Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent

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In this study, DESs have been applied to the extraction of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl, successively separated by means of counter-current chromatography. Firstly, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, and the results showed phenylpropanoid glycosides could be well extracted under the optimized extraction conditions with deep eutectic solvents. Then, the sample was separated by counter-current chromatography using ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, v/v) as the solvent system. In about 360 min, four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were obtained from about 900 mg of the sample. It revealed deep eutectic solvents could be well employed as a green solvent for the extraction and counter-current separation of natural products." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/separations-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Yao Wang"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jun Dai"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Xiaoting Zhang"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Yuhan Wang"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fangfang He"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lu Liang"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Duojie Longzhu"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Denglang Zou"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Separations 2024, Vol. 11, Page 323"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-08"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/separations11110323"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of organic compounds displaying excellent solvent properties while keeping an ecofriendly character. In this study, DESs have been applied to the extraction of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl, successively separated by means of counter-current chromatography. Firstly, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, and the results showed phenylpropanoid glycosides could be well extracted under the optimized extraction conditions with deep eutectic solvents. Then, the sample was separated by counter-current chromatography using ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, v/v) as the solvent system. In about 360 min, four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were obtained from about 900 mg of the sample. It revealed deep eutectic solvents could be well employed as a green solvent for the extraction and counter-current separation of natural products." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="deep eutectic solvent" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="extraction" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="counter-current separation" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="response surface methodology" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="phenylpropanoid glycosides" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="<i>Pedicularis oederi</i> Vahl" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2297-8739"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Separations"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-08"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="323" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2297-8739"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Separations"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/11"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/08"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="11"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="323"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Wang, Yao"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dai, Jun"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhang, Xiaoting"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Wang, Yuhan"> <meta name="citation_author" content="He, Fangfang"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Liang, Lu"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Longzhu, Duojie"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zou, Denglang"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/separations11110323"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-separations11110323"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/pdf?version=1731067299"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/pdf?version=1731067299"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/pdf?version=1731067299"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/separations-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of organic compounds displaying excellent solvent properties while keeping an ecofriendly character. In this study, DESs have been applied to the extraction of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl, successively separated by means of counter-current chromatography. Firstly, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, and the results showed phenylpropanoid glycosides could be well extracted under the optimized extraction conditions with deep eutectic solvents. Then, the sample was separated by counter-current chromatography using ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, v/v) as the solvent system. In about 360 min, four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were obtained from about 900 mg of the sample. It revealed deep eutectic solvents could be well employed as a green solvent for the extraction and counter-current separation of natural products." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g001-550.jpg?1731067396" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2297-8739/11/11/322">Antimicrobial Profiling of <i>Piper betle</i> L. and <i>Piper nigrum</i> L. 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data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from <span class="html-italic">Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13375533' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Yao Wang</div><div id="profile-card-drop13375533" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span 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href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#7f501c111b521c18165013501a121e1613520f0d100b1a1c0b1610115c4f4f4f4f48484f4f4f1a4e494e474b1a4c484b494b4e4b4b4a464e4b4e474e1e"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13375534' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Jun Dai</div><div id="profile-card-drop13375534" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Jun Dai</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a 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class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>†</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">These authors contributed equally to this work.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Separations</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>(11), 323; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110323">https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110323</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 16 September 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 6 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 6 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 8 November 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/separations/special_issues/M6952F43Q1 ">Green Separation and Purification Technology</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1516999" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1516999" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1516999" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2297-8739/11/11/323/pdf?version=1731067299" data-name="Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Pedicularis oederi Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent" data-journal="separations">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2297-8739/11/11/323/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2297-8739/11/11/323/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2297-8739/11/11/323/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g001.png?1731067394" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Response surface showing interaction of variable factors on Y: (<b>A</b>) interaction between ultrasonic power and water content; (<b>B</b>) interaction between ultrasonic power with liquid/solid ratio; (<b>C</b>) interaction between water content and liquid/solid ratio.