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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Initial Dutch successes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_Dutch_successes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travancore's_victory_at_Colachel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travancore's_victory_at_Colachel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Travancore's victory at Colachel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travancore's_victory_at_Colachel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Colachel_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Colachel_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-Colachel conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Colachel_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Attempts at peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War%22">"Travancore–Dutch War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Travancore-Dutch War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonization of India</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/220px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/330px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/440px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span><br />Artistic Depiction of the Surrender of Dutch Forces at <a href="/wiki/Colachel" title="Colachel">Colachel</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>12 November 1739 – 15 August 1753</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, in present day <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Travancore Victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VOC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/20px-VOC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/30px-VOC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/40px-VOC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochin_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cochin_flag.svg/20px-Cochin_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cochin_flag.svg/30px-Cochin_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cochin_flag.svg/40px-Cochin_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a></li> <li>Kingdom of Deshinganad (<a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>)</li> <li>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Odanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Odanad">Odanad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png/20px-Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png/30px-Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png/40px-Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Thekkumkur" title="Thekkumkur">Thekkumkur</a></li> <li>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Vadakkumkur" title="Vadakkumkur">Vadakkumkur</a></li> <li>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Purakkad" title="Purakkad">Purakkad</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Supported by</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1707).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png/20px-Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png/30px-Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png/40px-Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Danish_Colonial_Merchant_Ensign_India.png/23px-Danish_Colonial_Merchant_Ensign_India.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Danish_Colonial_Merchant_Ensign_India.png/35px-Danish_Colonial_Merchant_Ensign_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Danish_Colonial_Merchant_Ensign_India.png/46px-Danish_Colonial_Merchant_Ensign_India.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1340" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VOC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/20px-VOC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/30px-VOC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/40px-VOC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Valentyn_Stein_van_Gollenesse" title="Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollenesse">Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollenesse</a> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VOC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/20px-VOC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/30px-VOC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/VOC.svg/40px-VOC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinicus_Siersma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinicus Siersma (page does not exist)">Reinicus Siersma</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png/20px-Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png/30px-Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png/40px-Former_Travancore_flag-Martanda_Varma.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Travancore–Dutch War</b> was a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) and the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a> in 1741. Travancore won the war with the notable military service of fishermen community at the sea and seashore while Ananthapadmanabhan as commander in chief of the army at the land.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> was divided among several small chiefdoms. In the 1730s, <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, adopted an expansionist policy, and conquered several territories from these small states. This threatened the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">command at Malabar</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> depended on procurement of spices from these states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruler of Deshinganad (present-day <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kollam" title="History of Kollam">Kollam</a>) requested the Dutch support against an impending attack from Travancore, stating that he would surrender to Marthanda </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Dutch_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Dutch colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Dutch_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Dutch colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Dutch_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Dutch colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_colonial_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:96%;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire"><span class="wrap">Dutch colonial conflicts</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>17th century</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Bantam (1601)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Amboina" title="Capture of Amboina">Amboina (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malacca (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Cape Rachado (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1607)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1607)">Mozambique (1607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1608)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1608)">Mozambique (1608)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands (1609–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_invasion_of_Johor" title="Acehnese invasion of Johor">Johor (1613)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">Macau (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Pescadores (1622–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Salvador">Salvador (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Luanda (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">Salvador (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Elmina (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">Cuba (1628)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">Batavia (1628–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Recife (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay (1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_pacification_campaign_on_Formosa" title="Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa">Taiwan (1635–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Liuqiu Island (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Porto_Calvo" title="Campaign of Porto Calvo">Porto Calvo (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Elmina (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">Goa (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Salvador (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Ceylon (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">Malacca (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Luanda">Luanda (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chile (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodia (1643–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">New Netherland (1643–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Tabocas (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Kombi (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Huaiyi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo Huaiyi Rebellion">Taiwan (1652)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652-54)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Recife (1652-54)">2nd Recife (1652-1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Colombo (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar_(1658-1663)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar (1658-1663)">Malabar (1658-1663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">New Netherland (1659–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Cape Colony (1659-1677)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Formosa (1661–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan-Dutch_War_(1670-1675)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan-Dutch War (1670-1675)">Ceylon (1670-1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masulipatnam" title="Battle of Masulipatnam">India (1673)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunajaya_rebellion" title="Trunajaya rebellion">Java (1674–80)</a></li></ul> <p><b>18th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="First Javanese War of Succession">Java (1704–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Second Javanese War of Succession">Java (1719–23)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India (1739–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Java War (1741–1743)">Java (1741–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penfui" title="Battle of Penfui">Penfui (1749)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Third Javanese War of Succession">Java (1749–57)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Ceylon (1764-1766)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negapatam" title="Siege of Negapatam">India (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trincomalee" title="Capture of Trincomalee">Ceylon (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony (1795)</a></li></ul> <p><b>19th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_campaign_of_1806%E2%80%9307" class="mw-redirect" title="Java campaign of 1806–07">Java (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers (1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioners-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Interlude:_the_suppression_of_the_insurrection_of_Pattimura" title="Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies">Ambon (1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_expedition_to_Palembang" title="First expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_expedition_to_Palembang" title="Second expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Sumatra (1821–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_West_Coast_of_Borneo" title="Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo">Borneo (1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bone_War" title="First Bone War">Bone (1824–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java (1825–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_on_the_west_coast_of_Sumatra" title="Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra">Aceh (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Ahanta_War" title="Dutch–Ahanta War">Ahanta (1837–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1846)">Bali (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1848)">Bali (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1849)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1849)">Bali (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_Bovenlanden_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Palembang Bovenlanden Expeditions">Palembang (1851–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_against_the_Chinese_in_Montrado" title="Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado">Montrado (1854–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_Expedition" title="Nias Expedition">Nias (1855–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1858)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1858)">Bali (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bone_War" title="Second Bone War">Bone (1858–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin_War" title="Banjarmasin War">Borneo (1859–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Shimonoseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles for Shimonoseki">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasoemah_Expedition" title="Pasoemah Expedition">Pasoemah (1864–68)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast_expedition_of_1869%E2%80%9370" title="Dutch Gold Coast expedition of 1869–70">Gold Coast (1869–70)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh (1873–1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_uprising_in_Mandor,_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo">Mandor (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi Uprising">Jambi (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edi_Expedition" title="Edi Expedition">Edi (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Lombok and Karangasem (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedir_Expedition" title="Pedir Expedition">Pedir (1897–98)</a></li></ul> <p><b>20th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Expedition" title="Kerinci Expedition">Kerinci (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Bone_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Bone War">Bone (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Bali (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Bali (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Venezuelan_crisis_of_1908" title="Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908">Venezuela (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Indonesia (1941–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesia (1946–49)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Varma if the Dutch refused to help him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198957_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198957-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch had monopoly contracts with the states of Peritally (Perakattavali or present-day <a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a>), Eledattu Svarupam (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a>), and Maruthurkulangara. After Travancore captured these states during 1733-1734, their procurement from these areas stopped completely, and the Dutch trade in Malabar suffered greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198957–58_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198957–58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1736, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Valentyn_Stein_van_Gollenesse" title="Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollenesse">Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollenesse</a>, the Dutch commander at <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> (Cochin) requested Marthanda Varma to honour the Dutch monopoly contract with Peritally that had been signed in 1688. He pointed out that the Dutch had declined to join the expelled ruler of Peritally against Travancore, even though the ruler had offered his whole land to the Dutch for such support. In August 1736, Marthanda Varma agreed to send his envoys to meet the Dutch representatives, but refused to do so after these representatives reached the meeting place. Travancore continued to supply the <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> from Peritally to other foreign traders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198958_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1736, van Gollenesse requested the queen of Maruthurkulangara to honour her monopoly contract with the Dutch, but the queen refused to do so now that her state was under Travancore's suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198959_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198959-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1739, <a href="/wiki/Gustaaf_Willem_van_Imhoff" title="Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff">Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff</a>, the Dutch Governor of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, visited Kochi to study the affairs of the Dutch command in Malabar on behalf of the Dutch East India Company's supreme government at <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198959_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198959-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his July 1739 report, van Imhoff noted that Marthanda Varma favoured the Company's competitors, and that his increasing power threatened the Dutch trade interests in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another report, van Imhoff rejected a plan to pay market price for procurement of pepper, calling it unprofitable, and instead favoured military action to force the coastal rulers to fulfill their contract obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198960_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a December 1739 report, van Imhoff wrote that the Dutch business in the region was in "complete ruin", and would have to be saved through "violent redress".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1739, the Dutch organised an alliance of the rulers of Kochi, <a href="/wiki/Thekkumkur" title="Thekkumkur">Thekkumkur</a>, Vadakkumkur, <a href="/wiki/Purakkad" title="Purakkad">Purakkad</a>, Kollam, and <a href="/wiki/Odanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Odanad">Kayamkulam</a>. Meanwhile, the princess of Eledattu Svarupam escaped from imprisonment at Travancore, and reached Thekkumkur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198960_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Imhoff personally met Marthanda Varma, urging him to reinstate the princess, but Marthanda Varma refused the demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Imhoff threatened to invade Travancore, but Marthanda Varma dismissed the threat, and replied that he had been thinking about invading Europe some day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198961_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198961-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_Dutch_successes">Initial Dutch successes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial Dutch successes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the failure of negotiations with Marthanda Varma, the Dutch command at Malabar decided to declare war on Travancore, without obtaining permission or waiting for reinforcements from Batavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198961–62_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198961–62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch deployed a detachment of soldiers from Ceylon against Travancore, under the command of Captain Johannes Hackert. They asked Marthanda Varma to vacate the lands annexed by Travancore, which the king refused to do. On 12 November 1739, a joint force of the Dutch and their allies attacked the Travancore army stationed near Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198962_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198962-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch allies included Deshinganad, Kayamkulam, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing battle, a hand grenade exploded the gun powder depot of the Travancore army, which fled from the site, pursued by the attackers until <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a> (Quilon de Sima).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198962-63_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198962-63-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Tangasseri, which had been deserted, the Dutch captured 16 cannons, before marching to <a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> chief at <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> congratulated the Dutch on their victory, and requested them to leave the English establishment at <a href="/wiki/Edava" title="Edava">Edava</a> in peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198963_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198963-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early December 1739, the Dutch and their allies marched towards <a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a>. The Travancore forces set up a <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a> guarded by 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Nair_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore Nair Brigade">Nair soldiers</a> to guard Varkala. Meanwhile, the armies of Kollam and Kayamkulam also marched against the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198963_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198963-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Travancore