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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordosk%C3%A1_plo%C5%A1ina" title="Ordoská plošina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ordoská plošina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordos-Plateau" title="Ordos-Plateau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ordos-Plateau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meandro_de_Ordos" title="Meandro de Ordos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Meandro de Ordos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordos" title="Ordos – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ordos" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_d%27Ordos" title="Plateau d'Ordos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plateau d'Ordos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4%EA%B3%A0%EC%9B%90" title="오르도스고원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오르도스고원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Tinggi_Ordos" title="Dataran Tinggi Ordos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dataran Tinggi Ordos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altopiano_dell%27Ordos" title="Altopiano dell'Ordos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Altopiano dell'Ordos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="オルドス高原 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オルドス高原" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordosplat%C3%A5et" title="Ordosplatået – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ordosplatået" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meandro_de_Ordos" title="Meandro de Ordos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meandro de Ordos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordosplat%C3%A5n" title="Ordosplatån – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ordosplatån" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highland sedimentary basin in northwest China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ordos_Plateau" title="Talk:Ordos Plateau">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Ordos Plateau</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%84%82%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄂爾多斯">鄂爾多斯</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄂尔多斯">鄂尔多斯</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Èěrduōsī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ê<sup>4</sup>-êrh<sup>3</sup>-to<sup>1</sup>-ssŭ<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Mongolian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic script">Mongolian Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn"><big><big><big><big><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ</span></big></big></big></big><br />Ordos</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Meseta_de_Loes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Meseta_de_Loes.png" decoding="async" width="328" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Provincial boundaries. The Loess Plateau is shaded. The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> is colored blue. The yellow area is Inner Mongolia and Ningxia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ordos Plateau</b>, also known as the <b>Ordos Basin</b> or simply the <b>Ordos</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">highland</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basin</a> in parts of most Northern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> of 1,000–1,600 m (3,300–5,200 ft), and consisting mostly of land enclosed by the <b>Ordos Loop</b>, a large northerly rectangular bend of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. It is China's second largest sedimentary basin (after the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>) with a total area of 370,000 km<sup>2</sup> (140,000 sq mi), and includes territories from five <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">provinces</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and a thin fringe of <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> (western border <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" title="Counties of China">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a>), but is demographically dominated by the former three, hence is also called the <b>Shaan-Gan-Ning Basin</b>. The basin is bounded in the east by the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang_Mountains" title="Lüliang Mountains">Lüliang Mountains</a>, north by the <a href="/wiki/Yin_Mountains" title="Yin Mountains">Yin Mountains</a>, west by the <a href="/wiki/Helan_Mountains" title="Helan Mountains">Helan Mountains</a>, and south by the Huanglong Mountains, Meridian Ridge and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Liupan" title="Mount Liupan">Liupan Mountains</a>. </p><p>The name "Ordos" (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠰ"><img alt="ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠰ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ordus.svg/15px-Ordus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ordus.svg/23px-Ordus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ordus.svg/30px-Ordus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="240" /></a></span>) comes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">orda</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which originally means "palaces" or "court" in <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartog1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartog1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kohn2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohn2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RuysbroeckAntivari)1900_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuysbroeckAntivari)1900-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seventh largest <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China">prefecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos City</a>, is similarly named due to its location within the Ordos Loop. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Ming Great Wall</a> cuts southwesternly across the center of the Ordos region, roughly separating the sparsely populated north (or "upper Ordos", which is actually lower in elevation than the "lower Ordos" south) — considered the <i>Ordos proper</i> — from the agricultural south (or "lower Ordos", i.e. northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a>). The north Ordos consists mainly of the arid <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</a> (subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Mu_Us_Desert" title="Mu Us Desert">Mu Us</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kubuqi_Desert" title="Kubuqi Desert">Kubuqi</a> deserts), which is administered by <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos City</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">banks</a> of Ordos Loop's northern bends are fertile <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> historically known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Hetao" title="Hetao">Hetao Plains</a></b> ("river loop" plains), which is subdivided into the "west loop" (within <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>) and "east loop" (within Inner Mongolia, further divided into "front loop" and "back loop") sections. The Inner Mongolian cities