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(PDF) Good, Bad or'Necessary Evil'? Reinterpreting the Colonial Burning Experiments In the Savanna Landscapes of West Africa | D. Andrew Wardell - Academia.edu
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Reinterpreting the Colonial Burning Experiments In the Savanna Landscapes of West Africa</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10455881" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DAndrewWardell"><img alt="Profile image of D. Andrew Wardell" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />D. Andrew Wardell</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2006, Geographical Journal</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":78773391,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/68217695/Good_Bad_orNecessary_Evil_Reinterpreting_the_Colonial_Burning_Experiments_In_the_Savanna_Landscapes_of_West_Africa"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":78773391,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/68217695/Good_Bad_orNecessary_Evil_Reinterpreting_the_Colonial_Burning_Experiments_In_the_Savanna_Landscapes_of_West_Africa"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="78773391" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/68217695/Good_Bad_orNecessary_Evil_Reinterpreting_the_Colonial_Burning_Experiments_In_the_Savanna_Landscapes_of_West_Africa" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="76383587" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76383587/Anthropogenic_Fires_in_West_African_Landscapes_A_Spatially_Explicit_Model_Perspective_of_Humanized_Savannas">Anthropogenic Fires in West African Landscapes: A Spatially Explicit Model Perspective of Humanized Savannas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5128812" href="https://univ-angers.academia.edu/AzizBALLOUCHE">Aziz BALLOUCHE</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Fire regimes are important components of environmental dynamics, but our understanding of them is limited. Despite recent advances in the methodologies used to remotely sense and map fires and burned areas and new case studies that shed light on local fire use and management practices, the scientific community still has much to learn about anthropogenic fire regimes. We identify two areas for improvement: first, the fine-scale heterogeneity of fire dynamics for specific regions is often masked by global-scale approaches, and second, barriers between the disciplines focusing on fire impacts hamper the development of knowledge of the human dimensions of fire regimes. To address the “blind spot” that these limitations create, we present a simple dynamic model of fire ignition in savanna systems. The aim is to connect the local and global scales of fire regimes by focusing on human fire management (anthropogenic fire). Our dynamical model is based on a study area in Western Burkina Faso...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anthropogenic Fires in West African Landscapes: A Spatially Explicit Model Perspective of Humanized Savannas","attachmentId":84109250,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76383587/Anthropogenic_Fires_in_West_African_Landscapes_A_Spatially_Explicit_Model_Perspective_of_Humanized_Savannas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76383587/Anthropogenic_Fires_in_West_African_Landscapes_A_Spatially_Explicit_Model_Perspective_of_Humanized_Savannas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="12549082" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12549082/Trends_in_fire_patterns_in_a_southern_African_savanna_under_alternative_land_use_practices">Trends in fire patterns in a southern African savanna under alternative land use practices</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31452868" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewHudak">Andrew Hudak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trends in fire patterns in a southern African savanna under alternative land use practices","attachmentId":46095302,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12549082/Trends_in_fire_patterns_in_a_southern_African_savanna_under_alternative_land_use_practices","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12549082/Trends_in_fire_patterns_in_a_southern_African_savanna_under_alternative_land_use_practices"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="31268311" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31268311/The_early_late_fire_dichotomy_Time_for_a_reassessment_of_Aubr%C3%A9_villes_savanna_fire_experiments">The early/late fire dichotomy: Time for a reassessment of Aubré ville's savanna fire experiments</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59748941" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SepiDeh1">Sepi Deh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A fundamental principal of savanna fire ecology is that the fire regime determines vegetation cover, especially as it pertains to trees. 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data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="26648867" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26648867/What_limits_fire_An_examination_of_drivers_of_burnt_area_in_Southern_Africa">What limits fire? An examination of drivers of burnt area in Southern Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50578633" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianvanWilgen">Brian van Wilgen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Global Change Biology, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What limits fire? An examination of drivers of burnt area in Southern Africa","attachmentId":46939461,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26648867/What_limits_fire_An_examination_of_drivers_of_burnt_area_in_Southern_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26648867/What_limits_fire_An_examination_of_drivers_of_burnt_area_in_Southern_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="16496950" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16496950/Assessing_the_effect_of_management_changes_and_environmental_features_on_the_spatio_temporal_pattern_of_fire_in_an_African_Savanna">Assessing the effect of management changes and environmental features on the spatio- temporal pattern of fire in an African Savanna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6297735" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/FabioAttorre">Fabio Attorre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Spatio-temporal variability of the fire regime in the Kruger National Park (KNP) has been analyzed forthe 1957–2011 period. Generalized linear mixed models have been used to assess the variability of firemetrics, such as the burnt area, the fire frequency and intensity for the entire area as well as for the mainenvironmental classification systems (geology, soil, vegetation) and fire management zones. This analysissupports the hypothesis that the spatial pattern of fire regime is strongly influenced by the environmentaltemplate defined by climatic, geological, pedological and vegetation features. Moreover, contrary to someprevious studies, together with the precipitation trend, fire management changes had a significant rolein determining the temporal variability of the fire regime at the scale of KNP, particularly regarding theburnt area and the fire frequency.The complex interaction between the environmental template and management in determining thevariability of the fire regime, as underscored by our study, defends the merit of adopting an adaptiveplanning/management based approach supported by quantitative analytic tools.