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g002.png?1731067396" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) chromatogram of the sample using the ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, <span class="html-italic">v</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span>). Conditions: stationary phase, lower phase; flow rate, 10 mL/min; revolution speed, 1100 rpm; sample amount, 1.0 g; separation temperature, 45 °C; detection wavelength, 320 nm; retention of the stationary phase: 65%.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g003.png?1731067398" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>UPLC chromatograms of the fractions obtained through HSCCC, 80% MR elution fraction, and the crude extract. Conditions: Separation was carried out using an Acquity UHPLCHSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters) at a maintained temperature of 35 °C. The delineated mobile phases included water supplemented with 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). The elution gradient was as follows: 5–100% B in 0–8 min and 100% B in 8–10 min, operating at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The procedure involved an injection volume set at 1.0 μL. Throughout the process, a consistent column temperature of 35 °C was upheld, coupled with a detection wavelength pinpointed at 320 nm.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g004.png?1731067401" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The chemical structures of kaempferol-3-<span class="html-italic">O</span>-rutinoside (Target <b><span class="html-italic">1</span></b>), echinacoside (Target <b><span class="html-italic">2</span></b>), Jionoside A1 (Target <b><span class="html-italic">3</span></b>), Forsythoside B (Target <b><span class="html-italic">4</span></b>), and verbascoside (Target <b><span class="html-italic">5</span></b>).</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2297-8739/11/11/323/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of organic compounds displaying excellent solvent properties while keeping an ecofriendly character. In this study, DESs have been applied to the extraction of phenylpropanoid glycosides from <span class="html-italic">Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl, successively separated by means of counter-current chromatography. Firstly, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, and the results showed phenylpropanoid glycosides could be well extracted under the optimized extraction conditions with deep eutectic solvents. Then, the sample was separated by counter-current chromatography using ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, <span class="html-italic">v</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span>) as the solvent system. In about 360 min, four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-<span class="html-italic">O</span>-rutinoside were obtained from about 900 mg of the sample. It revealed deep eutectic solvents could be well employed as a green solvent for the extraction and counter-current separation of natural products.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=deep+eutectic+solvent">deep eutectic solvent</a>; <a href="/search?q=extraction">extraction</a>; <a href="/search?q=counter-current+separation">counter-current separation</a>; <a href="/search?q=response+surface+methodology">response surface methodology</a>; <a href="/search?q=phenylpropanoid+glycosides">phenylpropanoid glycosides</a>; <a href="/search?q=Pedicularis+oederi+Vahl"><span class="html-italic">Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-separations-11-00323' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>In the realm of traditional Tibetan medicinal practices, the herb known as <span class='html-italic'>Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl occupies a prominent position, predominantly thriving in the elevated terrains of Tibet, along with the provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, and Gansu within China [<a href="#B1-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Research has validated its efficacy in addressing numerous forms of ailments, such as hepatic inflammation, gallbladder inflammation, edema, spermatorrhea, and ear ringing [<a href="#B2-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. Phenylpropanoid glycosides, the primary bioactive compounds identified within this plant, exhibit a spectrum of pharmacological effects. These effects span antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, oxidation inhibitory, and genotoxicity prevention capabilities [<a href="#B3-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. Given the broad spectrum of its pharmacological benefits, there exists an acute demand to isolate and purify these compounds’ substantial volumes to serve as reference materials for analytical purposes and to facilitate in-depth pharmacological research.</div><div class='html-p'>Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a type of ambient temperature liquid salt mixture formed by combining a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor, have been widely utilized in extracting bioactive compounds from various plant sources [<a href="#B4-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. These compounds include anthocyanins extracted from raspberries, flavonoids isolated from Pollen Typhae, phenolic compounds from grape skins, and significant flavonoids from Oroxylum indicum seeds, as documented in several studies [<a href="#B6-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B7-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. DESs offer numerous advantages, such as non-volatility, environmental friendliness, cost efficiency, and versatility, making them attractive for various green chemistry applications. However, challenges like high viscosity, limited thermal stability, and the need for specific handling conditions highlight the areas where further research and development are needed [<a href="#B9-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">10</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Traditional methods of column chromatography have been widely employed for extracting and purifying compounds from botanical sources. Despite their widespread use, these methodologies are known for being labor-intensive, slow, and inefficient in terms of solvent use, often necessitating multiple stages to complete. Moreover, they are prone to causing the permanent adsorption of substances onto the column’s solid phase [<a href="#B11-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B12-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. In contrast, preparative HPLC and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) stand out as superior techniques, offering significant benefits such as enhanced efficiency, superior resolution, and consistent results [<a href="#B14-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B15-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B16-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. These methods leverage advanced separation capabilities, inline monitoring, and automated management to facilitate the effective isolation of desired molecules [<a href="#B17-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B18-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. Nonetheless, preparative HPLC typically does not accommodate crude extracts directly. Distinguished by its support-free liquid–liquid partitioning mechanism, HSCCC avoids the drawbacks of solid phase sample adsorption inherent in traditional chromatography, thereby minimizing the risk of sample degradation [<a href="#B20-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. This method is particularly adept at extracting components from unrefined extracts without the need for prior processing, allowing for substantial sample volumes [<a href="#B12-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B22-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B24-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Consequently, HSCCC is gaining recognition for its utility in isolating pharmaceutical agents, particularly in the preparative extraction of active elements from natural product extracts. DESs present a sustainable, versatile, and cost-effective alternative to traditional solvents, aligning well with green chemistry principles. Their biodegradability, low toxicity, and ease of customization make them a promising choice for various industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications. Considering the above advantages and previous reports, a DES based on choline chloride/glycerol was prepared for subsequent extraction and HSCCC separation of these bioactive phenylpropanoid glycosides from <span class='html-italic'>Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl.</div><div class='html-p'>In this study, a DES was employed as a green solvent to fuel the extraction and counter-current separation of phenylpropanoid glycosides from <span class='html-italic'>Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl to pave the way for further medicinal applications. Employing a minimalistic approach to resource usage, response surface methodology (RSM) utilizes quantitative data from tailored experimental designs to address and resolve complex multivariate equations effectively [<a href="#B26-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. Its application has been extensively documented for the optimization of operational conditions [<a href="#B27-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. As such, this study has applied RSM to refine the conditions under which ultrasonic-assisted extraction is performed. Eventually, four phenylpropanoid glycosides combined with a flavonoid were acquired, and their configurations were elucidated through <sup>1</sup>H-NMR analysis. This strategy heralds the current frontier in the DES application of natural product extraction and separation.</div></section><section id='sec2-separations-11-00323' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><section id='sec2dot1-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Apparatus</h4><div class='html-p'>The HSCCC separation was performed employing a TBE-1000A system from Shanghai Tauto Biotech, Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). This system was notably outfitted with a trio of PTFE preparative coils, collectively encompassing a volume of 1000 mL, alongside an 80 mL sample loop. Further enhancements to the system included the incorporation of a TBP-5002 model constant-flow pump (Shanghai, China), a model sensing unit module of UV500 operational at 280 nm (Shanghai, China), and a N2000 model workstation (Shanghai, China), the latter being a product of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Temperature regulation during the experiments was achieved through a constant-temperature circulating device DC-0506, courtesy of Shanghai Sunny Hengping Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Moreover, the analysis via a UPLC was performed via a Waters Acquity UHPLC I-Class system from Waters Corporation (Milford, CT, USA), which was distinguished by its binary solvent management system and an automated sample handling feature.</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Reagents and Plant Material</h4><div class='html-p'>For the extraction and separation processes, we exclusively utilized solvents of analytical grade, sourced from Macklin (Shanghai, China). The methanol with chromatographic purity for UPLC analysis was purchased from Yuwang Chemical Ltd. (Shandong, China). Throughout our experimentation, we employed deionized water. Pedicularis oederi Vahl, the plant material under study, was gathered from the Maixiu region within Qinghai Province, China, and subsequently reduced to a fine powder, achieving a granularity between 20 and 40 mesh prior to the extraction process. Furthermore, we obtained choline chloride (ChCl, purity of 99% or higher) and glycerol (purity of 99% or higher) from Aladdin (Shanghai, China).</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. UPLC Analysis</h4><div class='html-p'>In this study, chromatographic separation was achieved utilizing the Acquity UPLC HSS T3 Column with dimensions of 2.1 × 100 mm and a 1.8 μm particle size, provided by Waters, headquartered in Milford, USA. The separation temperature was maintained at 35 °C. A binary mobile phase system was utilized, comprising water with 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). A gradient elution method was applied, initiating with 5% of component B, which was linearly increased to 100% over 8 min, followed by a constant 100% of component B for an additional 2 min. The flow was set at 0.3 mL/min, and the quantity of each sample injected was precisely 1.0 μL. The analysis was conducted with the column oven set to a temperature of 35 °C, and absorbance was monitored at a wavelength of 320 nm.</div></section><section id='sec2dot4-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.4. Preparation of DES</h4><div class='html-p'>Following the previously outlined procedure, the components required for the hydrogen bond interaction, namely ChCl as the acceptor and glycerol as the donor, were precisely measured and combined. Utilizing a magnetic stirrer, the mixture with a ratio of 1:2 was heated and agitated at a temperature of 80 °C. This process was continued until the resultant mixture achieved a transparent and uniform consistency. To preserve its quality until further application, the freshly synthesized deep eutectic solvent (DES) was subsequently placed in a desiccator for storage.</div></section><section id='sec2dot5-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.5. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Conditions</h4><div class='html-p'>Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to enhance the conditions for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of the target compounds. In this study, the variables considered were ultrasonic power (X1), the water content of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) (X2), and the ratio of liquids to solids (X3). The dependent variable, represented by Y, was characterized as the proportion of the maximum region for target compounds. A total of 17 experimental runs were designed, comprising 12 factorial points and five central point replicates (<a href="#separations-11-00323-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>). For an investigation of the correlation between independent and dependent variables, the methodology of multiple regression based on least squares was employed. A robust model is further confirmed by substantial values in adjusted and predicted <span class='html-italic'>R</span><sup>2</sup> values, verifying its fit to the dataset [<a href="#B25-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. The study of factor interactions was visualized through surface plots based on the selected model.</div></section><section id='sec2dot6-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.6. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction</h4><div class='html-p'>One kilogram of <span class='html-italic'>Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl, after drying, was finely pulverized before being subjected to a trio of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) processes. These extractions were performed utilizing a deep eutectic solvent (DES) formulation that included a 50% water mixture while operating at a 230-watt power level and upholding a 24 liquid-to-solid ratio. The combined extracts, post-extraction, were then subjected to a vacuum drying process, yielding a crude extract weighing 171 g. This extract underwent further processing by being introduced into a D101 resin column, sized at 2.5 cm by 60 cm, for purification. Water was employed to wash away the DES from the extract. Subsequently, the fraction representing 80% of this purified extract was earmarked for further refinement via HSCCC.