of <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_China#Provincial-level_capitals" title="List of capitals in China">provincial capital</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayannur" title="Bayannur">Bayannur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhai" title="Wuhai">Wuhai</a> (its third, fourth, eighth and eleventh most populous prefectures respectively), and all of <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Ningxia" title="List of administrative divisions of Ningxia">cities</a> except <a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a>, are all located on these riverside plains along the Hetao region. Throughout Chinese history, the Hetao region was of major strategic importance and therefore hotly contested against various <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian nomad">Eurasian nomads</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Di</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Rong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> dynasties), <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Göktürk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>). </p><p>The more populous south Ordos is traversed by the upper reaches of <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a>'s two largest <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jing_River" title="Jing River">Jing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Shaanxi)" title="Luo River (Shaanxi)">Luo Rivers</a>, whose valleys cut through the mountain ranges east of <a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> to drain into the crescentic <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanzhong Plain">Guanzhong Plain</a> on the other side. The south Ordos and the Guanzhong Plain together were one of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">cradles</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese civilization</a> and remains densely populated throughout history. The largest city in the Guanzhong region, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population" title="List of cities in China by population">10th largest Chinese city</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most populous settlement in the entire <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>, and had long served as the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of China">capital of China</a> in more than a dozen <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">ancient dynasties</a>. </p><p>The area is of high archaeological interest. Skeletal remains and artifacts show the <a href="/wiki/Ordosian_culture" title="Ordosian culture">Ordosian culture</a> occupied the area in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>. The late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> saw the development or introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou culture</a>, which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">iron-wielding</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordos_Plateau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> flows from its source in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjiangyuan_National_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve">Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> in a roughly eastern course before turning northwest after its confluence with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bai_He_(River)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bai He (River) (page does not exist)">Bai He</a> ("White River") in <a href="/wiki/Maqu_County" title="Maqu County">Maqu County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. After reversing course back towards the east, it begins the massive Ordos Loop by turning northwards at <a href="/wiki/Zhongning_County" title="Zhongning County">Zhongning County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>. It runs northwards about 640 kilometers (398 mi), leaving the <a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a>—whose <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> produces the river's yellow color—for the Ordos proper before turning east in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. It continues this course for about 320 kilometers (199 mi) before <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang_Mountains" title="Lüliang Mountains">Lüliang Mountains</a> force it sharply southwards. The eastern side of the loop runs about 600 kilometers (373 mi), re-entering the <a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a> before reaching its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tongguan_County" title="Tongguan County">Tongguan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> and again turning sharply eastward. It then flows through <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hangu_Pass" title="Hangu Pass">Hangu Pass</a> to enter the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a> largely forms a southern side of the imperfect rectangle formed by these curves of the Yellow River, flowing about 560 kilometers (348 mi) through the <a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a> from a source not far from its southwestern corner to a confluence at the southeastern corner. The <a href="/wiki/Qin_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Mountains">Qin Mountains</a>—including the famous <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hua" title="Mount Hua">Mount Hua</a>—separate its watershed from that of the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Yangtze_River_tributary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han River (Yangtze River tributary)">Han River</a>, which flows south to a confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>. </p><p>Underlying the loess plateau is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> beds in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordos_Plateau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rainfall and therefore population decreases rapidly as one moves north. The Wei River valley on the south is densely populated and is one of the ancient centers of Chinese civilization. The north is grassland and desert (<a href="/wiki/Ordos_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos desert">Ordos desert</a>) and is part of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. Because of its low and variable rainfall the region was once notorious for drought and famine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Along_the_two_rivers">Along the two rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordos_Plateau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Along the two rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the southwest corner near where the Yellow River emerges from the Tibetan Plateau is <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>, the westernmost large city in north China and the capital of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. To the west of Lanzhou is <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a> from whence caravans (<a href="/wiki/Qingzang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingzang Railway">and now the railway</a>) started for <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>. North of Xining the Gansu or <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> runs along the northern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. This