Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732615622"> <meta name="title" content="Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal"> <meta name="description" content="Copper chitosan attached to a magnetic synthetic nonwoven textile was manufactured using a simple, rapid, and green procedure employing chitosan dissolved in diluted acetic acid and treatment with copper sulfate solution. The prepared copper–chitosan-modified textile exhibited peroxidase-mimetic activity which was subsequently used for the degradation (decolorization) of important organic dyes, namely methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. After 5 h of treatment at 22 °C, 87.5%, 79.5%, and 87.7% dye removal were observed for methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, respectively. The textile bound catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture after the process is completed." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/separations-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ivo Safarik"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jitka Prochazkova"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kristyna Zelena Pospiskova"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Separations 2024, Vol. 11, Page 325"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-10"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/separations11110325"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Copper chitosan attached to a magnetic synthetic nonwoven textile was manufactured using a simple, rapid, and green procedure employing chitosan dissolved in diluted acetic acid and treatment with copper sulfate solution. The prepared copper–chitosan-modified textile exhibited peroxidase-mimetic activity which was subsequently used for the degradation (decolorization) of important organic dyes, namely methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. After 5 h of treatment at 22 °C, 87.5%, 79.5%, and 87.7% dye removal were observed for methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, respectively. The textile bound catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture after the process is completed." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="copper chitosan" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="enzyme-like catalyst" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="peroxidase-like activity" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="dye decolorization" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="nanozyme" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2297-8739"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Separations"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-10"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="325" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2297-8739"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Separations"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/11"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/10"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="11"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="325"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Safarik, Ivo"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Prochazkova, Jitka"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zelena Pospiskova, Kristyna"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/separations11110325"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-separations11110325"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/pdf?version=1732599761"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/pdf?version=1732599761"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/pdf?version=1732599761"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/separations-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Copper chitosan attached to a magnetic synthetic nonwoven textile was manufactured using a simple, rapid, and green procedure employing chitosan dissolved in diluted acetic acid and treatment with copper sulfate solution. The prepared copper–chitosan-modified textile exhibited peroxidase-mimetic activity which was subsequently used for the degradation (decolorization) of important organic dyes, namely methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. After 5 h of treatment at 22 °C, 87.5%, 79.5%, and 87.7% dye removal were observed for methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, respectively. The textile bound catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture after the process is completed." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-ag-550.jpg?1732599936" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13379749' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Ivo Safarik</div><div id="profile-card-drop13379749" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Ivo Safarik</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1210839?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ivo%20Safarik" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ivo%20Safarik&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ivo%20Safarik" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,2,3,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13379749" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#2d024e4349004e4a4402410248404c4441005d5f4259484e594442430e1d1d1c4b1b141d1b1c4c1d151d4b1f141c1d1d151d1c1d1b1d1b191a1d4c1d1b1d19"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-7319" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13379750' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Jitka Prochazkova</div><div id="profile-card-drop13379750" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Jitka Prochazkova</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/SlBqSTZkOE80VFU2V2pVRzk2NjZSRkovbnp2MW5sREorRGEyMHk1bG1MWT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Jitka%20Prochazkova" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Jitka%20Prochazkova&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jitka%20Prochazkova" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13379750" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#250a464b410846424c0a490a4048444c490855574a514046514c4a4b0615151516134414401514154711121444141d1510151c15171547141515141510144615471744141c154314151511154715121111151c1415"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13379751' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Kristyna Zelena Pospiskova</div><div id="profile-card-drop13379751" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Kristyna Zelena Pospiskova</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/WXc2czVXL2dpT0M4NWZlaHdubkZHVmlFbXNRRFFoRDZwZ0R0dUUzZ25PZzdtU2pJekZ6aHpOdDQ1UHFSbFYwMQ==?