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window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":98838465,"created_at":"2023-03-20T05:24:57.065-07:00","from_world_paper_id":229998686,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T13:40:29.118-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","ai_title_tag":"Seasonal Influences on Fire Behavior in Savanna","grobid_abstract":"Background: Fire is important for the maintenance of African savanna ecosystems, particularly humid savanna. Despite the importance of fire behavior to our understanding of fire's ecological effects, few studies have documented fire behavior and its determinants in humid West African savannas and, in particular, whether fire behavior depends on season of the year. We analyzed fire behavior in the Guinean savanna of Lamto (Ivory Coast) during a 4-year field experiment. The fire regimes tested consisted of three different burning seasons: early-season fire, mid-season fire, and late-season fire. Nine 0.5 ha plots were burned annually to determine the rate of spread and fire intensity. Fuel characteristics and weather conditions were measured to assess their impact on fire behavior. Results: Understory grass height, total fresh fuel load, and moisture content had greater values in early-season fire than in mid-season and late-season fire. The rate of spread and intensity of both mid-season fire (0.14 ± 0.03 m s −1 and 3920 ± 740 kW m −1 , respectively) and of late-season fire (0.12 ± 0.02 m s −1 and 3134 ± 482 kW m −1 , respectively) were significantly greater than those of early-season fire (0.04 ± 0.01 m s −1 and 1416 ± 252 kW m −1 , respectively). The best predictors of fire behavior were fuel moisture content and air humidity; these two explanatory variables were the sole significant predictors for fire intensity, rate of fire spread, and flame height. Conclusions: Given that there is no difference between intensity of mid-season and late-season fire, we suggest that the generally reported higher impact of late-season fire on trees in the West African humid savannas is due not to fire intensity per se, but rather to a more sensitive phenological stage of trees (e.g., leafless in mid-season), and to a longer time of exposure to lethal temperatures (\u003e 60°C) in the late dry season. These data provide important insights into fire behavior in the Guinean savanna−forest mosaic ecoregion, informing fire management.","publication_date":"2018,,","publication_name":"Fire Ecology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"100081985"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Season affects fire behavior in annually burned humid savanna of West Africa","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [262391845]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":100081985,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Season affects fire behavior in annually burned humid savanna of West Africa”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/100081985/mini_magick20230320-1-cmatjh.png?1679315145" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Season affects fire behavior in annually burned humid savanna of West Africa</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="262391845" href="https://uabobo.academia.edu/BrigitteNDRI"><img alt="Profile image of Brigitte N'DRI" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/262391845/114108703/103384765/s65_brigitte.n_dri.jpeg" />Brigitte N'DRI</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2018, Fire Ecology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">11 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 98838465; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Background: Fire is important for the maintenance of African savanna ecosystems, particularly humid savanna. Despite the importance of fire behavior to our understanding of fire's ecological effects, few studies have documented fire behavior and its determinants in humid West African savannas and, in particular, whether fire behavior depends on season of the year. We analyzed fire behavior in the Guinean savanna of Lamto (Ivory Coast) during a 4-year field experiment. The fire regimes tested consisted of three different burning seasons: early-season fire, mid-season fire, and late-season fire. Nine 0.5 ha plots were burned annually to determine the rate of spread and fire intensity. Fuel characteristics and weather conditions were measured to assess their impact on fire behavior. Results: Understory grass height, total fresh fuel load, and moisture content had greater values in early-season fire than in mid-season and late-season fire. The rate of spread and intensity of both mid-season fire (0.14 ± 0.03 m s −1 and 3920 ± 740 kW m −1 , respectively) and of late-season fire (0.12 ± 0.02 m s −1 and 3134 ± 482 kW m −1 , respectively) were significantly greater than those of early-season fire (0.04 ± 0.01 m s −1 and 1416 ± 252 kW m −1 , respectively). The best predictors of fire behavior were fuel moisture content and air humidity; these two explanatory variables were the sole significant predictors for fire intensity, rate of fire spread, and flame height. Conclusions: Given that there is no difference between intensity of mid-season and late-season fire, we suggest that the generally reported higher impact of late-season fire on trees in the West African humid savannas is due not to fire intensity per se, but rather to a more sensitive phenological stage of trees (e.g., leafless in mid-season), and to a longer time of exposure to lethal temperatures (> 60°C) in the late dry season. These data provide important insights into fire behavior in the Guinean savanna−forest mosaic ecoregion, informing fire management.