Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42−

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732615622"> <meta name="title" content="Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at T = 323.2 K"> <meta name="description" content="Sulfate-type salt lakes constitute over half of the total salt lakes in China and are rich in rare elements, such as rubidium and cesium. However, the complex interactions between ions make the separation and extraction process quite challenging. To address this, phase equilibrium studies were conducted on the sulfate system containing rubidium, cesium, and magnesium. Specifically, the phase equilibria of the aqueous quaternary system Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at 323.2 K were investigated using the isothermal dissolution method. The solubility, density, and refractive index of the system were experimentally measured. The results indicate that the system at 323.2 K belongs to a complex type with the formation of one solid solution (Rb, Cs)2SO4 and two double salts (Rb2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O, Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O). The corresponding phase diagram consists of four quaternary invariant points, nine univariate curves, and six crystallization regions. Among these, the crystalline region for Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O is the largest, while that for the single salt Cs2SO4 is the smallest. Moreover, the crystalline regions for the double salt and solid solutions are significantly larger than those for the single salt, highlighting the difficulty in separation of valuable single salts. A comparison of multi-temperature phase diagrams from 298.2 K to 323.2 K reveals that the crystalline form of MgSO4 changes from MgSO4·7H2O (298.2 K) to MgSO4·6H2O (323.2 K). As the temperature increases, the phase regions for Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4, (Rb, Cs)2SO4, and Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O expand, while the phase region of Rb2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O contracts, indicating that the single salts (Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4) are more readily precipitated at higher temperature, which provides theoretical guidance for the future production and separation of Rb, Cs, and Mg from sulfate-type salt lakes." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/separations-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at T = 323.2 K"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zhangfa Yu"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ying Zeng"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Xuequn Li"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hongbo Sun"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Longgang Li"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wanghai He"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Peijun Chen"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Xudong Yu"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Separations 2024, Vol. 11, Page 309"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-10-27"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/separations11110309"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Sulfate-type salt lakes constitute over half of the total salt lakes in China and are rich in rare elements, such as rubidium and cesium. However, the complex interactions between ions make the separation and extraction process quite challenging. To address this, phase equilibrium studies were conducted on the sulfate system containing rubidium, cesium, and magnesium. Specifically, the phase equilibria of the aqueous quaternary system Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at 323.2 K were investigated using the isothermal dissolution method. The solubility, density, and refractive index of the system were experimentally measured. The results indicate that the system at 323.2 K belongs to a complex type with the formation of one solid solution (Rb, Cs)2SO4 and two double salts (Rb2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O, Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O). The corresponding phase diagram consists of four quaternary invariant points, nine univariate curves, and six crystallization regions. Among these, the crystalline region for Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O is the largest, while that for the single salt Cs2SO4 is the smallest. Moreover, the crystalline regions for the double salt and solid solutions are significantly larger than those for the single salt, highlighting the difficulty in separation of valuable single salts. A comparison of multi-temperature phase diagrams from 298.2 K to 323.2 K reveals that the crystalline form of MgSO4 changes from MgSO4·7H2O (298.2 K) to MgSO4·6H2O (323.2 K). As the temperature increases, the phase regions for Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4, (Rb, Cs)2SO4, and Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O expand, while the phase region of Rb2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O contracts, indicating that the single salts (Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4) are more readily precipitated at higher temperature, which provides theoretical guidance for the future production and separation of Rb, Cs, and Mg from sulfate-type salt lakes." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="phase equilibria" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="rubidium" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="cesium" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="solid solution" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="double salt" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2297-8739"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Separations"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-10-27"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="309" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2297-8739"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Separations"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at T = 323.2 K"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/11"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/10/27"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="11"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="309"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yu, Zhangfa"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zeng, Ying"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Li, Xuequn"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sun, Hongbo"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Li, Longgang"> <meta name="citation_author" content="He, Wanghai"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chen, Peijun"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yu, Xudong"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/separations11110309"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-separations11110309"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/pdf?version=1730191298"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/pdf?version=1730191298"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/pdf?version=1730191298"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/separations-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at T = 323.2 K" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Sulfate-type salt lakes constitute over half of the total salt lakes in China and are rich in rare elements, such as rubidium and cesium. However, the complex interactions between ions make the separation and extraction process quite challenging. To address this, phase equilibrium studies were conducted on the sulfate system containing rubidium, cesium, and magnesium. Specifically, the phase equilibria of the aqueous quaternary system Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at 323.2 K were investigated using the isothermal dissolution method. The solubility, density, and refractive index of the system were experimentally measured. The results indicate that the system at 323.2 K belongs to a complex type with the formation of one solid solution (Rb, Cs)2SO4 and two double salts (Rb2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O, Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O). The corresponding phase diagram consists of four quaternary invariant points, nine univariate curves, and six crystallization regions. Among these, the crystalline region for Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O is the largest, while that for the single salt Cs2SO4 is the smallest. Moreover, the crystalline regions for the double salt and solid solutions are significantly larger than those for the single salt, highlighting the difficulty in separation of valuable single salts. A comparison of multi-temperature phase diagrams from 298.2 K to 323.2 K reveals that the crystalline form of MgSO4 changes from MgSO4·7H2O (298.2 K) to MgSO4·6H2O (323.2 K). As the temperature increases, the phase regions for Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4, (Rb, Cs)2SO4, and Cs2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O expand, while the phase region of Rb2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O contracts, indicating that the single salts (Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4) are more readily precipitated at higher temperature, which provides theoretical guidance for the future production and separation of Rb, Cs, and Mg from sulfate-type salt lakes." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g001-550.jpg?1730191435" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#fdd29e9399d09e9a94d291d298909c9491d08d8f9289989e89949293decdcdcc9bca9cccc9cc99cdcecdc4cd98cc9bcdc5ce9cc99fc99ec9c4c8c9ccc4ccc8ccca"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13321825' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Xuequn Li</div><div id="profile-card-drop13321825" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Xuequn Li</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a 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target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2,3</sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3848-9484" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">CITIC Guoan Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100004, China</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Sulfate-Type Salt Lake Utilization Key Lab of Qinghai Province, Golmud 816099, China</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Separations</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>(11), 309; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110309">https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110309</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 27 September 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 17 October 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 22 October 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 27 October 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/separations/special_issues/Z074E3TSZ0 ">Green and Efficient Separation and Extraction of Salt Lake Resources</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1507793" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1507793" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1507793" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2297-8739/11/11/309/pdf?version=1730191298" data-name="Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at T = 323.2 K" data-journal="separations">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2297-8739/11/11/309/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2297-8739/11/11/309/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2297-8739/11/11/309/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g001.png?1730191434" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Comparison of the invariant point of the binary subsystem in the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K [<a href="#B14-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B16-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B23-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g002.png?1730191435" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The space stereogram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g003.png?1730191437" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Phase diagram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K. (<span style="color:red">●</span>) invariant points.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004a.png?1730191438" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) The XRD pattern of the solid phases corresponding to the invariant point S<sub>1</sub>~S<sub>4</sub>.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004b.png?1730191440" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) The XRD pattern of the solid phases corresponding to the invariant point S<sub>1</sub>~S<sub>4</sub>.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g005.png?1730191442" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of phase diagrams of the quaternary systems Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 298.2 and 323.2 K [<a href="#B20-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g006.png?1730191443" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Water content diagram of quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g007.png?1730191444" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The density vs. composition diagram of quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g008.png?1730191445" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The refractive index vs. composition diagram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2297-8739/11/11/309/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Sulfate-type salt lakes constitute over half of the total salt lakes in China and are rich in rare elements, such as rubidium and cesium. However, the complex interactions between ions make the separation and extraction process quite challenging. To address this, phase equilibrium studies were conducted on the sulfate system containing rubidium, cesium, and magnesium. Specifically, the phase equilibria of the aqueous quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K were investigated using the isothermal dissolution method. The solubility, density, and refractive index of the system were experimentally measured. The results indicate that the system at 323.2 K belongs to a complex type with the formation of one solid solution (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and two double salts (Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O). The corresponding phase diagram consists of four quaternary invariant points, nine univariate curves, and six crystallization regions. Among these, the crystalline region for Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O is the largest, while that for the single salt Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is the smallest. Moreover, the crystalline regions for the double salt and solid solutions are significantly larger than those for the single salt, highlighting the difficulty in separation of valuable single salts. A comparison of multi-temperature phase diagrams from 298.2 K to 323.2 K reveals that the crystalline form of MgSO<sub>4</sub> changes from MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O (298.2 K) to MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O (323.2 K). As the temperature increases, the phase regions for Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O expand, while the phase region of Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O contracts, indicating that the single salts (Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) are more readily precipitated at higher temperature, which provides theoretical guidance for the future production and separation of Rb, Cs, and Mg from sulfate-type salt lakes.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=phase+equilibria">phase equilibria</a>; <a href="/search?q=rubidium">rubidium</a>; <a href="/search?q=cesium">cesium</a>; <a href="/search?q=solid+solution">solid solution</a>; <a href="/search?q=double+salt">double salt</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-separations-11-00309' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Rubidium and cesium are essential minerals for advancing strategic emerging industries, including aerospace, defense, and information technology. They are also fundamental raw materials for modern high-tech research and development [<a href="#B1-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">2</a>], which are crucial for advancing energy conversion and communication technologies. Rubidium and cesium, along with their compounds, are renowned for their exceptional photoelectric properties. These elements have a wide range of applications, spanning both traditional industries and emerging technologies. In traditional sectors, they are used in electronics, glass and ceramics, catalysts, biochemistry, and medicine. In addition, they are also finding extensive use in new fields such as energy conversion, communication technologies, and deep well drilling [<a href="#B3-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. Despite China’s rich and varied resources of rubidium and cesium, the low grade of these elements in solid form poses significant challenges for their development and utilization. In contrast, rubidium and cesium are found in ionic form in salt lakes and geothermal waters in Xizang and Qinghai. Extracting these elements from such sources is relatively straightforward, with lower costs and energy consumption, making it a primary focus for future extraction efforts [<a href="#B5-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B7-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. Challenges remain in the development and utilization of rubidium and cesium due to their low concentrations in salt lakes, the presence of high concentrations of interfering ions, and the propensity for these elements to be carried away or precipitated, which complicates the extraction process. In regions like Qinghai and Xizang, which are dominated by sulfate-type salt lakes, the concentration of Mg<sup>2+</sup> is relatively high. The phase diagram of the water–salt system is instrumental in elucidating the solubility of different salts in water, the interactions between salts, and the crystallization behavior. It also helps in optimizing operational conditions and addressing crystallization or precipitation issues. This diagram provides a theoretical basis for studying new materials and technologies, guiding experimental and industrial applications [<a href="#B8-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Scholars have extensively studied rubidium and cesium. Potassium, rubidium, and cesium have similar ionic radii and tend to form solid solutions [<a href="#B9-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">9</a>]: examples include (KCl)<span class='html-italic'><sub>x</sub></span>(RbCl)<sub>1−<span class='html-italic'>x</span></sub>, (RbCl)<span class='html-italic'><sub>x</sub></span>(CsCl)<sub>1−<span class='html-italic'>x</span></sub>, (KCl)<span class='html-italic'><sub>x</sub></span>(CsCl)<sub>1−<span class='html-italic'>x</span></sub> [<a href="#B10-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B11-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B12-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">12</a>], (K, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and (K, Rb)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> [<a href="#B13-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B14-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B15-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B16-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Consequently, the phase diagram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O was necessary to understand the influence of magnesium on the behavior of rubidium and cesium.