Seed Extract and Recovery of Some Main Constituents</dc:title> <dc:creator>Alessia Panusa</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Francesca Romana Mammone</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Paola Rotundo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giuseppina Multari</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giovanna Palazzino</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Francesca Romana Gallo</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090254</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>254</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090254</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/254</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/253"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 253: Application of Electrodialysis to Production of High-Purity Perrhenic Acid</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/253</link> <description>Laboratory tests were conducted for the production of high-purity perrhenic acid using a membrane technique&amp;amp;mdash;electrodialysis. Four solutions were used in the tests: diluate, concentrate, anolyte, and catholyte. The experiments were carried out in a two-stream system. The influence of basic process parameters, including the flow rate of process streams or current density, on the purity of the obtained perrhenic acid were examined. Electrodialysis was also carried out as part of this research, aiming to concentrate the perrhenic acid &amp;amp;gt;100 g/dm3. The concentrate solution obtained in the concentration tests, with a concentration of 148.7 g/dm3 HReO4 and 530 mg/dm3 NH4+, was then sent to the purification process using the electrodialysis method. The purification process was carried out until the concentration of NH4+ ions was &amp;amp;lt;100 mg/dm3 in the concentrate. Finally, perrhenic acid was obtained with the following composition: 169.7 g/dm3 HReO4 and 70 mg/dm3 NH4+. Based on this research, a technological scheme for producing high-purity HReO4 by electrodialysis was developed.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-23</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 253: Application of Electrodialysis to Production of High-Purity Perrhenic Acid</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/253">doi: 10.3390/separations11090253</a></p> <p>Authors: Patrycja Kowalik Dorota Kopyto Grzegorz Benke Mateusz Ciszewski Alicja Grzybek Joanna Malarz Karolina Pianowska Karolina Goc Szymon Orda Dorota Babilas Piotr Dydo Katarzyna Leszczy艅ska-Sejda </p> <p>Laboratory tests were conducted for the production of high-purity perrhenic acid using a membrane technique&amp;amp;mdash;electrodialysis. Four solutions were used in the tests: diluate, concentrate, anolyte, and catholyte. The experiments were carried out in a two-stream system. The influence of basic process parameters, including the flow rate of process streams or current density, on the purity of the obtained perrhenic acid were examined. Electrodialysis was also carried out as part of this research, aiming to concentrate the perrhenic acid &amp;amp;gt;100 g/dm3. The concentrate solution obtained in the concentration tests, with a concentration of 148.7 g/dm3 HReO4 and 530 mg/dm3 NH4+, was then sent to the purification process using the electrodialysis method. The purification process was carried out until the concentration of NH4+ ions was &amp;amp;lt;100 mg/dm3 in the concentrate. Finally, perrhenic acid was obtained with the following composition: 169.7 g/dm3 HReO4 and 70 mg/dm3 NH4+. Based on this research, a technological scheme for producing high-purity HReO4 by electrodialysis was developed.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Application of Electrodialysis to Production of High-Purity Perrhenic Acid</dc:title> <dc:creator>Patrycja Kowalik</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dorota Kopyto</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Grzegorz Benke</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mateusz Ciszewski</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Alicja Grzybek</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Joanna Malarz</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Karolina Pianowska</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Karolina Goc</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Szymon Orda</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dorota Babilas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Piotr Dydo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Katarzyna Leszczy艅ska-Sejda</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11090253</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>9</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>253</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11090253</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/9/253</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/252"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 252: Analysis of Marker Compounds in Lindera erythrocarpa from Diverse Geographical Regions of Korea</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/252</link> <description>Lindera erythrocarpa M., a medicinal plant commonly found in China, Japan, and Korea, is well known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer effects. However, data on the quantification of different marker compounds found in this species across plant parts and geographical regions remain limited. To address this gap in the literature, the marker compounds methyl lucidone (1), methyl linderone (2), and kanakugiol (3) in leaves and stems of L. erythrocarpa collected from five different regions in the Republic of Korea were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/UV). Among the three compounds analyzed, kanakugiol (3) was the most abundant and was predominantly found in the stem samples. Overall, stems contained higher concentrations of methyl linderone (2) and kanakugiol (3) than the leaves. These findings highlight the importance of considering regional factors and plant part selection to maximize the yield of bioactive compounds. The results support the potential of L. erythrocarpa as a medicinal source and contribute to the standardization and quality improvement of herbal goods, thereby enhancing consumer protection and product efficacy.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-22</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 252: Analysis of Marker Compounds in Lindera erythrocarpa from Diverse Geographical Regions of Korea</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/252">doi: 10.3390/separations11080252</a></p> <p>Authors: Neil Patrick Uy Jung-Hee Kim Doo-Young Kim Jajung Ku Sanghyun Lee </p> <p>Lindera erythrocarpa M., a medicinal plant commonly found in China, Japan, and Korea, is well known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer effects. However, data on the quantification of different marker compounds found in this species across plant parts and geographical regions remain limited. To address this gap in the literature, the marker compounds methyl lucidone (1), methyl linderone (2), and kanakugiol (3) in leaves and stems of L. erythrocarpa collected from five different regions in the Republic of Korea were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/UV). Among the three compounds analyzed, kanakugiol (3) was the most abundant and was predominantly found in the stem samples. Overall, stems contained higher concentrations of methyl linderone (2) and kanakugiol (3) than the leaves. These findings highlight the importance of considering regional factors and plant part selection to maximize the yield of bioactive compounds. The results support the potential of L. erythrocarpa as a medicinal source and contribute to the standardization and quality improvement of herbal goods, thereby enhancing consumer protection and product efficacy.