corridor and the Wei River valley became the main <a href="/wiki/Silk_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk road">silk road</a> route from <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarim basin">Tarim basin</a> and westward. Downriver (north) from Lanzhou is a gorge through <a href="/wiki/Gaolan_County" title="Gaolan County">Gaolan County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a>. The river emerges from the mountains and enters <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> near <a href="/wiki/Zhongwei" title="Zhongwei">Zhongwei</a>. It runs east with the Tengger Desert in Inner Mongolia to the north and hills to the south. It turns north through dry country to past the <a href="/wiki/Qingtongxia" title="Qingtongxia">Qingtongxia</a> dam to the irrigated area around <a href="/wiki/Wuzhong_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuzhong City">Wuzhong City</a>. It continues north past <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>, the capital of Ningxia. To the west are the <a href="/wiki/Helan_Mountains" title="Helan Mountains">Helan Mountains</a>. The river leaves the northern tip of Ningxia south of <a href="/wiki/Wuhai" title="Wuhai">Wuhai</a>, flows through desert and enters a large irrigated area at <a href="/wiki/Dengkou_County" title="Dengkou County">Dengkou</a>. At the northwest corner the <a href="/wiki/Lang_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lang Shan">Lang Shan</a> mountains force the river to turn east near <a href="/wiki/Linhe_District" title="Linhe District">Linhe</a>. Here there is an irrigated area between the mountains and river and desert to the southeast. Near the center of the northern stretch is the large town and irrigated area of <a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_210" title="China National Highway 210">The main road south</a> runs from Baotou to <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>. About 70 miles northeast of the northeast bend is <a href="/wiki/Hohot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohot">Hohot</a>, the capital of Inner Mongolia. The river turns south, enters the loess plateau and forms a gorge at least 200 feet below the surrounding hills. There are no large towns in this region. There is a dam apparently called Wanjia and another further south and then the <a href="/wiki/Hukou_Waterfall" title="Hukou Waterfall">Hukou Waterfall</a> of the Yellow River, the second highest in China. The river leaves the gorge near <a href="/wiki/Hancheng,_Shaanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hancheng, Shaanxi">Hancheng</a>, receives the <a href="/wiki/Fen_River" title="Fen River">Fen River</a> from the east and the Wei River from the west. At its juncture with the Wei the Yellow River turns east toward the North China Plain. One can go upstream on the Wei with the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Mountains">Qin Mountains</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hua" title="Mount Hua">Mount Hua</a> on the south past <a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, a former capital of China and now a large city. West of Xi'an is <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> capital. The river exits the mountains west of <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>. There is a dam, the river narrows and becomes yellow and the railroad needs many bridges and tunnels all the way to <a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a>. Upstream various tributaries extend in the direction of Lanzhou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordos_Plateau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_2b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/China_2b.jpg/220px-China_2b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/China_2b.jpg/330px-China_2b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/China_2b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Approximate area of Chinese civilization during the Spring and Autumn period. Note the extension up the Wei valley</figcaption></figure> <p>Although this rectangular area is obvious on a map, the north and south of the area are so different that the region cannot be said to have a common history. </p><p>The south and east of the plateau belong historically and culturally to China, for which see <i><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistory</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></i>. </p><p>The north and west, the grassland and desert, belongs historically and culturally to nomads. The region had been occupied by humans since at least <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, when the culture may be known as the <a href="/wiki/Ordosian_culture" title="Ordosian culture">Ordosian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ordosian culture, also sometimes called the Ordos culture,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is documented from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a>. The points and sides of their tools indicate a "Moustero-<a href="/wiki/Levalloisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Levalloisian">Levalloisian</a>" element. They seemed to have a masterful knowledge of Upper Palaeolithic technology, producing blades as much as fifteen centimeters long.<sup id="cite_ref-one_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By about 1000 BC Chinese civilization was centered on the west side of the North China Plain with an extension up the Wei valley and a northern extension up the <a href="/wiki/Fen_River" title="Fen River">Fen River</a>. The lower Wei valley is still one of the most densely populated areas in China. Rulers based in the Wei valley had an advantage since the mountains to the east made a <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">natural fortification</a> and war horses were readily available from the northern grasslands. The <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> started in the Wei valley. <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> on the lower Wei was several times the capital of China. By the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> the economic center of China had shifted to the Yangzi valley and the Wei region became partly dependent of food imported up the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a>. </p><p>The Ordosian culture was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou culture</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and early Bronze Age. While the Zhukaigou culture population appears to have been exclusively <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a>, as known from their skeletal remains and artifacts,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ordos culture is thought to have been the most eastern extension of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a>, and at least partly of <a href="/wiki/Europoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Europoid">Europoid</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> dynasties the area came under at least loose Chinese control. The <a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou culture</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> cultures at Ordos, dated between 2200 and 1500 BC. It is associated with about 327 burials, with recent <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">maternal genetic</a> evidence showing that they were related to the remains from Yinniugou, as well as modern populations like <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological finds at the site are similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">lower Xiajiadian culture</a>. These finds are important as they are associated with the development of snake pattern designs on the decoration of weapon and animal-depicting artifacts which later would become a characteristic style of the Ordos.