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Kristyna%20Zelena%20Pospiskova" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Kristyna%20Zelena%20Pospiskova&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kristyna%20Zelena%20Pospiskova" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13379751" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ac83cfc2c881cfcbc583c083c9c1cdc5c081dcdec3d8c9cfd8c5c3c28f9c9c9d959ace9c9e9d949dca9d9e9c999ccd98999d9d9cc99c9b9cc99c999ccd9dce9c989d949dce9c9e9d949c9c9c989dc89ccd9ece9dc99dce9c989c9b98999c949d9d"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Magnetism, Institute of Experimental Physics, SAS, Watsonova 47, 40 01 Kosice, Slovakia</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Separations</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>(11), 325; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110325">https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110325</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 11 October 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 4 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 8 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 10 November 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/separations/special_issues/DP4UUE23PI ">Application of Advanced Materials and Technologies in the Separation and Adsorption</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1517736" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1517736" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1517736" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2297-8739/11/11/325/pdf?version=1732599761" data-name="Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal" data-journal="separations">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2297-8739/11/11/325/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2297-8739/11/11/325/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2297-8739/11/11/325/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-ag.png?1732599936" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g001.png?1732599927" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Squares (2 × 2 cm) of native nonwoven textile, chitosan-modified textile square, copper–chitosan-modified piece of textile, magnetic copper chitosan textile and magnetic separation of iron wire modified textile (from left to right).</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g002.png?1732599930" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM image of native (<b>A</b>), chitosan-modified (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>), and Cu–chitosan- (<b>D</b>) modified nonwoven textile.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g003.png?1732599931" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>EDS of nonwoven textile modified with chitosan (<b>A</b>) and textile modified with copper chitosan (<b>B</b>).</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g004.png?1732599932" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Magnetic separation of iron wire-modified copper chitosan textile from water using NdFeB magnetic testing rod.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g005.png?1732599934" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>P-L activity of Cu–chitosan-modified piece of textile (1 × 1 cm), chitosan-modified textile, native textile, and blank solution (from left to right). The reaction occurred at 22 °C for 3 min.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g006.png?1732599934" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Decolorization (degradation) of Bismarck brown Y (white symbols), Congo red (black symbols), and methylene blue (dotted symbols). Dye + H<sub>2</sub>O (triangles), dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (diamonds), dye + H<sub>2</sub>O + Cu chitosan textile (squares), and dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + Cu chitosan textile (circles).</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g007.png?1732599936" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Degradation of Congo red. Dye + H<sub>2</sub>O, dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, dye + H<sub>2</sub>O + copper chitosan textile, and dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + copper chitosan textile (from left to right). Solutions were incubated 5 h at 22 °C.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2297-8739/11/11/325/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Copper chitosan attached to a magnetic synthetic nonwoven textile was manufactured using a simple, rapid, and green procedure employing chitosan dissolved in diluted acetic acid and treatment with copper sulfate solution. The prepared copper–chitosan-modified textile exhibited peroxidase-mimetic activity which was subsequently used for the degradation (decolorization) of important organic dyes, namely methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. After 5 h of treatment at 22 °C, 87.5%, 79.5%, and 87.7% dye removal were observed for methylene blue, Congo red, and Bismarck brown Y, respectively. The textile bound catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture after the process is completed.