</div></section><section id='sec2dot7-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.7. Selection of Two-Phase Solvent System</h4><div class='html-p'>When choosing the suitable solvent system, the choice was determined by the partition coefficient (<b><span class='html-italic'>K</span></b>) associated with the sample’s key constituents. This coefficient was evaluated through the HPLC methodology. Initially, a moderate quantity of the crude extract was dissolved in a solvent system consisting of two phases that had been pre-equilibrated. This mixture was then transferred to a separation funnel. Following a vigorous shake to ensure complete mixing of the two phases, 2 mL from each phase was removed and allowed to evaporate until dry. The resultant dry residues were prepared via methanol for subsequent examination via UPLC. The calculation of the <b><span class='html-italic'>K</span></b> value involved comparing the upper phase’s peak area to that in the lower phase, represented as a ratio.</div></section><section id='sec2dot8-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.8. Preparation of Two-Phase Solvent System and Sample Solution</h4><div class='html-p'>In the method described, a ternary solvent mixture comprising ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol with a volume ratio of 6:6 was utilized. This blend was placed into a separation funnel and allowed to attain equilibrium at room temperature. Following equilibrium, the clearly defined upper and lower stages were meticulously separated and underwent a 30 min degassing procedure in an ultrasonic bath, conducted just before their application. For the HSCCC separation process, the preparation of the sample solution entailed dissolving 1.0 g of the crude extract’s dry powder in 80 mL of the solvent system’s upper phase.</div></section><section id='sec2dot9-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.9. High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography Separation Procedure</h4><div class='html-p'>To commence each trial, HSCCC was initially flushed with ethanol to eliminate any residual substances. Subsequently, the lower phase in the stationary stage was introduced to completely occupy the multilayer column. The lower phase was employed as a stationary phase with flow rate of 10 mL/min. The revolution speed was set at 1100 rpm with retention of the stationary phase at 65%, and the sample loading amount was 1.0 g. The separation temperature was set at 45 °C with a detection wavelength of 320 nm.</div><div class='html-p'>Once the leading edge of the solvent appeared and a stable hydrodynamic balance was achieved within the system, the sample was administered into HSCCC via the sample injection port. This was immediately followed by data acquisition. The divided fractions were gathered manually according to the chromatogram’s instructions and then dehydrated using a vacuum. Following that, the desiccated specimens were reestablished in methanol for a subsequent assessment of their purity via UPLC analysis.</div></section></section><section id='sec3-separations-11-00323' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results and Discussion</h2><section id='sec3dot1-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Conditions</h4><div class='html-p'>In the designed study, we conducted 17 trials in pairs, presenting the outcomes in <a href="#separations-11-00323-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. The <span class='html-italic'>R</span><sup>2</sup>, <span class='html-italic'>R</span><sup>2</sup>-adj, and <span class='html-italic'>R</span><sup>2</sup>-predicted values stood at 98.64%, 96.90%, and 90.05%, respectively. These statistics highlight the superior efficacy of full quadratic models over alternative approaches in predicting Y.</div><div class='html-p'>To assess the impact of various factors on chlorogenic acid levels, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) methodology was employed, with the findings detailed in <a href="#separations-11-00323-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>. The significance of each model component was inferred from the F-value’s magnitude and the reciprocal relationship of the <span class='html-italic'>p</span>-value, as suggested in [<a href="#B26-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. Consequently, significant influences on chlorogenic acid content were observed for the linear components (<span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>1</sub>, <span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>2</sub>, and <span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>3</sub>), the interaction term (<span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>1×2</sub>), and the quadratic components (<span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>, <span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup>, and <span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup>), all registering <span class='html-italic'>p</span>-values below the 0.05 threshold. In contrast, the interaction components (<span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>1×3</sub> and <span class='html-italic'>X</span><sub>2×3</sub>) were found to be statistically insignificant, with <span class='html-italic'>p</span>-values exceeding 0.05. The model’s precision in forecasting was further validated through an absence of compatibility analysis, which yielded a significance level exceeding 0.05, thus affirming the model’s reliability in forecasting variations, as cited from [<a href="#B30-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>In three-dimensional graphical representations, regression analyses are vividly portrayed, enabling an exploration of the dynamics between experimental variables and their resultant responses, as well as interactions among pairs of variables being tested. This method showcases how independent variables correlate with dependent variables through three-dimensional surface plots of response for <span class='html-italic'>Y</span> (<a href="#separations-11-00323-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>). Within these plots, two variables are visualized simultaneously on a single three-dimensional surface, with a third variable maintained at a baseline level of zero.</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#separations-11-00323-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>A showed the interaction between ultrasonic power and water content. Initially, <span class='html-italic'>Y</span> increased by increasing the water content, and then <span class='html-italic'>Y</span> reached a constant level. Based on an excellent extraction ability toward phenylpropanoid glycosides, the extraction and enrichment of compounds within the optimal water content range for DESs have demonstrated their potential to be as effective as traditional methods such as liquid–liquid extraction or chromatography using macroporous resins. Initially, an increase in water content resulted in an increase in the yield (<b><span class='html-italic'>Y</span></b>), demonstrating the efficiency of this process. However, with the increase in water, the content of phenylpropanoid glycosides maintained a constant level due to the fact that most of the phenylpropanoid glycosides had been extracted, and it had a tiny effect on the extraction procedure for further increases in the water content in DESs. The effectiveness of DESs in isolating substances from organic origins has been shown to be remarkably effective.</div><div class='html-p'>In <a href="#separations-11-00323-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>B, the correlation between the liquid/solid ratio and ultrasonic power is depicted. At first, a rise in <b><span class='html-italic'>Y</span></b> was noted as the ratio of liquids to solids increased, but this trend reversed beyond a certain point. This behavior can be exemplified by the diverse polarity range found in the crude extract of <span class='html-italic'>Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl. As the liquid-to-solid ratio increased, both the quantities of phenylpropanoid glycosides and additional constituents experienced a simultaneous escalation. However, upon surpassing a liquid-to-solid ratio of 24, the growth rate of the sum of concentrations of other compounds (∑C<sub>j</sub>) surpassed that of the target compounds (∑C<sub>i</sub>), leading to a reduction in <b><span class='html-italic'>Y</span></b>.