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":100081985,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/98838465/Season_affects_fire_behavior_in_annually_burned_humid_savanna_of_West_Africa"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":100081985,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/98838465/Season_affects_fire_behavior_in_annually_burned_humid_savanna_of_West_Africa"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Climatic factors are the driving force of fire ecology and Africa has the requisite climate comprising distinct wet and dry periods, lightning as a natural ignition source, and savanna vegetation that is flammable during the dry winter period thus prone to fire during the dormant season of the year. Humans have evolved in a fire environment in Africa hence anthropogenic fires have become more important ignition sources than lightning. With increasing human populations worldwide modern fire regimes that are not affected by anthropogenic fires are extremely rare. Fire ecology refers to the response of the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem to the fire regime i.e. type and intensity of fire and the season and frequency of burning. Based on research on the effects of fire on the vegetation in the grasslands and savanna, manipulation of the fire regime can be used to develop management plans for the use of fire in both domestic and wildlife systems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire Effects and Management in African Grasslands and Savannas","attachmentId":86190928,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79494965/Fire_Effects_and_Management_in_African_Grasslands_and_Savannas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79494965/Fire_Effects_and_Management_in_African_Grasslands_and_Savannas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="109228851" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109228851/Determinants_of_fire_intensity_in_working_landscapes_of_an_African_savanna">Determinants of fire intensity in working landscapes of an African savanna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17089" href="https://csulb.academia.edu/ChristineMRodrigue">Christine M. Rodrigue</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Fire Ecology, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background An often cited rule of savanna fire ecology is that early dry-season fires burn less intensely than late dry-season ones; however, few studies base their experimental design on the practices of fire managers in working landscapes. The objective of this research was to study the factors influencing fireline intensity, combustion, and patchiness for a West African savanna under common vegetation and land management practices. We conducted 97 experimental fires by selecting burn plots and seasonal timing (early, n = 33; middle, n = 44; or late, n = 20) based on local practices in a typical working landscape. We collected data for biomass consumed, grass type, scorch height, speed of fire front, visual efficiency (patchiness), fire type, and ambient air conditions. We used multiple regression analysis to determine the key factors affecting fire intensity. Results Mean intensity was lowest for the middle season fires and highest for the late season fires. Minimum fire intensit...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Determinants of fire intensity in working landscapes of an African savanna","attachmentId":107416460,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109228851/Determinants_of_fire_intensity_in_working_landscapes_of_an_African_savanna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109228851/Determinants_of_fire_intensity_in_working_landscapes_of_an_African_savanna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="121855599" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121855599/The_response_of_sub_adult_savanna_trees_to_six_successive_annual_fires_An_experimental_field_study_on_the_role_of_fire_season">The response of sub-adult savanna trees to six successive annual fires: An experimental field study on the role of fire season</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="262391845" href="https://uabobo.academia.edu/BrigitteNDRI">Brigitte N'DRI</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">N'Dri et al 2022, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1. In mesic savannas worldwide, trees experience frequent fires, almost all set by humans. Management fires are set to reduce or enhance tree cover. Success depends greatly on responses of sub-adult trees to such fires. To date, the number of successive years that sub-adult trees can resprout nor the number of years that they must resist being top-killed by successive fires, nor the requisite height, have been reported. 2. In a 6-year experimental field study in Guinean savannas of West Africa, we monitored annually the heights and responses of 1,765 permanently tagged sub-adult trees under annual fires set in three different periods of the long dry season: early-dry season (EDS), mid-dry season (MDS) and late-dry season (LDS). Annual MDS fires are the common local management protocols of Guinean savannas, although EDS fires are common in some of the savannas. 3. Results showed that overall, the proportion of sub-adults that resisted being top-killed differed across fire seasons. Furthermore, resisting one fire gave a better chance of resisting the next. Only sub-adults that were able to resist direct damage for three successive EDS and MDS fires reached sufficient height to be recruited to the adult stage. Resistance height (avoiding topkill) was ∼1 m for EDS and ∼2 m for both MDS and LDS fires. Recruitment height (threshold for transition to adult stage) was ∼3 m for EDS and ∼ 3.3 m for MDS fires. No height was great enough for sub-adult trees to be recruited to adult stages in LDS fire. 4. Synthesis and applications. The results of this novel field study showed clearly that successive early- and mi-dry season fires can enhance tree density and that successive late-dry season fires alone reduce tree density in Guinean savannas due to the effects of successive fires on sub-adult trees. The results suggest that a planned regime of these seasons of fire could be used to maintain the desired tree density in Guinean savannas and may inform fire management in other mesic savannas where goals are to increase or decrease tree densities. It also provides relevant information for comparative studies on the mechanisms of recruitment of sub-adult trees to an adult stage in all mesic savannas, a process that ultimately determines savanna physiognomy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The response of