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=copper+chitosan">copper chitosan</a>; <a href="/search?q=enzyme-like+catalyst">enzyme-like catalyst</a>; <a href="/search?q=peroxidase-like+activity">peroxidase-like activity</a>; <a href="/search?q=dye+decolorization">dye decolorization</a>; <a href="/search?q=nanozyme">nanozyme</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-12 text-center"> <div class="abstract-image-preview open js-browse-figures"> <a href="#" class="openpopupgallery" data-target='article-popup-ga'> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-ag-550.jpg?1732599936" style="max-width: 100%; max-height: 280px; padding: 10px;"> </a> <div id="article-popup-ga" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-ag.png?1732599936" title="<strong>Graphical Abstract</strong>"></a> </div> <p>Graphical Abstract</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-separations-11-00325' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Textiles and nanotextiles represent low-cost materials that are usually composed of natural or synthetic fibers. Both woven and nonwoven textiles and nanotextiles can be employed for interesting (bio)technology applications. Textile materials exhibit several important properties such as flexibility, mechanical strength, and high surface area [<a href="#B1-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Textile and textile-like materials can be efficiently used as carriers for the immobilization of affinity ligands [<a href="#B2-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B3-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">3</a>], ionic liquids [<a href="#B4-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">4</a>], polysaccharides [<a href="#B5-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">5</a>], enzymes [<a href="#B6-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B7-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">7</a>], cells [<a href="#B8-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">8</a>], (nano)particles [<a href="#B9-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">10</a>], or essential oil microcapsules [<a href="#B11-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">11</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>There are numerous examples of textile applications outside the typical textile and apparel industry. Various types of textile and nanotextile materials were modified by iron oxide (nano)particles or microfibers to obtain textile-based composites with interesting properties, including electromagnetic shielding [<a href="#B12-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">12</a>], removal of important organic pollutants from water sources [<a href="#B13-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">13</a>], utilization of intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of bound iron oxide particles for the degradation and decolorization of selected organic dyes [<a href="#B14-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">14</a>], or the application of magneto-responsive textiles for non-invasive heating [<a href="#B15-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. Textile (nano)materials with immobilized enzymes can be employed for biotechnology processes in reactors of arbitrary geometry, enabling a quick separation from the reaction liquor, and the generation of a residue-free product [<a href="#B6-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. Textile-bound yeast cells can be employed as whole-cell biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of saccharose [<a href="#B16-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Catalase-like manganese dioxide microparticles adsorbed on nonwoven fabric fibers were used as a recoverable catalyst for hydrogen peroxide decomposition [<a href="#B17-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. Various metal-based nanoparticles including silver, copper, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide enable the preparation of textiles that exhibit antibacterial properties [<a href="#B18-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. In addition, magnetically responsive textile composites for magnetic textile solid-phase extraction have been prepared by the insertion of a piece of magnetic iron wire (e.g., a staple using an office stapler) into the textile material to simplify their rapid recovery from the analyzed solution [<a href="#B5-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Chitosan is the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin; this basic polysaccharide exhibits nontoxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as wound healing, film formation, excellent capacity for heavy metal adsorption, etc. [<a href="#B19-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. Recently, chitosan was employed for the modification of textiles [<a href="#B23-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. In addition, the application of chitosan-modified nonwoven textiles led to the development of the new preconcentration technique “Magnetic textile solid phase extraction” which was employed for the extraction and subsequent analysis of acid dyes [<a href="#B5-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B24-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. The photos of the textile squares with the adsorbed dye taken with a mobile phone were employed for image analysis in order to quantify the dye concentration in the analyzed solution [<a href="#B5-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Chitosan can adsorb transition metals via several mechanisms, including chemical interactions (chelation or complexation), ion exchange, electrostatic attractions, and nonpolar interactions, such as van der Waals forces; chitosan amine groups usually play an important role in metal ions binding [<a href="#B26-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. Chitosan’s ability to chelate various metal ions [<a href="#B27-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">29</a>,<a href="#B30-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">30</a>] including Hg(II) [<a href="#B31-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">31</a>], Cd(II) [<a href="#B32-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">32</a>], Cr(III), Cr(VI) [<a href="#B33-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">33</a>], and Cu(II) [<a href="#B28-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B34-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B35-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">37</a>] can