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Changing ecological paradigms, and changing management ethics and goals, have raised a suite of new questions about the effects of fire in African savannas. These questions will be used to guide research effort in the park over the next few" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/31674273/9386121/10460716/s200_harry.biggs.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/18786414/Response_of_Savanna_Fire_Regimes_to_Changing_Fire_Management_Policies_in_a_Large_African_National_Park" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="... Changing ecological paradigms, and changing management ethics and goals, have raised a suite of new questions about the effects of fire in African savannas. These questions will be used to guide research effort in the park over the next few" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/HarryBiggs" /> <meta name="description" content="... Changing ecological paradigms, and changing management ethics and goals, have raised a suite of new questions about the effects of fire in African savannas. 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[{"id":42136733,"identifier":"Attachment_42136733","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":18786414,"created_at":"2015-11-22T00:14:38.930-08:00","from_world_paper_id":144908792,"updated_at":"2025-02-02T02:46:29.878-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"... Changing ecological paradigms, and changing management ethics and goals, have raised a suite of new questions about the effects of fire in African savannas. These questions will be used to guide research effort in the park over the next few decades. ...","ai_title_tag":"Savanna Fire Regimes and Management Policy Shift","publication_date":"2004,,","publication_name":"Conservation Biology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [31674273]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":42136733,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/42136733/mini_magick20190218-13773-riunj.png?1550486965" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31674273" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarryBiggs"><img alt="Profile image of Harry Biggs" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/31674273/9386121/10460716/s65_harry.biggs.jpg" />Harry Biggs</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2004, Conservation Biology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 18786414; 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Changing ecological paradigms, and changing management ethics and goals, have raised a suite of new questions about the effects of fire in African savannas. These questions will be used to guide research effort in the park over the next few decades. ...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":42136733,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/18786414/Response_of_Savanna_Fire_Regimes_to_Changing_Fire_Management_Policies_in_a_Large_African_National_Park"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":42136733,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/18786414/Response_of_Savanna_Fire_Regimes_to_Changing_Fire_Management_Policies_in_a_Large_African_National_Park"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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It provides a real-life example of adaptive learning in an environment where understanding is incomplete, but where management nonetheless has to proceed. The previous policy called for the application of fire to meet burnt area targets that were set for administrative subdivisions, and that were assessed at the scale of the entire park. This was problematic because the park is large and heterogeneous, and because sound ecological motivations that could link burning prescriptions to ecological objectives were missing. The new policy divides the park into five fire management zones on the basis of differences in mean annual rainfall, historic fire return periods, and geology. In addition, it proposes fire management actions designed to achieve specified ecological objectives in each zone, and includes fire-regime related thresholds and associated ecological outcomes against which to assess the effectiveness of management. The new policy is an improvement over previous iterations, but several challenges remain. Most important among these would be to continually improve the understanding of the effects of fire, and to develop frameworks for assessing the impacts of fire together with other ecosystem drivers that interact strongly with fire to influence the attainment of ecological objectives.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The ongoing development of a pragmatic and adaptive fire management policy in a large African savanna protected area","attachmentId":95690981,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92769775/The_ongoing_development_of_a_pragmatic_and_adaptive_fire_management_policy_in_a_large_African_savanna_protected_area","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92769775/The_ongoing_development_of_a_pragmatic_and_adaptive_fire_management_policy_in_a_large_African_savanna_protected_area"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="26648912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26648912/The_evolution_of_fire_management_practices_in_savanna_protected_areas_in_South_Africa">The evolution of fire management practices in savanna protected areas in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50578633" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianvanWilgen">Brian van Wilgen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">South African Journal of Science, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Savannas constitute one of the largest biomes of the world, covering about 20% of the land surface. Most of the world's savannas occur in Africa, with smaller areas in South America, India and Australia. 1 In South Africa, savannas make up 35% of the land area, and are the basis of two major industries: cattle ranching and wildlife-related tourism. 2 Savannas have existed in Africa for at least 30 million years, and their distribution and structure is determined largely by water availability, nutrient availability, herbivory and fire.