</div><div class='html-p'>Rubidium, cesium, and other cations readily form double salts; the ternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O results in a double salt Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; and in the Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O system, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O is present [<a href="#B9-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B17-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. The ternary system Na<sup>+</sup>, Rb<sup>+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O is classified as a hydrated I type at 298.2, 323.2, 348.2, and 363.2 K, producing the single salt Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, while Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> transitions from Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·10H<sub>2</sub>O(298.2 K) to Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(323.2, 348.2, 363.2 K). What is more, in the ternary system Na<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O, the system exhibits a hydrated II type at 298.2 K, forming the single salts Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·10H<sub>2</sub>O, and Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. As the temperature increases (323.2, 348.2, 363.2 K), the system transitions to a hydrated I type, leading to the disappearance of the single salt Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·10H<sub>2</sub>O [<a href="#B15-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B18-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. The quaternary system K<sup>+</sup>, Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O exhibited solid solutions of (K, Rb)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, (K, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> [<a href="#B16-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. As the temperature increased, the crystallization region of (K, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> decreased while the crystallization regions of (K, Rb)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> increased. The different trends in the variation in the crystallization regions with temperature are attributed to the differences in the radii of the cations in the solid solutions. The quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O exhibits four invariant points and six crystalline phase regions at 298.2 K [<a href="#B19-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. Previous studies have shown that rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) readily form solid solutions or double salts with various ions. Additionally, the crystallization form of hydrated salts changes at different temperatures, which can affect the extraction and separation of rubidium and cesium. To clarify the precipitation behavior of these rare elements in sulfate-type salt lakes, the phase equilibria of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K were investigated. Concurrently, the comparison of the system at 298.2 and 323.2 K was conducted.</div></section><section id='sec2-separations-11-00309' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Experimental Section</h2><section id='sec2dot1-separations-11-00309' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Reagents</h4><div class='html-p'>Ultrapure water with a conductivity of κ ≤ 5.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup> S·m<sup>−1</sup> was used in this experiment, and the detailed descriptions of the chemicals are provided in <a href="#separations-11-00309-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-separations-11-00309' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Experimental Instruments</h4><div class='html-p'>The experimental equipment used for the phase equilibrium studies is shown in <a href="#separations-11-00309-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-separations-11-00309' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. Experimental Procedure and Analytical Method</h4><div class='html-p'>The quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O includes the subsystems Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O; Rb<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O; and Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O. Based on the invariant point of the ternary subsystem, an initial mixed solution was prepared at 323.2 K. Then, a new salt with a mass fraction ranging from 0 to saturation was added, following the solubility of the new salt. All samples were placed in a thermostat maintained at 323.2 ± 0.2 K and oscillated for 45 days. Equilibrium was considered to be reached when the variance between adjacent sampling analyses of the same sample was less than 0.3%. Once equilibrium was achieved, oscillation was stopped, and the samples were allowed to settle, resulting in a transparent upper layer of solution and a lower layer of solid. The density of the supernatant was measured using the pycnometer method, and its composition was analyzed. The analytical methods employed for each ion in the liquid phase were as follows: sulfate [<a href="#B20-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">20</a>]: alizarin red-S volumetric method, with a standard uncertainty of ±0.0037; Mg<sup>2+</sup> [<a href="#B21-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">21</a>]: EDTA volumetric method, with standard uncertainties of ±0.0049; Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup> [<a href="#B22-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">22</a>]: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), with standard uncertainties of ±0.0050 and ±0.0050. The standard uncertainties for the mass fraction of Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and MgSO<sub>4</sub> were ±0.0057, ±0.0057, and ±0.0052, respectively. Each determination was conducted three times to ensure the precision and reproducibility of the analytical data. The calculation formulas of the mass fraction <span class='html-italic'>w</span>(B) and <span class='html-italic'>J</span>änecke index <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(B) (mol/100 mol dry salt) (B = Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, MgSO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O) are as follows:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD1-separations-11-00309'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Rb</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Cs</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>MgSO</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(1)</label> </div> </div><div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD2-separations-11-00309'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Rb</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>267</mn> <mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mn>00</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>+</mo> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Cs</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>361</mn> <mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mn>88</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>+</mo> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>MgSO</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>120</mn> <mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mn>37</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(2)</label> </div> </div><div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD3-separations-11-00309'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>J</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Rb</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Rb</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>267</mn> <mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mn>00</mn> <mo> </mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo> </mo> <mo>[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mrow> <mo> </mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(3)</label> </div> </div><div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD4-separations-11-00309'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>J</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Cs</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Cs</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>361</mn> <mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mn>88</mn> <mo> </mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo> </mo> <mo>[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mrow> <mo> </mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(4)</label> </div> </div><div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD5-separations-11-00309'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>J</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>MgSO</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>MgSO</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>120</mn> <mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mn>37</mn> <mo> </mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo> </mo> <mo>[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mrow> <mo> </mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(5)</label> </div> </div><div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD6-separations-11-00309'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>J</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>)</mo> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>18</mn> <mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mn>02</mn> <mo> </mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo> </mo> <mo>[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mrow> <mo> </mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(6)</label> </div> </div><div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD7-separations-11-00309'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>J</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Rb</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Cs</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>SO</mi> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>MgSO</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(7)</label> </div> </div></div></section></section><section