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life and personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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href="#Relocation_of_Inselspital_and_call_to_Prague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relocation of Inselspital and call to Prague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relocation_of_Inselspital_and_call_to_Prague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aseptic_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aseptic_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aseptic surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aseptic_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_Neurosurgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_Neurosurgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Contributions to Neurosurgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_Neurosurgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_Thyroid_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_Thyroid_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Contributions to Thyroid surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_Thyroid_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_contributions_to_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_contributions_to_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Further contributions to science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_contributions_to_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Named_in_his_honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_in_his_honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Named in his honor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_in_his_honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emil Theodor Kocher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="تيودور كوخر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيودور كوخر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="امیل تئودور کوخر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="امیل تئودور کوخر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="এমিল টেওডোর কখার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এমিল টেওডোর কখার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эміль Тэадор Кохер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эміль Тэадор Кохер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Теодор Кохер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Емил Теодор Кохер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kocher" title="Theodor Kocher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CE%A4%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Έμιλ Τέοντορ Κόχερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έμιλ Τέοντορ Κόχερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="امیل تئودور کوخر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امیل تئودور کوخر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Kocher" title="Emil Kocher – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Emil Kocher" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_%EC%BD%94%ED%97%88" title="에밀 테오도어 코허 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에밀 테오도어 코허" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թեոդոր Կոխեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդոր Կոխեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kocher" title="Theodor Kocher – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="תאודור קוכר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאודור קוכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თეოდორ კოხერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოდორ კოხერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эмиль Теодор Кохер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эмиль Теодор Кохер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Kocher" title="Theodorus Kocher – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodorus Kocher" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ემილ თეოდორ კოხერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ემილ თეოდორ კოხერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="تيودور كوخر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيودور كوخر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="امیل تئودور کوخر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="امیل تئودور کوخر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အက်မီးလ် သီအိုဒိုကော့ချား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်မီးလ် သီအိုဒိုကော့ချား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC" title="エミール・テオドール・コッハー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エミール・テオドール・コッハー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kocher" title="Theodor Kocher – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="ایمل تھیوڈر کوخر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایمل تھیوڈر کوخر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kocher" title="Theodor Kocher – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Kocher" title="Emil Kocher – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Emil Kocher" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кохер, Эмиль Теодор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кохер, Эмиль Теодор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ئیمیل تیۆدۆر کۆچیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمیل تیۆدۆر کۆچیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Теодор Кохер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емил Теодор Кохер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kocher" title="Theodor Kocher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эмил Теодор Кохер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эмил Теодор Кохер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Еміль Теодор Кохер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еміль Теодор Кохер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B1" title="ایمل تھیوڈر کوچر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایمل تھیوڈر کوچر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94" title="埃米尔·特奥多尔·科赫尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃米尔·特奥多尔·科赫尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Emil Theodor Kocher" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE" title="埃米爾·特奧多爾·科赫爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃米爾·特奧多爾·科赫爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q115478#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Emil_Theodor_Kocher" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swiss physician and Nobel laureate (1841–1917)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Emil Theodor Kocher</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_Theodor_Kocher_(slight_3x4_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emil_Theodor_Kocher_%28slight_3x4_crop%29.jpg/220px-Emil_Theodor_Kocher_%28slight_3x4_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emil_Theodor_Kocher_%28slight_3x4_crop%29.jpg/330px-Emil_Theodor_Kocher_%28slight_3x4_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emil_Theodor_Kocher_%28slight_3x4_crop%29.jpg/440px-Emil_Theodor_Kocher_%28slight_3x4_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Kocher</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1841-08-25</span>)</span>25 August 1841<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1917<span style="display:none">(1917-07-27)</span> (aged 75)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Developer of Thyroid surgery</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Medical career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">Surgeon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-specialties</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a> surgery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (1909)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_Theodor_Kocher_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emil_Theodor_Kocher_signature.jpg/150px-Emil_Theodor_Kocher_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emil_Theodor_Kocher_signature.jpg/225px-Emil_Theodor_Kocher_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Emil_Theodor_Kocher_signature.jpg/300px-Emil_Theodor_Kocher_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="151" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emil Theodor Kocher</b> (25 August 1841 – 27 July 1917) was a Swiss physician and medical researcher who received the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for his work in the physiology, pathology and surgery of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burgerbib_kocher_et_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgerbib_kocher_et-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hls_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his many accomplishments are the introduction and promotion of aseptic surgery and scientific methods in surgery, specifically reducing the mortality of <a href="/wiki/Thyroidectomy" title="Thyroidectomy">thyroidectomies</a> below 1% in his operations. </p><p>Kocher was the first Swiss citizen and first surgeon to ever receive a Nobel Prize in Medicine. He was considered a pioneer and leader in the field of surgery in his time.