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of fire management practices in savanna protected areas in South Africa","attachmentId":46939416,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26648912/The_evolution_of_fire_management_practices_in_savanna_protected_areas_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26648912/The_evolution_of_fire_management_practices_in_savanna_protected_areas_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="84031609" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84031609/Management_impacts_on_fire_occurrence_A_comparison_of_fire_regimes_of_African_and_South_American_tropical_savannas_in_different_protected_areas">Management impacts on fire occurrence: A comparison of fire regimes of African and South American tropical savannas in different protected areas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32100771" href="https://uema.academia.edu/SwanniTatianaAlvaradoRomero">Swanni Tatiana Alvarado Romero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of environmental management, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Humans can alter fire dynamics in grassland systems by changing fire frequency, fire seasonality and fuel conditions. These changes have effects on vegetation structure and recovery, species composition, and ecosystem function. Understanding how human management can affect fire regimes is vital to detect potential changes in the resilience of plant communities, and to predict vegetation responses to human interventions. We evaluated the fire regimes of two recently protected areas in Madagascar (Ibity and Itremo NPA) and one in Brazil (Serra do Cipó NP) before and after livestock exclusion and fire suppression policies. We compare the pre- and post-management fire history in these areas and analyze differences in terms of total annual burned area, density of ignitions, burn scar size distribution, fire return period and seasonal fire distribution. More than 90% of total park areas were burned at least once during the studied period, for all parks. We observed a significant reduction...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Management impacts on fire occurrence: A comparison of fire regimes of African and South American tropical savannas in different protected areas","attachmentId":89190075,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84031609/Management_impacts_on_fire_occurrence_A_comparison_of_fire_regimes_of_African_and_South_American_tropical_savannas_in_different_protected_areas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84031609/Management_impacts_on_fire_occurrence_A_comparison_of_fire_regimes_of_African_and_South_American_tropical_savannas_in_different_protected_areas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="52471344" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52471344/Fire_management_in_a_changing_landscape_a_case_study_from_Lop%C3%A9_National_Park_Gabon">Fire management in a changing landscape: a case study from Lopé National Park, Gabon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="177108749" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FlorenceMaeAmajoPalla">Florence Mae Amajo Palla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In addition to forest expansion, savannah thickening is also occurring as a parallel process within savannahs, particularly in southern Africa (Parr et al., 2012). Recent studies suggest that Gabon's savannahs, which cover an estimated 20 per cent of the country, are being encroached by forest (</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire management in a changing landscape: a case study from Lopé National Park, Gabon","attachmentId":69721942,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52471344/Fire_management_in_a_changing_landscape_a_case_study_from_Lop%C3%A9_National_Park_Gabon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52471344/Fire_management_in_a_changing_landscape_a_case_study_from_Lop%C3%A9_National_Park_Gabon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="79494965" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79494965/Fire_Effects_and_Management_in_African_Grasslands_and_Savannas">Fire Effects and Management in African Grasslands and Savannas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="204544894" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TrollopeWinston">Winston Trollope</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Africa is referred to as the "Fire Continent" and biomass burning is recognized as a widespread and integral part of the functioning of African grasslands and savannas. Climatic factors are the driving force of fire ecology and Africa has the requisite climate comprising distinct wet and dry periods, lightning as a natural ignition source, and savanna vegetation that is flammable during the dry winter period thus prone to fire during the dormant season of the year. Humans have evolved in a fire environment in Africa hence anthropogenic fires have become more important ignition sources than lightning. With increasing human populations worldwide modern fire regimes that are not affected by anthropogenic fires are extremely rare. Fire ecology refers to the response of the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem to the fire regime i.e. type and intensity of fire and the season and frequency of burning. Based on research on the effects of fire on the vegetation in the grasslands and savanna, manipulation of the fire regime can be used to develop management plans for the use of fire in both domestic and wildlife systems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire Effects and Management in African Grasslands and Savannas","attachmentId":86190928,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79494965/Fire_Effects_and_Management_in_African_Grasslands_and_Savannas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79494965/Fire_Effects_and_Management_in_African_Grasslands_and_Savannas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="25854812" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25854812/Fire_as_a_Rangeland_Management_Tool_in_the_Savannas_of_Southern_Africa_A_Review_El_Fuego_Como_Herramienta_Para_El_Manejo_De_Praderas_en_Las_Sabanas_Del_Sureste_De_Africa_Una_Revisi%C3%B3n_">Fire as a Rangeland Management Tool in the Savannas of Southern Africa: A Review [El Fuego Como Herramienta Para El Manejo De Praderas en Las Sabanas Del Sureste De Africa: Una Revisión]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49640534" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MMwale2">M. Mwale</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99686856" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MChimonyo">M. Chimonyo</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire as a Rangeland Management Tool in the Savannas of Southern Africa: A Review [El Fuego Como Herramienta Para El Manejo De Praderas en Las Sabanas Del Sureste De Africa: Una Revisión]","attachmentId":46221978,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25854812/Fire_as_a_Rangeland_Management_Tool_in_the_Savannas_of_Southern_Africa_A_Review_El_Fuego_Como_Herramienta_Para_El_Manejo_De_Praderas_en_Las_Sabanas_Del_Sureste_De_Africa_Una_Revisi%C3%B3n_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25854812/Fire_as_a_Rangeland_Management_Tool_in_the_Savannas_of_Southern_Africa_A_Review_El_Fuego_Como_Herramienta_Para_El_Manejo_De_Praderas_en_Las_Sabanas_Del_Sureste_De_Africa_Una_Revisi%C3%B3n_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="114832051" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114832051/The_contribution_of_fire_research_to_fire_management_a_critical_review_of_a_long_term_experiment_in_the_Kruger_National_Park_South_Africa">The contribution of fire research to fire management: a critical review of a long-term experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="165264944" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BvanWilgen">Brian van Wilgen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present paper reviews a long-term fire experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, established in 1954 to support fire management. The paper’s goals are: (1) to assess learning, with a focus on relevance for fire management; (2) to examine how findings influenced changes in fire management; and (3) to reflect on the experiment’s future. Results show that fire treatments affected vegetation structure and biomass more than species composition. Effects on vegetation were most marked in extreme treatments (annual burning, burning in the summer wet season, or long periods of fire exclusion), and were greater in areas of higher rainfall. Faunal communities and soil physiology were largely unaffected by fire. Since the inception of the experiment, paradigms in savanna ecology have changed to encompass heterogeneity and variability. The design of the experiment, reflecting the understanding of the 1950s, does not cater for variability, and as a result, the experiment had littl...