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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Blackburn</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Блэкберн, Элизабет – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Блэкберн, Элизабет" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86" title="إليزابيث بلاكبيرن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إليزابيث بلاكبيرن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabet_Blekb%C3%B6rn" title="Elizabet Blekbörn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elizabet Blekbörn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" title="الیزابت بلک‌برن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الیزابت بلک‌برن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="এলিজাবেথ ব্ল্যাকবার্ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এলিজাবেথ ব্ল্যাকবার্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Элизабет Блэкбёрн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Элизабет Блэкбёрн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Элізабет Блэкбёрн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Элізабет Блэкбёрн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Елизабет Блекбърн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елизабет Блекбърн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburnov%C3%A1" title="Elizabeth Blackburnová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburnová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B8_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD" title="Ελίζαμπεθ Μπλάκμπερν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελίζαμπεθ Μπλάκμπερν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" title="الیزابت بلک‌برن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیزابت بلک‌برن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%EB%B2%88" title="엘리자베스 블랙번 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘리자베스 블랙번" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9_%D4%B2%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6" title="Էլիզաբեթ Բլեքբերն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլիզաբեթ Բլեքբերն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="एलिजाबेथ ब्लैकबर्न – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलिजाबेथ ब्लैकबर्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Helen_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Helen Blackburn – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elizabeth Helen Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="אליזבת בלקברן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אליזבת בלקברן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ელიზაბეტ ბლეკბერნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელიზაბეტ ბლეკბერნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Элизабет Блэкберн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Элизабет Блэкберн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetha_Blackburn" title="Elisabetha Blackburn – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elisabetha Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabete_Blekb%C4%93rna" title="Elizabete Blekbērna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elizabete Blekbērna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Helen_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Helen Blackburn – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elizabeth Helen Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BA" title="എലിസബെത് ബ്ലാക്ബേൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എലിസബെത് ബ്ലാക്ബേൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="एलिझाबेथ ब्लॅकबर्न – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एलिझाबेथ ब्लॅकबर्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86" title="اليزابيث بلاكبيرن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليزابيث بلاكبيرن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" title="الیزابت بلک‌برن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الیزابت بلک‌برن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B6%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BBH%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="エリザベス・H・ブラックバーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリザベス・H・ブラックバーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" title="الزبتھ بلیکبرن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الزبتھ بلیکبرن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Helen_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Helen Blackburn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elizabeth Helen Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Блэкберн, Элизабет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блэкберн, Элизабет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburnov%C3%A1" title="Elizabeth Blackburnová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburnová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ئیلیزابێت بلاکبێرن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیلیزابێت بلاکبێرن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Елизабет Блекберн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елизабет Блекберн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="எலிசபெத் பிளாக்பர்ன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலிசபெத் பிளாக்பர்ன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Элизабет Бләкбөрн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Элизабет Бләкбөрн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలిజబెత్ బ్లాక్‌బన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలిజబెత్ బ్లాక్‌బన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Блэкбёрн, Элизабет – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Блэкбёрн, Элизабет" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Елізабет Блекберн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елізабет Блекберн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" title="الزیبتھ بلیک برن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الزیبتھ بلیک برن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="伊丽莎白·布莱克本 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊丽莎白·布莱克本" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Elizabeth Blackburn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="伊丽莎白·布莱克本 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊丽莎白·布莱克本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26321#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Elizabeth_Blackburn" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian-born American biological researcher</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Elizabeth Blackburn</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">FAA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales">FRSN</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Blackburn_in_2024_by_Christopher_Michel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Elizabeth_Blackburn_in_2024_by_Christopher_Michel.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Blackburn_in_2024_by_Christopher_Michel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Elizabeth_Blackburn_in_2024_by_Christopher_Michel.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Blackburn_in_2024_by_Christopher_Michel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Elizabeth_Blackburn_in_2024_by_Christopher_Michel.