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Analysis of Marker Compounds in Lindera erythrocarpa from Diverse Geographical Regions of Korea</dc:title> <dc:creator>Neil Patrick Uy</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jung-Hee Kim</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Doo-Young Kim</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jajung Ku</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sanghyun Lee</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080252</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>252</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080252</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/252</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/251"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 251: Simple Green Purification of Spilanthol from Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ethanolic Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen Extracts Using Solid-Phase Extraction</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/251</link> <description>Spilanthol is a major N-alkylamide constituent of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen with diverse pharmacological properties. We recently showed the applicability of NADES (natural deep eutectic solvents) for the green extraction of spilanthol. However, the purification of targets from NADES poses a challenging step due to their non-volatility. A simple green method to retrieve spilanthol with minimal instrumental effort was devised, fractioning NADES (choline chloride/methylurea, choline chloride/1,2-propanediol, choline chloride/citric acid) and dry ethanolic extracts by SPE on C18 material, eluting merely with ethanolic solutions. The relative distribution of spilanthol and organic adulteration in SPE fractions were detected by HPLC-DAD, followed by scale-up, quantification and purity determination in an NMR-based approach. Isocratic elution with 52% ethanol (v/v) proved suitable in all experiments. The three purest 10 mL fractions combined yielded 12.21 mg spilanthol at 71.65% purity from NADES extract ChCl/P (choline chloride/1,2-propanediol, molar ratio 1:2, +20% m/m water). Ethanolic extract samples showed purities ranging from 77.27 to 80.27% in combined raw fractions. For all samples, purity increased by removing non-soluble substances from organic solutions. Pooled NADES extract fractions showed 89.71% in final samples, ethanolic extracts 87.25 to 91.93%. The highest purities of individual fractions per extract were 89.23 to 94.15%. This cheap and simple purification process is promising to acquire spilanthol for research purposes or as a sample preparation step before HPLC on a semi-preparative to preparative scale, as the substance is highly priced and scarcely available on the market. Organic solvents can be reused, and preliminary scale-up possibilities are shown.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-20</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 251: Simple Green Purification of Spilanthol from Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ethanolic Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen Extracts Using Solid-Phase Extraction</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/251">doi: 10.3390/separations11080251</a></p> <p>Authors: Fabian Alperth Sebastian Erhart Olaf Kunert Franz Bucar </p> <p>Spilanthol is a major N-alkylamide constituent of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen with diverse pharmacological properties. We recently showed the applicability of NADES (natural deep eutectic solvents) for the green extraction of spilanthol. However, the purification of targets from NADES poses a challenging step due to their non-volatility. A simple green method to retrieve spilanthol with minimal instrumental effort was devised, fractioning NADES (choline chloride/methylurea, choline chloride/1,2-propanediol, choline chloride/citric acid) and dry ethanolic extracts by SPE on C18 material, eluting merely with ethanolic solutions. The relative distribution of spilanthol and organic adulteration in SPE fractions were detected by HPLC-DAD, followed by scale-up, quantification and purity determination in an NMR-based approach. Isocratic elution with 52% ethanol (v/v) proved suitable in all experiments. The three purest 10 mL fractions combined yielded 12.21 mg spilanthol at 71.65% purity from NADES extract ChCl/P (choline chloride/1,2-propanediol, molar ratio 1:2, +20% m/m water). Ethanolic extract samples showed purities ranging from 77.27 to 80.27% in combined raw fractions. For all samples, purity increased by removing non-soluble substances from organic solutions. Pooled NADES extract fractions showed 89.71% in final samples, ethanolic extracts 87.25 to 91.93%. The highest purities of individual fractions per extract were 89.23 to 94.15%. This cheap and simple purification process is promising to acquire spilanthol for research purposes or as a sample preparation step before HPLC on a semi-preparative to preparative scale, as the substance is highly priced and scarcely available on the market. Organic solvents can be reused, and preliminary scale-up possibilities are shown.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Simple Green Purification of Spilanthol from Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ethanolic Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen Extracts Using Solid-Phase Extraction</dc:title> <dc:creator>Fabian Alperth</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sebastian Erhart</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Olaf Kunert</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Franz Bucar</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080251</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>251</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080251</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/251</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/250"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 250: Evaluation of Differences in Solubility in Organic Solvents of Softwood/Hardwood-Based Industrial Kraft Lignins Using Hansen Parameters and FTIR</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/250</link> <description>Lignin is part of the lignocellulosic biomass found in hardwoods, softwoods, and herbaceous plants. It is isolated by fractionation and pulping processes, where it is considered a waste product and is mainly burned to generate electricity and heat. However, lignin is a biopolymer that can be a source of many chemicals of significant value after treatments of functionalisation or depolymerisation. The main processes for its valorisation require solubilisation in organic solvents, which may affect the process&amp;amp;rsquo;s mass balance and the biopolymer&amp;amp;rsquo;s chemical structure, as lignins are rarely completely soluble in organic solvents. In this research, two industrial Kraft lignins derived from softwood and hardwood were treated using different green organic solvents (2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and acetone), measuring the soluble and insoluble content to determine the mass balance, and the solubility was evaluated using Hansen parameters and FTIR. The results showed that both lignins were more soluble in tetrahydrofuran and 1-methoxy-2-propanol. Also, tetrahydrofuran performed better than the 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, which is considered the green alternative. The reason can be explained using the Hansen solubility parameters. Moreover, the solubilised fractions showed similar FTIR spectra. The same is the case for the insoluble parts. In conclusion, the two lignins studied showed different solubilities in absolute values in organic solvents, but the trends were similar.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-19</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 250: Evaluation of Differences in Solubility in Organic Solvents of Softwood/Hardwood-Based Industrial Kraft Lignins Using Hansen Parameters and FTIR</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/250">doi: 10.3390/separations11080250</a></p> <p>Authors: Klara Drame Bla啪 Likozar Giorgio Tofani </p> <p>Lignin is part of the lignocellulosic biomass found in hardwoods, softwoods, and herbaceous plants. It is isolated by fractionation and pulping processes, where it is considered a waste product and is mainly burned to generate electricity and heat. However, lignin is a biopolymer that can be a source of many chemicals of significant value after treatments of functionalisation or depolymerisation. The main processes for its valorisation require solubilisation in organic solvents, which may affect the process&amp;amp;rsquo;s mass balance and the biopolymer&amp;amp;rsquo;s chemical structure, as lignins are rarely completely soluble in organic solvents. In this research, two industrial Kraft lignins derived from softwood and hardwood were treated using different green organic solvents (2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and acetone), measuring the soluble and insoluble content to determine the mass balance, and the solubility was evaluated using Hansen parameters and FTIR. The results showed that both lignins were more soluble in tetrahydrofuran and 1-methoxy-2-propanol. Also, tetrahydrofuran performed better than the 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, which is considered the green alternative. The reason can be explained using the Hansen solubility parameters. Moreover, the solubilised fractions showed similar FTIR spectra. The same is the case for the insoluble parts. In conclusion, the two lignins studied showed different solubilities in absolute values in organic solvents, but the trends were similar.