id='sec3-separations-11-00309' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results and Discussion</h2><section id='sec3dot1-separations-11-00309' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Phase Diagram of Quaternary System Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K</h4><div class='html-p'>The quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K is composed of three binary subsystems and three ternary subsystems: Rb<sup>+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O; Cs<sup>+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O; Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O; Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O; Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O; Rb<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O. The invariant point data at 323.2 K from the literature are compared with the co-saturation point data obtained in this work, as listed in <a href="#separations-11-00309-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> [<a href="#B14-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B16-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B23-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. <a href="#separations-11-00309-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> shows that the data for the above ternary subsystems obtained in this work are basically consistent with the literature data.</div><div class='html-p'>The phase equilibrium experimental data, including solubility, density, refractive index, and the composition of the equilibrium solid and liquid phases, are presented in <a href="#separations-11-00309-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>Based on the experimental data presented in <a href="#separations-11-00309-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>, the following figures were generated for the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K: the space stereogram (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>), the phase diagram (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>), the XRD pattern of the solid phases corresponding to the invariant point S<sub>1</sub>–S<sub>4</sub> (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>), the multi-temperature comparison diagram (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>), the water content-composition diagram (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>), the density-composition diagram (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>), and the refractive index-composition diagram (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>).</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#separations-11-00309-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> and <a href="#separations-11-00309-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> reveal that the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K is a complex one, composed of a solid solution (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, double salts (Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O), single salts (Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), and a hydrated single salt (MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O). The phase diagram includes four quaternary invariant points, nine univariate curves, and six crystallization regions.</div><div class='html-p'>The XRD patterns of the solid salt compositions corresponding to the invariant points S<sub>1</sub>, S<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>3</sub>, and S<sub>4</sub> are depicted in <a href="#separations-11-00309-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>. The four invariant points are as follows: S<sub>1</sub>: Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; S<sub>2</sub>: Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>; S<sub>3</sub>: MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; S<sub>4</sub>: (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O.</div><div class='html-p'>The nine univariate curves (AS<sub>1</sub>, BS<sub>2</sub>, CS<sub>2</sub>, DS<sub>3</sub>, ES<sub>3</sub>, FS<sub>1</sub>, S<sub>1</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, S<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, and S<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>) were co-saturated with two salts and an equilibrated solution, and the saturated salts for each isothermal dissolution curve are mentioned as follows: (1) AS<sub>1</sub>: Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>; (2) BS<sub>2</sub>: Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>; (3) CS<sub>2</sub>: Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; (4) DS<sub>3</sub>: MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; (5) ES<sub>3</sub>: MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; (6) FS<sub>1</sub>: Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; (7) S<sub>1</sub>S<sub>4</sub>: (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; (8) S<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>: (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; (9) S<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>: Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O. The six crystallization regions decrease in the order of Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, and the solubility of the corresponding salt increases in this order.</div><div class='html-p'>The solubility of salts in water is affected by two sets of factors. Internal factors include ion structure, crystal form, radius, charge number, etc., while external factors include temperature, pH, pressure, etc. Rubidium and cesium, with their similar ionic radius and unit cell parameters, are prone to isomorphous substitution. This study found that the single salts Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> form the solid solution (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> at 323.2 K. Compared with the other temperatures, it shows that the solid solution can exist stably in the research temperature range (298.2K~323.2K). According to the judgment rules of commensurate-type and incommensurate-type invariant points, it can be observed that the invariant points S<sub>1</sub>, S<sub>2</sub>, and S<sub>3</sub> belong to the commensurate-type invariant points, while the invariant point S<sub>4</sub> belongs to the incommensurate-type invariant point [<a href="#B24-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-separations-11-00309' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Comparison of Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 298.2 K and 323.2 K</h4><div class='html-p'>Based on the experimental data presented in <a href="#separations-11-00309-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a> and existing research [<a href="#B19-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">19</a>], multi-temperature comparison diagrams for the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 298.2 K and 323.2 K have been created and are displayed in <a href="#separations-11-00309-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>. The figure indicates that the quaternary system comprises two hydrated double salts (Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O and Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O) and one solid solution [(Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>]. It is classified as a complex quaternary system, with its phase diagram containing four invariant points, nine univariate curves, and six crystallization regions. Research has demonstrated that the crystalline form of magnesium sulfate is susceptible to temperature changes. It exists in the form of MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O at 298.2 K and MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K. As the temperature increases, the crystalline phases of the single salts Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, the solid solution (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and the double salt Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O also increase. This suggests that heating is advantageous for the separation of valuable single salts.