sub-adult savanna trees to six successive annual fires: An experimental field study on the role of fire season","attachmentId":116638349,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121855599/The_response_of_sub_adult_savanna_trees_to_six_successive_annual_fires_An_experimental_field_study_on_the_role_of_fire_season","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121855599/The_response_of_sub_adult_savanna_trees_to_six_successive_annual_fires_An_experimental_field_study_on_the_role_of_fire_season"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="26648871" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26648871/The_effect_of_fire_season_fire_frequency_rainfall_and_management_on_fire_intensity_in_savanna_vegetation_in_South_Africa">The effect of fire season, fire frequency, rainfall and management on fire intensity in savanna vegetation in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50578633" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianvanWilgen">Brian van Wilgen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Fire is important for the maintenance and conservation of African savanna ecosystems. Despite the importance of fire intensity as a key element of the fire regime, it is seldom measured or included in fire records. 2. We estimated fire intensity in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, by documenting fuel loads, fuel moisture contents, rates of fire spread and the heat yields of fuel in 956 experimental plot burns over 21 years. 3. Individual fires were conducted in five different months (February, April, August, October and December) and at five different return intervals (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 years). Estimated fire intensities ranged from 28 to 17 905 kW m − 1 . Fire season had a significant effect on fire intensity. Mean fire intensities were lowest in summer fires (1225 kW m − 1 ), increased in autumn fires (1724 kW m − 1 ) and highest in winter fires (2314 kW m − 1 ); they were associated with a threefold difference between the mean moisture content of grass fuels in winter (28%) and summer (88%). 4. Mean fuel loads increased with post-fire age, from 2964 kg ha − 1 on annually burnt plots to 3972 kg ha − 1 on biennial, triennial and quadrennial burnt plots (which did not differ significantly), but decreased to 2881 kg ha − 1 on sexennial burnt plots. Fuel loads also increased with increasing rainfall over the previous 2 years. 5. Mean fire intensities showed no significant differences between annual burns and burns in the biennial, triennial and quadrennial categories, despite lower fuel loads in annual burns, suggesting that seasonal fuel moisture effects overrode those of fuel load. Mean fire intensity in sexennial burns was less than half that of other burns (638 vs. 1969 kW m − 1 ). 6. We used relationships between season of fire, fuel loads and fire intensity in conjunction with the park's fire records to reconstruct broad fire intensity regimes. Changes in management from regular prescribed burning to 'natural' fires over the past four decades have resulted in a decrease in moderate-intensity fires and an increase in high-intensity fires. 7. The highest fire intensities measured in our study (11 000 -> 17 500 kW m − 1 ) were significantly higher than those previously reported for African savannas, but were similar to those in South American cerrado vegetation. The mean fire intensity for late dry season (winter) fires in our study was less than half that reported for late dry season fires in savannas in northern Australia. 8. Synthesis and applications . Fire intensity has important effects on savanna vegetation, especially on the dynamics of the tree layer. Fire intensity varies with season (because of differences in fuel moisture) as well as with fuel load. Managers of African savannas can manipulate fire intensity by choosing the season of fire, and further by burning in years with higher or lower fuel loads. The basic relationships described here can also be used</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The effect of fire season, fire frequency, rainfall and management on fire intensity in savanna vegetation in South Africa","attachmentId":46939501,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26648871/The_effect_of_fire_season_fire_frequency_rainfall_and_management_on_fire_intensity_in_savanna_vegetation_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26648871/The_effect_of_fire_season_fire_frequency_rainfall_and_management_on_fire_intensity_in_savanna_vegetation_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="84031613" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84031613/Thresholds_of_fire_response_to_moisture_and_fuel_load_differ_between_tropical_savannas_and_grasslands_across_continents">Thresholds of fire response to moisture and fuel load differ between tropical savannas and grasslands across continents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32100771" href="https://uema.academia.edu/SwanniTatianaAlvaradoRomero">Swanni Tatiana Alvarado Romero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Aim: An emerging framework for tropical ecosystems states that fire activity is either 'fuel build-up limited' or 'fuel moisture limited' i.e. as you move up along rainfall gradients, the major control on fire occurrence switches from being the amount of fuel, to the moisture content of the fuel. Here we used remotely sensed datasets to assess whether interannual variability of burned area is better explained by annual rainfall totals driving fuel build-up, or by dry season rainfall driving fuel moisture. Location: Pantropical savannas and grasslands Time period: 2002-2016 Methods: We explored the response of annual burned area to interannual variability in rainfall. We compared several linear models to understand how fuel moisture and fuel buildup effect (accumulated rainfall during 6 and 24 months prior to the end of the burning season respectively) determine the interannual variability of burned area and explore if tree cover, dry season duration and human activity modified these relationships. Results: Fuel and moisture controls on fire occurrence in tropical savannas varied across continents. Only 24% of South American savannas were fuel build-up limited against 61% of Australian savannas and 47% of African savannas. On average, South America switched from fuel limited to moisture limited at 500 mm yr-1 , Africa at 800 mm yr-1 and Australia at 1000 mm yr-1 of mean annual rainfall. Main conclusions: In 42% of tropical savannas (accounting for 41% of current area burned) increased drought and higher temperatures will not increase fire, but there are savannas, particularly in South America, that are likely to become more flammable with increasing temperatures. These findings highlight that we cannot transfer knowledge of fire responses to global change across ecosystems/regionslocal solutions to local fire management issues are required, and different tropical savanna regions may show contrasting responses to the same drivers of global change.