</div><div class='html-p'>The optimal parameters for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure were determined to be a sonic energy input of 230.61 W, a 50% water content in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 23.54, predicting a <span class='html-italic'>Y</span> of 69.60%. Adapting to real-world conditions, the settings were adjusted to a 230 W power with a 50% water content in DESs and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 24. Performed three times under these ideal circumstances, the experiment yielded a <span class='html-italic'>Y</span> of 68.52%. It affirms the efficacy of the RSM, coupled with a well-considered experimental design, in fine-tuning the UAE process for the enhanced extraction and concentration of desired compounds. These findings endorse UAE as a favorable method for compound extraction and enrichment.</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Selection of High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography Experimental Conditions</h4><div class='html-p'>In initiating an HSCCC separation procedure, selecting a suitable solvent system is paramount to achieving the preferred <b><span class='html-italic'>K</span></b> value for the substances of interest. This selection process is largely influenced by the compounds’ chemical properties. Various critical factors, including the polarity of the sample (evaluated based on partition coefficient values), its dissolution rate, presence of ions, and capacity to create complexes, must be carefully considered. Ideally, the partition coefficient (K) must fall within the 0.2 to 5 range [<a href="#B21-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B31-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B32-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">32</a>], and for a successful separation of two compounds, the separation factor (α = <span class='html-italic'>K</span><sub>2</sub>/<span class='html-italic'>K</span><sub>1</sub>, where <span class='html-italic'>K</span><sub>2</sub> > <span class='html-italic'>K</span><sub>1</sub>) needs to be above 1.5 [<a href="#B21-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B33-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. Solute elution close to the solvent front, resulting from a significantly low <span class='html-italic'>K</span> value, leads to reduced resolution, whereas a high <span class='html-italic'>K</span> value can enhance resolution but at the cost of producing broader and more diluted peaks due to extended elution times [<a href="#B31-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B34-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B35-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. It is critical that the compounds under study remain steady and easily dissolved, with the solvent system capable of rapidly and neatly dividing into two separate phases.</div><div class='html-p'>To optimize the HSCCC separation, we systematically assessed various biphasic solvent combinations comprising ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol in varying ratios (5:9, 5:8, 5:7, 5:6, <span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>), evaluating the <span class='html-italic'>K</span> values for the desired substances and consolidating the results in <a href="#separations-11-00323-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>. In the beginning, the solvent system of ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol with a 5:9 proportion (<span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>) was examined for its effectiveness in distributing phenylpropanoid glycosides. These glycosides were predominantly found in the lower phase, indicating an excessively high polarity for this system in comparison to chlorogenic acid. Subsequently, adjustments were made to the DES ratio to lower the system’s polarity. While such modifications allowed for the phenylpropanoid glycosides to be distributed in the upper phase, achieving the optimal partition coefficient range (0.2 < <b><span class='html-italic'>K</span></b> < 5) for these glycosides remained elusive. As a result, we raised the ratio of ethyl acetate, which effectively adjusted the distribution of the phenylpropanoid glycosides. The final selection of the ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol at a 6:6 ratio (<span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>) provided satisfactory <b><span class='html-italic'>K</span></b> and α values, aligning with the established criteria for effective separation.</div><div class='html-p'>Exploring various parameters beyond solvent configurations, this study delved into the impacts of mobile phase flow rates and apparatus rotation speeds on chromatographic outcomes. The mobile phase was delivered at varying rates (8.0, 10.0, and 12.0 mL/min) to assess its influence on both the duration of separation and the clarity of chromatographic peaks. It was observed that decreased flow rates extended the separation process yet enhanced peak clarity, whereas increased rates resulted in reduced separation quality. Consequently, a moderate flow rate of 10.0 mL/min was selected to proceed with HSCCC experiments. Furthermore, the rotation speed of the device was found to significantly affect the preservation of the immobile stage, with higher speeds leading to potential emulsification issues. Therefore, an optimal speed of 1100 revolutions per minute (rpm) was established, achieving a 65% stationary phase retention. Interestingly, this setup also facilitated the isolation of a flavonoid compound with satisfactory purity using a reverse rotation approach in the HSCCC process.</div><div class='html-p'>Under optimized parameters, the four phenylpropanoid glycosides combined with a flavonoid were obtained in approximately 360 min for a single iteration, as depicted in <a href="#separations-11-00323-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>. The five targets were subjected to NMR for a chemical structure analysis. Eventually, four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside were obtained from 900 mg of the sample. Analysis via UPLC indicated that the final isolated compounds possessed a purity exceeding 85.23%, as depicted in <a href="#separations-11-00323-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>. The above results indicated HSCCC offers an efficient, scalable, and gentle method for the separation and purification of phenylpropanoid glycosides, preserving their structural integrity and bioactivity.</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-separations-11-00323' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Structural Identification</h4><div class='html-p'>The target compounds’ chemical structures were ascertained using 1H-NMR analysis (<a href="#separations-11-00323-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>), with the results summarized as follows:</div><div class='html-p'>Target <b><span class='html-italic'>1</span></b>: HRMS (<span class='html-italic'>m</span>/<span class='html-italic'>z</span>) 595.1607 [M + H]<sup>+</sup> (calcd. for C27H30O15, 595.1657). <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (DMSO-<span class='html-italic'>d</span><sub>6</sub>, 600 MHz) <span class='html-italic'>δ</span>: 8.01 (2H, d, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.7 Hz, 2′-H and 6′-H), 6.87 (2H, d, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.6 Hz, 3′-H and 5′-H), 6.41 (1H, d, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.9 Hz, 8-H), 6.22 (1H, d, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.8 Hz, 6-H), 5.31 (1H, d, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 7.4 Hz, 1″-H), 4.36 (1H, bs, 1‴-H), 3.69 (1H, bd, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 10.1 Hz, 6a″-H), 3.69 (2H, m, 3‴-H and 5‴-H), 3.31 (1H, bd, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 10.2 Hz, 6b″-H), 3.25 (2H, m, 5″-H and 2‴-H), 3.20 (1H, m, 3″-H), 3.15 (1H, m, 2″-H), 3.11 (1H, m, 4‴-H), 3.07 (1H, m, 4″-H), 0.98 (3H, d, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 6.1 Hz, 6‴-H). The structure was determined as kaempferol-3-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside based on the results of <sup>1</sup>H NMR [<a href="#B37-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Target <b><span class='html-italic'>2</span></b>: HRMS (<span class='html-italic'>m</span>/<span