</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-separations-11-00309' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Physicochemical Properties of Quaternary System Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K</h4><div class='html-p'>Referencing <a href="#separations-11-00309-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a> and <a href="#separations-11-00309-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>, the water content diagram reveals that, on the univariate curve BS<sub>2</sub>(CS<sub>2</sub>), the water content decreases as the J(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) value increases. This trend is attributed to the addition of MgSO<sub>4</sub>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), which raises the salt content in the system. Conversely, on the univariate curves DS<sub>3</sub> and S<sub>3</sub>E, the water content increases with the rise of J(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Similarly, on the univariate curves S<sub>1</sub>A and S<sub>1</sub>F, the water content also increases with the increase in J(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). On the univariate curve S<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, the water content first increases and then decreases with the increasing J(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), whereas on the univariate curve S<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, the water content first decreases and then increases with the increasing J(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>).</div><div class='html-p'>As depicted in the density-composition diagram (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>), the density decreases with the increase in <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) along the univariate curves DS<sub>3</sub>, S<sub>3</sub>E, S<sub>1</sub>A, S<sub>1</sub>F, and S<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>. Conversely, on the univariate curves CS<sub>2</sub>, BS<sub>2</sub>, and S<sub>4</sub>S<sub>1</sub>, the density increases with the increase in <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). On the univariate curve S<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, the density behaves differently; it decreases initially with the increase in J(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) and then increases, corresponding to the pattern where the water content in the solution first increases and then decreases.</div><div class='html-p'>The refractive index-composition diagram (<a href="#separations-11-00309-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>) indicates that, on the univariate curves BS<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, S<sub>3</sub>E, S<sub>1</sub>F, and DS<sub>3</sub>, the refractive index decreases as the <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) value increases. On the univariate curves CS<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>4</sub>S<sub>1</sub>, and S<sub>1</sub>A, the refractive index decreases with the increase in <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). On the univariate curve S<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, the refractive index is influenced by the variation in water content, showing a decrease followed by an increase in <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Overall, the general trend of the refractive index is largely similar to that of the density.</div></section></section><section id='sec4-separations-11-00309' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>The phase equilibria of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K were investigated using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method, and the phase diagrams of the system at different temperatures were compared. The conclusions are as follows. The quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K is characterized by four invariant points, nine univariant curves, and six crystalline regions. The crystalline phases identified are Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, (Rb, Cs) <sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, and Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, with the largest area corresponding to Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O. At 298.2 and 323.2 K, the crystal form of MgSO<sub>4</sub> changed from MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O (298.2 K) to MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O (323.2 K). With the increase in temperature, the crystal phase region of Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O increased, and the crystal phase region of Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O decreased. This indicates that, as the temperature rises, Rb and Cs are more likely to increase in the form of a single salt (Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), enhancing the separation efficiency of these rare and valuable elements. The phase diagram reveals the interaction relationships between rubidium, cesium, and magnesium. It can serve as a guide for different concentrations and temperatures during mining, clarifying the changes in precipitated salts at each stage, and providing theoretical guidance for subsequent high-value utilization.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Z.Y., Y.Z., X.L., H.S., L.L. and W.H.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Funding, and Supervision; X.Y. and P.C.: Experiment, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing—Review and Editing, Investigation, and Data Curation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was funded by the CITIC Group’s Project “Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Salt Lake Resources” (2023ZXKYA05100).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Data are contained within the article.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-separations-11-00309' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Wang, Y.S.; Guo, J.; Liu, X.F.; Wu, Q.; Nie, Z.; Bu, L.Z.; Yu, J.J. Research on rubidium and cesium resources, extraction technology, development, and utilization in China. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Geol. 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H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K [<a href="#B14-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B16-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B23-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">23</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Comparison of the invariant point of the binary subsystem in the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K [<a href="#B14-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B16-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B23-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g001.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g001.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g001" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f002"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g002.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g002.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g002" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> The space stereogram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> The space stereogram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g002.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g002.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g002" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f003"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g003.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g003.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g003" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Phase diagram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K. (<span style='color:red'>●</span>) invariant points.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f003"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Phase diagram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K. (<span style='color:red'>●</span>) invariant points.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g003.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g003.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g003" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g003.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f004"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004a.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004a.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g004a" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004a-550.jpg" /><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004b.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004b.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g004b" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004b-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) The XRD pattern of the solid phases corresponding to the invariant point S<sub>1</sub>~S<sub>4</sub>.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f004"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 4.</b> (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) The XRD pattern of the solid phases corresponding to the invariant point S<sub>1</sub>~S<sub>4</sub>.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004a.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004a.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g004a" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004a.png" /><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004b.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004b.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g004b" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g004b.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f005"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g005.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g005.