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thresholds of fire response to moisture and fuel load differ between tropical savannas and grasslands across continents","attachmentId":89190071,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84031613/Thresholds_of_fire_response_to_moisture_and_fuel_load_differ_between_tropical_savannas_and_grasslands_across_continents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84031613/Thresholds_of_fire_response_to_moisture_and_fuel_load_differ_between_tropical_savannas_and_grasslands_across_continents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="114032341" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114032341/Fire_and_Herbivory_Interactively_Suppress_the_Survival_and_Growth_of_Trees_in_an_African_Semiarid_Savanna">Fire and Herbivory Interactively Suppress the Survival and Growth of Trees in an African Semiarid Savanna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125972848" href="https://ucdavis.academia.edu/TrumanYoung">Truman Young</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Fire</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There has been a long-standing interest in understanding how interactions between fire and herbivory influence woody vegetation dynamics in savanna ecosystems. However, controlled, replicated experiments examining how different fire regimes interact with different herbivore groups are rare. We tested the effects of single and repeated burns, crossed with six replicated herbivore treatments, on the mortality and growth of woody vegetation in the Kenya Long-term Exclosure Experiment plots located in a semi-arid savanna system in central Kenya. Burned plots experienced higher tree mortality overall, but differences between burns and non-burns were only significant in plots excluding all wild herbivores and in plots accessible to megaherbivores. Cattle ameliorated the negative effects of repeat burns on tree mortality, perhaps by suppressing fuel load accumulation. Across all herbivore treatments, trees experienced a significant reduction in height within the first two years after fire ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire and Herbivory Interactively Suppress the Survival and Growth of Trees in an African Semiarid Savanna","attachmentId":110837296,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114032341/Fire_and_Herbivory_Interactively_Suppress_the_Survival_and_Growth_of_Trees_in_an_African_Semiarid_Savanna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114032341/Fire_and_Herbivory_Interactively_Suppress_the_Survival_and_Growth_of_Trees_in_an_African_Semiarid_Savanna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="90807071" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90807071/Fire_occurrence_and_frequency_and_its_relation_to_vegetation_structure_patterns_and_dynamics_in_Sub_Saharan_Africa">Fire occurrence and frequency and its relation to vegetation structure, patterns and dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="245450352" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThijsVandenBergh">Thijs Van den Bergh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis was submitted as a partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science at Wageningen University, the Netherlands Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology group July 2008 NCP-80436 Cover figure: Savanna of Cameroon with in the background the transition zone with the forest (picture by Edward Mitchard). Nothing out of this publication may be used without the permission of the Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology group at Wageningen University and the Earth Observation group of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Wallingford.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire occurrence and frequency and its relation to vegetation structure, patterns and dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa","attachmentId":94268221,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90807071/Fire_occurrence_and_frequency_and_its_relation_to_vegetation_structure_patterns_and_dynamics_in_Sub_Saharan_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90807071/Fire_occurrence_and_frequency_and_its_relation_to_vegetation_structure_patterns_and_dynamics_in_Sub_Saharan_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="26780607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26780607/Relationships_Between_Fire_Frequency_and_Woody_Canopy_Cover_in_a_Semi_Arid_African_Savanna">Relationships Between Fire Frequency and Woody Canopy Cover in a Semi-Arid African Savanna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31452868" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewHudak">Andrew Hudak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Relationships Between Fire Frequency and Woody Canopy Cover in a Semi-Arid African Savanna","attachmentId":47057033,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26780607/Relationships_Between_Fire_Frequency_and_Woody_Canopy_Cover_in_a_Semi_Arid_African_Savanna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26780607/Relationships_Between_Fire_Frequency_and_Woody_Canopy_Cover_in_a_Semi_Arid_African_Savanna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="31268311" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31268311/The_early_late_fire_dichotomy_Time_for_a_reassessment_of_Aubr%C3%A9_villes_savanna_fire_experiments">The