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Blackburn_in_2024_by_Christopher_Michel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="8192" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Elizabeth Blackburn in 2024</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Elizabeth Helen Blackburn</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1948-11-26</span>) </span>26 November 1948<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 76)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Australian and American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> (BSc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (PhD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Molecular_Biology" title="NAS Award in Molecular Biology">NAS Award in Molecular Biology</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Prize" title="Australia Prize">Australia Prize</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Prize" title="Dickson Prize">Dickson Prize</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr_A.H._Heineken_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr A.H. Heineken Prize">Heineken Prize</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Lasker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCB_Public_Service_Award" title="ASCB Public Service Award">ASCB Public Service Award</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyenburg_Prize" title="Meyenburg Prize">Meyenburg Prize</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al-UNESCO_Awards_for_Women_in_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science">L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (2009)<br /><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemists_Gold_Medal" title="American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal">AIC Gold Medal</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Molecular biology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRC_Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology" title="MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology">MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Salk Institute">Salk Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.449954">Sequence studies on bacteriophage ØX174 DNA by transcription</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1974)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biochemistry2.ucsf.edu/labs/blackburn">biochemistry2<wbr />.ucsf<wbr />.edu<wbr />/labs<wbr />/blackburn</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elizabeth Helen Blackburn</b> (born 26 November 1948) is an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian-American</a> Nobel laureate who is the former president of the <a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies" title="Salk Institute for Biological Studies">Salk Institute for Biological Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_laureate_Elizabeth_Blackburn_named_Salk_Institute_President_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_laureate_Elizabeth_Blackburn_named_Salk_Institute_President-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Blackburn co-discovered <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that replenishes the telomere, with <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a>. For this work, she was awarded the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>, sharing it with <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a>, becoming the first Australian woman Nobel laureate. </p><p>She also worked in <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a>, and was controversially dismissed from the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Bioethics" title="President's Council on Bioethics">President's Council on Bioethics</a>. 170 scientists signed an open letter to the president in her support, maintaining that she was fired because of political opposition to her advice.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackburn_USE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Blackburn_USE.png/220px-Blackburn_USE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Blackburn_USE.png/330px-Blackburn_USE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Blackburn_USE.png/440px-Blackburn_USE.png 2x" data-file-width="5112" data-file-height="5124" /></a><figcaption>Profile of Elizabeth Blackburn created by the organisation Science for All as part of the UN's <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Women_and_Girls_in_Science" title="International Day of Women and Girls in Science">International Day of Women and Girls in Science</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, the second of seven children, was born in <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, on 26 November 1948, with both her parents being family <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grady-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her family moved to the city of <a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a> when she was four, where she attended the Broadland House Church of England Girls' Grammar School (later amalgamated with <a href="/wiki/Launceston_Church_Grammar_School" title="Launceston Church Grammar School">Launceston Church Grammar School</a>) until the age of sixteen. </p><p>Upon her family's relocation to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, she attended <a href="/wiki/University_High_School,_Melbourne" title="University High School, Melbourne">University High School</a>, and ultimately gained very high marks in the end-of-year final statewide matriculation exams.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She went on to earn a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in 1970 and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> in 1972, both from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> in the field of biochemistry. Blackburn then went to receive her <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in 1975 from <a href="/wiki/Darwin_College,_Cambridge" title="Darwin College, Cambridge">Darwin College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grady-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for work she did with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> at the <a href="/wiki/MRC_Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology" title="MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology">MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology</a> developing methods to sequence DNA using RNA, as well as studying the bacteriophage <a href="/wiki/Phi_X_174" title="Phi X 174">Phi X 174</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During her postdoctoral work at Yale, Blackburn was doing research on the protozoan <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrahymena_thermophila" title="Tetrahymena thermophila">Tetrahymena thermophila</a></i> and noticed a repeating <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codon</a> at the end of the linear rDNA which varied in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Valera-2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valera-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackburn then noticed that this hexanucleotide at the end of the chromosome contained a TTAGGG sequence that was <a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">tandemly repeated</a>, and the terminal end of the chromosomes were palindromic. These characteristics allowed Blackburn and colleagues to conduct further research on the protozoan. Using the telomeric repeated end of <i>Tetrahymena</i>, Blackburn and colleague Jack Szostak showed the unstable replicating plasmids of yeast were protected from degradation, proving that these sequences contained characteristics of telomeres.