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Evaluation of Differences in Solubility in Organic Solvents of Softwood/Hardwood-Based Industrial Kraft Lignins Using Hansen Parameters and FTIR</dc:title> <dc:creator>Klara Drame</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bla啪 Likozar</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giorgio Tofani</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080250</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Technical Note</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>250</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080250</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/250</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/249"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 249: An Extraction Process Based on the Collaborative Extraction of Coptis chinensis Franch. Phytoconstituents Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent and an Organic Solvent</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/249</link> <description>A low-cost method for the simultaneous extraction of alkaloids and water-insoluble flavonoids and esters from Coptis chinensis Franch. (Abbrev. C. chinensis) was explored to provide a reference for the production of green plant-based preparations and traditional Chinese medicine formula granules. A combined extraction method with the deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of choline chloride and urea (molar mass ratio of 1:2) and organic solvent ethanol was used, supplemented by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ultrasonic power: 150 W; ultrasonic temperature: 60 &amp;amp;deg;C; treatment time: 15 min). The extraction efficiency of the 50% DES (choline chloride and urea) aqueous solution for berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and magnoflorine was found to be the highest and was superior to traditional ultrasonic extraction and water bath reflux extraction methods. Furthermore, the flavonoids and esters from C. chinensis residue were extracted using ethanol. The results from high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry indicated a high extraction efficiency overall.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-16</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 249: An Extraction Process Based on the Collaborative Extraction of Coptis chinensis Franch. Phytoconstituents Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent and an Organic Solvent</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/249">doi: 10.3390/separations11080249</a></p> <p>Authors: Cheng Liu Fangyuan Gong Zhengwei Xiong Cun Wang Xinhe Ran Jiahua Ran Runzi Li Yangjin Ou Qingqing Xia Pei Wei Jin Guo </p> <p>A low-cost method for the simultaneous extraction of alkaloids and water-insoluble flavonoids and esters from Coptis chinensis Franch. (Abbrev. C. chinensis) was explored to provide a reference for the production of green plant-based preparations and traditional Chinese medicine formula granules. A combined extraction method with the deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of choline chloride and urea (molar mass ratio of 1:2) and organic solvent ethanol was used, supplemented by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ultrasonic power: 150 W; ultrasonic temperature: 60 &amp;amp;deg;C; treatment time: 15 min). The extraction efficiency of the 50% DES (choline chloride and urea) aqueous solution for berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and magnoflorine was found to be the highest and was superior to traditional ultrasonic extraction and water bath reflux extraction methods. Furthermore, the flavonoids and esters from C. chinensis residue were extracted using ethanol. The results from high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography&amp;amp;ndash;mass spectrometry indicated a high extraction efficiency overall.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>An Extraction Process Based on the Collaborative Extraction of Coptis chinensis Franch. Phytoconstituents Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent and an Organic Solvent</dc:title> <dc:creator>Cheng Liu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Fangyuan Gong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Zhengwei Xiong</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cun Wang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Xinhe Ran</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jiahua Ran</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Runzi Li</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Yangjin Ou</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Qingqing Xia</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pei Wei</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jin Guo</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080249</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>249</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080249</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/249</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/248"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 248: Development of an Enantioselective Method by Liquid Chromatography to Monitor 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone in Culture Media from Ecotoxicity Assays</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/248</link> <description>3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is an emerging, chiral, new psychoactive substance belonging to the synthetic cathinones group that has been frequently detected in wastewater effluents and aquatic environments. However, the knowledge of its enantioselective occurrence and toxicity toward aquatic organisms is scarce. The aim of this work was to develop an enantioselective liquid chromatography (LC) method to monitor the enantiomers of MDPV in environmental and ecotoxicological assays. For that, different chiral columns and mobile phases in both normal and reversed elution modes were attempted. The optimized conditions were achieved using a Daicel&amp;amp;reg; 3 &amp;amp;mu;m&amp;amp;mdash;CHIRALPAK&amp;amp;reg; IF-3 column with 5 mM of ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3, pH 8.8) in ultra-pure water (UPW) and acetonitrile (ACN) (10:90, v/v) as a mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min&amp;amp;minus;1. This condition was applied to monitor the racemate and the single enantiomers of MDPV in culture medium collected from ecotoxicity experiments. Racemization was observed for MDPV enantiomers (in individual exposure). The enantiomeric ratio (e.r.) of (S)-MDPV changed from an initial e.r. of 96.4/3.6 to 78.0/22.0 and for the (R)-enantiomer, the e.r changed from 15.6/84.4 to 28.3/71.7). These data highlight the importance of enantioselective monitoring of culture media in toxicity assays that involve chiral substances, since racemization can occur and lead to inaccuracy in the toxicity evaluation. Nevertheless, it is also important to stress that racemization may occur during storage conditions or sample procedures. Therefore, the enantioselective methodology is of utmost importance to warrant the quality of the results in enantioselective ecotoxicological studies.