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeletal remains at Taohongbala (桃紅巴拉) tomb dated to between the 7th and 6th centuries BC are generally identified as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> bronze culture and show strong Mongoloid features.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar type of burial at Hulusitai around <a href="/wiki/Bayannur" title="Bayannur">Bayannur</a>, uncovered in 1979 and dated to between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, is considered the only Xiongnu site along the northern slope of <a href="/wiki/Yinshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinshan">Yinshan</a>. The site consisted of mainly bronze artifacts and pottery and 27 horse skeletal remains.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further excavation in 1983 at Guoxianyaozi uncovered a total of 31 burials dated to the 6th to 5th century BC revealing strong north Mongoloid features. These generally decreased towards the south, and skeletal remains of east and north Mongoloid type can be seen from finds in <a href="/wiki/Maoqinggou" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoqinggou">Maoqinggou</a> and Yinniugou dated to around the 7th century BC, amounting to a total of 117 burials.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many bronze weapons of these cultures are similar to those of Chinese style.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depictions of the Ordos people tend to show straight hair. This is especially true of archaeological finds from <a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a> (M63:22, M63:23, M84:5), Etuoke (M1, M6), Xihaokou (M3), lower Woertuhao (M3:1), and Mengjialiang.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horse nomads occupied the area of the Ordos Plateau previously settled by the <a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou culture</a> from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, creating the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a>, before being driven away by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. The Ordos Plateau contained the best pasture lands on the <a href="/wiki/Asian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian steppe">Asian steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith71_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith71-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BronzeManOrdos3-1stCenturyBCE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BronzeManOrdos3-1stCenturyBCE.JPG/220px-BronzeManOrdos3-1stCenturyBCE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BronzeManOrdos3-1stCenturyBCE.JPG/330px-BronzeManOrdos3-1stCenturyBCE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BronzeManOrdos3-1stCenturyBCE.JPG/440px-BronzeManOrdos3-1stCenturyBCE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2785" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statuette of a man, Ordos, 3-1st century BC. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen</a> notes that the statuette displays clear <a href="/wiki/Europoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Europoid">Europoid</a> features.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ordos are mainly known from their skeletal remains and artifacts. The Ordos culture of about 500 BC to AD 100 is known for its "Ordos bronzes", blade weapons, <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finials</a> for tent-poles, horse gear, and small plaques and fittings for clothes and horse harness, using <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">animal style</a> decoration with relationships both with the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian art</a> of regions much further west, and also <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a>. Its relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> is controversial; for some scholars they are the same, and for others different.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many buried metal artefacts have emerged on the surface of the land as a result of the progressive <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Iaroslav_Lebedynsky" title="Iaroslav Lebedynsky">Iaroslav Lebedynsky</a>, they are thought to be the easternmost people of <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> affinity to have settled here, just to the east of the better-known <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the people represented in archaeological finds tend to display Europoid features, also earlier noted by <a href="/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lededynsky suggests the Ordos to be of <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> affinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lebedynsky125_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebedynsky125-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weapons, found in tombs throughout the steppes of the Ordos, are very close to those of the Scythians, known on the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Steppe">Asian Steppe</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lebedynsky127_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebedynsky127-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ordos were in contact and often at war with the pre-Han and <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> populations of the period. Their former territory is now located just north of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall">Great Wall</a> of China, and on the south bank of the northernmost hook of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. The western neighbours of Ordos may have been identical with the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> who, after being vanquished by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, migrated to southern Asia to form the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. They were also culturally related to another nomadic tribe to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hu" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hu">Eastern Hu</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">東胡</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Donghu</span></i>), who shared a similar "art of the steppes," but appear to have been Mongoloids.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also have been related to the <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Di</a> people of Chinese annals. </p><p>In Chinese accounts, the Xiongnu first appear at Ordos in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yizhoushu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yizhoushu">Yizhoushu</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shanhaijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanhaijing">Shanhaijing</a></i> during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> before it was occupied by <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qin">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Zhao">Zhao</a>. It is generally thought to be their homeland, however when exactly they came to occupy the region is unclear, and it might have been much earlier than traditionally thought, as suggested by archaeological finds.