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g005" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Comparison of phase diagrams of the quaternary systems Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 298.2 and 323.2 K [<a href="#B20-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">20</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f005"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Comparison of phase diagrams of the quaternary systems Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 298.2 and 323.2 K [<a href="#B20-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g005.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g005.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g005" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g005.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-f006"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f006"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g006.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g006.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g006" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g006-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 6.</b> Water content diagram of quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f006"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 6.</b> Water content diagram of quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g006.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g006.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g006" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g006.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-f007"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f007"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g007.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g007.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g007" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g007-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 7.</b> The density vs. composition diagram of quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f007"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 7.</b> The density vs. composition diagram of quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g007.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g007.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g007" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g007.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-f008"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f008"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g008.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g008.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g008" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g008-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f008"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 8.</b> The refractive index vs. composition diagram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00309-f008"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 8.</b> The refractive index vs. composition diagram of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g008.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g008.png" alt="Separations 11 00309 g008" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00309/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00309-g008.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href='#table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Phase equilibria experimental reagents. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> Phase equilibria experimental reagents.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Chemical Agents</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CAS No.</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Purity (<span class='html-italic'>w</span>/<span class='html-italic'>w</span>) <sup>a</sup></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Source</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Analysis Method</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7488-54-2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.995</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Jiangxi Dongpeng</td><td rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >alizarin red-S volumetric method [<a href="#B20-separations-11-00309" class="html-bibr">20</a>]</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10294-54-9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.999</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Jiangxi Dongpeng</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10034-99-8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.999</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Shanghai Bohr</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><sup>a</sup> The purity in mass fraction was stated by the suppliers.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href='#table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t002'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Experimental instruments. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t002"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 2.</b> Experimental instruments.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Experimental Instruments</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Precision</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Producer</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Type Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Usage</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Analytical balance</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.0001 g</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Sartorius</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >BSA124S</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Weighing</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Thermostat</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >±0.2 K</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chongqing Inborn Experiment Instrument</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SHH250</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Constant temperature</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >X-ray powder diffraction</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1°</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Dandong Fangyuan Instrument Co., Ltd.</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >DX-2700</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Solid phase identification</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Atomic absorption spectroscopy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >iCE 3300, ThermoFisher</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >iCE 3300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Liquid phase identification</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="separations-11-00309-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href='#table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t003'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/309/display" href="#table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> The phase equilibrium experimental data, including solubility, density, refractive index, and the composition of the equilibrium solid and liquid phases of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_separations-11-00309-t003"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 3.</b> The phase equilibrium experimental data, including solubility, density, refractive index, and the composition of the equilibrium solid and liquid phases of the quaternary system Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at 323.2 K.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >No.</th><th rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Density<br>/<span class='html-italic'>ρ</span>(g·cm<sup>−3</sup>)</th><th rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Refractive<br>Index</th><th rowspan='2' colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Equilibrium Solutions Composition, <span class='html-italic'>w</span>(B) × 10<sup>2</sup></th><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>J</span>änecke Index of Dry Salt, <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(B) (mol/100 mol S)</th><th rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Equilibrium<br>Solid Phase <sup>b</sup></th></tr><tr ><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) + <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) + <span class='html-italic'>J</span>(MgSO<sub>4</sub>) = 100</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>w</span>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>w</span>(Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>w</span>(MgSO<sub>4</sub>)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>w</span>(H<sub>2</sub>O)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>J</span>(Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>J</span>(MgSO<sub>4</sub>)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>J</span>(H<sub>2</sub>O)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1,A</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5309</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3761</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >49.24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >74.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >25.54</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1568.20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + SS</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5406</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >48.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >72.