army withdrew to check an invasion by <a href="/wiki/Chanda_Sahib" title="Chanda Sahib">Chanda Sahib</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arcot_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot State">Arcot</a> in the south, the allies occupied Eledattu Svarupam, and reinstated the princess. Next, the allies attacked <a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a>, but the Travancore army forced them to retreat. The Dutch decided to wait for reinforcements from Ceylon before waging further war against Travancore. As a result, the allies withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Ayiroor,_Pathanamthitta" title="Ayiroor, Pathanamthitta">Ayiroor</a>, plundering and burning the territory on their way back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> army of Kollam forced the Travancore army to retreat from <a href="/wiki/Navaikulam" title="Navaikulam">Navaikulam</a> (30 December 1739) and Attingal (25 January 1740). On 20 February 1740, the Dutch and their allies defeated the Travancore army at the Attingal ferry, but paid for it with heavy losses; Kollam suffered the loss of half of their army, which, along with the forces of Kayamkulam, fled from the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198964_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198964-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travancore had received the temporary aid of 150 soldiers, as well as guns and ammunition from the English <a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">factory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a>, until the allied forces retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the crisis after the battle, the Dutch pressured the distraught ruler of Kollam into assembling a new army of 10,000 Nair soldiers so that Travancore could not take advantage of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Marthanda Varma suffered reverses against Chanda Sahib at <a href="/wiki/Thovalai" title="Thovalai">Thovalai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch hoped to press their advantage by attacking Attingal, but they were unable to receive reinforcements from Batavia because of the <a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">riots there</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198966_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198966-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travancore's_victory_at_Colachel"><span id="Travancore.27s_victory_at_Colachel"></span>Travancore's victory at Colachel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Travancore's victory at Colachel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a></div> <p>In November 1740, the Dutch command in Malabar received two small reinforcements of 105 and 70 soldiers from Ceylon, and launched a second campaign against Travancore, resulting in the battle of Colachel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198966_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198966-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marthanda Varma then captured the Dutch forts in the vicinity. A Dutch force under the command of De Lennoy landed at <a href="/wiki/Colachel" title="Colachel">Colachel</a> from Cochin and captured the country up to <a href="/wiki/Kottar" title="Kottar">Kottar</a>. Marthanda Varma marched south and prevented the capture of <a href="/wiki/Kalkulam" title="Kalkulam">Kalkulam</a> by the Dutch. When the Dutch retreated to their base in Colachel, Marthanda Varma pursued them and caught up with them on 10 August 1741. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">battle of Colachel</a> Marthanda Varma won a decisive victory over the Dutch and captured 24 officers including the commander De Lennoy. A pillar that celebrates the victory and gives details about the war still stands near the coast of Colachel. There are folk tales among the local <a href="/wiki/Mukkuvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuvar">Mukkuvar</a> people about this war. The tale says among other things that the local Mukkuvar fishermen were asked to keep their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cataraman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cataraman (page does not exist)">cataraman</a> oars in vertical position on the beach sand, with an inverted pot on top of it along the beach side, so that it looked like a long line of infantry with helmets stood along the beach in multiple rows. The fishermen also kept their oars on their shoulders so that they would appear like soldiers standing with their rifles. They were also instructed to make mock cannons using coconut trees as a diversion. The local fishermen co-operated extensively with the Travancori royal guards and captured the ship during this war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Colachel_conflicts">Post-Colachel conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Colachel conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsequently, the Dutch and Travancore agreed to a ceasefire, but the hostilities resumed after the two sides failed to reach an agreement. After being reinforced with a cavalry contingent from <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a>, Marthanda Varma besieged the <a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a> fort held by the Dutch. While the siege was going on, the rulers of Kollam and Kayamkulam left the Dutch alliance, and concluded a secret agreement with Travancore. On 10 April 1742, the dejected Dutch then left the fort in haste, leaving behind their ammunition and provisions. The Dutch force, led by Captain Daniel Bergen and Jacob Hinderman retreated to <a href="/wiki/Ayiroor,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Ayiroor, Thiruvananthapuram">Ayiroor</a>, but was surrounded and attacked by the Travancore forces. The Dutch contingent was rescued by the ships sent by the Malabar command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198973_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198973-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the queen of the Eledattu Svarupam kingdom, who had been restored to the throne by the Dutch after being dethroned by Marthanda Varma, had become unpopular as a ruler. Her indifference to the administrative affairs had led to decay of the kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Madampi_(Nair_title)" title="Madampi (Nair title)">Madampis</a> and the Pillais were dissatisfied with her rule. The Dutch commissioners had proposed appointing a Kariyakkar (administrator) to govern the kingdom alongside the queen, but did not have resources to spare for the kingdom's defence. Taking advantage of this situation, Marthanda Varma invaded the kingdom's capital <a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a>, and conquered it, facing little resistance. The queen fled to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>, and started living with her relatives at Karapuram, receiving a daily allowance of 45 <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Fanam" title="Travancore Fanam">fanams</a> from the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 17 April 1742 letter to Batavia, the Dutch commander van Gollenesse requested 2,000 soldiers from the Company's Supreme Government, stating that the Dutch were in a dire situation in Malabar. Van Gollenesse mentioned that the Europeans were deserting the Dutch forces, and the local allies were breaking away from the Dutch command in Malabar: the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Purakkad" title="Purakkad">Purakkad</a> had announced intentions to break his alliance with the Dutch, and the king of Tekkumkur as well as two princes of Cochin had disobeyed their orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Marthanda Varma planned an attack on Kochi (Cochin).