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href="#Discovery_of_telomerase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discovery of telomerase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_telomerase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Subsequent career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carol W. Greider</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Грейдер, Кэрол – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Грейдер, Кэрол" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="كارول غريدر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارول غريدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Qreyder" title="Karel Qreyder – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karel Qreyder" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کارول گریدر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارول گریدر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8C" title="ক্যারল গ্রেইডার‌ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যারল গ্রেইডার‌" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кэрол Грейдер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кэрол Грейдер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Кэрал Грэйдэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кэрал Грэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Карол Грейдър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карол Грейдър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greiderov%C3%A1" title="Carol W. Greiderová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carol W. Greiderová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Κάρολ Γκρέιντερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολ Γκρέιντερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کارول گریدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارول گریدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%9F%B4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%94" title="캐럴 그라이더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐럴 그라이더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քերոլ Գրեյդեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քերոլ Գրեյդեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="कैरोल ग्रीडर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैरोल ग्रीडर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Widney_Greider" title="Carol Widney Greider – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Carol Widney Greider" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8" title="קרול גריידר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרול גריידר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კეროლ გრეიდერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კეროლ გრეიდერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кэрол Грейдер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кэрол Грейдер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carola_W._Greider" title="Carola W. Greider – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carola W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karola_Greidere" title="Karola Greidere – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karola Greidere" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Widney_Carol_Greider" title="Carolyn Widney Carol Greider – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Carolyn Widney Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BC" title="കാരൾ ഗ്രെയ്ഡർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാരൾ ഗ്രെയ്ഡർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82._%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="कॅरोल डब्ल्यू. ग्राइडर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅरोल डब्ल्यू. ग्राइडर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="كارول جريدر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارول جريدر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کارول گریدر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارول گریدر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BBW%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="キャロル・W・グライダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャロル・W・グライダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੈਰੋਲ ਗਰਾਈਡਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਰੋਲ ਗਰਾਈਡਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کیرل گرائیدر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیرل گرائیدر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Widney_Greider" title="Carol Widney Greider – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Carol Widney Greider" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Грейдер, Кэрол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грейдер, Кэрол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greiderov%C3%A1" title="Carol Greiderová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Carol Greiderová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1" title="کارۆل گریدەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارۆل گریدەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Керол Грајдер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Керол Грајдер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கரோல் கிரெய்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரோல் கிரெய்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кэрол Грейдер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кэрол Грейдер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Грейдер, Кэрол – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Грейдер, Кэрол" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Керол Грейдер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Керол Грейдер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1" title="کارول ڈبلیو. گریڈر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارول ڈبلیو. گریڈر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carol W. Greider" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="卡罗尔·格雷德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡罗尔·格雷德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Carol Greider" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="卡罗尔·格雷德 – Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American molecular biologist and Nobel laureate</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Carol W. Greider</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_Greider_by_Chris_Michel_1s946948-11-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Carol_Greider_by_Chris_Michel_1s946948-11-23.jpg/220px-Carol_Greider_by_Chris_Michel_1s946948-11-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Carol_Greider_by_Chris_Michel_1s946948-11-23.jpg/330px-Carol_Greider_by_Chris_Michel_1s946948-11-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Carol_Greider_by_Chris_Michel_1s946948-11-23.jpg/440px-Carol_Greider_by_Chris_Michel_1s946948-11-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8375" data-file-height="11167" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Greider in 2021</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Carolyn Widney Greider</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1961-04-15</span>) </span>April 15, 1961<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 63)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovery of <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._Comfort" title="Nathaniel C. Comfort">Nathaniel C. Comfort</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1993; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2011)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lounsbery_Award" title="Richard Lounsbery Award">Richard Lounsbery Award</a> (2003)<br /><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Lasker Award</a> (2006)<br /><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> (2007)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (2009)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Molecular biology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3907856/">Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1985)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_M._Sweeney" title="Beatrice M. Sweeney">Beatrice M. Sweeney</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Asai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Asai (page does not exist)">David J. Asai</a><br />Leslie Wilson</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carolyn Widney Greider</b> (born April 15, 1961) is an American <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biologist</a> and Nobel laureate. She is a Distinguished Professor of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental Biology</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>. </p><p>Greider discovered the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a> in 1984, while she was a graduate student of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Greider pioneered research on the structure of <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a>, the ends of the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. She was awarded the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine</a>, along with Blackburn and <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a>, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greider was born in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father, Kenneth Greider, was a <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> professor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her family moved from San Diego to <a href="/wiki/Davis,_California" title="Davis, California">Davis, California</a>, where she spent many of her early years and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Davis_Senior_High_School_(California)" title="Davis Senior High School (California)">Davis Senior High School</a> in 1979. She graduated from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Creative_Studies" title="College of Creative Studies">College of Creative Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> in 1983. During this time she also studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> and made significant discoveries there.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greider is <a href="/wiki/Dyslexic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyslexic">dyslexic</a> and states that her "compensatory skills also played a role in my success as a scientist because one has to intuit many different things that are going on at the same time and apply those to a particular problem".<sup id="cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleDyslexic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider initially suspected her dyslexia after seeing patterns of common mistakes such as backward words when she received back graded work in the first grade.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider started to memorize words and their spellings rather than attempting to sound out the spelling of words.<sup id="cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleDyslexic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider has worked significantly to overcome her dyslexia to become successful in her professional life and credits her dyslexia as helping her appreciate differences and making unusual decisions such as the one to work with <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrahymena" title="Tetrahymena">Tetrahymena</a></i>, an unusual organism.<sup id="cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleDyslexic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greider initially had difficulty getting into graduate school because of her low <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examinations" title="Graduate Record Examinations">GRE</a> scores due to her dyslexia. Greider applied to thirteen grad schools and was accepted to only two, <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleDyslexic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She chose to study at Berkeley.<sup id="cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaleDyslexic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_of_telomerase">Discovery of telomerase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery of telomerase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greider completed her Ph.D. in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> in 1987 at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a> under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a>. While at Berkeley, Greider and Blackburn discovered how chromosomes are protected by <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a> and the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider joined Blackburn's laboratory in April 1984 looking for the enzyme that was hypothesized to add extra <a href="/wiki/DNA_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA bases">DNA bases</a> to the ends of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. Without the extra bases, which are added as repeats of a six-base pair motif, chromosomes are shortened during <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a>, eventually resulting in chromosome deterioration and <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a> or cancer-causing chromosome fusion. Blackburn and Greider looked for the enzyme in the model organism <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrahymena" title="Tetrahymena">Tetrahymena thermophila</a></i>, a fresh-water <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoan</a> with a large number of telomeres.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 25, 1984, Greider obtained results indicating that a particular enzyme was likely responsible. After six months of additional research, Greider and Blackburn concluded that it was the enzyme responsible for telomere addition. They published their findings in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a></i> in December 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enzyme, originally called "telomere terminal transferase," is now known as telomerase. Telomerase rebuilds the tips of chromosomes and determines the life span of cells.