<sup id="cite_ref-Valera-2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valera-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research also proved the telomeric repeats of <i>Tetrahymena</i> were conserved evolutionarily between the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Valera-2010_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valera-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this research, Blackburn and collaborators noticed the replication system for chromosomes was not likely to add to the lengthening of the telomere, and that the addition of these hexanucleotides to the chromosomes was likely due to the activity of an enzyme that is able to transfer specific functional groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Valera-2010_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valera-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposition of a possible transferase-like enzyme led Blackburn and PhD student Carol W. Greider to the discovery of an enzyme with reverse transcriptase activity that was able to fill in the terminal ends of telomeres without leaving the chromosome incomplete and unable to divide without loss of the end of the chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilson-2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilson-2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 1985 discovery led to the purification of this enzyme in lab, showing the transferase-like enzyme contained both RNA and protein components.<sup id="cite_ref-Valera-2010_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valera-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RNA portion of the enzyme served as a template for adding the telomeric repeats to the incomplete telomere, and the protein added enzymatic function for the addition of these repeats.Through this breakthrough, the term "telomerase" was given to the enzyme, solving the end-replication process that had troubled scientists at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilson-2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilson-2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telomerase">Telomerase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Telomerase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, Blackburn was a biological researcher and professor of biology and physiology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a>, studying the <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomere</a>, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">Telomerase</a> works by adding base pairs to the overhang of DNA on the 3' end, extending the strand until DNA polymerase and an RNA primer can complete the complementary strand and successfully synthesize the double-stranded DNA. Since DNA polymerase only synthesizes DNA in the leading strand direction, the shortening of the telomere results.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through their research, Blackburn and collaborators were able to show that the telomere is effectively replenished by the enzyme telomerase, which conserves cellular division by preventing the rapid loss of genetic information internal to the telomere, leading to cellular aging.<sup id="cite_ref-Valera-2010_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valera-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 1 January 2016, Blackburn was interviewed about her studies, discovering telomerase, and her current research. When she was asked to recall the moment of telomerase discovery she stated:<sup id="cite_ref-American_Academy_of_Achievement-2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Academy_of_Achievement-2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Greider">Carol</a> had done this experiment, and we stood, just in the lab, and I remember sort of standing there, and she had this – we call it a gel. It's an <a href="/wiki/Autoradiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoradiogram">autoradiogram</a> because there were trace amounts of radioactivity that were used to develop an image of the separated DNA products of what turned out to be the telomerase enzyme reaction. I remember looking at it and just thinking, 'Ah! This could be very big. This looks just right.' It had a pattern to it. There was a regularity to it. There was something that was not just sort of garbage there, and that was really kind of coming through, even though we look back at it now, we'd say, technically, there was this, that, and the other, but it was a pattern shining through, and it just had this sort of sense, 'Ah! There's something real here.' But then, of course, the good scientist has to be very skeptical and immediately say, 'Okay, we're going to test this every way around here, and really nail this one way or the other.' If it's going to be true, you have to make sure that it's true, because you can get a lot of false leads, especially if you're wanting something to work.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Academy_of_Achievement-2009_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Academy_of_Achievement-2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></p></blockquote><p>In 1978, Blackburn joined the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, in the Department of Molecular Biology. In 1990, she moved across the San Francisco Bay to the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a> (UCSF), where she served as the Department Chair from 1993 to 1999 and was the Morris Herzstein Professor of Biology and Physiology at UCSF. Blackburn became a Professor Emeritus at UCSF at the end of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackburn co-founded the company Telomere Health which offers telomere length testing to the public, but later severed ties with the company.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Blackburn was announced as the new President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. "Few scientists garner the kind of admiration and respect that Dr. Blackburn receives from her peers for her scientific accomplishments and her leadership, service and integrity", says Irwin M. Jacobs, chairman of Salk's Board of Trustees, on Blackburn's appointment as President of the institute. "Her deep insight as a scientist, her vision as a leader, and her warm personality will prove invaluable as she guides the Salk Institute on its continuing journey of discovery".  In 2017, she announced her plans to retire from the Salk Institute the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For their research and contributions to the understanding of telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The substantial research on the effects of chromosomal protection from telomerase, and the impact this has on cellular division has been a revolutionary catalyst in the field of molecular biology.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert-2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the addition of telomerase to cells that do not possess this enzyme has shown to bypass the limit of cellular ageing in those cells, thereby linking this enzyme to reduced cellular aging.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert-2011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of telomerase, and the presence of the enzyme in cancer cells has been shown to provide an immunity mechanism for the cell in proliferating, linking the transferase activity to increased cellular growth and reduced sensitivity for cellular signaling. Telomeres are also believed to play an important role in certain types of cancers, including pancreatic, bone, prostate, bladder, lung, kidney, and head and neck cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of discovering this enzyme has since led her continued research at the University of California San Francisco, where she studies the effect of telomeres and telomerase activity on cellular aging.