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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuumtrein" title="Vakuumtrein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vakuumtrein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Вакуумен влак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вакуумен влак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuumtunnel" title="Vakuumtunnel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vakuumtunnel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vactrain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8" title="백트레인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백트레인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81" title="Վակուումային ճեպընթաց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վակուումային ճեպընթաց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vactrain" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7" title="רכבת ריק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכבת ריק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Вакуумдық пойыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вакуумдық пойыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A" title="真空チューブ列車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真空チューブ列車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vactrain" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4" title="Вакуумный поезд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вакуумный поезд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyhji%C3%B6juna" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vactrain" title="Special:EditPage/Vactrain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vactrain%22">"Vactrain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vactrain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vactrain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vactrain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vactrain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vactrain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Train inside a vacuum tube</div> <p>A <b>vactrain</b> (or <b>vacuum tube train</b>) is a proposed design for very-<a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> transportation. It is a <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">maglev</a> (magnetic levitation) line using partly <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">evacuated</a> tubes or tunnels. Reduced <a href="/wiki/Air_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air resistance">air resistance</a> could permit vactrains to travel at very high (<a href="/wiki/Hypersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic">hypersonic</a>) speeds with relatively little power—up to 6,400–8,000 km/h (4,000–5,000 mph). This is 5–6 times the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> in Earth's atmosphere at sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-eett_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vactrain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_railway" title="Atmospheric railway">Atmospheric railway</a></div> <p>In 1799, <a href="/wiki/George_Medhurst" title="George Medhurst">George Medhurst</a> of London conceived of and patented an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_railway" title="Atmospheric railway">atmospheric railway</a> that could convey people or cargo through pressurized or evacuated tubes. The early atmospheric railways and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_tube" title="Pneumatic tube">pneumatic tube</a> transport systems (such as the <a href="/wiki/Dalkey_Atmospheric_Railway" title="Dalkey Atmospheric Railway">Dalkey Atmospheric Railway</a>) relied on steam power for propulsion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vactrain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1888, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Verne" title="Michel Verne">Michel Verne</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>, imagined a submarine pneumatic tube transport system that could propel a passenger capsule at speeds up to 1,800 km/h (1,100 mph) under the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_tunnel" title="Transatlantic tunnel">transatlantic tunnel</a>) in a short story called "An Express of the Future".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vactrain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vactrain proper was invented by <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a> as a freshman at <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Worcester Polytechnic Institute">Worcester Polytechnic Institute</a> in the United States in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goddard subsequently refined the idea in a 1906 short story called "The High-Speed Bet" which was summarized and published in a <i>Scientific American</i> editorial in 1909 called "The Limit of Rapid Transit". Esther, his wife, was granted a US patent for the vactrain in 1950, five years after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, Russian professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Weinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Weinberg (page does not exist)">Boris Weinberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Вейнберг, Борис Петрович">ru</a>]</span> built the world's first model of his proposed version of the vactrain at <a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Polytechnic_University" title="Tomsk Polytechnic University">Tomsk Polytechnic University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later published a vactrain concept in 1914 in the book <i>Motion without friction (airless electric way)</i>. </p><p>In 1955, Polish science-fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> in a novel <i>The Magellan Nebula</i> wrote about intercontinental vactrain called "organowiec", which moved in a transparent tube at a speed higher than 1,666 km/h (1,035 mph). Later in April 1962, the vactrain appears in the story "Mercenary" by <a href="/wiki/Mack_Reynolds" title="Mack Reynolds">Mack Reynolds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he mentions Vacuum Tube Transport in passing. </p><p>During the 1970s, a leading vactrain advocate, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Salter" title="Robert M. Salter">Robert M. Salter</a> of <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, published a series of elaborate engineering articles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An interview with Robert Salter appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> (June 11, 1972). He discussed, in detail, the relative ease with which the <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> could build a tube shuttle system using technologies available at that time. Maglev being poorly developed at the time, he proposed steel wheels. The chamber's door to the tube would be opened, and enough air admitted behind to accelerate the train into the tube. Gravity would further accelerate the departing train down to cruise level. Rising from cruise level, the arriving train would decelerate by compressing the rarefied air ahead of it, which would be vented. Pumps at the stations would make up for losses due to friction or air escaping around the edges of the train, the train itself requiring no motor. This combination of modified (shallow) <a href="/wiki/Gravity_train" title="Gravity train">gravity train</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_railway" title="Atmospheric railway">atmospheric railway</a> propulsion would consume little <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> but limit the system to subsonic speeds, hence initial routes of tens or hundreds of miles or kilometers rather than transcontinental distances were proposed. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trains were to require no <a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">couplers</a>, each car being directly welded, bolted, or otherwise firmly connected to the next, the route calling for no more bending than the flexibility of steel could easily handle. At the end of the line, the train would be moved sideways into the end chamber of the return tube. The railway would have both an inner evacuated tube and an outer tunnel. At cruise depth, the space between would have enough water to float the vacuum tube, softening the ride.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A route through the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Megalopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Megalopolis">Northeast Megalopolis</a> was laid out, with nine stations, one each in <a href="/wiki/Washington_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington DC">Washington DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and two in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a> systems were mapped for the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and New York areas, the commuter version having longer, heavier trains, to be propelled less by air and more by gravity than the intercity version. The New York system was to have three lines, terminating in <a href="/wiki/Babylon_(village),_New_York" title="Babylon (village), New York">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._George,_Staten_Island" title="St. George, Staten Island">St. George</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Salter pointed out how such a system would help reduce the environmental damage being done to the atmosphere by <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> and surface transportation. He called underground Very High Speed Transportation (tube shuttles) his nation's "logical next step". The plans were never taken to the next stage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the time these reports were published, national prestige was an issue as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> had been operating its showcase <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">shinkansen</a> for several years and <a href="/wiki/Maglev_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev train">maglev train</a> research was hot technology. The American <i>Planetran</i> would establish a transcontinental subway service in the United States and provide a commute from <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in one hour. The tunnel would be buried to a depth of several hundred feet in solid rock formations. Construction would make use of <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> to ensure alignment and use <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> probes to melt through <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> rock formations. The tunnel would maintain a partial vacuum to minimize <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>. A trip would average 4,800 km/h (3,000 mph) and subject passengers to accelerations up to 1.4 times that of gravity, requiring the use of <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimballed</a> compartments. Enormous construction costs (estimated as high as US$1 trillion) were the primary reason why Salter's proposal was never built.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swissmetro_Network_2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Swissmetro_Network_2005.png/220px-Swissmetro_Network_2005.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Swissmetro_Network_2005.png/330px-Swissmetro_Network_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Swissmetro_Network_2005.png/440px-Swissmetro_Network_2005.png 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swissmetro" title="Swissmetro">Swissmetro</a> as proposed in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Swissmetro" title="Swissmetro">Swissmetro</a> was proposed to leverage the invention of the experimental German <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> maglev train, and operate in large tunnels reduced to the pressure altitude of 21,000 m (68,000 ft) at which the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> SST was certified to fly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_P._Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank P. Davidson (page does not exist)">Frank P. Davidson</a>, a founder and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> project, and Japanese engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshihiro_Kyotani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoshihiro Kyotani (page does not exist)">Yoshihiro Kyotani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E8%B0%B7%E5%A5%BD%E6%B3%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:京谷好泰">ja</a>]</span> tackled the transoceanic problems with a proposal to float a tube above the ocean floor, anchored with cables (a <a href="/wiki/Submerged_floating_tunnel" title="Submerged floating tunnel">submerged floating tunnel</a>). The transit tube would remain at least 300 m (1,000 ft) below the ocean surface to avoid water turbulence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On November 18, 1991, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill" title="Gerard K. O'Neill">Gerard K. O'Neill</a> filed a patent application for a vactrain system. He called the company he wanted to form <i>VSE International</i>, for velocity, silence, and efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson93p98_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson93p98-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the concept itself he called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_Flight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetic Flight (page does not exist)">Magnetic Flight</a></i>. The vehicles, instead of running on a pair of tracks, would be elevated using electromagnetic force by a single track within a tube (permanent magnets in the track, with variable magnets on the vehicle), and propelled by electromagnetic forces through tunnels. He estimated the trains could reach speeds of up to 4,000 km/h (2,500 mph) – about five times faster than a jet airliner – if the air was evacuated from the tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To obtain such speeds, the vehicle would accelerate for the first half of the trip, and then decelerate for the second half of the trip. The acceleration was planned to be a maximum of about one-half of the force of gravity. O'Neill planned to build a network of stations connected by these tunnels, but he died two years before his first patent on it was granted.