<sup id="cite_ref-gautschi2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gautschi2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_personal_life">Early life and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kocher's father was Jakob Alexander Kocher (1814–1893), the sixth of seven children to Samuel Kocher (1771–1842), a carpenter, and Barbara Sutter (1772–1849).<sup id="cite_ref-burgerbib_kocher_ja_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgerbib_kocher_ja-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jakob Alexander Kocher was a railway engineer and he moved in 1845 to <a href="/wiki/Burgdorf,_Switzerland" title="Burgdorf, Switzerland">Burgdorf, Switzerland</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>), because of his job as regional engineer of <a href="/wiki/Emmental" title="Emmental">Emmental</a> (<i>Bezirksingenieur</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named chief engineer for street and water in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">canton of Bern</a> at the age of 34 years and he moved with his family to the capital, the city of Bern.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1858 he left the states service and managed several engineering projects around Bern.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theodor Kocher's mother was Maria Kocher (née Wermuth) living from 1820 to 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-hls_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a very religious woman and part of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>; together with Jakob Alexander, she raised a family of five sons and one daughter (Theodor Kocher was the second son). </p><p>Theodor Kocher was born on 25 August 1841 in Bern and baptized in the local <a href="/wiki/Bern_Minster" title="Bern Minster">Bern Minster</a> on 16 September 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the family, he moved to Burgdorf in 1845 where he started school. Later his family moved back to Bern where he went to middle and high school (<i>Realschule</i> and <i>Literaturgymnasium</i>) where he was the first of his class.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During high school, Theodor was interested in many subjects and was specifically drawn to art and <a href="/wiki/Classical_philology" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical philology">classical philology</a> but finally decided to become a doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1950_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1950-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He started his studies after obtaining the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> in 1858 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a> where <a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton_Biermer" title="Michael Anton Biermer">Anton Biermer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Askan_Demme" title="Hermann Askan Demme">Hermann Askan Demme</a> were teaching, two professors that impressed him most.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a studious and dedicated student but still became a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schweizerischer_Zofingerverein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweizerischer Zofingerverein (page does not exist)">Schweizerischer Zofingerverein</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Studentenverbindung" title="Studentenverbindung">Swiss fraternity</a>. He obtained his doctorate in Bern in 1865<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.nobelprize.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nobelprize.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (March 1865)<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1866<sup id="cite_ref-hls_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his dissertation about <i>Behandlung der croupösen Pneumonie mit Veratrum-Präparaten</i> (literal English translation: <i>The treatment of croupous pneumonia with <a href="/wiki/Veratrum" title="Veratrum">Veratrum</a> preparations.</i>) under professor Biermer with the predicate <i>summa cum laude unamimiter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 1865, Kocher followed his teacher Biermer to <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Billroth" title="Theodor Billroth">Theodor Billroth</a> was director of the hospital and influenced Kocher significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kocher then proceeded to start a journey through Europe to meet several of the most famous surgeons of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear how Kocher financed his trip but according to Bonjour (1981) he received money from an unknown female <a href="/wiki/Suisse_romande" class="mw-redirect" title="Suisse romande">Suisse romande</a> philanthropist who also supported his friend <a href="/wiki/Marc_Dufour_(ophthalmologist)" title="Marc Dufour (ophthalmologist)">Marc Dufour</a> and was probably a member of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1865, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, passing through <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and visiting an old friend from high school, Hans Blum. In Berlin, he studied under <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_Langenbeck" title="Bernhard von Langenbeck">Bernhard von Langenbeck</a> and applied for an assistant position with Langenbeck and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>. Since there was no position available, in April 1867 Kocher moved on to London where he first met <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hutchinson" title="Jonathan Hutchinson">Jonathan Hutchinson</a> and then worked for <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Thompson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet">Henry Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Eric_Erichsen" title="John Eric Erichsen">John Erichsen</a>. Furthermore, he was interested in the work of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Baker_Brown" title="Isaac Baker Brown">Isaac Baker Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer_Wells" title="Thomas Spencer Wells">Thomas Spencer Wells</a>, who also invited Kocher to go to the opera with his family. In July 1867, he traveled on to Paris to meet <a href="/wiki/Auguste_N%C3%A9laton" title="Auguste Nélaton">Auguste Nélaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Auguste_Stanislas_Verneuil" title="Aristide Auguste Stanislas Verneuil">Auguste Verneuil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>. During his travels, he did not only learn novel techniques but also got to know leading surgeons in person and learned to speak English fluently which allowed him later on to follow the scientific progress in the English speaking world with ease.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once returned to Bern, Kocher prepared for his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> and on 12 October 1867, he wrote a petition to the ministry of education to award him the <i><a href="/wiki/Venia_docendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Venia docendi">venia docendi</a></i> (Latin: <i>to instruct</i>) which was granted to him.