be employed for their removal and recycling from contaminated water sources. The increase in the adsorption capacity can be supported by chitosan modification, e.g., by grafting new functional groups [<a href="#B38-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Copper ions have been described as efficient nanozymes exhibiting peroxidase-like (P-L) activity applied to the highly sensitive detection of glypican-3 [<a href="#B39-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. In addition, Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions enhanced the P-L activity of keratin-capped gold nanoclusters used for the photometric determination of glucose [<a href="#B40-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">40</a>]. Copper nanoclusters exhibiting P-L activity were prepared by the interaction of copper sulfate and bovine serum albumin as the stabilizer and reducer [<a href="#B41-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. Also, a casein–CuS hybrid was prepared which exhibited P-L activity [<a href="#B42-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">42</a>]. In an alternative procedure, copper nanozyme was prepared by the reaction of copper sulfate and tryptophan and the formed precipitate exhibited P-L activity and caused the decolorization of methyl orange in the presence of hydrogen peroxide [<a href="#B43-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">43</a>]. Also, the one-pot solvothermal method was employed for the synthesis of a copper-based single-atom catalyst from polyoxyethylene bis(amine), citric acid, and chlorophyllin–copper complex; the prepared material exhibited P-L activity [<a href="#B44-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Both free and immobilized (bio)catalysts and nanozymes can be efficiently used in various applications. Catalyst immobilization simplifies the manipulation during and after the reaction [<a href="#B14-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B45-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">45</a>]. An extremely simple, rapid, and green procedure for the preparation of textiles with attached Cu-chitosan as a novel enzyme-mimetic catalyst mimicking peroxidase is presented in this communication. In addition, this catalyst can be prepared in the magnetic form to enable its simple, rapid, and selective separation from the reaction mixture. The described procedure is substantially simpler than previously reported techniques for the preparation of chitosan-copper-gallic acid-based nanocomposite [<a href="#B46-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">46</a>] or Cu-doped carbon dot/chitosan film composite [<a href="#B47-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">47</a>], which exhibited peroxidase-like activity. The prepared textile-bound copper chitosan was studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Subsequently, this material was used for the removal (degradation) of important model organic dyes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.</div></section><section id='sec2-separations-11-00325' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><section id='sec2dot1-separations-11-00325' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Materials</h4><div class='html-p'>Chitosan (medium molecular weight, 75–85% deacetylated, catalog No. 448877), N,N-diethyl-p-phylenediamine sulfate (DPD), methylene blue (Basic Blue 9, Color Index Number 52015), Bismarck brown Y (Basic Brown 1, Color Index Number 21000) and Congo red (Direct Red 28, Color Index Number 22120) were from Sigma-Aldrich, Czech Republic. White 100% acrylic nonwoven textile (Bastelfiltz, 10 × 30 cm, 150 g/m<sup>2</sup>) was from Max Bringmann KG-folia, Wendelstein, Germany. Hydrogen peroxide (30%), copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, and other chemicals were from Lach-Ner, Neratovice, Czech Republic. NdFeB magnetic testing rod (diameter 30 mm, magnetic induction approximately 5200 G, measured on the surface of the magnetic core) and small NdFeB permanent magnets (20 × 10 mm) were from Magsy, Frystak, Czech Republic. An office stapler and common magnetically responsive staples made from galvanized steel wire were obtained locally.</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-separations-11-00325' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Preparation of Magnetic Textile Modified with Copper Chitosan</h4><div class='html-p'>Magnetic textile modified with chitosan was prepared similarly as described previously [<a href="#B5-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B25-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. The textile squares (2 × 2 cm), prepared by cutting the nonwoven fabric sheet, were immersed in 1% (<span class='html-italic'>w</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>) chitosan solution in 5% (<span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>) acetic acid, mixed overnight, and then dried individually at 22 °C. The chitosan-modified textile was treated with 1% (<span class='html-italic'>w</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>) NaOH solution for two hours and then washed with water. Chitosan attached to the textile squares was converted into copper chitosan by mixing with an excess of 5% CuSO<sub>4</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O for 5 h and then repeatedly washed with water. After drying at 22 °C, an iron-based staple was inserted at the top of the modified textile square using an office stapler.</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-separations-11-00325' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. Decolorization of Model Dyes</h4><div class='html-p'>Four beakers (150 mL) filled with 50 mL of a single studied dye (50 mg/L) were used for an experiment: one mL of water (two beakers) or one mL of 30% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (two beakers) was added. Cu–chitosan-modified pieces of textile (2 × 2 cm) were placed into one beaker with water and one beaker with hydrogen peroxide. All beakers were mixed using a standard orbital shaker (150 rpm) at 22 °C. Absorbances of all samples were measured at the appropriate wavelength in 20–30 min intervals and the percentage of dye removal was calculated.