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-16</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 248: Development of an Enantioselective Method by Liquid Chromatography to Monitor 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone in Culture Media from Ecotoxicity Assays</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/248">doi: 10.3390/separations11080248</a></p> <p>Authors: Ariana P茅rez-Pereira Virg铆nia M. F. Gon莽alves Ana R. L. Ribeiro Carla Fernandes Jo茫o S. Carrola Cl谩udia Ribeiro Maria E. Tiritan </p> <p>3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is an emerging, chiral, new psychoactive substance belonging to the synthetic cathinones group that has been frequently detected in wastewater effluents and aquatic environments. However, the knowledge of its enantioselective occurrence and toxicity toward aquatic organisms is scarce. The aim of this work was to develop an enantioselective liquid chromatography (LC) method to monitor the enantiomers of MDPV in environmental and ecotoxicological assays. For that, different chiral columns and mobile phases in both normal and reversed elution modes were attempted. The optimized conditions were achieved using a Daicel&amp;amp;reg; 3 &amp;amp;mu;m&amp;amp;mdash;CHIRALPAK&amp;amp;reg; IF-3 column with 5 mM of ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3, pH 8.8) in ultra-pure water (UPW) and acetonitrile (ACN) (10:90, v/v) as a mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min&amp;amp;minus;1. This condition was applied to monitor the racemate and the single enantiomers of MDPV in culture medium collected from ecotoxicity experiments. Racemization was observed for MDPV enantiomers (in individual exposure). The enantiomeric ratio (e.r.) of (S)-MDPV changed from an initial e.r. of 96.4/3.6 to 78.0/22.0 and for the (R)-enantiomer, the e.r changed from 15.6/84.4 to 28.3/71.7). These data highlight the importance of enantioselective monitoring of culture media in toxicity assays that involve chiral substances, since racemization can occur and lead to inaccuracy in the toxicity evaluation. Nevertheless, it is also important to stress that racemization may occur during storage conditions or sample procedures. Therefore, the enantioselective methodology is of utmost importance to warrant the quality of the results in enantioselective ecotoxicological studies.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Development of an Enantioselective Method by Liquid Chromatography to Monitor 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone in Culture Media from Ecotoxicity Assays</dc:title> <dc:creator>Ariana P茅rez-Pereira</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Virg铆nia M. F. Gon莽alves</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ana R. L. Ribeiro</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Carla Fernandes</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jo茫o S. Carrola</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Cl谩udia Ribeiro</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Maria E. Tiritan</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080248</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>248</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080248</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/248</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/247"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 247: Development and Characterization of SBA-15 Imprinted Polymers for Spiramycin Analysis</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/247</link> <description>This work focuses on the development of a hybrid material based on SBA-15 silica with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), using spiramycin (SPI) as a template, for use as sorbent in solid-phase extraction (SPE). Characterization techniques such as nitrogen gas adsorption&amp;amp;ndash;desorption isotherms, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the structure and properties of the SBA-15@MIP-SPI material. SPE conditions using SBA-15@MIP-SPI as sorbent were optimized, which allowed us to demonstrate the high selectivity and adsorption capacity of SPI on the synthesized material. The best conditions were 50 mg of sorbent, loading with 1 mL of standard solution or sample of cow milk previously extracted in acetonitrile and eluting with 3 mL of methanol with 1% acetic acid. After the optimization process, the material demonstrated recovery percentages of 81 &amp;amp;plusmn; 3% in SPI standard solutions and showed its potential in cow milk samples (71 &amp;amp;plusmn; 6%). The novelty of the research consists of the combination of MIPs with SBA-15, which could offer important advantages in terms of specific surface area and porous structure, thus improving performance and reducing the amount of sorbent compared to other traditional methods.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-15</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 247: Development and Characterization of SBA-15 Imprinted Polymers for Spiramycin Analysis</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/247">doi: 10.3390/separations11080247</a></p> <p>Authors: Lorena Gonz谩lez-G贸mez Sonia Morante-Zarcero Dami谩n P茅rez-Quintanilla Gema Paniagua Gonz谩lez Rosa M. Garcinu帽o Pilar Fern谩ndez Hernando Isabel Sierra </p> <p>This work focuses on the development of a hybrid material based on SBA-15 silica with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), using spiramycin (SPI) as a template, for use as sorbent in solid-phase extraction (SPE). Characterization techniques such as nitrogen gas adsorption&amp;amp;ndash;desorption isotherms, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the structure and properties of the SBA-15@MIP-SPI material. SPE conditions using SBA-15@MIP-SPI as sorbent were optimized, which allowed us to demonstrate the high selectivity and adsorption capacity of SPI on the synthesized material. The best conditions were 50 mg of sorbent, loading with 1 mL of standard solution or sample of cow milk previously extracted in acetonitrile and eluting with 3 mL of methanol with 1% acetic acid. After the optimization process, the material demonstrated recovery percentages of 81 &amp;amp;plusmn; 3% in SPI standard solutions and showed its potential in cow milk samples (71 &amp;amp;plusmn; 6%). The novelty of the research consists of the combination of MIPs with SBA-15, which could offer important advantages in terms of specific surface area and porous structure, thus improving performance and reducing the amount of sorbent compared to other traditional methods.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Development and Characterization of SBA-15 Imprinted Polymers for Spiramycin Analysis</dc:title> <dc:creator>Lorena Gonz谩lez-G贸mez</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sonia Morante-Zarcero</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Dami谩n P茅rez-Quintanilla</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gema Paniagua Gonz谩lez</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rosa M. Garcinu帽o</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Pilar Fern谩ndez Hernando</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Isabel Sierra</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080247</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>247</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080247</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/247</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/246"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 246: Development of a Voltammetric Methodology Based on a Methacrylic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Carbon-Paste Electrode for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/246</link> <description>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most dangerous mycotoxins found in food, necessitating the development of precise and reliable methodologies for its detection. In this study, a novel electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) integrated with a carbon-paste electrode was developed for the voltammetric determination of AFB1. The innovative aspect of this work lies in the use of methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, which enhances the sensor&amp;amp;rsquo;s selectivity and binding affinity. The developed electrochemical sensor exhibited a linear response range from 20.8 to 80 ng/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.31 ng/L and a sensitivity of 19.83 &amp;amp;micro;A (ng/L)&amp;amp;minus;1 cm&amp;amp;minus;2. The sensor demonstrated outstanding analytical performance, with reproducibility and repeatability yielding relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.24% and 1.41%, respectively. To validate the sensor&amp;amp;rsquo;s practical applicability, its performance was tested in real samples of corn and wheat using the standard addition method. Samples were prepared following official Mexican standard methods. Detected AFB1 concentrations were 0.0147 &amp;amp;mu;g/L and 0.0138 &amp;amp;mu;g/L for corn and wheat, respectively. A statistical comparison using the Student&amp;amp;rsquo;s t-test confirmed no significant matrix effects, underscoring the high selectivity and accuracy of the MIP-modified sensor. This work introduces a highly selective, sensitive, and reproducible methodology for AFB1 detection, which could significantly advance food safety monitoring.