<sup id="cite_ref-biochemistry2.ucsf.edu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biochemistry2.ucsf.edu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioethics">Bioethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bioethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackburn was appointed a member of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Bioethics" title="President's Council on Bioethics">President's Council on Bioethics</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She supported human embryonic cell research, in opposition to the Bush administration. Her Council terms were terminated by <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> directive on 27 February 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Blackburn believes that she was dismissed from the Council due to her disapproval of the Bush administration's position against stem cell research.<sup id="cite_ref-Union_of_Concerned_Scientists_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Union_of_Concerned_Scientists-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by expressions of outrage over her removal by many scientists, 170 of whom signed an open letter to the president maintaining that she was fired because of political opposition to her advice.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Weekend_Australian_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Weekend_Australian-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists and ethicists at the time even went as far as to say that Blackburn's removal was in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Advisory_Committee_Act" title="Federal Advisory Committee Act">Federal Advisory Committee Act</a> of 1972, which "requires balance on such advisory bodies"<sup id="cite_ref-Union_of_Concerned_Scientists_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Union_of_Concerned_Scientists-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"There is a growing sense that scientific research—which, after all, is defined by the quest for truth—is being manipulated for political ends", wrote Blackburn. "There is evidence that such manipulation is being achieved through the stacking of the membership of advisory bodies and through the delay and misrepresentation of their reports."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackburn serves on the Science Advisory Board of the Regenerative Medicine Foundation formerly known as the Genetics Policy Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_research">Current research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years Blackburn and her colleagues have been investigating the effect of stress on telomerase and telomeres<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with particular emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindfulness (psychology)">mindfulness</a> meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also one of several biologists (and one of two Nobel Prize laureates) in the 1995 science documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Death_by_Design/The_Life_and_Times_of_Life_and_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times">Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times</a></i>. She also featured in the 2012 Emmy award-winning science documentary, 'Decoding Immortality' (also known as 'Immortal') by Genepool Productions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies suggest that chronic psychological stress may accelerate ageing at the cellular level. Intimate partner violence was found to shorten telomere length in formerly abused women versus never abused women, possibly causing poorer overall health and greater morbidity in abused women.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the University of California San Francisco, Blackburn currently researches telomeres and telomerase in many organisms, from yeast to human cells.<sup id="cite_ref-biochemistry2.ucsf.edu_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biochemistry2.ucsf.edu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lab is focused on telomere maintenance, and how this has an impact on cellular aging. Many chronic diseases have been associated with the improper maintenance of these telomeres, thereby affecting cellular division, cycling, and impaired growth. At the cutting edge of telomere research, the Blackburn lab currently investigates the impact of limited maintenance of telomeres in cells through altering the enzyme telomerase.<sup id="cite_ref-biochemistry2.ucsf.edu_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biochemistry2.ucsf.edu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackburn's first book <i>The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer</i><sup id="cite_ref-Blackburn_2017_p._32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackburn_2017_p.-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2017) was co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Health_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Health psychologist">health psychologist</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Elissa_S._Epel" title="Elissa S. Epel">Elissa S. Epel</a> of Aging, Metabolism, and Emotions (AME) Center at the UCSF Center for Health and Community.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackburn comments on ageing reversal and care for one's telomeres through lifestyle: managing chronic stress, exercising, eating better and getting enough sleep; telomere testing, plus cautions and advice.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While studying telomeres and the replenishing enzyme, telomerase, Blackburn discovered a vital role played by these protective caps that revolved around one central idea: ageing of cells. The book hones in on many of the effects that poor health can have on telomeres and telomerase activity.<sup id="cite_ref-How_maintaining_your_telomeres_can_help_you_age_healthily_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_maintaining_your_telomeres_can_help_you_age_healthily-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since telomeres shorten with every division of a cell, replenishing these caps is essential to long term cell growth. Through research and data, Blackburn explained that people that lead stressful lives exhibit less telomerase functioning in the body, which leads to a decrease in the dividing capabilities of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-How_maintaining_your_telomeres_can_help_you_age_healthily_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_maintaining_your_telomeres_can_help_you_age_healthily-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once telomeres shorten drastically, the cells can no longer divide, meaning the tissues they replenish with every division would therefore die out, highlighting the ageing mechanism in humans. To increase telomerase activity in people with stress-filled lives, Blackburn suggests moderate exercise, even 15 minutes a day, which has been proven to stimulate telomerase activity and replenish the telomere.