</div></section><section id='sec2dot4-separations-11-00325' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.4. Peroxidase-Like Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>The peroxidase-like activity of the native, chitosan-modified, and copper–chitosan-modified non-woven textile was assayed at room temperature in test tubes containing one-quarter of the textile square (1 cm × 1 cm), acetate buffer (pH 6, 3.4 mL), and 12.53 mM DPD solution (400 μL). The reaction was initiated by the addition of 2% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (200 μL). The change in the absorbance of the supernatants was spectrophotometrically detected at 551 nm, against the corresponding control containing the reagents but not the textile material [<a href="#B48-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</div></section><section id='sec2dot5-separations-11-00325' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.5. Further Characterization</h4><div class='html-p'>The structures of the native, chitosan-modified, and copper–chitosan-modified non-woven textile fibers were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using a Hitachi SU6600 scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 1.5 kV. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) were acquired by SEM using a Thermo Noran System 7 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with a Si(Li) detector, with an accelerating voltage of 10 kV and the acquisition time was 300 s.</div></section></section><section id='sec3-separations-11-00325' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><div class='html-p'>The surface of both natural and synthetic textile fibers is an ideal platform for subsequent modifications in order to prepare a wide variety of textile derivatives. Various techniques can be used for textile modification, including both traditional solution treatment and advanced technologies such as plasma treatment, physical vapor deposition, nanoparticle application, and biology approaches [<a href="#B10-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B14-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Chitosan has been used for textile modification, due to its biocompatibility, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-odor activities. Its easy solubility in acidic solutions and the presence of reactive amino side groups offer the possibilities of subsequent chemical modification and the formation of valuable textile derivatives [<a href="#B23-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B49-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. Textile-bound copper chitosan was prepared by a simple and rapid technique using chitosan dissolved in diluted acetic acid as a precursor; ca. 38.2 mg of dried chitosan was attached to 2 × 2 cm piece (4 cm<sup>2</sup>) of nonwoven textile. Treatment with the solution of copper sulfate resulted in the formation of blue-colored textile-attached copper chitosan (<a href="#separations-11-00325-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>). It is well known that chitosan forms chelate compounds with copper ions accompanied by a release of hydrogen ions [<a href="#B50-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">50</a>]. Due to the chitosan solubility in acidic solutions, both chitosan and copper–chitosan-modified nonwoven textiles were stable in water solutions having neutral or slightly alkaline pH.</div><div class='html-p'>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to confirm the modification of synthetic textile fibers (diameters between 10 and 20 µm) with chitosan and copper chitosan (<a href="#separations-11-00325-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>). The chitosan modification of the textile led to the surface modification of individual fibers (<a href="#separations-11-00325-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>B) and to the chitosan film formation among the fibers (<a href="#separations-11-00325-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>C). Modification of bound chitosan by copper ions did not cause a substantial change in its morphology (<a href="#separations-11-00325-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>D). EDS analysis confirmed the presence of C, O, and a small amount of N in the chitosan-modified textile; after copper sulfate modification a large peak related to copper at 0.93 keV was observed (<a href="#separations-11-00325-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>). In addition, FTIR spectra of native (unmodified) nonwoven textiles and chitosan-modified textiles have been published recently [<a href="#B24-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Insertion of a staple (i.e., a piece of magnetic steel wire) enabled the preparation of a magnetically responsive textile square which can be easily captured using strong permanent magnets (<a href="#separations-11-00325-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>). Such materials can be easily, rapidly, and selectively removed from the treated solutions at the end of the catalytic or adsorption processes, using highly efficient NdFeB permanent magnets or a magnetic testing rod, as presented in <a href="#separations-11-00325-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>. Magnetic separation can be useful when working with large volumes of treated liquids.