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing the effect of management changes and environmental features on the spatio- temporal pattern of fire in an African Savanna","attachmentId":39021141,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16496950/Assessing_the_effect_of_management_changes_and_environmental_features_on_the_spatio_temporal_pattern_of_fire_in_an_African_Savanna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16496950/Assessing_the_effect_of_management_changes_and_environmental_features_on_the_spatio_temporal_pattern_of_fire_in_an_African_Savanna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="109228851" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109228851/Determinants_of_fire_intensity_in_working_landscapes_of_an_African_savanna">Determinants of fire intensity in working landscapes of an African savanna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17089" href="https://csulb.academia.edu/ChristineMRodrigue">Christine M. Rodrigue</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Fire Ecology, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background An often cited rule of savanna fire ecology is that early dry-season fires burn less intensely than late dry-season ones; however, few studies base their experimental design on the practices of fire managers in working landscapes. The objective of this research was to study the factors influencing fireline intensity, combustion, and patchiness for a West African savanna under common vegetation and land management practices. We conducted 97 experimental fires by selecting burn plots and seasonal timing (early, n = 33; middle, n = 44; or late, n = 20) based on local practices in a typical working landscape. We collected data for biomass consumed, grass type, scorch height, speed of fire front, visual efficiency (patchiness), fire type, and ambient air conditions. We used multiple regression analysis to determine the key factors affecting fire intensity. Results Mean intensity was lowest for the middle season fires and highest for the late season fires. Minimum fire intensit...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Determinants of fire intensity in working landscapes of an African savanna","attachmentId":107416458,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109228851/Determinants_of_fire_intensity_in_working_landscapes_of_an_African_savanna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109228851/Determinants_of_fire_intensity_in_working_landscapes_of_an_African_savanna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="84031609" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84031609/Management_impacts_on_fire_occurrence_A_comparison_of_fire_regimes_of_African_and_South_American_tropical_savannas_in_different_protected_areas">Management impacts on fire occurrence: A comparison of fire regimes of African and South American tropical savannas in different protected areas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32100771" href="https://uema.academia.edu/SwanniTatianaAlvaradoRomero">Swanni Tatiana Alvarado Romero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of environmental management, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Humans can alter fire dynamics in grassland systems by changing fire frequency, fire seasonality and fuel conditions. These changes have effects on vegetation structure and recovery, species composition, and ecosystem function. Understanding how human management can affect fire regimes is vital to detect potential changes in the resilience of plant communities, and to predict vegetation responses to human interventions. We evaluated the fire regimes of two recently protected areas in Madagascar (Ibity and Itremo NPA) and one in Brazil (Serra do Cipó NP) before and after livestock exclusion and fire suppression policies. We compare the pre- and post-management fire history in these areas and analyze differences in terms of total annual burned area, density of ignitions, burn scar size distribution, fire return period and seasonal fire distribution. More than 90% of total park areas were burned at least once during the studied period, for all parks. We observed a significant reduction...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Management impacts on fire occurrence: A comparison of fire regimes of African and South American tropical savannas in different protected areas","attachmentId":89190075,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84031609/Management_impacts_on_fire_occurrence_A_comparison_of_fire_regimes_of_African_and_South_American_tropical_savannas_in_different_protected_areas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84031609/Management_impacts_on_fire_occurrence_A_comparison_of_fire_regimes_of_African_and_South_American_tropical_savannas_in_different_protected_areas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="18786414" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18786414/Response_of_Savanna_Fire_Regimes_to_Changing_Fire_Management_Policies_in_a_Large_African_National_Park">Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31674273" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarryBiggs">Harry Biggs</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Conservation Biology, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">... Changing ecological paradigms, and changing management ethics and goals, have raised a suite of new questions about the effects of fire in African savannas. These questions will be used to guide research effort in the park over the next few decades. ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park","attachmentId":42136733,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18786414/Response_of_Savanna_Fire_Regimes_to_Changing_Fire_Management_Policies_in_a_Large_African_National_Park","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18786414/Response_of_Savanna_Fire_Regimes_to_Changing_Fire_Management_Policies_in_a_Large_African_National_Park"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78773391,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78773391,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_78773391" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://westernu.academia.edu/SimonLevin">Simon Levin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution of human-driven fire regimes in Africa","attachmentId":44531759,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14178939/Evolution_of_human_driven_fire_regimes_in_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14178939/Evolution_of_human_driven_fire_regimes_in_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/6607588/A_spatio_temporal_analysis_of_fire_recurrence_and_extent_for_semi_arid_savanna_ecosystems_in_southern_Africa_using_moderate_resolution_satellite_imagery"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="67695806" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67695806/Savanna_burning_and_the_assessment_of_long_term_fire_experiments_with_particular_reference_to_Zimbabwe">Savanna burning and the assessment of long-term fire experiments with particular reference to Zimbabwe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36604944" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertRees3">Robert M Rees</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Savanna burning and the assessment of long-term fire experiments with particular reference to Zimbabwe","attachmentId":78425199,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67695806/Savanna_burning_and_the_assessment_of_long_term_fire_experiments_with_particular_reference_to_Zimbabwe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67695806/Savanna_burning_and_the_assessment_of_long_term_fire_experiments_with_particular_reference_to_Zimbabwe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="92769775" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92769775/The_ongoing_development_of_a_pragmatic_and_adaptive_fire_management_policy_in_a_large_African_savanna_protected_area">The ongoing development of a pragmatic and adaptive fire management policy in a large African savanna protected area</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="165264944" 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