early/late fire dichotomy: Time for a reassessment of Aubré ville's savanna fire experiments</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59748941" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SepiDeh1">Sepi Deh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A fundamental principal of savanna fire ecology is that the fire regime determines vegetation cover, especially as it pertains to trees. A corollary is that late fires are more damaging to trees than early fires. Much evidence in support of this principle has been derived from a series of long-term burning experiments based on the pioneering work of André Aubréville. Eighty years ago, Aubréville devised an experiment to study the impacts of fire on savanna trees in Africa. The design conventions of this study remain highly influential. It is now clear, however, that the dates chosen by Aubréville and his followers do not reflect the burning practices of West African people. Dates that were chosen for ''early'' and ''late'' are not representative of actual fire timing; they represent extremes. This study has four goals: (i) to critically review the results of the burning experiments; (ii) to examine them in the context of results from recent savanna fire studies; (iii) to evaluate their limitations based on data for actual burning practices and fires from West Africa; and (iv) to critically evaluate the use of the early/late terminology in contemporary fire research. We find the majority of West African fires occur during the ''middle'' of the fire season. Our field studies find that fire temperature and burn completeness are highest in the middle-season. We conclude that the early/late fire dichotomy is not sufficient for understanding the impacts of anthropogenic fires in the region and we make suggestions for rethinking its use more broadly.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The early/late fire dichotomy: Time for a reassessment of Aubré ville's savanna fire experiments","attachmentId":51671898,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31268311/The_early_late_fire_dichotomy_Time_for_a_reassessment_of_Aubr%C3%A9_villes_savanna_fire_experiments","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31268311/The_early_late_fire_dichotomy_Time_for_a_reassessment_of_Aubr%C3%A9_villes_savanna_fire_experiments"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="32530796" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32530796/Effects_of_climate_variability_on_savannah_fire_regimes_in_West_Africa">Effects of climate variability on savannah fire regimes in West Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16933287" href="https://cocody.academia.edu/NDatchohEvelyneTour%C3%A9">N'Datchoh Evelyne Touré</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17051672" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AronaDiedhiou">Arona Diedhiou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The main objective of this work is to investigate at regional scale the variability in burned areas over the savannahs of West Africa and their links with the rainfall and the large-scale climatic indexes such as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and sea surface temperature gradient (SSTG). Daily satellite products (L3JRC) of burned areas from the SPOT Vegetation sensor at a moderate spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km between 2000 and 2007 were analyzed over the West African savannah in this paper. Results from seasonal analysis revealed a large increase in burned areas from November to February, with consistent peaks in December at the regional scale. In addition, about 30 % of the pixels are burned at least four times within the 7-year period. Positive correlations were found between burned areas and rainfall values obtained from the TRMM satellite over savannahs located above 8 • N, meaning that a wet rainfall season over these regions was favorable to biomass availability in the next dry season and therefore may induce an increase in burned areas in this region. Moreover, our results showed a nonlinear relationship between the large-scale climatic indexes SOI, MEI, NAO and SSTG and burned-area anomalies. Positive (negative) correlations between burned areas and SOI (MEI) were consistent over the Sahel and Sudano-Sahelian areas. Negative correlations with Atlantic SSTG were significant over the Guinea subregion. Correlations between burned areas over Sudano-Guinean subregion and all the large-scale indexes were weak and may be explained by the fact that this subregion had a mean rainfall greater than 800 mm yr −1 with permanent biomass availability and an optimal amount of soil moisture favorable to fire practice irrespective of the climate conditions. The teleconnection with NAO was not clear and needed to be investigated further.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of climate variability on savannah fire regimes in West Africa","attachmentId":52713768,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32530796/Effects_of_climate_variability_on_savannah_fire_regimes_in_West_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32530796/Effects_of_climate_variability_on_savannah_fire_regimes_in_West_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":100081985,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":100081985,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_100081985" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="48633364" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48633364/Fuel_and_fire_behavior_analysis_for_early_season_prescribed_fire_planning_in_Sudanian_and_Sahelian_savannas">Fuel and fire behavior analysis for early-season prescribed fire planning in Sudanian and Sahelian savannas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38950133" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristelleH%C3%A9ly">Christelle Hély</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Arid Environments, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fuel and fire behavior analysis for early-season prescribed fire planning in Sudanian and Sahelian