<sup id="cite_ref-How_maintaining_your_telomeres_can_help_you_age_healthily_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_maintaining_your_telomeres_can_help_you_age_healthily-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackburn states that unhappiness in lives also has an effect on the shortening of telomeres. In a study done on divorced couples, their telomere length was "significantly shorter" compared to couples in healthy relationships, and Blackburn states, "There's an obvious stressor ... we are intensely social beings."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Australian-2017_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Australian-2017-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She suggests positivity in daily life increases health. While increasing the amount of exercise, decreasing stress, and tobacco use, and maintaining a balanced sleep schedule, Blackburn explains that telomere length can be maintained, leading to a decrease in cell aging.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Australian-2017_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Australian-2017-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackburn also tells readers to be wary of clinical pills that proclaim to lengthen or telomeres and protect the body from aging. She says that these pills and creams have no scientific proof of being anti-aging supplements and that the key to preserving our telomeres and stimulating telomerase activity comes from leading a healthy life.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Australian-2017_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Australian-2017-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While working at the <a href="/wiki/MRC_Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology" title="MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology">MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology</a> in Cambridge, Blackburn met her husband John Sedat.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedat had taken a position at Yale, where she then decided to finish her postdoctoral.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grady-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Thus it was that love brought me to a most fortunate and influential choice: Joe Gall’s lab at Yale." They moved to New Haven and were married soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grady-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackburn splits her time living between <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> with her husband, and has a son, born in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grady-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She serves as a mentor and advocate for scientific research and policy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackburn's awards and honors include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Blackburn_(Nobel_Medicine_or_Physiology_2009)_in_Stockholm,_June_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Elizabeth_Blackburn_%28Nobel_Medicine_or_Physiology_2009%29_in_Stockholm%2C_June_2016.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Blackburn_%28Nobel_Medicine_or_Physiology_2009%29_in_Stockholm%2C_June_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Elizabeth_Blackburn_%28Nobel_Medicine_or_Physiology_2009%29_in_Stockholm%2C_June_2016.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Blackburn_%28Nobel_Medicine_or_Physiology_2009%29_in_Stockholm%2C_June_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Elizabeth_Blackburn_%28Nobel_Medicine_or_Physiology_2009%29_in_Stockholm%2C_June_2016.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Blackburn_%28Nobel_Medicine_or_Physiology_2009%29_in_Stockholm%2C_June_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1631" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth Blackburn (Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 2009) in Stockholm, June 2016</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company-Elanco_Research_Award" title="Eli Lilly and Company-Elanco Research Award">Eli Lilly Research Award for Microbiology and Immunology</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a> Award in Molecular Biology (1990)</li> <li>Harvey Society Lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Society" title="Harvey Society">Harvey Society</a> in New York (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Doctorate">Honorary Doctorate</a> of Science from Yale University (1991)</li> <li>Fellow of <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1992">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1992</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Microbiology">American Academy of Microbiology</a> (1993)</li> <li>Foreign Associate of <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Prize" title="Australia Prize">Australia Prize</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keio_Medical_Science_Prize" title="Keio Medical Science Prize">Keio Medical Science Prize</a> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passano_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Passano Award">Passano Award</a> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>California Scientist of the Year in 1999<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>'s Golden Plate Award (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_Cancer_Research" title="American Association for Cancer Research">American Association for Cancer Research</a> – G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> Medal of Honor (2000)</li> <li>Fellow of <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (2000)</li> <li>AACR-Pezcoller Foundation International Award for Cancer Research (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> Cancer Research Foundation <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred P. Sloan Award">Alfred P. Sloan Award</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.B.Wilson_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="E.B.Wilson Award">E.B.Wilson Award</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Cell_Biology" title="American Society for Cell Biology">American Society for Cell Biology</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb Award">Bristol-Myers Squibb Award</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._and_Claire_Pasarow_Foundation_Medical_Research_Award" title="Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award">Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr_A.H._Heineken_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr A.H. Heineken Prize">Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a> in Life Science of <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a> (2006) (shared with <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Szostak">Jack Szostak</a>)</li> <li>Genetics Prize from the <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gruber_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Gruber Foundation">Peter Gruber Foundation</a> (2006)</li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Science from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Prize" title="Wiley Prize">Wiley Prize</a> in Biomedical Sciences from the Wiley Foundation (shared with <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a>) (2006)</li> <li>Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a> (2007)</li> <li>Corresponding fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (2007)</li> <li>Recipient of the UCSF Women's Faculty Association Award</li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Science from Princeton University (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (2007) (shared with <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Gall" title="Joseph G. Gall">Joseph G. Gall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al-UNESCO_Awards_for_Women_in_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science">L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Medical_Center_Prize" title="Albany Medical Center Prize">Albany Medical Center Prize</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Meister_Greengard_Prize" title="Pearl Meister Greengard Prize">Pearl Meister Greengard Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Honour_Roll_of_Women" title="Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women">Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Honour_Roll_of_Women" title="Victorian Honour Roll of Women">Victorian Honour Roll of Women</a> (2010)</li> <li>Mike Hogg Award (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_and_Ludwig_Darmstaedter_Prize" title="Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize">Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize</a> (2009) (shared with <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009</a>, shared with <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">Order of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a> Honours, 2010), for "eminent service to science as a leader in the field of biomedical research, particularly through the discovery of telomerase and its role in the development of cancer and ageing of cells and through contributions as an international adviser in Bioethics."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Royal Society of New South Wales">Royal Society of New South Wales</a> (FRSN) (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame" title="California Hall of Fame">California Hall of Fame</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemists_Gold_Medal" title="American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal">AIC Gold Medal</a> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-Blackburn_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackburn-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Blackburn was elected: </p> <ul><li>President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (2016–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_laureate_Elizabeth_Blackburn_named_Salk_Institute_President_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_laureate_Elizabeth_Blackburn_named_Salk_Institute_President-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_Cancer_Research" title="American Association for Cancer Research">American Association for Cancer Research</a> for 2010<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Cell_Biology" title="American Society for Cell Biology">American Society for Cell Biology</a> for 1998</li> <li>Foreign associate of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1993)</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> (2000)</li> <li>Board member of the <a href="/wiki/Genetics_Society_of_America" title="Genetics Society of America">Genetics Society of America</a> (2000–2002)</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2007, Blackburn was listed among <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 people who shape our world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/">"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2009&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+Blackburn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_laureate_Elizabeth_Blackburn_named_Salk_Institute_President-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_laureate_Elizabeth_Blackburn_named_Salk_Institute_President_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_laureate_Elizabeth_Blackburn_named_Salk_Institute_President_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salk.edu/news-release/nobel-laureate-elizabeth-blackburn-named-salk-institute-president/">"Nobel laureate Elizabeth Blackburn named Salk Institute President"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+laureate+Elizabeth+Blackburn+named+Salk+Institute+President&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salk.edu%2Fnews-release%2Fnobel-laureate-elizabeth-blackburn-named-salk-institute-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+Blackburn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2007" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Catherine (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabethblackbu00brad_0"><i>Elizabeth Blackburn and the Story of Telomeres</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2009%2Fblackburn%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+Blackburn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grady-2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady-2013_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrady2013" class="citation news cs1">Grady, Denise (8 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/09/science/elizabeth-blackburn-molecular-biologist-charts-her-own-course.html">"Charting Her Own Course"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616029,00.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Time+100%3A+Elizabeth+Blackburn&rft.date=2007-05-03&rft.au=Alice+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Ftime100%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1595326_1595329_1616029%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+Blackburn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q26321" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q26321"><b>Elizabeth Blackburn <small>(Q26321)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/835">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26321#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 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in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates787" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates787" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (United States/United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (Israel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> (Germany/Romania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (Hong Kong/United Kingdom/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> (Canada/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> (United States/Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> (United Kingdom/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prizes" title="2004 Nobel Prizes">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prizes" title="2005 Nobel Prizes">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prizes" title="2006 Nobel Prizes">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prizes" title="2007 Nobel Prizes">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prizes" title="2008 Nobel Prizes">2008</a></dd> <dd><b>2009 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prizes" title="2010 Nobel Prizes">2010</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prizes" title="2011 Nobel Prizes">2011</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prizes" title="2012 Nobel Prizes">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prizes" title="2013 Nobel Prizes">2013</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prizes" title="2014 Nobel Prizes">2014</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heineken_Prizes103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heineken_Prizes" title="Template:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heineken_Prizes" title="Template