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The contribution of fire research to fire management: a critical review of a long-term experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa","attachmentId":111418242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114832051/The_contribution_of_fire_research_to_fire_management_a_critical_review_of_a_long_term_experiment_in_the_Kruger_National_Park_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114832051/The_contribution_of_fire_research_to_fire_management_a_critical_review_of_a_long_term_experiment_in_the_Kruger_National_Park_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="68217695" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68217695/Good_Bad_orNecessary_Evil_Reinterpreting_the_Colonial_Burning_Experiments_In_the_Savanna_Landscapes_of_West_Africa">Good, Bad or'Necessary Evil'? Reinterpreting the Colonial Burning Experiments In the Savanna Landscapes of West Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10455881" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DAndrewWardell">D. Andrew Wardell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Geographical Journal, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A simple ecological model underlies contemporary fire policy in many West African countries. The model holds that the timing (or seasonality) of annual savanna fires is a principal determinant of vegetation cover. The model's origin can be traced to the ideas held by influential colonial scientists who viewed anthropogenic fire as a prime force of regional environmental degradation. The main evidence in support of the model derives from the results of a series of long-term burning experiments carried out during last century. The experimental results have been repeatedly mapped onto fire policy often taking the form of a three-tiered model in which fire exclusion is considered the ultimate management objective, late dry-season fire is discouraged and early dry-season fire is allowed but only under specific, often state-controlled circumstances. This paper provides a critique of contemporary fire policy in the region and the fire ecology model on which it is based. Through an analysis of burn scars for the 2002-3 fire season generated from ETM+ imagery, the study documents the spatiotemporal pattern of burning for an area in southern Mali. It argues that current policy, which is informed by an a-spatial model, cannot adequately account for the critical pattern of burning that is characteristic of the region. A reinterpretation of the burning experiments is presented in light of four factors: empirical data; recent developments in patch-mosaic theory; historical evidence on the effects of fire suppression; and data on indigenous burning strategies, all of which suggest a need to reconsider current fire policy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Good, Bad or'Necessary Evil'? Reinterpreting the Colonial Burning Experiments In the Savanna Landscapes of West Africa","attachmentId":78773391,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68217695/Good_Bad_orNecessary_Evil_Reinterpreting_the_Colonial_Burning_Experiments_In_the_Savanna_Landscapes_of_West_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68217695/Good_Bad_orNecessary_Evil_Reinterpreting_the_Colonial_Burning_Experiments_In_the_Savanna_Landscapes_of_West_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="25854814" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25854814/Fire_as_a_rangeland_management_tool_in_the_savannas_of_southern_africa_a_review">Fire as a rangeland management tool in the savannas of southern africa: a review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49640534" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MMwale2">M. Mwale</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire as a rangeland management tool in the savannas of southern africa: a review","attachmentId":46221975,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25854814/Fire_as_a_rangeland_management_tool_in_the_savannas_of_southern_africa_a_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25854814/Fire_as_a_rangeland_management_tool_in_the_savannas_of_southern_africa_a_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="26780607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26780607/Relationships_Between_Fire_Frequency_and_Woody_Canopy_Cover_in_a_Semi_Arid_African_Savanna">Relationships Between Fire Frequency and Woody Canopy Cover in a Semi-Arid African Savanna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31452868" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewHudak">Andrew Hudak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Relationships Between Fire Frequency and Woody Canopy Cover in a Semi-Arid African Savanna","attachmentId":47057033,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26780607/Relationships_Between_Fire_Frequency_and_Woody_Canopy_Cover_in_a_Semi_Arid_African_Savanna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26780607/Relationships_Between_Fire_Frequency_and_Woody_Canopy_Cover_in_a_Semi_Arid_African_Savanna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":42136733,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":42136733,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_42136733" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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data-entity-id="67695806" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67695806/Savanna_burning_and_the_assessment_of_long_term_fire_experiments_with_particular_reference_to_Zimbabwe">Savanna burning and the assessment of long-term fire experiments with particular reference to Zimbabwe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36604944" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertRees3">Robert M Rees</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Savanna burning and the assessment of long-term fire experiments with particular 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6297735" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/FabioAttorre">Fabio Attorre</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing the effect of management changes and environmental features on the spatio- temporal pattern of fire in an African Savanna","attachmentId":39021141,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16496950/Assessing_the_effect_of_management_changes_and_environmental_features_on_the_spatio_temporal_pattern_of_fire_in_an_African_Savanna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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