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-12</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 246: Development of a Voltammetric Methodology Based on a Methacrylic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Carbon-Paste Electrode for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/246">doi: 10.3390/separations11080246</a></p> <p>Authors: Fabiola Hern谩ndez-Garc铆a Jes煤s Antonio Cruz-Navarro Jes煤s Garc铆a-Serrano Miriam Franco-Guzm谩n Gabriela Islas Giaan A. Alvarez-Romero </p> <p>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most dangerous mycotoxins found in food, necessitating the development of precise and reliable methodologies for its detection. In this study, a novel electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) integrated with a carbon-paste electrode was developed for the voltammetric determination of AFB1. The innovative aspect of this work lies in the use of methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, which enhances the sensor&amp;amp;rsquo;s selectivity and binding affinity. The developed electrochemical sensor exhibited a linear response range from 20.8 to 80 ng/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.31 ng/L and a sensitivity of 19.83 &amp;amp;micro;A (ng/L)&amp;amp;minus;1 cm&amp;amp;minus;2. The sensor demonstrated outstanding analytical performance, with reproducibility and repeatability yielding relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.24% and 1.41%, respectively. To validate the sensor&amp;amp;rsquo;s practical applicability, its performance was tested in real samples of corn and wheat using the standard addition method. Samples were prepared following official Mexican standard methods. Detected AFB1 concentrations were 0.0147 &amp;amp;mu;g/L and 0.0138 &amp;amp;mu;g/L for corn and wheat, respectively. A statistical comparison using the Student&amp;amp;rsquo;s t-test confirmed no significant matrix effects, underscoring the high selectivity and accuracy of the MIP-modified sensor. This work introduces a highly selective, sensitive, and reproducible methodology for AFB1 detection, which could significantly advance food safety monitoring.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Development of a Voltammetric Methodology Based on a Methacrylic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Carbon-Paste Electrode for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1</dc:title> <dc:creator>Fabiola Hern谩ndez-Garc铆a</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jes煤s Antonio Cruz-Navarro</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Jes煤s Garc铆a-Serrano</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Miriam Franco-Guzm谩n</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Gabriela Islas</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Giaan A. Alvarez-Romero</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080246</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>246</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080246</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/246</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/245"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 245: Recent Developments of Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) Utilization in the Polymer Composites&amp;mdash;A Review</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/245</link> <description>Plant fibers&amp;amp;rsquo; wide availability and accessibility are the main causes of the growing interest in sustainable technologies. The two primary factors to consider while concentrating on composite materials are their low weight and highly specific features, as well as their environmental friendliness. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) stands out among natural fibers due to its rich cellulose content, cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and good fiber strength. This review provides an intensive assessment of the surface treatment, extraction, characterization, modifications and progress, mechanical properties, and potential applications of PALF-based polymer composites. Classification of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, chemical composition, micro cellulose, nanocellulose, and cellulose-based polymer composite applications have been extensively reviewed and reported. Besides, the reviewed PALF can be extracted into natural fiber cellulose and lignin can be used as reinforcement for the development of polymer biocomposites with desirable properties. Furthermore, this review article is keen to study the biodegradation of natural fibers, lignocellulosic biopolymers, and biocomposites in soil and ocean environments. Through an evaluation of the existing literature, this review provides a detailed summary of PALF-based polymer composite material as suitable for various industrial applications, including energy generation, storage, conversion, and mulching films.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-12</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 245: Recent Developments of Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) Utilization in the Polymer Composites&amp;mdash;A Review</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/245">doi: 10.3390/separations11080245</a></p> <p>Authors: Murugan Sethupathi Mandla Vincent Khumalo Sifiso John Skosana Sudhakar Muniyasamy </p> <p>Plant fibers&amp;amp;rsquo; wide availability and accessibility are the main causes of the growing interest in sustainable technologies. The two primary factors to consider while concentrating on composite materials are their low weight and highly specific features, as well as their environmental friendliness. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) stands out among natural fibers due to its rich cellulose content, cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and good fiber strength. This review provides an intensive assessment of the surface treatment, extraction, characterization, modifications and progress, mechanical properties, and potential applications of PALF-based polymer composites. Classification of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, chemical composition, micro cellulose, nanocellulose, and cellulose-based polymer composite applications have been extensively reviewed and reported. Besides, the reviewed PALF can be extracted into natural fiber cellulose and lignin can be used as reinforcement for the development of polymer biocomposites with desirable properties. Furthermore, this review article is keen to study the biodegradation of natural fibers, lignocellulosic biopolymers, and biocomposites in soil and ocean environments. Through an evaluation of the existing literature, this review provides a detailed summary of PALF-based polymer composite material as suitable for various industrial applications, including energy generation, storage, conversion, and mulching films.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Recent Developments of Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) Utilization in the Polymer Composites&amp;amp;mdash;A Review</dc:title> <dc:creator>Murugan Sethupathi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mandla Vincent Khumalo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sifiso John Skosana</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Sudhakar Muniyasamy</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080245</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Review</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>245</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080245</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/245</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/244"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 244: Correction: Johnson et al. Phytochemical Profile of Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Becherer Using HPTLC. Separations 2020, 7, 8</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/244</link> <description>In the original publication [...]</description> <pubDate>2024-08-12</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 244: Correction: Johnson et al. Phytochemical Profile of Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Becherer Using HPTLC. Separations 2020, 7, 8</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/244">doi: 10.3390/separations11080244</a></p> <p>Authors: Marimuthu alias Antonysamy Johnson Janarthanan Gowtham Narayanan Janakiraman Tharmaraj Renisheya Joy Jeba Malar Janaina E. Rocha Henrique D. M. Coutinho </p> <p>In the original publication [...]