<sup id="cite_ref-jhopkinsresearch_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhopkinsresearch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greider's additional research to confirm her discovery was largely focused on identifying the mechanism that telomerase uses for elongation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider chose to use <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> degrading enzymes and saw that the telomeres stopped extending, which was an indication that RNA was involved in the enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_career">Subsequent career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subsequent career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greider then started her laboratory as a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Fellow, and also held a faculty position, at the <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island, New York</a>. Greider continued to study <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrahymena" title="Tetrahymena">Tetrahymena</a></i> telomerase, cloning the gene encoding the RNA component and demonstrating that it provided the template for the TTGGGG telomere repeats (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as establishing that telomerase is processive (1991).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also able to reconstitute <i>Tetrahymena</i> telomerase <i>in vitro</i> (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and define the mechanisms of template utilization (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider also worked with Calvin Harley to show that telomere shortening underlies cellular senescence (1990).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further test this idea mouse and human telomerase were characterized (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mouse telomerase RNA component was cloned (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Greider, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Ronald_A._DePinho" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald A. DePinho">Ronald A. DePinho</a>, produced the first telomerase <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">knockout mouse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing that although telomerase is dispensable for life, increasingly short telomeres result in various deleterious <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a>, colloquially referred to as premature aging.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1990s, Greider was recruited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._West" title="Michael D. West">Michael D. West</a>, founder of biotechnology company <a href="/wiki/Geron_Corporation" title="Geron Corporation">Geron</a> (now CEO of <a href="/wiki/AgeX_Therapeutics" title="AgeX Therapeutics">AgeX Therapeutics</a>) to join the company's Scientific Advisory Board<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained on the Board until 1997. </p><p>Greider accepted a faculty position at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</a> in 1997. Greider continued to study telomerase deficient mice and saw that her sixth generation of mice had become entirely sterile,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when mated with control mice the telomerase deficient mice were able to regenerate their <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider continued to work on telomerase biochemistry, defining the secondary structure (2000) <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and template boundary (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of vertebrate telomerase RNA as well as analyzing the pseudoknot structure in human telomerase RNA (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to working in <i>Tetrahymena</i> and mammalian systems, Greider also studied telomeres and telomerase in the yeast <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>, further characterizing the recombination-based gene conversion mechanism that yeast cells null for telomerase use to maintain telomeres (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2001).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider also showed that short telomeres elicit a DNA damage response in yeast (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greider, Blackburn, and Szostak shared the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a> for their work on telomeres,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before jointly receiving the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a> in 2009. </p><p>In February 2014, Greider was named a <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Distinguished_Professorships" title="Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships">Bloomberg Distinguished Professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greider served as director of and professor at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jhopkinsresearch_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhopkinsresearch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider was first promoted to Daniel Nathans Professor at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, she is a professor of molecular, cellular, and developmental biology at UCSC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Greider's lab employs both student and post-doctoral trainees<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to further examine the relationships between the biology of telomeres and their connection to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider's lab uses a variety of tools including <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>, and biochemistry to look at progressive telomere shortening.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greider's lab is also researching how <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> reformation can be controlled by the presence of short telomeres.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lab's future work will focus more on identifying the processing and regulation of telomeres and telomere elongation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greider married <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._Comfort" title="Nathaniel C. Comfort">Nathaniel C. Comfort</a>, a fellow academic, in 1992. They divorced in 2011. She has two children.<sup id="cite_ref-cas_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cas-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pew_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Scholar">Pew Scholar</a> in the Biomedical Sciences (1990–1994)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rosenstiel Award in Basic Medical Research (1998) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Cell_Biology" title="American Society for Cell Biology">American Society for Cell Biology</a> (1999)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Passano Foundation Award (1999) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harvey Society Lecture (2000)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement"> Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award</a> (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lounsbery_Award" title="Richard Lounsbery Award">Richard Lounsbery Award</a> (2003), National Academy of Sciences<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology" title="American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology">American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</a> (2004)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lila Gruber Cancer Research Award (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a> (2006) (shared