talk:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heineken_Prizes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heineken_Prizes103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heineken_Prizes" title="Heineken Prizes">Heineken Prizes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biochemistry and Biophysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Chargaff</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Brachet" title="Jean Brachet">Brachet</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Chance</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">De Duve</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurens_van_Deenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurens van Deenen (page does not exist)">Van Deenen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Weissmann" title="Charles Weissmann">Weissmann</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Julesz" title="Béla Julesz">Julesz</a> & <a href="/wiki/Werner_E._Reichardt" title="Werner E. Reichardt">Reichardt</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Cech</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Leder</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Borst" title="Piet Borst">Borst</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berridge" title="Michael Berridge">Berridge</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Pawson_(biochemist)" title="Tony Pawson (biochemist)">Pawson</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Tsien</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Jeffreys</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Szostak</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Ulrich_Hartl" title="Franz-Ulrich Hartl">Hartl</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titia_de_Lange" title="Titia de Lange">De Lange</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dobson" title="Chris Dobson">Dobson</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Doudna</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaowei_Zhuang" title="Xiaowei Zhuang">Zhuang</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_William_Stillman" title="Bruce William Stillman">Stillman</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_van_Rood" title="Jon van Rood">Van Rood</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Moncada</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_de_Wied" title="David de Wied">De Wied</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_J._Selkoe" title="Dennis J. Selkoe">Selkoe</a> (2002)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blackburn</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">King</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peto" title="Richard Peto">Peto</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Steinman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Clevers" title="Hans Clevers">Clevers</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_Alitalo" title="Kari Alitalo">Alitalo</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jackson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Jackson (scientist)">Jackson</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carmeliet" title="Peter Carmeliet">Carmeliet</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Deisseroth</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">Lovelock</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Branica" title="Marko Branica">Branica</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Daly</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poul_Harremo%C3%ABs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poul Harremoës (page does not exist)">Harremoës</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Thompson</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_A._Levin" title="Simon A. Levin">Levin</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pimm" title="Stuart Pimm">Pimm</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Brunekreef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Brunekreef (page does not exist)">Brunekreef</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._David_Tilman" title="G. David Tilman">Tilman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Laurance" title="William F. Laurance">Laurance</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Sinninghe_Damst%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Sinninghe Damsté (page does not exist)">Sinninghe Damsté</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Mace" title="Georgina Mace">Mace</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._N._Hebert" title="Paul D. N. Hebert">Hebert</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Le_Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Corinne Le Quéré">Le Quéré</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Gay</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_der_Wee" title="Herman Van der Wee">Van der Wee</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Oberman" title="Heiko Oberman">Oberman</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Ozouf" title="Mona Ozouf">Ozouf</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(historian)" title="Jan de Vries (historian)">De Vries</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Schilling" title="Heinz Schilling">Schilling</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" title="Jacques Le Goff">Le Goff</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Mokyr</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleida_Assmann" title="Aleida Assmann">Assmann</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Herrin</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._McNeill" title="J. R. McNeill">McNeill</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Daston" title="Lorraine Daston">Daston</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cognitive Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">Anderson</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Dehaene</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Tomasello</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_(neuroscientist)" title="John Duncan (neuroscientist)">Duncan</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McClelland_(psychologist)" title="James McClelland (psychologist)">McClelland</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Spelke" title="Elizabeth Spelke">Spelke</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kanwisher" title="Nancy Kanwisher">Kanwisher</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zatorre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Zatorre (page does not exist)">Zatorre</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toon_Verhoef" title="Toon Verhoef">Verhoef</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrie_Bot" title="Marrie Bot">Bot</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_Visser" title="Carel Visser">C. Visser</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthijs_R%C3%B6ling" title="Matthijs Röling">Röling</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Martens" title="Karel Martens">Martens</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_de_Pavert" title="Jan van de Pavert">Van de Pavert</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Geelen" title="Guido Geelen">Geelen</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aernout_Mik" title="Aernout Mik">Mik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daan_van_Golden" title="Daan van Golden">Van