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyson93p98_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson93p98-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vactrain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na19-Apr-Hyperloop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Hyperloop system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Na19-Apr-Hyperloop.jpg/220px-Na19-Apr-Hyperloop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Na19-Apr-Hyperloop.jpg/330px-Na19-Apr-Hyperloop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Na19-Apr-Hyperloop.jpg/440px-Na19-Apr-Hyperloop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>An image of a proposed system of the Hyperloop system</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Powell_(physicist)" title="James R. Powell (physicist)">James R. Powell</a> – a co-inventor of superconducting maglev in the 1960s – began leading an investigation into the prospect of using a maglev vactrain for <a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">space launch</a>, dubbed <a href="/wiki/StarTram" title="StarTram">StarTram</a>. Theoretically, this would incur two orders of magnitude less cost than current rockets. The StarTram proposal would have vehicles reach up to 14,300 to 31,500 km/h (8,900 to 19,600 mph) within a lengthy acceleration tunnel.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ET3_Global_Alliance" title="ET3 Global Alliance">ET3</a> claim to have achieved some work that resulted in a patent on "evacuated tube transport technology" which was granted in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They presented their idea in 2013 on public stage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2013 <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, published the <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a> Alpha paper, proposing and examining a route running from the Los Angeles region to the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, roughly following the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California" title="Interstate 5 in California">Interstate 5</a> corridor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hyperloop concept has been explicitly "open-sourced" by Musk and SpaceX, and others have been encouraged to take the ideas and further develop them. </p><p>To that end, a few companies have been formed, and several interdisciplinary student-led teams are working to advance the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SpaceX built an approximately 1-mile-long (1.6 km) <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">subscale</a> track for its <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition" title="Hyperloop pod competition">pod design competition</a> at its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vactrain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit" title="Beach Pneumatic Transit">Beach Pneumatic Transit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vactrain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/hyperloop_alpha-20130812.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hyperloop+Alpha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacex.com%2Fsites%2Fspacex%2Ffiles%2Fhyperloop_alpha-20130812.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVactrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2016" class="citation web cs1">Hawkins, Andrew J. (June 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/18/11965354/hyperloop-pod-competition-elon-musk-spacex-team-design">"Here are the Hyperloop pods competing in Elon Musk's big race later this year"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+Hyperloop+pods+competing+in+Elon+Musk%27s+big+race+later+this+year&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2016%2F6%2F18%2F11965354%2Fhyperloop-pod-competition-elon-musk-spacex-team-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVactrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtherington2016" class="citation news cs1">Etherington, Darrell (September 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/02/heres-a-first-look-at-the-spacex-hyperloop-test-track/">"Here's a first look at the SpaceX Hyperloop test track"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Here%27s+a+first+look+at+the+SpaceX+Hyperloop+test+track&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.aulast=Etherington&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2016%2F09%2F02%2Fheres-a-first-look-at-the-spacex-hyperloop-test-track%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVactrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vactrain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/vactrain" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/vactrain">vactrain</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q58181" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q58181"><b>Vactrain <small>(Q58181)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpi.edu/about/history/goddard/breakthrough.html">Worcester Polytechnic Institute page discussing Goddard's achievements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160227013623/http://www.wpi.edu/about/history/goddard/breakthrough.html">Archived</a> February 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orionsarm.com/eg-article/48586a2ed9d04">Vac Trains at Orion's Arm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509234859/http://www.railjournal.com/latenews_archive.html">Rail Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2004-04/trans-atlantic-maglev">Popular science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426135452/http://www.supersonictubevehicle.com/docs/STV%20--%20Denizli%20%281%20Jul%2010%29.pdf">Hydrogen Tube Vehicle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184146/http://www.dailytech.com/China+Plans+1000+KPH+Super+Train/article19268.htm">China Plans 1,000 km/h Super Train</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cargocap.com/">Cargocap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maglev" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maglev" title="Template:Maglev"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maglev" title="Template talk:Maglev"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maglev" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maglev"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maglev" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_induction_motor" title="Linear induction motor">Linear induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">Magnetic levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension">Electromagnetic suspension</a> (EMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">Electrodynamic suspension</a> (EDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Guideway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_bearing" title="Magnetic bearing">Magnetic bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">Servomechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current_brake" title="Eddy current brake">Eddy current brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">Lift-to-drag ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Surface_Transport" title="High