</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Correction: Johnson et al. Phytochemical Profile of Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Becherer Using HPTLC. Separations 2020, 7, 8</dc:title> <dc:creator>Marimuthu alias Antonysamy Johnson</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Janarthanan Gowtham</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Narayanan Janakiraman</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Tharmaraj Renisheya Joy Jeba Malar</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Janaina E. Rocha</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Henrique D. M. Coutinho</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080244</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Correction</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>244</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080244</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/244</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/243"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 243: The Identification of Bioactive Compounds in the Aerial Parts of Agrimonia pilosa and Their Inhibitory Effects on Beta-Amyloid Production and Aggregation</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/243</link> <description>Alzheimer&amp;amp;rsquo;s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by memory and cognitive decline in older individuals. Beta-amyloid (A&amp;amp;beta;), a significant component of senile plaques, is recognized as a primary contributor to AD pathology. Hence, substances that can inhibit A&amp;amp;beta; production and/or accumulation are crucial for AD prevention and treatment. Agrimonia pilosa LEDEB. (A. pilosa) (Rosaceae), specifically its aerial parts, was identified in our previous screening study as a promising candidate with inhibitory effects on A&amp;amp;beta; production. Therefore, in this study, A. pilosa extract was investigated for its anti-amyloidogenic effects, and its bioactive principles were isolated and identified. The ethanol extract of A. pilosa reduced the levels of sAPP&amp;amp;beta; and &amp;amp;beta;-secretase by approximately 3% and 40%, respectively, compared to the DMSO-treated control group in APP-CHO cells (a cell line expressing amyloid precursor protein), which were similar to those in the positive control group. In addition, the ethanol extract of A. pilosa also hindered A&amp;amp;beta;&amp;amp;rsquo;s aggregation into fibrils and facilitated the disaggregation of A&amp;amp;beta; aggregates, as confirmed by a Thioflavin T (Th T) assay. Subsequently, the active constituents were isolated using a bioassay-guided isolation method involving diverse column chromatography. Eleven compounds were identified&amp;amp;mdash;epi-catechin (1), catechin (2), (2S, 3S)-dihydrokaempferol 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (3), (-)-epiafzelechin 5-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (4), kaempferol 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (5), apigenin 7-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (6), dihydrokaempferol 7-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (7), quercetin 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (8), (2S, 3S)-taxifolin 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (9), luteolin 7-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (10), and apigenin 7-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-methylglucuronate (11)&amp;amp;mdash;identified through 1D and 2D NMR analysis and comparison with data from the literature. These compounds significantly decreased A&amp;amp;beta; production by reducing &amp;amp;beta;- and &amp;amp;gamma;-secretase levels. Moreover, none of the compounds affected the expression levels of sAPP&amp;amp;alpha; or &amp;amp;alpha;-secretase. Further, compounds 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in A&amp;amp;beta; aggregation and promoted the disaggregation of pre-formed A&amp;amp;beta; aggregates. Notably, compound 8 inhibited the aggregation of A&amp;amp;beta; into fibrils by about 43% and facilitated the disassembly of A&amp;amp;beta; aggregates by 41% compared to the control group containing only A&amp;amp;beta;. These findings underscore the potential of A. pilosa extract and its constituents to mitigate a crucial pathological aspect of AD. Therefore, A. pilosa extract and its active constituents hold promise for development as therapeutics and preventatives of AD.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-09</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 243: The Identification of Bioactive Compounds in the Aerial Parts of Agrimonia pilosa and Their Inhibitory Effects on Beta-Amyloid Production and Aggregation</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/243">doi: 10.3390/separations11080243</a></p> <p>Authors: Chung Hyeon Lee Min Sung Ko Ye Seul Kim Kwang Woo Hwang So-Young Park </p> <p>Alzheimer&amp;amp;rsquo;s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by memory and cognitive decline in older individuals. Beta-amyloid (A&amp;amp;beta;), a significant component of senile plaques, is recognized as a primary contributor to AD pathology. Hence, substances that can inhibit A&amp;amp;beta; production and/or accumulation are crucial for AD prevention and treatment. Agrimonia pilosa LEDEB. (A. pilosa) (Rosaceae), specifically its aerial parts, was identified in our previous screening study as a promising candidate with inhibitory effects on A&amp;amp;beta; production. Therefore, in this study, A. pilosa extract was investigated for its anti-amyloidogenic effects, and its bioactive principles were isolated and identified. The ethanol extract of A. pilosa reduced the levels of sAPP&amp;amp;beta; and &amp;amp;beta;-secretase by approximately 3% and 40%, respectively, compared to the DMSO-treated control group in APP-CHO cells (a cell line expressing amyloid precursor protein), which were similar to those in the positive control group. In addition, the ethanol extract of A. pilosa also hindered A&amp;amp;beta;&amp;amp;rsquo;s aggregation into fibrils and facilitated the disaggregation of A&amp;amp;beta; aggregates, as confirmed by a Thioflavin T (Th T) assay. Subsequently, the active constituents were isolated using a bioassay-guided isolation method involving diverse column chromatography. Eleven compounds were identified&amp;amp;mdash;epi-catechin (1), catechin (2), (2S, 3S)-dihydrokaempferol 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (3), (-)-epiafzelechin 5-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (4), kaempferol 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (5), apigenin 7-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (6), dihydrokaempferol 7-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (7), quercetin 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (8), (2S, 3S)-taxifolin 3-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (9), luteolin 7-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-glucopyranoside (10), and apigenin 7-O-&amp;amp;beta;-D-methylglucuronate (11)&amp;amp;mdash;identified through 1D and 2D NMR analysis and comparison with data from the literature. These compounds significantly decreased A&amp;amp;beta; production by reducing &amp;amp;beta;- and &amp;amp;gamma;-secretase levels. Moreover, none of the compounds affected the expression levels of sAPP&amp;amp;alpha; or &amp;amp;alpha;-secretase. Further, compounds 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in A&amp;amp;beta; aggregation and promoted the disaggregation of pre-formed A&amp;amp;beta; aggregates. Notably, compound 8 inhibited the aggregation of A&amp;amp;beta; into fibrils by about 43% and facilitated the disassembly of A&amp;amp;beta; aggregates by 41% compared to the control group containing only A&amp;amp;beta;. These findings underscore the potential of A. pilosa extract and its constituents to mitigate a crucial pathological aspect of AD. Therefore, A. pilosa extract and its active constituents hold promise for development as therapeutics and preventatives of AD.