savannas","attachmentId":67144257,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48633364/Fuel_and_fire_behavior_analysis_for_early_season_prescribed_fire_planning_in_Sudanian_and_Sahelian_savannas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48633364/Fuel_and_fire_behavior_analysis_for_early_season_prescribed_fire_planning_in_Sudanian_and_Sahelian_savannas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="77530652" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77530652/Impacts_of_fire_history_in_a_semi_arid_woodland_savanna">Impacts of fire history in a semi-arid woodland savanna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55379730" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HermanAindongo">Herman Aindongo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biodiversity & Ecology, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impacts of fire history in a semi-arid woodland savanna","attachmentId":84870112,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77530652/Impacts_of_fire_history_in_a_semi_arid_woodland_savanna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77530652/Impacts_of_fire_history_in_a_semi_arid_woodland_savanna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="13951737" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13951737/Relationships_between_fire_history_edaphic_factors_and_woody_vegetation_structure_and_composition_in_a_semi_arid_savanna_landscape_Niger_West_Africa_">Relationships between fire history, edaphic factors and woody vegetation structure and composition in a semi-arid savanna landscape (Niger, West Africa)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33005540" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VincentDeblauwe">Vincent Deblauwe</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52711491" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MahamaneSaadou">Mahamane Saadou</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32832235" href="https://au.academia.edu/AnneLykke">Anne Mette Lykke</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8392032" href="https://univ-maradi.academia.edu/AbdoulayeDiouf">Abdoulaye Diouf</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Applied Vegetation Science, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Relationships between fire history, edaphic factors and woody vegetation structure and composition in a semi-arid savanna landscape (Niger, West 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data-entity-id="28651543" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28651543/Seasonal_distribution_of_African_savanna_fires">Seasonal distribution of African savanna fires</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53589410" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianStocks">Brian Stocks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature, 1992</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Seasonal distribution of African savanna fires","attachmentId":49024087,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28651543/Seasonal_distribution_of_African_savanna_fires","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="299928303" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DwomohFrancis">Francis Dwomoh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Remote Sensing, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire Regimes and Their Drivers in the Upper Guinean Region of West Africa","attachmentId":113322787,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117475637/Fire_Regimes_and_Their_Drivers_in_the_Upper_Guinean_Region_of_West_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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Tigabu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fuel and fire characteristics in savanna–woodland of West Africa in relation to grazing and dominant grass type","attachmentId":49352374,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5309943/Fuel_and_fire_characteristics_in_savanna_woodland_of_West_Africa_in_relation_to_grazing_and_dominant_grass_type","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32100771" href="https://uema.academia.edu/SwanniTatianaAlvaradoRomero">Swanni Tatiana Alvarado Romero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of environmental management, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Management impacts on fire occurrence: A comparison of fire regimes of African and South American tropical savannas in different protected areas","attachmentId":89190075,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84031609/Management_impacts_on_fire_occurrence_A_comparison_of_fire_regimes_of_African_and_South_American_tropical_savannas_in_different_protected_areas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterFrost">Peter Frost</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1987</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ecological Effects of Fire in Savannas","attachmentId":19333772,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1237689/The_Ecological_Effects_of_Fire_in_Savannas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1237689/The_Ecological_Effects_of_Fire_in_Savannas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fuel biomass and combustion factors associated with fires in savanna ecosystems of South Africa and Zambia","attachmentId":75955987,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63569616/Fuel_biomass_and_combustion_factors_associated_with_fires_in_savanna_ecosystems_of_South_Africa_and_Zambia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63569616/Fuel_biomass_and_combustion_factors_associated_with_fires_in_savanna_ecosystems_of_South_Africa_and_Zambia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="18786414" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18786414/Response_of_Savanna_Fire_Regimes_to_Changing_Fire_Management_Policies_in_a_Large_African_National_Park">Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31674273" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarryBiggs">Harry Biggs</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Conservation Biology, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Response of Savanna 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