</div><div class='html-p'>It was confirmed that the nonwoven textile-bound copper chitosan exhibits peroxidase-like activity when measured with the DPD peroxidase substrate. The oxidized reaction product exhibited a strong absorption peak at 551 nm in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (<a href="#separations-11-00325-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>). The same P-L activity was observed in powdered chitosan treated with copper sulfate, where the blue material formed oxidized DPD in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Thus, copper chitosan behaves as a typical enzyme-like catalyst mimicking peroxidases. P-L activity of copper chitosan attached to a nonwoven textile was assayed, in which the average value was 1.46 nkatal per 1 cm<sup>2</sup> of copper–chitosan-modified textile. Thus, copper chitosan exhibits similar peroxidase-like activity as other copper-containing materials including copper nanoclusters [<a href="#B41-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">41</a>], protein-mediated sponge-like copper sulfide [<a href="#B42-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">42</a>], or copper tryptophan derivative [<a href="#B43-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">43</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Organic dyes represent important environmental contaminants; they are used in textile, paper, leather, rubber, plastics, printing, and cosmetics industries which subsequently leads to their presence in different water resources. Among a variety of dyes, azo dyes have found many applications due to their versatility and chemical stability. However, their durability and non-biodegradability cause pollution problems in water systems. Some of the azo dyes are very toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic [<a href="#B51-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">51</a>], and the carcinogenicity of many azo dyes is caused due to their cleaved product including benzidine [<a href="#B52-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. Also, triphenylmethane dyes including crystal violet and malachite green can be toxic to mammalian cells and exhibit mutagenic properties [<a href="#B53-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">53</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Several procedures for organic dye removal have been described in the literature, including chemical approaches such as oxidation, photochemical and ultraviolet irradiation, Fenton reaction dye removal, electrochemical destruction, ozonation, flocculation/coagulation, and biological degradation. Also, physical approaches for dye elimination including adsorption on a variety of adsorbents and biosorbents, ion exchange, and membrane filtration have been studied intensively [<a href="#B54-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">56</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>In addition to the above-mentioned procedures, enzyme-based degradation of organic dyes from contaminated water has been performed [<a href="#B57-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.x) catalyze reactions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide [<a href="#B58-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">58</a>]; different types of native and immobilized peroxidases can be used in the course of remediation (decolorization) of organic dyes present in contaminated waters [<a href="#B59-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B62-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. Decolorization of bromophenol blue and methyl orange [<a href="#B63-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">63</a>], Remazol blue [<a href="#B59-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">59</a>], Remazol Turquoise Blue G, and Lanaset Blue 2R [<a href="#B62-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">62</a>] by peroxidases in the presence of hydrogen peroxide are typical examples.</div><div class='html-p'>Similarly to many other enzymes, peroxidases are sensitive biomacromolecules, and their technological applications can be limited by low thermostability and inactivation by the high concentration of the hydrogen peroxide substrate. Due to these facts, peroxidase substitution by more stable enzyme-like materials is desirable. Nanozymes and enzyme-like catalysts have a great potential for dye decolorization and other catalytic processes because they are usually less expensive and more stable. A large quantity of nanozymes and other enzyme-mimetic materials with P-L activity have already been prepared [<a href="#B64-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Immobilization of enzyme-mimetic materials on insoluble, magnetically responsive carriers enables their simple and rapid removal from the system after finishing the catalytic process. Textiles and magnetically responsive textiles represent low-cost, easily available materials enabling easy immobilization of different types of nanozymes [<a href="#B14-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Textile-bound copper chitosan was tested for the degradation of two important diazo dyes (Congo red and Bismarck brown Y) and one heteropolyaromatic dye (methylene blue) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. All three dyes can have negative effects on human health and can contaminate water resources. Congo red and its metabolites, such as benzidine, are known to be carcinogenic, potentially leading to cancer. This dye can also exhibit mutagenic, teratogenic, and cytotoxic effects [<a href="#B65-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B66-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. Bismarck brown Y can induce cellular stress and high concentrations have been linked to developmental defects, particularly in embryonic and early larval stages of aquatic organisms [<a href="#B67-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">67</a>]. Methylene blue can cause serious health issues, including methemoglobinemia, and can cause headaches, vomiting, and dizziness. Methylene blue is considered toxic and potentially carcinogenic [<a href="#B68-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">68</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Copper chitosan bound to a nonwoven textile (without the steel staple) adsorbed partially Bismarck brown Y in the absence of hydrogen peroxide, where after five hours ca. 27% of the dye was adsorbed (see <a href="#separations-11-00325-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>). On the other hand, less than 7% of Congo red and methylene blue was adsorbed under the same conditions. Furthermore, the nanozyme-based decolorization played a dominant role, in which the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the dye solutions led to rapid decolorization of all three dyes. After 5 h treatment at 22 °C, 87.7%, 79.5%, and 87.5% dye removal were observed for Bismarck brown Y, Congo red, and methylene blue, respectively. An example of Congo red decolorization is shown in <a href="#separations-11-00325-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. The use of a magnetic textile carrier with bound copper chitosan can facilitate a very simple and rapid separation of the bound nanozyme from a large volume of the treated solution.