class='html-italic'>z</span>) 804.2845 [M + NH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> (calcd. for C35H46O20, 804.2920). <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (DMSO-<span class='html-italic'>d</span><sub>6</sub>, 600 MHz) <span class='html-italic'>δ</span> (ppm): 7.48 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 14.9 Hz, H-7′), 7.03 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.8 Hz, H-2′), 6.99 (dd, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 2.1 Hz, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.8 Hz, H-6′), 6.78 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.3 Hz, H-5′), 6.66 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.9 Hz, H-2), 6.65 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.1 Hz, H-5), 6.52 (dd, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 2.1 Hz, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.4 Hz, H-6), 6.15 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 15.7 Hz, H-8′), 5.02 (s, 1H, Rha H-1), 4.72 (t, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 9.7 Hz, Glu H-4), 4.35 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 7.91 Hz, Glu′ H-1), 4.14 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 7.82 Hz, Glu H-1), 3.88 (m, 1H, H-8), 3.71–2.92 (m, 16, H-8 or Rha/Glu/Glu′-H), 2.66 (m, 2H, H-7), 0.92 (d, 3H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 6.1 Hz, Rha H-6). The structure was determined as echinacoside based on the results of <sup>1</sup>H NMR [<a href="#B38-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Target <b><span class='html-italic'>3</span></b>: HRMS (<span class='html-italic'>m</span>/<span class='html-italic'>z</span>) 801.2811 [M + H]<sup>+</sup> (calcd. for C36H48O20, 801.2823). <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (DMSO-<span class='html-italic'>d</span><sub>6</sub>, 600 MHz) <span class='html-italic'>δ</span> (ppm): 7.55 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 15.6 Hz, H-7′), 7.27 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.7 Hz, H-2′), 7.09 (dd, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.5 Hz, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.5 Hz, H-6′), 6.79 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.0 Hz, H-5′), 6.66 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 2.3 Hz, H-2), 6.63 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.2 Hz, H-5), 6.52 (dd, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 2.2 Hz, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 7.8 Hz, H-6), 6.39 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 15.6 Hz, H-8′), 5.03 (s, 1H, Rha H-1), 4.73 (t, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 9.73 Hz, Glu H-4), 4.38 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 7.9 Hz, Glu′ H-1), 4.17 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.3 Hz, Glu H-1), 3.87 (m, 1H, H-8), 3.77 (s, 3H, Ome), 3.70–2.90 (m, 16, H-8 or Rha/Glu/Glu′-H), 2.69 (m, 2H, H-7), 0.95 (d, 3H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 6.1 Hz, Rha H-6). The structure was determined as Jionoside A1 based on the results of <sup>1</sup>H NMR [<a href="#B38-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Target <b><span class='html-italic'>4</span></b>: HRMS (<span class='html-italic'>m</span>/<span class='html-italic'>z</span>) 771.2751 [M + NH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> (calcd. for C34H44O19, 774.2815). <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (DMSO-<span class='html-italic'>d</span><sub>6</sub>, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 7.44 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 16.3 Hz, H-7′), 7.01 (s, 1H, H-2′), 6.95 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 6.8 Hz, H-6′), 6.71 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 6.9 Hz, H-5′), 6.61 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 2.1 Hz, H-2), 6.62 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.1 Hz, H-5), 6.47 (dd, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.9 Hz, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 7.8 Hz, H-6), 6.17 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 14.2 Hz, H-8′), 5.02 (s, 1H, Rha H-1), 4.78 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 2.8 Hz, Api H-1), 4.67 (t, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 9.6 Hz, Glu H-4), 4.35 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.3 Hz, Glu H-1), 3.88–3.00 (m, 15H, H-8 or Rha/Glu/Api-H), 2.65 (m, 2H, H-7), 0.96 (d, 3H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 6.0 Hz, Rha H-6). The structure was determined as Forsythoside B based on the results of <sup>1</sup>H NMR [<a href="#B38-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Target <b><span class='html-italic'>5</span></b>: HRMS (<span class='html-italic'>m</span>/<span class='html-italic'>z</span>) 642.2333 [M + NH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> (calcd. for C29H36O15, 642.2392). <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (DMSO-<span class='html-italic'>d</span><sub>6</sub>, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 7.45 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 16.2 Hz, H-7′), 6.99 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.7 Hz, H-2′), 6.97 (dd, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.7 Hz, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.6 Hz, H-6′), 6.74 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.1 Hz, H-5′), 6.64 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.7 Hz, H-2), 6.62 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 8.1 Hz, H-5), 6.49 (dd, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 1.7 Hz, J = 7.7 Hz, H-6), 6.17 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 16.2 Hz, H-8′), 5.01 (s, 1H, Rha H-1), 4.72 (t, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 9.3 Hz, Glu H-4), 4.35 (d, 1H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 7.7 Hz, Glu H-1), 3.88 (m, 1H, Rha H-2), 3.78 (m, 1H, Glu H-3), 3.75 (m, 2H, H-8), 3.55 (m, 1H, Rha H-3), 3.45–3.00 (m, 6H, Rha/Glu-H), 2.65 (m, 2H, H-7), 1.01 (d, 3H, <span class='html-italic'>J</span> = 5.7 Hz, Rha H-6). The structure was determined as verbascoside based on the results of <sup>1</sup>H NMR [<a href="#B38-separations-11-00323" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec4-separations-11-00323' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>In this study, a DES was employed to fuel the extraction and counter-current separation of phenylpropanoid glycosides from <span class='html-italic'>Pedicularis oederi</span> Vahl. After a response surface methodology optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions, phenylpropanoid glycosides were well extracted and enriched. Under the optimal condition of 230 W ultrasonic power with a 50% water content in DESs and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 24, it yielded an extraction rate of 68.52%. Then, the extracted and enriched samples were separated by HSCCC with a DES-involved solvent system. Four phenylpropanoid glycosides, including 31.6 mg of echinacoside, 65.3 mg of Jionoside A1, 28.9 mg of Forsythoside B, 74.1 mg of verbascoside, and 21.2 mg of kaempferol-3-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside were obtained from 900 mg of the sample in about 360 min. The results demonstrated DESs as alternative green solvents, widely exploitable in natural product extraction and separation.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, D.Z. and D.L.; methodology, Y.W. (Yao Wang), J.D. and X.Z.; software, Y.W. (Yao Wang), J.D. and Y.W. (Yuhan Wang); validation, F.H.; formal analysis, Y.W. (Yao Wang), J.D. and L.L.; investigation, Y.W. (Yao Wang) and J.D.; resources, Y.W. (Yao Wang) and J.D.; data curation, D.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.W. (Yao Wang), J.D., D.L. and D.Z.; writing—review and editing, Y.W. (Yao Wang), J.D., D.L. and D.Z.; visualization, Y.W. (Yao Wang) and J.D.; supervision, D.L. and D.Z.; project administration, D.L. and D.Z.; funding acquisition, D.L. and D.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript..</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 82304892 and 32260129. And The APC was funded by 82304892.