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became assistant to <a href="/wiki/Georg_Albert_L%C3%BCcke" title="Georg Albert Lücke">Georg Lücke</a> who left Bern in 1872 to become professor in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kocher was hoping to get his position, but at the time it was customary to appoint German professors to positions at Swiss universities. Accordingly, the faculty suggested <a href="/wiki/Franz_K%C3%B6nig_(surgeon)" title="Franz König (surgeon)">Franz König</a> before Kocher to follow Lücke. However, the students and assistants as well as many doctors preferred Kocher and started a petition to the Bernese government to choose Kocher. Also the press was in favor of Kocher and several famous foreign surgeons, such as Langenbeck from Berlin and Billroth from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, wrote letters in support of Kocher. Under this public pressure, the Bernese government (<i>Regierungsrat</i>) chose Kocher as the successor of Lücke as Ordinary Professor of Surgery and Director of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University</a> Surgical Clinic at the <i><a href="/wiki/Inselspital" title="Inselspital">Inselspital</a></i> on 16 March 1872, despite a different proposal by the faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1869, Kocher married Marie Witschi-Courant<sup id="cite_ref-hildebrandt2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hildebrandt2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1841–1921)<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.nobelprize.org_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nobelprize.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or (1850<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1925).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of Johannes Witschi, who was a <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hls_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she had three sons together with Kocher. The Kochers first lived at the Marktgasse in Bern and moved in 1875 to a bigger house in the Villette. The house became a place for friends, colleagues and guests to gather and many patients from Kocher's clinic were invited to dine at the Villette.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like his mother, Kocher was a deeply religious man and also part of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>. This was an uncommon trait that not many colleagues and co-workers shared and until his death, Kocher attributed all his successes and failures to God. He thought that the rise of <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> (especially in science) was a great evil, and he attributed the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kocher was involved in the education of his three sons and played tennis with them and went horseback riding with them.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eldest son Albert (1872–1941)<sup id="cite_ref-www.nobelprize.org_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nobelprize.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would follow him to the surgical clinic in Bern and become Assistant Professor of Surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-tan2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of 23 July 1917, he was called into the Inselspital for an emergency. Kocher executed the surgery but afterwards felt unwell and went to bed, working on scientific notes. He then fell unconscious and died on 27 July 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The call for an ordinary professorship at the University of Bern at the age of 30 was the first big career step for Theodor Kocher. In the 45 years he served as professor at the university, he oversaw the re-building of the famous Bernese <a href="/wiki/Inselspital" title="Inselspital">Inselspital</a>, published 249 scholarly articles and books, trained numerous medical doctors and treated thousands of patients. He made major contributions to the fields of applied surgery, <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a> and, especially, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> surgery and <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinology</a>. For his work he received, among other honors, the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>. According to Asher, the field of surgery has transformed radically during the time of Theodore Kocher and later generations will build on the foundations created by Kocher – if a future historian wanted to describe the state of surgery at the beginning of the 20th century, he only need mention Kocher's <i>Text-Book of Operative Surgery</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three main factors contributed to Kocher's success as a surgeon, according to Bonjour (1981). The first factor was his consequent implementation of antiseptic wound treatment which prevented infection and later death of the patients. The second factor, according to <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hintzsche" title="Erich Hintzsche">Erich Hintzsche</a>, was his monitoring of the <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> where he used special masks and later used <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">local anesthesia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Goitre" title="Goitre">goitre</a> surgery which decreased or removed the dangers of anesthesia. As a third factor, Hintzsche mentions the minimal blood loss which Kocher achieved. Even the smallest source of blood during surgery was precisely controlled and inhibited by Kocher, initially because he thought that decomposing blood would constitute an infection risk for the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kocher first attained international recognition with his method to reset a dislocated shoulder published in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-hls_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gemsenjager2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsenjager2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new procedure was much less painful and safer than the traditionally used procedure and could be performed by a single physician. Kocher developed the procedure through his knowledge of anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same period, Kocher also studied the phenomena of bullet wounds and how they can cause <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">bone fractures</a>. From these studies resulted one public lecture in 1874 <i>Die Verbesserung der Geschosse vom Standpunkt der Humanitaet</i> (English: <i>The improvement of the bullets from the standpoint of humanity.</i>) and an 1875 manuscript <i>Ueber die Sprengwirkung der modernen Kriegsgewehrgeschosse</i> (English: <i>Over the explosive effect of modern war rifle bullets.</i>) He showed that small caliber bullets were less harmful and recommended to use bullets with slower speed.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relocation_of_Inselspital_and_call_to_Prague">Relocation of Inselspital and call to Prague</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relocation of Inselspital and call to Prague"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As soon as Kocher became professor, he wanted to modernize the practices at the Bernese <a href="/wiki/Inselspital" title="Inselspital">Inselspital</a>. He noticed that the old building did not suffice the modern standards and was too small – half of the patients seeking medical attention had to be turned away.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spring 1878, he visited several institutions around Europe to evaluate novel innovations for hospitals and implement them if possible in Bern. He wrote down his observations in a lengthy report for the Bernese government, giving instructions even for architectonic details. In a speech on 15 November 1878, he informed the general public about the pressing needs of a new hospital building. Finally, he used his call to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> to pressure the government: He would only stay in Bern if he was either granted 75 beds in the new building or would get money to increase his facilities in the old building. Finally, in the winter of 1884/1885 the new building was finished and the <a href="/wiki/Inselspital" title="Inselspital">Inselspital</a> could be moved.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> had the third largest university clinic in the German speaking world and it was a great honor for Kocher when he received a call as a professor to Prague in spring 1880. Many colleagues, especially international ones, urged Kocher to accept while Bernese doctors and colleagues begged him to stay.