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Xiongnu expanded southward into Yuezhi territory around 160 BC under their leader <a href="/wiki/Modun" class="mw-redirect" title="Modun">Modun</a>, the Yuezhi in turn defeated the Sakas (Scythians) and pushed them away at the <a href="/wiki/Issyk_Kul" class="mw-redirect" title="Issyk Kul">Issyk Kul</a>. It is thought the Xiongnu also occupied the Ordos area during the same period, when they came in direct contact with the Chinese. From there, the Xiongnu conducted numerous devastating raids into Chinese territory (167, 158, 142, 129 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> started to <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">fight the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BC</a> under emperor <a href="/wiki/Han_Wudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Wudi">Han Wudi</a>, and colonized the area of the Ordos under <a href="/wiki/Shuofang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuofang">Shuofang</a> commandery in 127 BC. Prior to the campaign, there were already commanderies established earlier by Qin and Zhao until they were overrun by the Xiongnu in 209 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordos_Plateau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hetao" title="Hetao">Hetao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Block" title="Ordos Block">Ordos Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Frontier_Towns" title="Six Frontier Towns">Six Frontier Towns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordos_Plateau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordos_Plateau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122194155/http://www.ordos.gov.cn/zjeedx/s/"><bdi lang="zh">市情概况</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordos.gov.cn/zjeedx/sqgk/">the original</a> on 2009-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B8%82%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordos.gov.cn%2Fzjeedx%2Fsqgk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartog1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartog1996_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_de_Hartog1996" class="citation book cs1">Leo de Hartog (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CANpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Russia and the Mongol yoke: th history of the Russian principalities and the Golden Horde,1502</i></a>. British Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-961-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-961-5"><bdi>978-1-85043-961-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Mongol+yoke%3A+th+history+of+the+Russian+principalities+and+the+Golden+Horde%2C1502&rft.pub=British+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-961-5&rft.au=Leo+de+Hartog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCANpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohn2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kohn2008_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Kohn2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Kohn (1 May 2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mongolia00kohn"><i>Mongolia</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mongolia00kohn/page/25">25</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-578-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-578-9"><bdi>978-1-74104-578-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolia&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-578-9&rft.au=Michael+Kohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmongolia00kohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RuysbroeckAntivari)1900-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RuysbroeckAntivari)1900_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillem_van_RuysbroeckGiovanni_di_Piano_(abp._of_Antivari)1900" class="citation book cs1">Willem van Ruysbroeck; Giovanni di Piano (abp. of Antivari) (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmgMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57"><i>The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–5</i></a>. Printed for the Hakluyt Society. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780524015322" title="Special:BookSources/9780524015322"><bdi>9780524015322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+journey+of+William+of+Rubruck+to+the+eastern+parts+of+the+world%2C+1253%E2%80%935&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=9780524015322&rft.au=Willem+van+Ruysbroeck&rft.au=Giovanni+di+Piano+%28abp.+of+Antivari%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmgMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://populationstat.com/china/">"China Population (2020)"</a>. <i>PopulationStat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PopulationStat&rft.atitle=China+Population+%282020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulationstat.com%2Fchina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbermanBauer2012" class="citation book cs1">Silberman, Neil Asher; Bauer, Alexander A., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297"><i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199735785" title="Special:BookSources/9780199735785"><bdi>9780199735785</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199735785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeJMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu_RukangJohn_W._Olsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Wu Rukang; John W. Olsen, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vL4_vUbv4ZQC&pg=PA187"><i>Paleoanthropology and Paleolithic Archaeology in the People's Republic of China</i></a>. Left Coast Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598744583" title="Special:BookSources/9781598744583"><bdi>9781598744583</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleoanthropology+and+Paleolithic+Archaeology+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781598744583&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvL4_vUbv4ZQC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkesWoolley1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacquetta_Hawkes" title="Jacquetta Hawkes">Hawkes, Jacquetta</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Woolley, Leonard</a> (1963). <i>History of Mankind</i>. Vol. I. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Row">Harper and Row</a>. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mankind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=Jacquetta&rft.au=Woolley%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 196-197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebedynsky, p131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_Hai-jingChang_ECai_Da-weiZhang_Quan-chao2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wang Hai-jing; Chang E; Cai Da-wei; Zhang Quan-chao; Zhou Hui; Zhu Hong (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BQEB200701002.htm">"Mitochondrial DNA analysis of remains from Zhukaigou archaeological site in Inner Mongolia"</a>. <i>Journal of Jilin University</i>. Medicine edition. <b>33</b> (1): 5–8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1671-587X">1671-587X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jilin+University&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+analysis+of+remains+from+Zhukaigou+archaeological+site+in+Inner+Mongolia&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1671-587X&rft.au=Wang+Hai-jing&rft.au=Chang+E&rft.au=Cai+Da-wei&rft.au=Zhang+Quan-chao&rft.au=Zhou+Hui&rft.au=Zhu+Hong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-BQEB200701002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 298-299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wuen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp?ID=69465">Taohongbala Tombs</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i>, 1st ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 230-231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 232-233, 278-279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 282-290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 188-189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith71-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith71_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973" class="citation book cs1">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC/page/n397/mode/2up"><i>The world of the Huns; studies in their history and culture</i></a>. Berkeley, University of California Press. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01596-8"><bdi>978-0-520-01596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+the+Huns%3B+studies+in+their+history+and+culture&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Berkeley%2C+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01596-8&rft.aulast=Maenchen-Helfen&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC%2Fpage%2Fn397%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA332">this</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/25">this</a> account, both from the 1970s. Bunker, 200, sees them as the same, or rather the Ordos people as a subgroup of the Xiongnu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunker, 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLebedynsky2007">Lebedynsky 2007</a>, p. 125 "The Mongoloid types of the Transbaikal area and Central and Eastern Mongolia are strongly contrasted with the Europoid type displayed at the same time by the Scythian nomads occupying Western Mongolia and their predecessors of the Bronze age."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973" class="citation book cs1">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC/page/n397/mode/2up"><i>The world of the Huns; studies in their history and culture</i></a>. Berkeley, University of California Press. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01596-8"><bdi>978-0-520-01596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+the+Huns%3B+studies+in+their+history+and+culture&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Berkeley%2C+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01596-8&rft.aulast=Maenchen-Helfen&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC%2Fpage%2Fn397%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebedynsky125-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lebedynsky125_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Europoid faces in some depictions of the Ordos, which should be attributed to a Scythian affinity", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, p125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebedynsky127-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lebedynsky127_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLebedynsky2007">Lebedynsky 2007</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebedynsky, p.124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 220-225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebedymsky p131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma 2005, p. 224</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordos_Plateau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (16 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C"><i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400829941" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400829941"><bdi>978-1400829941</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1400829941&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ue8BxLEMt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker,_Emma_C.2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Emma C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/96120/rec/302"><i><span></span></i>Nomadic art of the eastern Eurasian steppes: the Eugene V. Thaw and other New York collections<i> (fully available online)</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300096880" title="Special:BookSources/9780300096880"><bdi>9780300096880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+art+of+the+eastern+Eurasian+steppes%3A+the+Eugene+V.+Thaw+and+other+New+York+collections+%28fully+available+online%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780300096880&rft.au=Bunker%2C+Emma+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F96120%2Frec%2F302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Huang, Weiwen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp?ID=69359">Salawusu Relic</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i>, 1st ed.</li> <li>Kozłowski, J. K., "The problem of the so-called Ordos culture in the light of the Palaeolithic finds from northern China and southern Mongolia", 1982, <i>Folia Quaternaria</i> 39: 63-99</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebedynsky2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iaroslav_Lebedynsky" title="Iaroslav Lebedynsky">Lebedynsky, Yaroslav</a> (2007). <i>Les nomades</i>. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Errance" class="extiw" title="fr:Éditions Errance">Éditions Errance</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782877723466" title="Special:BookSources/9782877723466"><bdi>9782877723466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+nomades&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Errance&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9782877723466&rft.aulast=Lebedynsky&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ma, Liqing (2005). <i>The Original Xiongnu, An Archaeological Exploration of the Xiongnu's History and Culture</i>. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-81074-796-7" title="Special:BookSources/7-81074-796-7">7-81074-796-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaenschen-Helfen1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Maenschen-Helfen, Otto</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC"><i>The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520015967" title="Special:BookSources/0520015967"><bdi>0520015967</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Huns%3A+Studies+in+Their+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0520015967&rft.aulast=Maenschen-Helfen&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCrUdgzSICxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdos+Plateau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wuen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp?ID=69465">Taohongbala Tombs</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i>, 1st ed.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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