</div><div class='html-p'>Due to the extremely low cost of all the precursors and the simplicity of the immobilized enzyme mimetic catalyst preparation, there is a possibility to use newly prepared textile-based catalysts for the reactions without the need for already used catalyst regeneration. This is a great advantage of the described textile-based catalyst in comparison with alternative previously described procedures employing more difficult catalyst preparation.</div></section><section id='sec4-separations-11-00325' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion and Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>Rapid industrialization and urbanization lead to the appearance of a broad range of organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, phenolic compounds, pesticides, dyes, and antibiotics in the environment. Suitable procedures for the efficient removal of organic pollutants are necessary. Enzyme-based processes have been successfully employed for their removal. However, natural enzymes have specific limitations such as relatively poor stability and high cost. Nanozymes, being nanomaterials exhibiting enzyme mimetic properties, have several advantages such as low cost, high stability, and high activity, in comparison with natural enzymes. Hence, the applications of nanozymes in environmental technology are of high importance [<a href="#B69-separations-11-00325" class="html-bibr">69</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>In general, both woven and nonwoven textiles and nanotextiles can be used as a successful carriers for the immobilization of a wide variety of (bio)catalysts and nanozymes. The presented results clearly indicate that textile-bound copper chitosan exhibiting peroxidase-like activity can be efficiently used as an enzyme-like catalyst for the degradation of important organic dyes in water solutions. This magnetically responsive textile with a bound peroxidase-like catalyst can be prepared in a very simple, rapid, and green way from low-cost precursors, and can be efficiently employed in biotechnology and environmental technology. The developed material exhibiting peroxidase-like activity will be used for further research focused on the degradation of other important organic pollutants.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, I.S.; methodology, I.S., J.P. and K.Z.P.; investigation, I.S., J.P. and K.Z.P.; writing—original draft preparation, I.S., J.P. and K.Z.P.; writing—review and editing, I.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was supported by the projects No. APVV-22-0060 MAMOTEX and ITMS 313011T548 MODEX (Slovak Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic) and the ERDF project No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_048/0007399 (Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The data presented in this study are available.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-separations-11-00325' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Opwis, K.; Straube, T.; Kiehl, K.; Gutmann, J.S. 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data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g001.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g001.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g001" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Squares (2 × 2 cm) of native nonwoven textile, chitosan-modified textile square, copper–chitosan-modified piece of textile, magnetic copper chitosan textile and magnetic separation of iron wire modified textile (from left to right).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Squares (2 × 2 cm) of native nonwoven textile, chitosan-modified textile square, copper–chitosan-modified piece of textile, magnetic copper chitosan textile and magnetic separation of iron wire modified textile (from left to right).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g001.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g001.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g001" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00325-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f002"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g002.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g002.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g002" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> SEM image of native (<b>A</b>), chitosan-modified (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>), and Cu–chitosan- (<b>D</b>) modified nonwoven textile.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> SEM image of native (<b>A</b>), chitosan-modified (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>), and Cu–chitosan- (<b>D</b>) modified nonwoven textile.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g002.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g002.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g002" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00325-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f003"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g003.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g003.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g003" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> EDS of nonwoven textile modified with chitosan (<b>A</b>) and textile modified with copper chitosan (<b>B</b>).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f003"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 3.</b> EDS of nonwoven textile modified with chitosan (<b>A</b>) and textile modified with copper chitosan (<b>B</b>).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g003.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g003.