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Duyvenshot, the former Dutch officer who had accepted his employment, advised him to conquer <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> before besieging Kochi. While Duyvenshot had told Marthanda Varma that the Travancore forces would be able to capture Kollam, van Gollenesse believed that the fortifications at Kollam would be able to withstand a siege. The ruler of Kollam and Kayamkulam sought the Dutch support against Travancore: van Gollenesse refused to oblige, citing scarcity of soldiers and weapons. In June 1742, the Travancore army attacked Kollam, which was defended by Nair soldiers led by Achyuta Wariar. During the siege, the Dutch provided counsel, rice and ammunition to the ruler of Kollam. Marthanda Varma made several unsuccessful attempts to capture Kollam, Marthanda and ultimately withdrew after losing 6,000 soldiers in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198975_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198975-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempts_at_peace">Attempts at peace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attempts at peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Travancore's failure to capture Kollam, van Gollenesse again sought 2,000 soldiers from Batavia, mentioning that the number of soldiers required would rise to 5,000 if the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>) joined the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198975–76_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198975–76-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1742, the Dutch command in Malabar had spent enormous amount of money for defending their allies against Travancore's aggression, but had not gained much from this investment. The lack of funds and support from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> prompted the Dutch to resume negotiations with Travancore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198979_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198979-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marthanda Varma, who had not responded positively to the Dutch attempts at negotiations in the past, agreed to a peace treaty this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198979–80_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198979–80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 February 1742, Marthanda Varma offered peace to the Dutch on the following terms:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198980_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198980-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Travancore would return all prisoners of war from Colachel, except those who had taken service with Marthanda Varma</li> <li>Travancore would return all the Dutch arms and ammunition that escaped the destructive fire at Colachel</li> <li>The Dutch would return all of Travancore's arms and ammunition captured at Kollam, Karthikapally, Colachel, and Thengapatanam</li> <li>Both parties would give up claims on any other losses suffered during the war</li> <li>Travancore would retain the parts of Kollam conquered in July 1739, Kottarakkara, Kunnattur, Majnore, Maruthurkulangara, and Karthikapally.</li> <li>The Dutch would be allowed to continue their pepper trade in these areas as usual.</li> <li>Travancore would recognize the Dutch claim on Attingal when the Dutch would present their agreement with its ruler</li> <li>Travancore would sell 1000 <a href="/wiki/Candy_(unit)" title="Candy (unit)">candies</a> of pepper to the Dutch, and would be free to sell 200 candies to anyone</li> <li>The Dutch would be allowed to build a fort at Colachel, and in return, would help Travancore against the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French</a> if needed</li> <li>Travancore would comply with the contracts signed by the Dutch with the vassal states of Travancore, if the Dutch could produce the signed documents</li> <li>The disputes between the rulers of Travancore and Kollam would be settled by two impartial princes</li></ul> <p>The Dutch rejected these terms, and presented their own terms, which were rejected by Marthanda Varma. The Dutch commander van Gollenesse believed that Marthanda Varma would soften his bargaining position if defeated in a battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1742, the Dutch factors in India received the news that <a href="/wiki/Gustaaf_Willem_van_Imhoff" title="Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff">van Imhoff</a> would be arriving in India with a large force. However, van Imhoff's forces did not actually arrive in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1742, he sought arms and soldiers from the Dutch East India Company's Supreme Government at Batavia, stating that if this support was not provided, he would have to sign a peace treaty with Travancore on terms unfavourable to the Company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Marthanda Varma had received news about the alleged impending arrival of van Imhoff's forces, and therefore, he retreated to his core territory, and started peace negotiations with the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contacted the rulers of Cochin and Tekkumkur, asking them to mediate the Dutch and Travancore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Company's Supreme Government ordered the Dutch Command at Malabar to negotiate peace with the Travancore instead of military action. Therefore, the Dutch also requested the kings of Cochin and Tekkumkur to initiate negotiations with Travancore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these rulers believed that the peace between the Dutch and Travancore would be detrimental to their interests, and were unwilling to work towards such a peace negotiation. Therefore, the Dutch opened direct negotiations with Travancore, and <a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a> was chosen as the venue for the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981-82_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981-82-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marthanda Varma sent his envoy Krishna Annavy to Mavelikkara, while the Dutch were represented by Ezckiel Rahabi and Silvester Mendes, the captain of the Topasses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, because van Imhoff's forces did not arrive, the Dutch were unable to provide Kollam with reinforcements. Therefore, the ruler of Kollam and Kayamkulam agreed to become a tributary of Marthanda Varma, and signed a treaty to this effect in September 1742, at <a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a>. The