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kocher used this call, to demand certain improvements for the university clinic from the Bernese government. They accepted all his demands, the government promised him to begin building the new <a href="/wiki/Inselspital" title="Inselspital">Inselspital</a> building the next year, increased his credit for surgical equipment and books to 1000 franks and increased the number of beds for Kocher in the new Inselspital. Thus, Kocher decided to stay and many Bernese and Swiss students and professionals thanked him for it. He cited the affection of his students as one of his main reasons for staying. The university students organized a torchlight procession on 8 June 1880 in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aseptic_surgery">Aseptic surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aseptic surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is unclear whether Kocher directly knew <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister</a>, who pioneered the antiseptic (using chemical means to kill bacteria) method, but Kocher was in correspondence with him.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kocher had recognized the importance of aseptic techniques early on, introducing them to his peers at a time when this was considered revolutionary. In a hospital report from 1868, he attributed the lower mortality directly to the "antiseptic Lister's wound bandaging method" and he could later as director of the clinic order strict adherence to the antiseptic method.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonjour (1981) describes how his assistants were worried about wound infection for fear of having to explain their failure to Kocher himself.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kocher made it a matter of principle to investigate the cause of every wound infection and remove every potential source of infection, he also banned visitors from his surgeries for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He published multiple works on aseptic treatment and surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_Neurosurgery">Contributions to Neurosurgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contributions to Neurosurgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kocher also contributed significantly to the field of neurology and <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a>. In this area, his research was pioneering and covered the areas of <a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">concussion</a>, neurosurgery and <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">intracranial pressure</a> (ICP).<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he investigated the surgical treatment of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and spinal and cranial trauma. He found that in some cases, the epilepsy patients had a brain tumor which could be surgically removed. He hypothesized that epilepsy was caused by an increase in ICP and believed that drainage of cerebrospinal fluid could cure epilepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-hildebrandt2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hildebrandt2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese surgeon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayazo_Ito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayazo Ito (page does not exist)">Hayazo Ito</a> came to Bern in 1896 in order to perform experimental research on epilepsy. Kocher was especially interested in the ICP during experimentally induced epilepsy and after Ito returned to Japan, he performed over 100 surgeries in epilepsy patients.<sup id="cite_ref-hildebrandt2012_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hildebrandt2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American surgeon <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Williams_Cushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Williams Cushing">Harvey Cushing</a> spent several months in the lab of Kocher in 1900, performing cerebral surgery and first encountering the <a href="/wiki/Cushing_reflex" title="Cushing reflex">Cushing reflex</a> which describes the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">intracranial pressure</a>. Kocher later also found that <a href="/wiki/Decompressive_craniectomy" title="Decompressive craniectomy">decompressive craniectomy</a> was an effective method to lower ICP.<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his surgery textbook <i>Chirurgische Operationslehre</i>, Kocher dedicated 141 pages of 1060 pages to surgery of the nervous system. It included methods of exploration and decompression of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-hildebrandt2012_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hildebrandt2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_Thyroid_surgery">Contributions to Thyroid surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contributions to Thyroid surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thyroid surgery, which was mostly performed as treatment of <a href="/wiki/Goitre" title="Goitre">goitre</a> with a complete <a href="/wiki/Thyroidectomy" title="Thyroidectomy">thyroidectomy</a> when possible, was considered a risky procedure when Kocher started his work. Some estimates put the mortality of thyroidectomy as high as 75% in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-chiesa2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiesa2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the operation was believed to be one of the most dangerous operations and in France it was prohibited by the Academy of Medicine at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-chiesa2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiesa2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through application of modern surgical methods, such as antiseptic wound treatment and minimizing blood loss, and the famous slow and precise style of Kocher, he managed to reduce the mortality of this operation from an already low 18% (compared to contemporary standards) to less than 0.5% by 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, Kocher had performed over 5000 thyroid excisions.<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of Kocher's methods, especially when compared to operations performed by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Billroth" title="Theodor Billroth">Theodor Billroth</a> who was also performing thyroidectomies at that time, was described by <a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_Halsted" title="William Stewart Halsted">William Stewart Halsted</a> as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have pondered the question for many years and conclude that the explanation probably lies in the operative methods of the two illustrious surgeons. Kocher, neat and precise, operating in a relatively bloodless manner, scrupulously removed the entire thyroid gland doing little damage outside its capsule. Billroth, operating more rapidly and, as I recall, with less regard for the tissues and less concern for hemorrhage, might easily have removed the parathyroids or at least have interfered with their blood supply, and have left fragments of the thyroid.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_Halsted" title="William Stewart Halsted">William Stewart Halsted</a>, Halstead WS. The operative story of goitre. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1919;19:71–257. – Quoted in Morris et al. <sup id="cite_ref-morris1990_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris1990-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Kocher and others later discovered that the complete removal of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> could lead to <a href="/wiki/Cretinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretinism">cretinism</a> (termed <i>cachexia strumipriva</i> by Kocher) caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. The phenomena was reported to Kocher first in 1874 by the general practitioner <a href="/wiki/August_Fetscherin" title="August Fetscherin">August Fetscherin</a><sup id="cite_ref-hintzsche1970_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hintzsche1970-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in 1882 by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Reverdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Louis Reverdin">Jacques-Louis Reverdin</a> together with his assistant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Reverdin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Reverdin (page does not exist)">Auguste Reverdin</a> (1848–1908).