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >24.93</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1517.33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + SS</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3,S<sub>1</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5502</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3804</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >48.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >70.24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >23.61</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1464.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + SS + RM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4,B</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.0499</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4109</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >65.40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.09</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >96.97</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >985.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + SS</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5,S<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.0794</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4107</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >59.75</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34.40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >87.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1009.68</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6,C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.0338</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4104</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >63.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.79</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >96.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.62</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1097.40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.0359</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4110</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.08</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.69</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >36.19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >90.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1096.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.0594</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4105</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >59.52</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.58</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.58</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.72</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >88.68</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.60</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1064.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9,S<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.0794</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4107</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >59.75</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34.40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >87.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1009.68</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10,D</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5375</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4075</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >32.92</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >54.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >88.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >987.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >M6 + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5313</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4073</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.97</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >55.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >88.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >987.20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >M6 + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12,S<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5067</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4074</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.92</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.61</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >55.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.78</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >88.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >991.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >M6 + RM + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4212</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3913</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.87</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >24.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >61.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >81.54</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1368.79</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RM + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3397</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3782</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.52</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.69</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >64.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >21.97</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >66.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1823.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RM + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3575</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3690</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.82</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >64.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >39.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >44.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2161.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RM + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3779</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3673</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.82</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >63.98</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >51.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.99</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >31.75</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2332.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >RM + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17,S<sub>4</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5169</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3801</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.82</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >48.59</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >68.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >25.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1480.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + RM + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >18,E</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4616</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4027</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.60</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >92.99</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1129.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >M6 + RM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4866</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4065</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.21</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >32.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >57.47</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.77</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >89.09</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1056.82</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >M6 + RM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20,S<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5067</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4074</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.92</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.61</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >55.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.78</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >88.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >991.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >M6 + RM + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >21,F</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4030</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3704</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >38.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >92.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.69</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2175.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + RM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4687</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3730</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >37.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >54.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >82.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.97</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.98</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1800.94</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + RM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5043</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3825</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >36.