with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Szostak">Jack Szostak</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Prize" title="Wiley Prize">Wiley Prize</a> in Biomedical Sciences (2006) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Prize_in_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickson Prize in Medicine">Dickson Prize in Medicine</a> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (2007) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Gall" title="Joseph G. Gall">Joseph G. Gall</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Pearl Meister Greengard Prize (2008) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and Vicki Lundblad)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (2009) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak)"<sup id="cite_ref-Medicine2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medicine2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_and_Ludwig_Darmstaedter_Prize" title="Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize">Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize</a> (2009) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-IOM_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member, <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pinnacle Award (2019), <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Science" title="Association for Women in Science">Association for Women in Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics, <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology" title="Association for Molecular Pathology">Association for Molecular Pathology</a> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreiderBlackburn1985" class="citation journal cs1">Greider, C. W. & Blackburn, E. H. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9">"Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>43</b> (2 Pt. 1): 405–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9">10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3907856">3907856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+specific+telomere+terminal+transferase+activity+in+Tetrahymena+extracts&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2+Pt.+1&rft.pages=405-413&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3907856&rft.aulast=Greider&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0092-8674%252885%252990170-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarol+W.+Greider" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreiderBlackburn1996" class="citation journal cs1">Greider, C. W. & Blackburn, E. H. (1996). "Telomeres, Telomerase and Cancer". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>274</b> (2): 92–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996SciAm.274b..92G">1996SciAm.274b..92G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0296-92">10.1038/scientificamerican0296-92</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8560215">8560215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Telomeres%2C+Telomerase+and+Cancer&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92-97&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8560215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0296-92&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996SciAm.274b..92G&rft.aulast=Greider&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarol+W.+Greider" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">List of female Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RNA_biologists" title="List of RNA biologists">List of RNA biologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" title="History of RNA biology">History of RNA biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_science" title="Timeline of women in science">Timeline of women in science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens" class="citation web cs1">Stephens, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ucsc.edu/2020/05/carol-greider.html">"Eminent biologist Carol Greider to join UC Santa Cruz faculty"</a>. <i>UC Santa Cruz News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Santa+Cruz+News&rft.atitle=Eminent+biologist+Carol+Greider+to+join+UC+Santa+Cruz+faculty&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ucsc.edu%2F2020%2F05%2Fcarol-greider.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarol+W.+Greider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022193507/http://blogs.dnalc.org/dnaftb/2009/10/05/blackburn-greider-and-szostak-share-nobel-for-telomeres/">"Blackburn, Greider, and Szostak share Nobel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dolan_DNA_Learning_Center" title="Dolan DNA Learning Center">Dolan DNA Learning Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.dnalc.org/dnaftb/2009/10/05/blackburn-greider-and-szostak-share-nobel-for-telomeres/">the original</a> on October 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackburn%2C+Greider%2C+and+Szostak+share+Nobel&rft.pub=Dolan+DNA+Learning+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.dnalc.org%2Fdnaftb%2F2009%2F10%2F05%2Fblackburn-greider-and-szostak-share-nobel-for-telomeres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarol+W.+Greider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2008/10_01a_08.html"><i>Hopkins "Telomere" expert Carol Greider shares Germany's largest science prize</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaggie.org/2009/10/12/former-davis-resident-receives-nobel-prize/">"Former Davis resident receives Nobel Prize"</a>. <i>The California Aggie</i>. 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(German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YaleDyslexic-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YaleDyslexic_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Crockett" class="citation news cs1">Kathy Crockett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dyslexia.yale.edu/greider.html">"Carol Greider, Scientist, Nobel Prize Winner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></i>. The Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iom.edu/About-IOM/Membership/IOMClassof2010.aspx">the original</a> on April 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopkinschildrens.org/Carson-Hopkins-Colleagues-Named-to-Institute-of-Medicine.aspx">the original</a> on November 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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November 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.awis.org&rft.atitle=Press+Release+AWIS+2019+Awards&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awis.org%2Finnovation-inclusion-summit-awards-carol-greider-mareena-robinson-snowden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarol+W.+Greider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amp.org/membership/awards-grants-honors/amp-award-for-excellence-in-molecular-diagnostics/past-recipients/">"Past Recipients"</a>. <i>Association for Molecular Pathology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Molecular+Pathology&rft.atitle=Past+Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amp.org%2Fmembership%2Fawards-grants-honors%2Famp-award-for-excellence-in-molecular-diagnostics%2Fpast-recipients%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarol+W.