<sup id="cite_ref-hls_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverdin met Kocher on 7 September in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> at the international hygienic congress (<i>internationaler Hygienekongress</i>) and expressed his concerns about complete removal of the thyroid to Kocher.<sup id="cite_ref-schlich1998_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schlich1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kocher then tried to contact 77 of his 102 former patients and found signs of a physical and mental decay in those cases where he had removed the thyroid gland completely.<sup id="cite_ref-troehler2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troehler2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, it was his precise surgery that allowed Kocher to remove the thyroid gland almost completely and led to the severe side effects of <a href="/wiki/Cretinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretinism">cretinism</a>. </p><p>Kocher came to the conclusion that a complete removal of the thyroid (as it was common to perform at the time because the function of the thyroid was not yet clear) was not advisable, a finding that he made public on 4 April 1883 in a lecture to the German Society of Surgery and also published in 1883 under the title <i>Ueber Kropfexstirpation und ihre Folgen</i> (English: <i>About Thyroidectomies and their consequences</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-kocher1883_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kocher1883-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverdin had already made his findings public on 13 September 1882<sup id="cite_ref-schlich1998_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schlich1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published further articles on this topic in 1883; yet still Kocher never acknowledged Reverdin's priority in this discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-hls_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gemsenjager2011_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsenjager2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the reactions to Kocher's lecture were mixed, some people asserted that <a href="/wiki/Goitre" title="Goitre">goitre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cretinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretinism">cretinism</a> were different stages of same disease and that cretinism would have occurred independently of the removal of the thyroid in the cases which Kocher described.<sup id="cite_ref-schlich1998_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schlich1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the long run however, these observations contributed to a more complete understanding of thyroid function and were one of the early hints of a connection between the thyroid and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_hypothyroidism" title="Congenital hypothyroidism">congenital cretinism</a>. These findings finally enabled thyroid hormone replacement therapies for a variety of thyroid related diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-morris1990_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris1990-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_contributions_to_science">Further contributions to science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further contributions to science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kocher published works on a number of subjects other than the thyroid gland, including <a href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">hemostasis</a>, antiseptic treatments, surgical infectious diseases, on gunshot wounds, acute <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a>, the theory of strangulated <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernia</a>, and abdominal surgery. The Nobel Prize money he received helped him establish the Kocher Institute in Bern. </p><p>A number of instruments (for example the <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniometer</a><sup id="cite_ref-schueltke2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schueltke2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and surgical techniques (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Kocher_manoeuvre" title="Kocher manoeuvre">Kocher manoeuvre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laparotomy#Types_of_incisions" title="Laparotomy">kocher incision</a>) are named after him, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome">Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome</a>. The Kocher manoeuvre is still a standard practice in orthopaedics.<sup id="cite_ref-gautschi2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gautschi2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kocher is also credited for the invention in 1882 of the Kocher's Surgical Clamp, which he used to prevent blood loss during surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-gemsenjager2011_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsenjager2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of his main works, <i>Chirurgische Operationslehre</i> (Text-Book of Operative Surgery <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was published through six editions and translated into many languages.<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his life, Kocher published 249 articles and books and supervised more than 130 doctoral candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-gautschi2009_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gautschi2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the university in 1878 and 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was president of the Bernese and the Swiss physicians association and co-founded the Swiss society for surgery in 1913 and became its first president.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904 or 1905 he built a private clinic called "Ulmenhof" which had space for 25 patients. Here Kocher catered to the wealthier patients, which in many cases were international.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also treated the wife of <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya" title="Nadezhda Krupskaya">Nadezhda Krupskaya</a> and operated on her in Bern (in 1913<sup id="cite_ref-g26_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g26-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-gemsenjager2011_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsenjager2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_H%C3%A4nny_B%C3%BCste_Theodor_Kocher_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karl_H%C3%A4nny_B%C3%BCste_Theodor_Kocher_3.jpg/220px-Karl_H%C3%A4nny_B%C3%BCste_Theodor_Kocher_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karl_H%C3%A4nny_B%C3%BCste_Theodor_Kocher_3.jpg/330px-Karl_H%C3%A4nny_B%C3%BCste_Theodor_Kocher_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karl_H%C3%A4nny_B%C3%BCste_Theodor_Kocher_3.jpg/440px-Karl_H%C3%A4nny_B%C3%BCste_Theodor_Kocher_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Theodor Kocher (created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%A4nny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hänny (page does not exist)">Karl Hänny</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kocher was also a famous and loved teacher. During nearly 100 semesters he taught his knowledge to about 10 000 students of the University of Bern. He was able to inspire students and taught them to think clearly and logically. Specifically, Kocher also taught a generation of Jewish-Russian students who could not study in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This association with Russia has also led the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society" title="Russian Geographical Society">Russian Geographical Society</a> to name a volcano after him (in the area of Ujun-Choldongi <sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a><sup id="cite_ref-gemsenjager2011_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsenjager2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ). </p><p>Among his many local and international students were Carl