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>All data supporting the results of this study are included in the manuscript, and the datasets are available upon request.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-separations-11-00323' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Tkach, N.; Ree, R.H.; Kuss, P.; Röser, M.; Hoffmann, M.H. High mountain origin, phylogenetics, evolution, and niche conservatism of arctic lineages in the hemiparasitic genus Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae). <span class='html-italic'>Mol. Phylogenetics Evol.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>76</span>, 75–92. 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[<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Separation+of+Four+Phenylpropanoid+Glycosides+from+a+Chinese+Herb+by+HSCCC&author=Zhang,+L.&author=Yue,+H.L.&author=Zhao,+X.H.&author=Li,+J.&author=Shao,+Y.&publication_year=2014&journal=J.+Chromatogr.+Sci.&volume=53&pages=860%E2%80%93865&doi=10.1093/chromsci/bmu130" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmu130" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FiguresandTables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00323-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f001"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g001.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g001.png" alt="Separations 11 00323 g001" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Response surface showing interaction of variable factors on Y: (<b>A</b>) interaction between ultrasonic power and water content; (<b>B</b>) interaction between ultrasonic power with liquid/solid ratio; (<b>C</b>) interaction between water content and liquid/solid ratio.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Response surface showing interaction of variable factors on Y: (<b>A</b>) interaction between ultrasonic power and water content; (<b>B</b>) interaction between ultrasonic power with liquid/solid ratio; (<b>C</b>) interaction between water content and liquid/solid ratio.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g001.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g001.png" alt="Separations 11 00323 g001" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00323-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f002"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g002.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g002.png" alt="Separations 11 00323 g002" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) chromatogram of the sample using the ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, <span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>). Conditions: stationary phase, lower phase; flow rate, 10 mL/min; revolution speed, 1100 rpm; sample amount, 1.0 g; separation temperature, 45 °C; detection wavelength, 320 nm; retention of the stationary phase: 65%.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) chromatogram of the sample using the ethyl acetate/aqueous solution of choline chloride and glycerol (6:6, <span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>). Conditions: stationary phase, lower phase; flow rate, 10 mL/min; revolution speed, 1100 rpm; sample amount, 1.0 g; separation temperature, 45 °C; detection wavelength, 320 nm; retention of the stationary phase: 65%.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g002.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g002.png" alt="Separations 11 00323 g002" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00323-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f003"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g003.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g003.png" alt="Separations 11 00323 g003" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> UPLC chromatograms of the fractions obtained through HSCCC, 80% MR elution fraction, and the crude extract. Conditions: Separation was carried out using an Acquity UHPLCHSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters) at a maintained temperature of 35 °C. The delineated mobile phases included water supplemented with 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). The elution gradient was as follows: 5–100% B in 0–8 min and 100% B in 8–10 min, operating at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The procedure involved an injection volume set at 1.0 μL. Throughout the process, a consistent column temperature of 35 °C was upheld, coupled with a detection wavelength pinpointed at 320 nm.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f003"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 3.</b> UPLC chromatograms of the fractions obtained through HSCCC, 80% MR elution fraction, and the crude extract. Conditions: Separation was carried out using an Acquity UHPLCHSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters) at a maintained temperature of 35 °C. The delineated mobile phases included water supplemented with 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). The elution gradient was as follows: 5–100% B in 0–8 min and 100% B in 8–10 min, operating at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The procedure involved an injection volume set at 1.0 μL. Throughout the process, a consistent column temperature of 35 °C was upheld, coupled with a detection wavelength pinpointed at 320 nm.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g003.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g003.png" alt="Separations 11 00323 g003" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g003.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00323-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f004"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g004.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g004.png" alt="Separations 11 00323 g004" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> The chemical structures of kaempferol-3-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>1</span></b>), echinacoside (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>2</span></b>), Jionoside A1 (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>3</span></b>), Forsythoside B (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>4</span></b>), and verbascoside (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>5</span></b>).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00323-f004"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 4.</b> The chemical structures of kaempferol-3-<span class='html-italic'>O</span>-rutinoside (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>1</span></b>), echinacoside (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>2</span></b>), Jionoside A1 (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>3</span></b>), Forsythoside B (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>4</span></b>), and verbascoside (Target <b><span class='html-italic'>5</span></b>).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g004.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g004.png" alt="Separations 11 00323 g004" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00323/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00323-g004.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="separations-11-00323-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href='#table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Box–Behnken design matrix and experimental response. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> Box–Behnken design matrix and experimental response.