Speed Surface Transport">High Speed Surface Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack">Inductrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_loop" title="Launch loop">Launch loop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTram" title="StarTram">StarTram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_S1_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line S1 (Beijing Subway)">Beijing line S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-Rail_Link" title="Air-Rail Link">Birmingham Maglev</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California%E2%80%93Nevada_Interstate_Maglev" title="California–Nevada Interstate Maglev">California–Nevada Interstate Maglev</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev_Express" title="Changsha Maglev Express">Changsha Maglev Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Incheon Airport Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Bahn" title="M-Bahn">M-Bahn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Maglev" title="Northeast Maglev">Northeast Maglev</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University_maglev" title="Old Dominion University maglev">ODU maglev</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Maglev_Tourist_Line" title="Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line">Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Hangzhou_maglev_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Hangzhou maglev line">Shanghai–Hangzhou Maglev Line</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UK_Ultraspeed" title="UK Ultraspeed">UK Ultraspeed</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport Accidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lathen_train_collision" title="Lathen train collision">Lathen train collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div><small>Proposals in italics</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-speed_rail" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-speed_rail" title="Template talk:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-speed_rail" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail#Technologies" title="High-speed rail">Technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovertrain" title="Hovertrain">Hovertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">350 km/h<br />(217 mph)<br />or more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400AF" title="China Railway CR400AF">China Railway CR400AF</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400BF" title="China Railway CR400BF">CR400BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">Shinkansen Series L0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">300–349 km/h<br />(186–217 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Renfe Class 100, 101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_102" title="Renfe Class 102">102</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_103" title="Renfe Class 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGV_(train)" title="AGV (train)">Alstom AGV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">CRH2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH380A" title="China Railway CRH380A">380A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vibrant_Express" title="Vibrant Express">MTR CRH380A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380B</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Zefiro#Zefiro_380" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Zefiro">380D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_500" title="FS Class ETR 500">ETR 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">ETR 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">Eurostar e300</a>; <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_374" title="British Rail Class 374">e320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">II (Sancheon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_Oaris" title="CAF Oaris">Oaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBKA" title="PBKA">PBKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 500</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a>, <a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5/H5</a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6</a>, <a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_AVRIL" title="Talgo AVRIL">AVRIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (refurbished)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">Atlantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">Réseau</a> (PBA), <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">Duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_POS" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV POS">POS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">2N2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avelia_Horizon" title="Avelia Horizon">M (Avelia Horizon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT80000" title="TCDD HT80000">TCDD HT80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THSR_700T" title="THSR 700T">THSR 700T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">250–299 km/h<br />(155–186 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="China Star">China Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJF2" class="mw-redirect" title="DJF2">DJF2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH1" title="China Railway CRH1">CRH1A, 1B, 1E</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">2A, 2B, 2E, 2G</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH5" title="China Railway CRH5">5A, 5E, 5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway <i>Fuxing</i> CR300AF, CR300BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_2" title="ICE 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_4_(Deutsche_Bahn)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE 4 (Deutsche Bahn)">4</a> (ICx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Pendolino" title="New Pendolino">New Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_120_/_121" title="Renfe Class 120 / 121">Renfe Class 120, 121</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_130" title="Renfe Class 130">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_501" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 501">SBB RABe 501</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_503" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 503">RABe 503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Series_Shinkansen" title="200 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 200</a>, <a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300</a>, <a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700</a>, <a href="/wiki/800_Series_Shinkansen" title="800 Series Shinkansen">800</a>, <a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2</a>, <a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">E3</a>, <a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">E7/W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT65000" title="TCDD HT65000">TCDD HT65000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (original)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">La Poste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_V250" title="AnsaldoBreda