Arend (Bern), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Bernhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Bernhard (page does not exist)">Oscar Bernhard</a> (St. Moritz), Andrea Crotti (Ohio), Gustave Dardel (Bern), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Garr%C3%A9" title="Carl Garré">Carl Garré</a> (Bonn), Gottlieb and Max Feurer (St. Gallen), Anton Fonio (Langnau), Walter Gröbly (Arbon), Carl Kaufmann (Zürich), Albert Kocher (Bern), Joseph Kopp (Luzern), Ernst Kummer (Geneva), <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lanz" title="Otto Lanz">Otto Lanz</a> (Amsterdam), Edmond Lardy (Geneva) Jakob Lauper (Interlaken), Albert Lüthi (Thun), Hermann Matti (Bern), Charles Pettavel (Neuenburg), Paul Pfähler (Olten), <a href="/wiki/Fritz_de_Quervain" title="Fritz de Quervain">Fritz de Quervain</a> (La Chaux de Fonds / Basel / Bern), August Rickli (Langenthal), Ernst Rieben (Interlaken), August Rollier (Leysin), <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Roux" title="César Roux">César Roux</a> (Lausanne), Karl Schuler (Rorschach), Fritz Steinmann (Bern), Albert Vogel (Luzern), Hans Wildbolz (Bern) as well as the American neurosurgeon <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Cushing" title="Harvey Cushing">Harvey Cushing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable students of his include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayazo_Ito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayazo Ito (page does not exist)">Hayazo Ito</a> (1865–1929) and S. Berezowsky which also spread his techniques in their respective home-countries (Japan and Russia).<sup id="cite_ref-hildebrandt2012_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hildebrandt2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.whonamedit.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.whonamedit.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kocher's name is living on with the Theodor Kocher Institute, the Kochergasse and the Kocher Park in Bern.<sup id="cite_ref-choong2009_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choong2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Inselspital" title="Inselspital">Inselspital</a>, there is a bust of Kocher, created by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_H%C3%A4nny" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Hänny">Karl Hänny</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-weber_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Kocher Park there is another bust, created by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fueter" class="extiw" title="de:Max Fueter">Max Fueter</a>. In 1950, the Swiss historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Bonjour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Bonjour (page does not exist)">Edgar Bonjour</a> (1898–1991) who was married to Dora Kocher<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote a 136-page monograph on Kocher's life that was extended again in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_in_his_honor">Named in his honor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Named in his honor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Kocher lunar crater named in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An asteroid (2087) Kocher also commemorates his name.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The prize for outstanding young researchers in any field at the University of Berne is named Theodor Kocher Prize. It is awarded yearly since 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-unibe_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unibe-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponyms">Eponyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kocher%27s_forceps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kocher's forceps (page does not exist)">Kocher's forceps</a> – a surgical instrument with serrated blades and interlocking teeth at the tips used to control bleeding<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocher%27s_point" title="Kocher's point">Kocher's point</a> – common entry point for an intraventricular catheter to drain cerebral spinal fluid from the cerebral ventricles<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocher_manoeuvre" title="Kocher manoeuvre">Kocher manoeuvre</a> – a surgical manoeuvre to expose structures in the retroperitoneum<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocher%E2%80%93Debre%E2%80%93Semelaigne_syndrome" title="Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome">Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome</a> – hypothyroidism in infancy or childhood characterised by lower extremity or generalized muscular hypertrophy, myxoedema, short stature and cretinism<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kocher's incision – used in <a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</a><sup id="cite_ref-LITFL_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LITFL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kocher's incision II – is used in thyroid surgery<sup id="cite_ref-LITFL_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LITFL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocher%27s_sign" title="Kocher's sign">Kocher's sign</a> – eyelid phenomenon in hyperthyroidism and Basedow's disease<sup id="cite_ref-LITFL_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LITFL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (1909)</li> <li>Hon <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons">FRCS</a> (Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 25 July 1900)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President of the Bernese and Swiss physician societies<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President of the Swiss society for surgery<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President of the German society for surgery (1902)<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary member of the German society for surgery (1902)<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chairman of the first international surgery conference in Brussels 1905<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>several honorary memberships and honorary doctorates<sup id="cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his life, Kocher published 249 articles and books and supervised more than 130 doctoral candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-gautschi2009_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gautschi2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is an incomplete list of his most important works: </p> <ul><li><i>Die antiseptische Wundbehandlung</i> (Antiseptic wound treatment; 1881)</li> <li><i>Vorlesungen über chirurgische Infektionskrankheiten</i> (Lectures on surgical infections; 1895)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chirurgischeoper1902koch"><i>Chiruigische Operationslehre</i></a> (1894; Eng. trans. as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textbookofoperat00koch"><i>Textbook of Operative Surgery</i></a>, 2 vols., 1911)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the dissertation was published in 1866 and the HLS refers to 1866 as date of promotion and 1865 as date of completing his studies, all other sources point to 1865 as the date where Kocher obtained his doctorate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choong (2009) claims that Kocher became assistant in Bern already in 1866 but according to Bonjour, Kocher was then still in Berlin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several alternative spellings to Marie Witschi-Courant exist, for example Maria Witschi (ref hls), Witchi (ref choong2009), Witchi-Cournant (ref tan2008), Maria Witschi but in letters "Marie" (ref: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.burgerbib.ch/deskriptordetail.aspx?ID=137721">Descriptor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bernese Burgerbibliothek give 1850–1925 as her living years and also Bonjour 1981 writes (pg 86) that she was nineteen in 1869 but does not give a date of death</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-burgerbib_kocher_et-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burgerbib_kocher_et_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.burgerbib.ch/deskriptordetail.aspx?ID=19844">"Kocher, Emil Theodor (1841–1917) in the Burgerbib"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kocher%2C+Theodor+im+Historischen+Lexikon+der+Schweis&rft.pub=Historisches+Lexikon+der+Schweiz&rft.aulast=Koelbing&rft.aufirst=Huldrych+M.