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g003" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g003.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00325-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f004"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g004.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g004.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g004" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Magnetic separation of iron wire-modified copper chitosan textile from water using NdFeB magnetic testing rod.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f004"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Magnetic separation of iron wire-modified copper chitosan textile from water using NdFeB magnetic testing rod.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g004.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g004.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g004" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g004.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00325-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f005"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g005.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g005.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g005" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> P-L activity of Cu–chitosan-modified piece of textile (1 × 1 cm), chitosan-modified textile, native textile, and blank solution (from left to right). The reaction occurred at 22 °C for 3 min.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f005"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 5.</b> P-L activity of Cu–chitosan-modified piece of textile (1 × 1 cm), chitosan-modified textile, native textile, and blank solution (from left to right). The reaction occurred at 22 °C for 3 min.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g005.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g005.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g005" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g005.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00325-f006"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f006"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g006.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g006.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g006" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g006-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 6.</b> Decolorization (degradation) of Bismarck brown Y (white symbols), Congo red (black symbols), and methylene blue (dotted symbols). Dye + H<sub>2</sub>O (triangles), dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (diamonds), dye + H<sub>2</sub>O + Cu chitosan textile (squares), and dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + Cu chitosan textile (circles).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f006"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 6.</b> Decolorization (degradation) of Bismarck brown Y (white symbols), Congo red (black symbols), and methylene blue (dotted symbols). Dye + H<sub>2</sub>O (triangles), dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (diamonds), dye + H<sub>2</sub>O + Cu chitosan textile (squares), and dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + Cu chitosan textile (circles).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g006.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g006.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g006" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g006.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="separations-11-00325-f007"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f007"> <img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g007.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g007.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g007" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g007-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/11/325/display" href="#fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 7.</b> Degradation of Congo red. Dye + H<sub>2</sub>O, dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, dye + H<sub>2</sub>O + copper chitosan textile, and dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + copper chitosan textile (from left to right). Solutions were incubated 5 h at 22 °C.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_separations-11-00325-f007"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 7.</b> Degradation of Congo red. Dye + H<sub>2</sub>O, dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, dye + H<sub>2</sub>O + copper chitosan textile, and dye + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + copper chitosan textile (from left to right). Solutions were incubated 5 h at 22 °C.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g007.png" data-original="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g007.png" alt="Separations 11 00325 g007" data-lsrc="/separations/separations-11-00325/article_deploy/html/images/separations-11-00325-g007.png" /></div> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2024 by the authors. 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Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal. <em>Separations</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110325 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Safarik I, Prochazkova J, Zelena Pospiskova K. Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal. <em>Separations</em>. 2024; 11(11):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110325 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Safarik, Ivo, Jitka Prochazkova, and Kristyna Zelena Pospiskova. 2024. "Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal" <em>Separations</em> 11, no. 11: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11110325 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Safarik, I., Prochazkova, J., & Zelena Pospiskova, K. (2024). 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Copper&ndash;Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal

Copper–Chitosan-Modified Magnetic Textile as a Peroxidase-Mimetic Catalyst for Dye Removal