V250">V250</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">200–249 km/h<br />(124–155 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">ACS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_180" title="British Rail Class 180">Adelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">APT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_DJJ1" title="China Railway DJJ1">China Railway DJJ1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH6" title="China Railway CRH6">CRH6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway <i>Fuxing</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR200J" title="China Railway CR200J">CR200J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER200" title="ER200">ER200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier-Alstom_HHP-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier-Alstom HHP-8">HHP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC4" title="IC4">IC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS_Intercity_Nieuwe_Generatie" title="NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie">ICNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterCity_225" title="InterCity 225">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_T" title="ICE T">ICE T</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_TD" title="ICE TD">TD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_L" title="ICE L">ICE L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_71" title="NSB Class 71">NSB Class 71 (Flytoget)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_73" title="NSB Class 73">NSB Class 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadler_Flirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadler Flirt">NSB Class 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railjet" title="Railjet">Railjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Regina" title="Bombardier Regina">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen series 0</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_Series_Shinkansen" title="100 Series Shinkansen">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400</a>, <a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB_RABDe_500" title="SBB RABDe 500">SBB RABDe 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_Re_460" title="SBB-CFF-FFS Re 460">Re 460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SC-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SCB-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_2000" title="X 2000">X 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/SJ_X40" title="SJ X40">SJ X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-TER_(Z_21500)" title="Z-TER (Z 21500)">Z-TER (Z 21500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(train)" title="Sokol (train)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">British Rail Classes 800</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_801" title="British Rail Class 801">801</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_802" title="British Rail Class 802">802</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_803" title="British Rail Class 803">803</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_805" title="British Rail Class 805">805</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_807" title="British Rail Class 807">807</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_810" title="British Rail Class 810">810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Talgo XXI">Talgo XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager" title="Bombardier Voyager">Voyager/Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3_(train)" title="X3 (train)">X3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_and_prototype_high-speed_trains" title="Category:Experimental and prototype high-speed trains">Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed railway line">High-speed railway line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">List of high-speed railway lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By countries and territories<br /><br /><small><i>planned networks in italics</i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Boraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Boraq">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt" title="High-speed rail in Egypt">Egypt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires%E2%80%93Rosario%E2%80%93C%C3%B3rdoba_high-speed_railway" title="Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway">Argentina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Brazil" title="High-speed rail in Brazil">Brazil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Canada" title="High-speed rail in Canada">Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Mexico" title="High-speed rail in Mexico">Mexico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_India" title="High-speed rail in India">India</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehran%E2%80%93Qom%E2%80%93Isfahan_High_Speed_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran–Qom–Isfahan High Speed Rail">Iran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baghdad%E2%80%93Basra_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad–Basra high-speed rail line">Iraq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Japan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Kazakhstan" title="High-speed rail in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Thailand" title="High-speed rail in Thailand">Thailand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan" title="High-speed rail in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_express_railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South express railway (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Austria" title="High-speed rail in Austria">Austria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Croatia" title="High-speed rail in Croatia">Croatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="High-speed rail in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Denmark" title="High-speed rail in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Finland" title="High-speed rail in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Latvia" title="High-speed rail in Latvia">Latvia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland" title="High-speed rail in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Portugal" title="High-speed rail in Portugal">Portugal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Russia" title="High-speed rail in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden" title="High-speed rail in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia" title="High-speed rail in Australia">Australia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_high-speed_rail_by_country" title="Proposed high-speed rail by country">Proposed high-speed rail by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Aerial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpack_helicopter" title="Backpack helicopter">Backpack helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_drone" title="Delivery drone">Delivery drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying 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