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hls-dhs-dss.ch%2Ftextes%2Fd%2FD14435.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gautschi2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gautschi2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gautschi2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gautschi2009_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gautschi2009_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautschiHildebrandtKocher2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gautschi, OP.; Hildebrandt, G.; Kocher, ET. 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"Emil Theodor Kocher (25/8/1841-27/7/1917)--A Swiss (neuro-)surgeon and Nobel Prize winner". <i>Br J Neurosurg</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 234–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02688690902777658">10.1080/02688690902777658</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19533456">19533456</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1622440">1622440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Neurosurg&rft.atitle=Emil+Theodor+Kocher+%2825%2F8%2F1841-27%2F7%2F1917%29--A+Swiss+%28neuro-%29surgeon+and+Nobel+Prize+winner.&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=234-236&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1622440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19533456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02688690902777658&rft.aulast=Gautschi&rft.aufirst=OP.&rft.au=Hildebrandt%2C+G.&rft.au=Kocher%2C+ET.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burgerbib_kocher_ja-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burgerbib_kocher_ja_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.burgerbib.ch/deskriptordetail.aspx?ID=138231">"Kocher, Jakob Alexander (1814–1893) in the Burgerbib"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kocher%2C+Jakob+Alexander+%281814%E2%80%931893%29+in+the+Burgerbib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkatalog.burgerbib.ch%2Fdeskriptordetail.aspx%3FID%3D138231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonjour1981-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonjour1981_5-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonjour1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonjour, Edgar (1981) [1950]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/810347253"><i>Theodor Kocher</i></a>. Berner Heimatbücher (in German). Vol. 40/41 (2nd (2., stark erweiterte Auflage 1981) ed.). 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London: Adam and Charles Black<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g26.ch/biographie_kocher.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ber%C3%BChmte+Berner+und+Bernerinnen+-+Emil+Theodor+Kocher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg26.ch%2Fbiographie_kocher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.whonamedit.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.whonamedit.com_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1751.html">"Whonamedit – Hayazo Ito"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whonamedit+%E2%80%93+Hayazo+Ito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whonamedit.com%2Fdoctor.cfm%2F1751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berchtold Weber: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digibern.ch/weber/weber_k.html#Kochergasse">Historisch-topographisches Lexikon der Stadt Bern-Kochergasse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425180751/http://www.digibern.ch/weber/weber_k.html">Archived</a> 25 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1976, retrieved 6. September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreis" class="citation web cs1">Kreis, Georg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D27020.php">"Bonjour, Edgar"</a>. <i>HLS-DHS-DSS.CH</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HLS-DHS-DSS.CH&rft.atitle=Bonjour%2C+Edgar&rft.aulast=Kreis&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hls-dhs-dss.ch%2Ftextes%2Fd%2FD27020.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14535">"Kocher"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kocher&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.pub=USGS+Astrogeology+Research+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F14535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jpl_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2087">"(2087) Kocher"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%282087%29+Kocher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsstr%3D2087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unibe-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unibe_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unibe.ch/research/research_prizes/theodor_kocher_prize/index_eng.html">"Theodor Kocher Prize"</a>. University of Bern.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodor+Kocher+Prize&rft.pub=University+of+Bern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibe.ch%2Fresearch%2Fresearch_prizes%2Ftheodor_kocher_prize%2Findex_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/kocher's+forceps">"Medical Definition of KOCHER'S FORCEPS"</a>. <i>www.Merriam-Webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Medical+Definition+of+KOCHER%27S+FORCEPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fmedical%2Fkocher%27s%2Bforceps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swiss-medtech.ch/en/industry/history">"MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY – FROM CRAFTS TO HIGH-TECH"</a>. <i>www.swiss-medtech.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.swiss-medtech.ch&rft.atitle=MEDICAL+TECHNOLOGY+%E2%80%93+FROM+CRAFTS+TO+HIGH-TECH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swiss-medtech.ch%2Fen%2Findustry%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619014642/https://www.operativeneurosurgery.com/doku.php?id=kocher_s_point">"Kocher's Point"</a>. <i>Operative Neurosurgery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operativeneurosurgery.com/doku.php?id=kocher_s_point">the original</a> on 19 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Operative+Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=Kocher%27s+Point&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foperativeneurosurgery.com%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dkocher_s_point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiederle2012" class="citation book cs1">Niederle, B. (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APvdBgAAQBAJ&q=kocher"><i>Surgery of the Biliary Tract: Old Problems New Methods, Current Practice</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8213-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8213-0"><bdi>978-94-009-8213-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgery+of+the+Biliary+Tract%3A+Old+Problems+New+Methods%2C+Current+Practice&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8213-0&rft.aulast=Niederle&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPvdBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkocher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/">"APA Dictionary of Psychology"</a>. <i>American Psychological Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychological+Association&rft.atitle=APA+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LITFL-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LITFL_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LITFL_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LITFL_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadogan2020" class="citation web cs1">Cadogan, Mike (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litfl.com/emil-theodor-kocher/">"Emil Theodor Kocher • Medical Eponym Library"</a>. <i>Life in the Fast Lane Medical Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+in+the+Fast+Lane+Medical+Blog&rft.atitle=Emil+Theodor+Kocher+%E2%80%A2+Medical+Eponym+Library&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.aulast=Cadogan&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitfl.com%2Femil-theodor-kocher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E002461b.htm">"Kocher, Theodor – Biographical entry – Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kocher%2C+Theodor+%E2%80%93+Biographical+entry+%E2%80%93+Plarr%27s+Lives+of+the+Fellows+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivesonline.rcseng.ac.uk%2Fbiogs%2FE002461b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemsenjäger2011" class="citation web cs1">Gemsenjäger, Ernst (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109182412/http://www.eurothyroid.com/about/met/kocher.php">"Milestones in European Thyroidology (MET) Theodor Kocher ( 1841–1917)"</a>. European Thyroid Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurothyroid.com/about/met/kocher.php">the original</a> on 9 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+European+Thyroidology+%28MET%29+Theodor+Kocher+%28+1841%E2%80%931917%29&rft.pub=European+Thyroid+Association&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gemsenj%C3%A4ger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurothyroid.com%2Fabout%2Fmet%2Fkocher.