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Identification of Bioactive Compounds in the Aerial Parts of Agrimonia pilosa and Their Inhibitory Effects on Beta-Amyloid Production and Aggregation</dc:title> <dc:creator>Chung Hyeon Lee</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Min Sung Ko</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Ye Seul Kim</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kwang Woo Hwang</dc:creator> <dc:creator>So-Young Park</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080243</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-09</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-09</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>243</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080243</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/243</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/242"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 242: The Development and Validation of an LC&amp;ndash;Orbitrap&amp;ndash;HRMS Method for the Analysis of Four Tetracyclines in Milk and Its Application to Determine Oxytetracycline Concentrations after Intramuscular Administration in Healthy Sarda Ewes and Those Naturally Infected with Streptococcus uberis</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/242</link> <description>An LC&amp;amp;ndash;Orbitrap&amp;amp;ndash;HRMS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four tetracyclines&amp;amp;mdash;oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), doxycycline (DC), and chlortetracycline (CTC)&amp;amp;mdash;in milk. This method involves sample extraction with McIlvaine&amp;amp;ndash;EDTA buffer solution (pH 4) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges, followed by the evaporation of the extract and its reconstitution with a 14% methanol aqueous solution before injection into the instrumental system. This method has been validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, precision, and accuracy, in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. Compared to existing methods, this approach optimally combines a quantitative procedure for extracting analytes from the milk of different species, including sheep, bovines, and goats, with a very short LC&amp;amp;ndash;Orbitrap&amp;amp;ndash;HRMS instrumental analysis time (only 8 min), simultaneously ensuring high precision, sensitivity, and applicability as a rapid confirmation method in official food control laboratories. The proposed method was applied to determine the concentration levels of OTC in milk samples derived from healthy Sardinian sheep and those naturally infected with Streptococcus uberis, after the intramuscular administration of an antibiotic, in order to evaluate how much of the drug was &amp;amp;ldquo;subtracted&amp;amp;rdquo; during penetration from blood into milk, with a potential effect of reducing its therapeutic efficacy.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-08</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 242: The Development and Validation of an LC&amp;ndash;Orbitrap&amp;ndash;HRMS Method for the Analysis of Four Tetracyclines in Milk and Its Application to Determine Oxytetracycline Concentrations after Intramuscular Administration in Healthy Sarda Ewes and Those Naturally Infected with Streptococcus uberis</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/242">doi: 10.3390/separations11080242</a></p> <p>Authors: Severyn Salis Simone Dore Nicola Rubattu Vittoria D鈥橝scenzo Francesca T. Cherchi Stefano A. Lollai </p> <p>An LC&amp;amp;ndash;Orbitrap&amp;amp;ndash;HRMS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four tetracyclines&amp;amp;mdash;oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), doxycycline (DC), and chlortetracycline (CTC)&amp;amp;mdash;in milk. This method involves sample extraction with McIlvaine&amp;amp;ndash;EDTA buffer solution (pH 4) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges, followed by the evaporation of the extract and its reconstitution with a 14% methanol aqueous solution before injection into the instrumental system. This method has been validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, precision, and accuracy, in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. Compared to existing methods, this approach optimally combines a quantitative procedure for extracting analytes from the milk of different species, including sheep, bovines, and goats, with a very short LC&amp;amp;ndash;Orbitrap&amp;amp;ndash;HRMS instrumental analysis time (only 8 min), simultaneously ensuring high precision, sensitivity, and applicability as a rapid confirmation method in official food control laboratories. The proposed method was applied to determine the concentration levels of OTC in milk samples derived from healthy Sardinian sheep and those naturally infected with Streptococcus uberis, after the intramuscular administration of an antibiotic, in order to evaluate how much of the drug was &amp;amp;ldquo;subtracted&amp;amp;rdquo; during penetration from blood into milk, with a potential effect of reducing its therapeutic efficacy.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>The Development and Validation of an LC&amp;amp;ndash;Orbitrap&amp;amp;ndash;HRMS Method for the Analysis of Four Tetracyclines in Milk and Its Application to Determine Oxytetracycline Concentrations after Intramuscular Administration in Healthy Sarda Ewes and Those Naturally Infected with Streptococcus uberis</dc:title> <dc:creator>Severyn Salis</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Simone Dore</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Nicola Rubattu</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Vittoria D鈥橝scenzo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Francesca T. Cherchi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Stefano A. Lollai</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080242</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-08</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-08</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>242</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080242</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/242</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/241"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 241: Polyphenols Extraction from Different Grape Pomaces Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/241</link> <description>Exploiting by-products from the oenological industry to extract antioxidant chemicals is a shared goal that combines the need to reduce the wine sector&amp;amp;rsquo;s environmental impact with the need to improve the availability of these biomolecules, according to a circular economy approach. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have recently captured researchers&amp;amp;rsquo; interest as a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvents due to their effectiveness, low toxicity, and stability. In this work, we set out to investigate several NaDES for the extraction of phenolic chemicals from local monovarietal grape pomace resulting from different vinification procedures (including both red and ros&amp;amp;eacute; vinification of Negroamaro and Primitivo grapes; ros&amp;amp;eacute; vinification of Susumaniello grapes and white vinification of Chardonnay, Fiano and Malvasia bianca grapes), with the additional goal of generalizing the use of NaDES to extract chemicals of interest from organisms selected from the wide plant biodiversity. Three binary choline chloride-based NaDES (DES-Lac, DES-Tar, and DES-Gly, with lactic acid, tartaric acid, and glycerol as hydrogen bond donors, respectively) were compared to ethanol as a conventional solvent, and the extracts were evaluated using HPLC/MS and colorimetric techniques. The results revealed that each NaDES produces a substantially higher total phenolic yield than ethanol (up to 127.8 mg/g DW from Primitivo ros&amp;amp;eacute; grape pomace). DES-Lac and DES-Tar were more effective for anthocyanins extraction; the most abundant compound was malvidin 3-O-glucoside (highest extraction yield with DES-Lac from Susumaniello pomace: 29.4 mg/g DW). Regarding phenolic compounds, DES-Gly was the most effective NaDES producing results comparable to ethanol. Unexpectedly, Chardonnay pomace has the greatest content of astilbin. In most cases, grape pomace extracts obtained by ros&amp;amp;eacute; and white vinification provided the maximum yield. As a result, NaDES have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional organic solvent extraction techniques, allowing for higher (or equal) yields while significantly lowering costs, hazards, and environmental impact.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-08</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 241: Polyphenols Extraction from Different Grape Pomaces Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/241">doi: 10.3390/separations11080241</a></p> <p>Authors: Alessandro Frontini Andrea Luvisi Carmine Negro Massimiliano Apollonio Rita Accogli Mariarosaria De Pascali Luigi De Bellis </p> <p>Exploiting by-products from the oenological industry to extract antioxidant chemicals is a shared goal that combines the need to reduce the wine sector&amp;amp;rsquo;s environmental impact with the need to improve the availability of these biomolecules, according to a circular economy approach. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have recently captured researchers&amp;amp;rsquo; interest as a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvents due to their effectiveness, low toxicity, and stability. In this work, we set out to investigate several NaDES for the extraction of phenolic chemicals from local monovarietal grape pomace resulting from different vinification procedures (including both red and ros&amp;amp;eacute; vinification of Negroamaro and Primitivo grapes; ros&amp;amp;eacute; vinification of Susumaniello grapes and white vinification of Chardonnay, Fiano and Malvasia bianca grapes), with the additional goal of generalizing the use of NaDES to extract chemicals of interest from organisms selected from the wide plant biodiversity. Three binary choline chloride-based NaDES (DES-Lac, DES-Tar, and DES-Gly, with lactic acid, tartaric acid, and glycerol as hydrogen bond donors, respectively) were compared to ethanol as a conventional solvent, and the extracts were evaluated using HPLC/MS and colorimetric techniques. The results revealed that each NaDES produces a substantially higher total phenolic yield than ethanol (up to 127.8 mg/g DW from Primitivo ros&amp;amp;eacute; grape pomace). DES-Lac and DES-Tar were more effective for anthocyanins extraction; the most abundant compound was malvidin 3-O-glucoside (highest extraction yield with DES-Lac from Susumaniello pomace: 29.4 mg/g DW). Regarding phenolic compounds, DES-Gly was the most effective NaDES producing results comparable to ethanol. Unexpectedly, Chardonnay pomace has the greatest content of astilbin. In most cases, grape pomace extracts obtained by ros&amp;amp;eacute; and white vinification provided the maximum yield. As a result, NaDES have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional organic solvent extraction techniques, allowing for higher (or equal) yields while significantly lowering costs, hazards, and environmental impact.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>Polyphenols Extraction from Different Grape Pomaces Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents</dc:title> <dc:creator>Alessandro Frontini</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Andrea Luvisi</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Carmine Negro</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Massimiliano Apollonio</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rita Accogli</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Mariarosaria De Pascali</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Luigi De Bellis</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080241</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-08</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-08</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>241</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080241</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/241</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <item rdf:about="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/240"> <title>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 240: A Validated Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Oxytocin and Cortisol in Human Saliva</title> <link>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/240</link> <description>Oxytocin and cortisol (OXY and CORT) are hormones related to stress, cognitive, and social behaviors. Their detection is relevant to epidemiological studies aimed at investigating the effects of stressor factors on human life. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an assay for the measurement of OXY and CORT in saliva samples using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the presence of deuterated analogs. A 500 mL aliquot of oral fluid, obtained by the centrifugation of a chewed swab, was purified by solid-phase extraction. Analytes were then separated using C18 reversed-phase chromatography, subjected to positive electrospray ionization, and then quantified using a triple-quadrupole mass detector in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The limits of quantification and the linear dynamic ranges were 2.0 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3 and 0.5 nmol/L, and up to 1.0 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;1 and 20 nmol/L for OXY and CORT, respectively. Inter- and intra-run precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was &amp;amp;lt;7%, and accuracy was within 93&amp;amp;ndash;104% of the theoretical concentrations. The evaluation of matrix effects showed that the use of internal standards controlled sources of bias. The high sensitivity of the method allowed the quantification of OXY and CORT in the salivary samples of both adults and children: levels of CORT ranged from 0.6 to 18.5 nmol/L, while OXY levels were two orders of magnitude lower (from 1.7 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3 to 1.1 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;2 nmol/L). To our knowledge, this is the first method that can analyze, in the same chromatographic run, both hormones in saliva samples.</description> <pubDate>2024-08-06</pubDate> <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <p><b>Separations, Vol. 11, Pages 240: A Validated Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Oxytocin and Cortisol in Human Saliva</b></p> <p>Separations <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/240">doi: 10.3390/separations11080240</a></p> <p>Authors: Elisa Polledri Rosa Mercadante Laura Campo Silvia Fustinoni </p> <p>Oxytocin and cortisol (OXY and CORT) are hormones related to stress, cognitive, and social behaviors. Their detection is relevant to epidemiological studies aimed at investigating the effects of stressor factors on human life. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an assay for the measurement of OXY and CORT in saliva samples using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the presence of deuterated analogs. A 500 mL aliquot of oral fluid, obtained by the centrifugation of a chewed swab, was purified by solid-phase extraction. Analytes were then separated using C18 reversed-phase chromatography, subjected to positive electrospray ionization, and then quantified using a triple-quadrupole mass detector in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The limits of quantification and the linear dynamic ranges were 2.0 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3 and 0.5 nmol/L, and up to 1.0 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;1 and 20 nmol/L for OXY and CORT, respectively. Inter- and intra-run precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was &amp;amp;lt;7%, and accuracy was within 93&amp;amp;ndash;104% of the theoretical concentrations. The evaluation of matrix effects showed that the use of internal standards controlled sources of bias. The high sensitivity of the method allowed the quantification of OXY and CORT in the salivary samples of both adults and children: levels of CORT ranged from 0.6 to 18.5 nmol/L, while OXY levels were two orders of magnitude lower (from 1.7 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;3 to 1.1 &amp;amp;times; 10&amp;amp;minus;2 nmol/L). To our knowledge, this is the first method that can analyze, in the same chromatographic run, both hormones in saliva samples.</p> ]]></content:encoded> <dc:title>A Validated Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Oxytocin and Cortisol in Human Saliva</dc:title> <dc:creator>Elisa Polledri</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Rosa Mercadante</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Laura Campo</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Silvia Fustinoni</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>doi: 10.3390/separations11080240</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Separations</dc:source> <dc:date>2024-08-06</dc:date> <prism:publicationName>Separations</prism:publicationName> <prism:publicationDate>2024-08-06</prism:publicationDate> <prism:volume>11</prism:volume> <prism:number>8</prism:number> <prism:section>Article</prism:section> <prism:startingPage>240</prism:startingPage> <prism:doi>10.3390/separations11080240</prism:doi> <prism:url>https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/8/240</prism:url> <cc:license rdf:resource="CC BY 4.0"/> </item> <cc:License rdf:about="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <cc:permits rdf:resource="https://creativecommons.org/ns#Reproduction" /> <cc:permits rdf:resource="https://creativecommons.org/ns#Distribution" /> <cc:permits rdf:resource="https://creativecommons.org/ns#DerivativeWorks" /> </cc:License> </rdf:RDF>