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Std</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ID</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Run</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Factor 1</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Factor 2</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Factor 3</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Response 1</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >A: Ultrasonic Power</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >B: Water Content</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >C: Liquid/Solid Ratio</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Content of Targets</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >W</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >%</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >63.41</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >66.06</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >55.86</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >65.99</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.15</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.52</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >65.7</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >52.58</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50.23</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >64.85</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >58.33</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >52.88</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >69.44</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >54.58</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >64.52</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.97</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >50.15</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="separations-11-00323-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href='#table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t002'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Analysis of variance. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t002"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 2.</b> Analysis of variance.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Source</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sum of Squares</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >df</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mean Square</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >F-Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><b>Model</b></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >589.59</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >65.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >56.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >significant</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >A—Ultrasonic power</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.0381</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >B—Water content</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >271.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >271.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >234.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >C—Liquid/solid ratio</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >62.33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >62.33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >53.74</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.0002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >AB</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >41.09</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >41.09</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.0006</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >AC</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.83</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.2187</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >BC</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.64</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.0682</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >A<sup>2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.58</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.58</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >28.96</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.0010</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >B<sup>2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >46.88</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >46.88</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.0004</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >C<sup>2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >99.62</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >99.62</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >85.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><b>Residual</b></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Lack of fit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.08</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.8854</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.5207</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >not significant</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Pure error</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.88</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Cor total</b></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >597.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="separations-11-00323-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href='#table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t003'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/323/display" href="#table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> <b><span class='html-italic'>K</span></b> values of target compounds. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_separations-11-00323-t003"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 3.</b> <b><span class='html-italic'>K</span></b> values of target compounds.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Solvent Systems</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >K<sub>2</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >K<sub>3</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >K<sub>4</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >K<sub>5</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5:9 (4:5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.08</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.21</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5:8 (3:5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.32</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5:7 (2:5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.62</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5:6 (1:5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.69</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.78</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.93</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6:6 (1:5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.57</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.17</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7:6 (1:5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.94</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.66</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and 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Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from <i>Pedicularis oederi</i> Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent. <em>Separations</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110323 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Wang Y, Dai J, Zhang X, Wang Y, He F, Liang L, Longzhu D, Zou D. Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from <i>Pedicularis oederi</i> Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent. <em>Separations</em>. 2024; 11(11):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110323 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Wang, Yao, Jun Dai, Xiaoting Zhang, Yuhan Wang, Fangfang He, Lu Liang, Duojie Longzhu, and Denglang Zou. 2024. 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Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from <i>Pedicularis oederi</i> Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent. <em>Separations</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110323 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Wang Y, Dai J, Zhang X, Wang Y, He F, Liang L, Longzhu D, Zou D. Extraction and Counter-Current Separation of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from <i>Pedicularis oederi</i> Vahl by Deep Eutectic Solvent. <em>Separations</em>. 2024; 11(11):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110323 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Wang, Yao, Jun Dai, Xiaoting Zhang, Yuhan Wang, Fangfang He, Lu Liang, Duojie Longzhu, and Denglang Zou. 2024. 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