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/303">Emil Theodor Kocher</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115478#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1909 <i>Concerning Pathological Manifestations in Low-Grade Thyroid Diseases</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E002461b.htm">"Kocher, Theodor – Biographical entry – Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kocher%2C+Theodor+%E2%80%93+Biographical+entry+%E2%80%93+Plarr%27s+Lives+of+the+Fellows+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivesonline.rcseng.ac.uk%2Fbiogs%2FE002461b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonjour1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonjour, Edgar (1981) [1950]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/810347253"><i>Theodor Kocher</i></a>. Berner Heimatbücher (in German). Vol. 40/41 (2nd (2., stark erweiterte Auflage 1981) ed.). Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3258030296" title="Special:BookSources/978-3258030296"><bdi>978-3258030296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+Kocher&rft.place=Bern&rft.series=Berner+Heimatb%C3%BCcher&rft.edition=2nd+%282.%2C+stark+erweiterte+Auflage+1981%29&rft.pub=Verlag+Paul+Haupt&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3258030296&rft.aulast=Bonjour&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F810347253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.burgerbib.ch/parametersuche.aspx?DeskriptorId=19844">"Original Documents in the burgerbib"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+Documents+in+the+burgerbib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkatalog.burgerbib.ch%2Fparametersuche.aspx%3FDeskriptorId%3D19844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theodor_Kocher&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%20Theodor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kocher%2C%20E%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Emil%20Theodor%20Kocher%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Emil%20T%2E%20Kocher%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E%2E%20T%2E%20Kocher%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Emil%20Kocher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emil%20Theodor%20Kocher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emil%20T%2E%20Kocher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20T%2E%20Kocher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20Theodor%20Kocher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%20Theodor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kocher%2C%20E%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kocher%2C%20E%2E%20Theodor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emil%20Kocher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Emil%20Theodor%20Kocher%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Emil%20T%2E%20Kocher%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E%2E%20T%2E%20Kocher%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Emil%20Kocher%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Emil%20Theodor%20Kocher%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Emil%20T%2E%20Kocher%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E%2E%20T%2E%20Kocher%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%20Theodor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%20T%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Emil%20Kocher%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kocher%2C%20Emil%22%29%20OR%20%28%221841-1917%22%20AND%20Kocher%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Emil Theodor Kocher</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312220827/http://www.tki.unibe.ch/theodor.htm">Theodor Kocher Institute of the University of Bern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurothyroid.com/about/met/kocher.html">Milestones in European Thyroidology (MET). Theodor Kocher (1841–1917)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Kocher, Emil Theodor"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Kocher,_Emil_Theodor">"Kocher, Emil Theodor" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kocher%2C+Emil+Theodor&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kocher, Emil Theodor"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Kocher,_Emil_Theodor">"Kocher, Emil Theodor" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kocher%2C+Emil+Theodor&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Theodor+Kocher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1909_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1909 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1909_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1909 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">Auguste Beernaert</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emil Theodor Kocher</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd> <dd><b>1909 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1910_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1910 Nobel Prize winners">1910</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners">1911</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1912 Nobel Prize winners">1912</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1913_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1913 Nobel Prize winners">1913</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1914_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1914 Nobel Prize winners">1914</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115478#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110793559">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/53076722">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100383273">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/126771/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMH8XPQYyCQbCjMBTCQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118564110">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83329856">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2007028331">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124261306">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124261306">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00769327">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kocher, Theodor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V172640">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35138491">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000079364&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072069953">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000313412&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000686079&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=254268">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572965305606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810635654505606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263845105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15706308?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/838793">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118564110.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118564110">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033390940">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/014435">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62z1s00">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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