+Greider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuzzo2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Regina_Nuzzo" title="Regina Nuzzo">Nuzzo, Regina</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1149435">"Biography of Carol W. Greider"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">PNAS</a></i>. <b>102</b> (23): 8077–8079. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102.8077N">2005PNAS..102.8077N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0503019102">10.1073/pnas.0503019102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1149435">1149435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15928079">15928079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Carol+W.+Greider&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=8077-8079&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1149435%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15928079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0503019102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PNAS..102.8077N&rft.aulast=Nuzzo&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1149435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarol+W.+Greider" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has an <i>author</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/author/Q26322" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/author/Q26322">Carol W. 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (United States/United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (Israel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> (Germany/Romania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (Hong Kong/United Kingdom/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> (Canada/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> (United States/Australia)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carol W. Greider</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> (United Kingdom/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2007_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2007 Nobel Prize winners">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners">2008</a></dd> <dd><b>2009 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2010_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2010 Nobel Prize winners">2010</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2011_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2011 Nobel Prize winners">2011</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2012 Nobel Prize winners">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2013 Nobel Prize winners">2013</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2014 Nobel Prize winners">2014</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maryland_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maryland_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Maryland Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maryland_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Maryland Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maryland_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maryland Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maryland_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Maryland Women's Hall of Fame">Maryland Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brent" title="Margaret Brent">Margaret Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_C._Davidson" title="Rita C. Davidson">Rita C. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Spellman" title="Gladys Spellman">Gladys Spellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Mae_Carroll_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson">Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Ann Seton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Rosner_Wolman" title="Jeanette Rosner Wolman">Jeanette Rosner Wolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltgunt_Zassenhaus" title="Hiltgunt Zassenhaus">Hiltgunt Zassenhaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Ellen_Watkins_Harper" title="Frances Ellen Watkins Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_Jackson_Mitchell" title="Juanita Jackson Mitchell">Juanita Jackson Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shaw_Shorb" title="Mary Shaw Shorb">Mary Shaw Shorb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen B. Taussig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Kneller_Miller" title="Sadie Kneller Miller">Sadie Kneller Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Risteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Eliza Risteau">Mary Eliza Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Carey_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Carey Thomas">Martha Carey Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verda_Welcome" title="Verda Welcome">Verda Welcome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Adkins" title="Bertha Adkins">Bertha Adkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Engle" title="Lavinia Engle">Lavinia Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_King_Lee" title="Lena King Lee">Lena King Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_R._Ramey" class="mw-redirect" title="Estelle R. Ramey">Estelle R. Ramey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Maurer" title="Lucille Maurer">Lucille Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enolia_McMillan" title="Enolia McMillan">Enolia McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Pauli Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adele_Hagner_Stamp" title="Adele Hagner Stamp">Adele Hagner Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lemist_Titcomb" title="Mary Lemist Titcomb">Mary Lemist Titcomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lange" title="Mary Elizabeth Lange">Mary Elizabeth Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_McCardell" title="Claire McCardell">Claire McCardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Moses" title="Bessie Moses">Bessie Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_Schrock" title="Alta Schrock">Alta Schrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Armstrong" title="Annie Armstrong">Annie Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ella_Carroll" title="Anna Ella Carroll">Anna Ella Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kushner" title="Rose Kushner">Rose Kushner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Collins_Schweinhaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Collins Schweinhaut">Margaret Collins Schweinhaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Delgado_Votaw" title="Carmen Delgado Votaw">Carmen Delgado Votaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalyn_Blake_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosalyn Blake Bell (page does not exist)">Rosalyn Blake Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Clifton" title="Lucille Clifton">Lucille Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_King_Ellicott" title="Elizabeth King Ellicott">Elizabeth King Ellicott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Spencer_(Maryland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Spencer (Maryland) (page does not exist)">Jean Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellicott_Tyson" title="Martha Ellicott Tyson">Martha Ellicott Tyson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Silber_Abrams" title="Rosalie Silber Abrams">Rosalie Silber Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Banning" title="Mary Elizabeth Banning">Mary Elizabeth Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Elizabeth_Brown" title="Harriet Elizabeth Brown">Harriet Elizabeth Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Morella" title="Connie Morella">Connie Morella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Adelaide_Nutting" title="Mary Adelaide Nutting">Mary Adelaide Nutting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jill_Moss_Greenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jill Moss Greenberg (page does not exist)">Jill Moss Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Nock" title="Mary L. Nock">Mary L. Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Taylor_Norris" title="Amanda Taylor Norris">Amanda Taylor Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Barcroft_Taylor" title="Nettie Barcroft Taylor">Nettie Barcroft Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_Mary_Goldsborough_Willson" title="Euphemia Mary Goldsborough Willson">Euphemia Mary Goldsborough Willson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_L._Ellicott" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine L. Ellicott">Madeleine L. Ellicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Ennis" title="Ethel Ennis">Ethel Ennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Digges_Lee" title="Mary Digges Lee">Mary Digges Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_G._Leventhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigid G. Leventhal">Brigid G. Leventhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_A._Robinson" title="Barbara A. Robinson">Barbara A. Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diane_L._Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diane L. Adams (page does not exist)">Diane L. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sol_del_Ande_Mendez_Eaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sol del Ande Mendez Eaton (page does not exist)">Sol del Ande Mendez Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_R._Gira" title="Catherine R. Gira">Catherine R. Gira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_L._Koss" title="Helen L. Koss">Helen L. Koss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle" title="Rosa Ponselle">Rosa Ponselle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Ross_Beims&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance Ross Beims (page does not exist)">Constance Ross Beims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Katharine_Goddard" title="Mary Katharine Goddard">Mary Katharine Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Ryan_Hedges" title="Elaine Ryan Hedges">Elaine Ryan Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carter_Smith" title="Mary Carter Smith">Mary Carter Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Riefle_Bahr" title="Florence Riefle Bahr">Florence Riefle Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lillian_C._Compton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lillian C. Compton (page does not exist)">Lillian C. Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Houghton_Hooker" title="Edith Houghton Hooker">Edith Houghton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Fran_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Fran Johnson (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Fran Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Smith_White" title="Bernice Smith White">Bernice Smith White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Uriolo_Battle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance Uriolo Battle (page does not exist)">Constance Uriolo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Green_Carr" title="Lois Green Carr">Lois Green Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Pressman_Fuentes" title="Sonia Pressman Fuentes">Sonia Pressman Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Jacobsen" title="Josephine Jacobsen">Josephine Jacobsen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosetta_Stith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosetta Stith (page does not exist)">Rosetta Stith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Feeley" title="Kathleen Feeley">Kathleen Feeley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misbah_Khan_(pediatrician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misbah Khan (pediatrician) (page does not exist)">Misbah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charmaine_Krohe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charmaine Krohe (page does not exist)">Charmaine Krohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_W._Tomlinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra W. Tomlinson (page does not exist)">Sandra W. Tomlinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Houze_Hubbard" title="Mabel Houze Hubbard">Mabel Houze Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_P._Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence P. Kendall (page does not exist)">Florence P. Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Young_Pickersgill" title="Mary Young Pickersgill">Mary Young Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Sheehan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine Sheehan">Lorraine Sheehan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Walcott_Beauchamp" title="Virginia Walcott Beauchamp">Virginia Walcott Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Clarke" title="Edith Clarke">Edith Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_J._DuFour" title="Kathryn J. DuFour">Kathryn J. DuFour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_L._Kirschstein" title="Ruth L. Kirschstein">Ruth L. Kirschstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Haynie_Maddox" title="Etta Haynie Maddox">Etta Haynie Maddox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Yow" title="Debbie Yow">Debbie Yow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonson_sisters" title="Edmonson sisters">Edmonson sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grasmick" title="Nancy Grasmick">Nancy Grasmick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_McCready" title="Esther McCready">Esther McCready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Byrd_Rawson" title="Margaret Byrd Rawson">Margaret Byrd Rawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_V._Simpson" title="Vivian V. Simpson">Vivian V. Simpson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshana_Shoubin_Cardin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoshana Shoubin Cardin (page does not exist)">Shoshana Shoubin Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Olive_Cole" title="Bessie Olive Cole">Bessie Olive Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_R._Panny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan R. Panny (page does not exist)">Susan R. Panny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edyth_H._Schoenrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Edyth H. Schoenrich">Edyth H. Schoenrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Pardee_Baker" title="Susan Pardee Baker">Susan Pardee Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebe_Sokol_Diamond" title="Liebe Sokol Diamond">Liebe Sokol Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bea_Gaddy" title="Bea Gaddy">Bea Gaddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Hughes_Gaston" class="mw-redirect" title="Marilyn Hughes Gaston">Marilyn Hughes Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Alban_Hoffberger" title="Rebecca Alban Hoffberger">Rebecca Alban Hoffberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Snively" title="Grace Snively">Grace Snively</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annette_M.Deener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annette M.Deener (page does not exist)">Annette M.Deener</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sally_T._Grant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sally T. Grant (page does not exist)">Sally T. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanna_Nair" title="Prasanna Nair">Prasanna Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_H._Rothenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen H. Rothenberg (page does not exist)">Karen H. Rothenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audrey_E._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audrey E. Scott (page does not exist)">Audrey E. Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramona_McCarthy_Hawkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramona McCarthy Hawkins (page does not exist)">Ramona McCarthy Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Moses_Heller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Moses Heller (page does not exist)">Ellen Moses Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Menes" title="Pauline Menes">Pauline Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Orenstein" title="Toby Orenstein">Toby Orenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_Walker" title="Emily Wilson Walker">Emily Wilson Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_Fehrer" title="Ilia Fehrer">Ilia Fehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Griffin_(biologist)" title="Diane Griffin (biologist)">Diane Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Legum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harriet Legum (page does not exist)">Harriet Legum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allyson_R._Solomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allyson R. Solomon (page does not exist)">Allyson R. Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_St._Clair_Wright" title="Anne St. Clair Wright">Anne St. Clair Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claire_M._Fraser" title="Claire M. Fraser">Claire M. Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Hoof_Green" title="Anne Catherine Hoof Green">Anne Catherine Hoof Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan_Kirkaldy" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene Morgan Kirkaldy">Irene Morgan Kirkaldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almira_Hart_Lincoln_Phelps" class="mw-redirect" title="Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps">Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernice_R._Sandler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernice R. Sandler (page does not exist)">Bernice R. Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Shockney" title="Lillie Shockney">Lillie D. Shockney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carol W. Greider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligia_Peralta" title="Ligia Peralta">Ligia Peralta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Poe" title="Gertrude Poe">Gertrude Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Diggs_Slowe" title="Lucy Diggs Slowe">Lucy Diggs Slowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_A._Willenz" title="June A. Willenz">June A. Willenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Black" title="Maureen Black">Maureen Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dunkle" title="Margaret Dunkle">Margaret Dunkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kopp" title="Nancy Kopp">Nancy Kopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Manicur" title="Alice Manicur">Alice Manicur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Gribbon_Motz" title="Diana Gribbon Motz">Diana Gribbon Motz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwendolyn_Rooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwendolyn Rooks (page does not exist)">Gwendolyn Rooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Delich_Bentley" title="Helen Delich Bentley">Helen Delich Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_B._Cryor" title="Jean B. Cryor">Jean B. Cryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Dukes" title="Charlene Dukes">Charlene Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Sauerbrey" title="Ellen Sauerbrey">Ellen Sauerbrey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_A._Shevitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda A. Shevitz (page does not exist)">Linda A. Shevitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_P._Tignor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice P. Tignor (page does not exist)">Beatrice P. Tignor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_F._Bailey" title="Dorothy F. Bailey">Dorothy F. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Kane_Callum" title="Agnes Kane Callum">Agnes Kane Callum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renee_E._Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renee E. Fox (page does not exist)">Renee E. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_K._Goering" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan K. Goering">Susan K. Goering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Cipriano_Rees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann Cipriano Rees (page does not exist)">Ann Cipriano Rees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_B._Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly B. Byron">Beverly B. Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Gail_de_Planque" title="E. Gail de Planque">E. Gail de Planque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_S._Feik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary S. Feik (page does not exist)">Mary S. Feik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_O%27Brien" title="Katherine O'Brien">Katherine O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_L._Singh" title="Linda L. Singh">Linda L. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Fryer_Ward" title="Sue Fryer Ward">Sue Fryer Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophia_Arabatzis_Balis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophia Arabatzis Balis (page does not exist)">Sophia Arabatzis Balis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oretha_Bridgwaters-Simms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oretha Bridgwaters-Simms (page does not exist)">Oretha Bridgwaters-Simms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_C._Goodwillie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary C. Goodwillie (page does not exist)">Mary C. Goodwillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Danforth_Harmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine Danforth Harmon">Elaine Danforth Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Katz" title="Joanne Katz">Joanne Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizette_Woodworth_Reese" title="Lizette Woodworth Reese">Lizette Woodworth Reese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Coleman-Adebayo" title="Marsha Coleman-Adebayo">Marsha Coleman-Adebayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Colvin" title="Carolyn Colvin">Carolyn Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Edwards" title="Donna Edwards">Donna Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Garrett" title="Mary Garrett">Mary Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Blodgett_Gebbie" title="Katharine Blodgett Gebbie">Katharine Blodgett Gebbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Ledecky" title="Katie Ledecky">Katie Ledecky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Maroulis" title="Helen Maroulis">Helen Maroulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Welsh" title="Lilian Welsh">Lilian Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_I._Barnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra I. Barnes (page does not exist)">Sandra I. Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Williams_Ortega" title="Sandra Williams Ortega">Sandra Williams Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Saunders_Plummer" title="Emily Saunders Plummer">Emily Saunders Plummer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_L._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita L. Robinson (page does not exist)">Rita L. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hattie_N._Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hattie N. Washington (page does not exist)">Hattie N. Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marielsa_A._Bernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marielsa A. Bernard (page does not exist)">Marielsa A. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_T._Chissell" title="Augusta T. Chissell">Augusta T. Chissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Dawes" title="Dominique Dawes">Dominique Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Hall" title="Virginia Hall">Virginia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Gumataotao_Rios" title="Rosa Gumataotao Rios">Rosa Gumataotao Rios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Williams_Townsend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evelyn Williams Townsend (page does not exist)">Evelyn Williams Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllis_B._Trickett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllis B. Trickett (page does not exist)">Phyllis B. Trickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Woo_Tsui" title="Pauline Woo Tsui">Pauline Woo Tsui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorine_Q._Adams" title="Victorine Q. Adams">Victorine Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_O._A._Darden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evelyn O. A. Darden (page does not exist)">Evelyn O. A. Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Parkinson" title="Claire Parkinson">Claire Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Roman" title="Nancy Roman">Nancy Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Wolfe" title="Leslie R. Wolfe">Leslie R. Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bobo" title="Elizabeth Bobo">Elizabeth Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hawkins" title="Margaret Hawkins">Margaret Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Reese_Moone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruby Reese Moone (page does not exist)">Ruby Reese Moone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_K._Welker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy K. Welker (page does not exist)">Nancy K. Welker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celeste_Revillon_Winans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celeste Revillon Winans (page does not exist)">Celeste Revillon Winans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Blum" title="Dorothy Blum">Dorothy Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave" title="Mary L. Cleave">Mary L. Cleave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Rodgers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice Rodgers (page does not exist)">Beatrice Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa_M._Shannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odessa M. Shannon (page does not exist)">Odessa M. Shannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janeen_L._Birckhead" title="Janeen L. Birckhead">Janeen L. Birckhead</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_M._Cooksey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte M. Cooksey (page does not exist)">Charlotte M. Cooksey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Sol_Gutierrez" title="Ana Sol Gutierrez">Ana Sol Gutierrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_G._Lawlah" title="Gloria G. Lawlah">Gloria G. Lawlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">Jackie Ronne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_A._Jones" title="Adrienne A. Jones">Adrienne A. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_C._Lee" title="Susan C. Lee">Susan C. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Lierman" title="Brooke Lierman">Brooke Lierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Miller" title="Aruna Miller">Aruna Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26322#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000071421428">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14925598">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/365413/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbrWHKBvGg7qKRj94rMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/139389415">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Greider, Carol W."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95042224">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13489912k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13489912k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Greider, Carol W."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0199469&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p315892846">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn25bdr84j4r37f">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810688246405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007437886605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09579625?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5494-8126">ORCID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03582378X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10584323">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&oldid=1257780788">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_W._Greider&oldid=1257780788</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_births" title="Category:1961 births">1961 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_geneticists" title="Category:American geneticists">American geneticists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Nobel_laureates" 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