Golden</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Koelewijn" title="Job Koelewijn">Koelewijn</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Visser_(artist)" title="Barbara Visser (artist)">B. Visser</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Manders" title="Mark Manders">Manders</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Struycken" title="Peter Struycken">Struycken</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelien_van_Oldenborgh" title="Wendelien van Oldenborgh">Van Oldenborgh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Dr%C3%B6ge_Wendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvonne Dröge Wendel (page does not exist)">Dröge Wendel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_van_Lieshout" title="Erik van Lieshout">Van Lieshout</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansuya_Blom" title="Ansuya Blom">Blom</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1992151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1992" title="Template:FRS 1992"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1992" title="Template talk:FRS 1992"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1992" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1992"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1992151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1992">in 1992</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_McKee_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry McKee Adams">Jerry McKee Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Greig_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="James Greig Arthur">James Greig Arthur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth Blackburn</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Colin_Blakemore" title="Colin Blakemore">Colin Blakemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Boulton" title="Geoffrey Boulton">Geoffrey Boulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Cory" title="Suzanne Cory">Suzanne Cory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Deane_Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Deane Davies">Rodney Deane Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Neville_Goodfellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Neville Goodfellow">Peter Neville Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Grant_(physicist)" title="Ian Grant (physicist)">Ian Philip Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilson_Greenwood" title="Geoffrey Wilson Greenwood">Geoffrey Wilson Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregory" title="Richard Gregory">Richard Langton Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicholas_Hales" title="Charles Nicholas Hales">Charles Nicholas Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Harvey" title="Paul H. Harvey">Paul H. Harvey</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Jack_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jack (scientist)">David Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Jones_(biophysicist)" title="Alwyn Jones (biophysicist)">Alwyn Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_George_Lecomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter George Lecomber">Peter George Lecomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graham_Lloyd" class="mw-redirect" title="David Graham Lloyd">David Graham Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Douglas_Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Douglas Lund">Raymond Douglas Lund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Alan_McLauchlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Alan McLauchlan (page does not exist)">Keith Alan McLauchlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bryce_McLeod" title="John Bryce McLeod">John Bryce McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_James_McMichael" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew James McMichael">Andrew James McMichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mingos" title="Michael Mingos">Michael Mingos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Sydney_Dennis_Morley" title="Leslie Sydney Dennis Morley">Leslie Sydney Dennis Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha" title="Roddam Narasimha">Roddam Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ephraim_Julius_Pagel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Ephraim Julius Pagel">Bernard Ephraim Julius Pagel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Godfrey_Stuart_Pawley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godfrey Stuart Pawley (page does not exist)">Godfrey Stuart Pawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_N._Payne" title="David N. Payne">David N. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Plotkin" title="Gordon Plotkin">Gordon Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ramage_(chemist)" title="Robert Ramage (chemist)">Robert Ramage</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rudge" title="Alan Rudge">Alan Rudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_N._Schofield" title="Andrew N. Schofield">Andrew N. Schofield</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165829" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165829">David John Sherratt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Townsend" title="Alain Townsend">Alain Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Johnson_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Johnson Turner (page does not exist)">James Johnson Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Walls" title="Dan Walls">Dan Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Weiss" title="Nigel Weiss">Nigel Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Whelan" title="William Joseph Whelan">William Joseph Whelan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Raymond_Willis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Raymond Willis (page does not exist)">John Raymond Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza" title="Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza">Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Ito" title="Masao Ito">Masao Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Platt_Jencks" class="mw-redirect" title="William Platt Jencks">William Platt Jencks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26321#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2942" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26321#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26321#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8593551">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/365412/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq74yyBJktBtyXYw4ycfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/134048385">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95042223">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13489910w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608957906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09579614?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4885-0544">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7103349740">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1475754">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/134048385">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035823755">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10584322">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w692nq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" 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