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >51.76</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >77.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.21</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.53</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1624.77</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + RM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5228</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3810</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.64</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13.69</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >49.30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >73.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1497.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + RM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >25,S<sub>1</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5502</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3804</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >48.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >70.24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >23.61</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1464.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + SS + RM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >26,S<sub>4</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5169</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3801</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.82</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >48.59</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >68.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >25.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1480.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + RM + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5273</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3812</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >32.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >48.81</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >67.27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >26.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1500.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5931</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3862</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >29.69</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >26.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >43.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >57.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >37.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1234.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.7277</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3910</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >24.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >47.54</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >47.62</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1147.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.7820</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3961</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >22.81</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >41.57</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >54.18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >968.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.8435</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4008</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >19.79</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >45.99</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.99</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.68</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.93</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >880.74</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.9604</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4087</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >48.68</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.72</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34.47</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30.07</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >66.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.98</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >952.34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.9833</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4095</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >56.33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.78</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >26.88</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >27.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >70.08</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.92</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >671.79</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.0278</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4110</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >56.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >29.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >24.08</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >72.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >765.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.0586</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4116</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.93</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >27.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >18.18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >78.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.60</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >723.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SS + CM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >36,S<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.0794</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.4107</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >59.75</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >34.40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >87.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1009.68</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + SS + CM</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><sup>b</sup> Standard uncertainty <span class='html-italic'>u</span> and relative standard uncertainty <span class='html-italic'>u</span><sub>r</sub>: <span class='html-italic'>u</span>(<span class='html-italic'>T</span>) = 0.20 K; <span class='html-italic'>u</span>(<span class='html-italic'>ρ</span>) = 0.0002 g·cm<sup>−3</sup>; <span class='html-italic'>u</span>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span><sub>D</sub>) = 0.0002; <span class='html-italic'>u</span><sub>r</sub>(Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) = 0.0057; <span class='html-italic'>u</span><sub>r</sub>(Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) = 0.0057; <span class='html-italic'>u</span><sub>r</sub>(MgSO<sub>4</sub>) = 0.0052; M6: MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; SS: (Rb, Cs)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>; RM: Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O; CM: Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). 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Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at <i>T</i> = 323.2 K. <em>Separations</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>, 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110309 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Yu Z, Zeng Y, Li X, Sun H, Li L, He W, Chen P, Yu X. Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at <i>T</i> = 323.2 K. <em>Separations</em>. 2024; 11(11):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110309 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Yu, Zhangfa, Ying Zeng, Xuequn Li, Hongbo Sun, Longgang Li, Wanghai He, Peijun Chen, and Xudong Yu. 2024. 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Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at <i>T</i> = 323.2 K. <em>Separations</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>, 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110309 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Yu Z, Zeng Y, Li X, Sun H, Li L, He W, Chen P, Yu X. Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at <i>T</i> = 323.2 K. <em>Separations</em>. 2024; 11(11):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110309 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Yu, Zhangfa, Ying Zeng, Xuequn Li, Hongbo Sun, Longgang Li, Wanghai He, Peijun Chen, and Xudong Yu. 2024. "Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at <i>T</i> = 323.2 K" <em>Separations</em> 11, no. 11: 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110309 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Yu, Z., Zeng, Y., Li, X., Sun, H., Li, L., He, W., Chen, P., & Yu, X. (2024). Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>//SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> - H<sub>2</sub>O at <i>T</i> = 323.2 K. <em>Separations</em>, <em>11</em>(11), 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110309 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. 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Solid&ndash;Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42&minus; - H2O at T = 323.2 K

Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of the Aqueous Quaternary System Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+//SO42− - H2O at T = 323.2 K