ruler ceded much of his territory to Marthanda Varma, and agreed to pay him an annual tribute of an elephant and 1,000 rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations at Mavelikkara progressed well, and on 6 January 1743, the English factors at Anchuthengu expressed hope that peace would be established between the Dutch and Travancore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by this time, Marthanda Varma learned that van Imhoff had not yet departed from Europe. He dragged on negotiations until he became certain that van Imhoff's arrival in Kerala had been postponed. He then assumed a tough bargaining position, and refused to approve that his representatives had agreed to at Mavelikkara. When the Dutch protested, he expressed regret, and requested renewal of negotiations at <a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur, Kollam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198983_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198983-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>At Paravur, both the parties assumed tough bargaining positions, and on 18 February 1743, Silvester Mendes informed van Gollenesse that Marthanda Varma's representatives kept backing away from terms previously agreed to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198983-84_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198983-84-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February 1743, the ruler of Kollam and Kayamkulam, who was unhappy with the terms of his treaty with Travancore, met van Gollenesse on board the ship <i>Popkensburg</i>, seeking Dutch support against Travancore. However, van Gollenesse wanted to continue the negotiations with Travancore, and refused to provide such support, advising the ruler against going to war with Travancore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 1743, Mendes informed van Gollenesse that Marthanda Varma had presented the following terms for a peace treaty:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198984_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198984-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Travancore would not hand over any deserters from Colachel, nor return any materials (including ammunition and cash) captured from the Company, since Travancore had suffered damage worth 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Rixdollar" title="Rixdollar">rixdollars</a> in the war.</li> <li>Any previous contracts signed by the Dutch for pepper trade would be canceled, and the Dutch would be now required to pay Travancore 54 rupees for each candy of pepper</li> <li>The Dutch would pay duties on their merchandise in the kingdom of Travancore</li> <li>The Dutch would aid Travancore with arms and ammunitions in times of war</li> <li>If the French attacked Travancore, the Dutch would fight them</li> <li>The Dutch would support Travancore in driving the Nawab of Carnatic from Travancore</li> <li>The Dutch would maintain neutrality in Travancore's wars with other states</li></ul> <p>These terms were unacceptable to van Gollenesse, who broke off the negotiations. The Travancore representatives then asked him to specify his objections, and in response, van Gollenesse presented his proposed draft of the treaty. Marthanda Varma replied that he was ready to settle the differences, and requested renewal of negotiations at Pulikkara. Accordingly, van Gollenesse sent his envoys Silvester Mendes and Isaac Isackzs (the captain of the Lascorins) for the discussions, but these envoys found Marthanda Varma's proposals vague and ambiguous. On 6 April 1743, van Gollenesse received a message from Marthanda Varma confirming the failure of negotiations at Pulikkara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198985_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198985-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1743, van Gollenesse stepped down from the Dutch command in Malabar, in order to take up charge as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Dutch_Ceylon" title="List of governors of Dutch Ceylon">Governor of Dutch Ceylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198986_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198986-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His replacement Reinicus Siersma realized that the local chiefs of Kerala no longer feared the Dutch, and a failure to reach an agreement with Travancore would severely affect the Company's pepper trade in Malabar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198987_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198987-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 May 1743, Siersma concluded a peace treaty with Travancore, accepting most of the terms proposed by Marthanda Varma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198988_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198988-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Special:EditPage/Travancore–Dutch War">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1742, the Raja of <a href="/wiki/Odanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Odanad">Odanad</a> sued for peace with Travancore and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mannar" title="Treaty of Mannar">Treaty of Mannar</a>. However, to extricate himself from the situation, the king of Odanad allied himself with Vadakkumkur, Thekkumkkur and Purakkad and violated the treaty obligations. The Travancore army occupied Kayamkulam in 1746 and the alliance of the Kayamkulam Raja gave Marthanda Varma a <i>casus belli</i> against the allies. The Ambalapuzha army led by Mathur Panikkar and Tekkedathu Bhattatiri defected to the Travancore army, and Marthanda Varma captured the state. In 1749 and 1750, Thekkumkur and Vadakkumkur were annexed. </p><p>Following these developments, the Dutch signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mavelikkara" title="Treaty of Mavelikkara">Treaty of Mavelikkara</a> in 1753 with Marthanda Varma, whereby they undertook a strict policy of non-intervention and repudiated their alliances with other Kerala powers. </p><p>In 1753, the northern parts of the newly created state of Travancore rebelled under the influences of the exiled rajas of Ambalapuzha, Thekkumkur and Vadakkumkur. The rebels were aided by the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja of Cochin">Maharaja of Cochin</a> and the Dutch, and their army was commanded by Palliyil Idikkela Menon, a courtier of the Maharaja of Cochin. Towards the end of 1753, the Cochin army occupied Purakkad. On 3 January 1754, the rebels, backed by the armies of Cochin and the Dutch, met the Travancore forces led by prince Rama Varma, Ramayyan Dalawa and De Lennoy in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Anadeswaram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Anadeswaram (page does not exist)">battle of Anadeswaram</a>. Even though the battle was tactically a stalemate, it was a strategic victory for Travancore, since the allies were forced to withdraw to Ambalapuzha. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ambalapuzha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ambalapuzha (page does not exist)">battle of Ambalapuzha</a>, the allies were decisively defeated and a large number of Cochin nobility were killed or captured. The allied commander Idikkela Menon was captured and executed. The Travancore forces captured all of the Cochin territories up to Arukutti, Udayamperur in the south and Mamala in the east. The Cochin Raja sued for peace and in 1757, under the auspices of the Dutch and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Cochin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prime Minister of Cochin (page does not exist)">Prime Minister of Cochin</a>, Paliath Komi Achan a peace treaty was signed. </p><p>The Travancore-Dutch relations improved after the Dutch sold the <a href="/wiki/Cranganore_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore Fort">Cranganore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallipuram_Fort" title="Pallipuram Fort">Pallipuram</a> forts to Travancore, which were incorporated into the Travancore lines (Nedumkotta). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1741, the <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Dutch_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Dutch War">Travancore-Dutch War</a> had broken out, and many Europeans were captured during this period in history. At that time it was the policy of the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> and the local <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharajas</a> to fight the Europeans. However, many subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> continued to support European presence in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysorean invasion of Kerala">Mysorean invasion of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore War">Travancore War</a>, between Travancore and the British East India Company</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFsridhar2020" class="citation book cs1">sridhar, srikaanth (19 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-vKDwAAQBAJ"><i>CONCISE HISTORY OF DANISH EAST INDIA COMPANY</i></a>. srikaanth sridhar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CONCISE+HISTORY+OF+DANISH+EAST+INDIA+COMPANY&rft.pub=srikaanth+sridhar&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft.aulast=sridhar&rft.aufirst=srikaanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-vKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/10/04/fishermen-role-in-colachel-war-marthanda-varma.amp.html">"Could Marthanda Varma have won the Colachel War without the fishermen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+Marthanda+Varma+have+won+the+Colachel+War+without+the+fishermen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onmanorama.com%2Fnews%2Fkerala%2F2018%2F10%2F04%2Ffishermen-role-in-colachel-war-marthanda-varma.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975375_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975">A. P. Ibrahim Kunju 1975</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198957-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198957_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198957–58-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198957–58_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198958-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198958_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198959-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198959_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198959_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198960-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198960_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198960_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975376_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975">A. P. Ibrahim Kunju 1975</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198961-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198961_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198961–62-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198961–62_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198962-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198962_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198962-63-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198962-63_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 62-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198963-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198963_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198963_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198964-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198964_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198965_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198966-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198966_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198966_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198973-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198973_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198974_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198975-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198975_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198975–76-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198975–76_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198979-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198979_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198979–80-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198979–80_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198980-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198980_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198976_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198982_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981-82-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198981-82_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 81-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198983-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198983_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198983-84-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198983-84_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 83-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198984-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198984_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198985-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198985_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198986-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198986_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198987-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198987_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198988-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._O._Koshy198988_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989">M. O. Koshy 1989</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._P._Ibrahim_Kunju1975" class="citation journal cs1">A. P. Ibrahim Kunju (1975). T. K. Ravindran (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UpDAAAAYAAJ">"The Battle of Kuḷaccal (1741) and the defeat of Dutch on the Malabar Coast"</a>. <i>Journal of Kerala Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (3). University of Kerala: 375–386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Kerala+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Ku%E1%B8%B7accal+%281741%29+and+the+defeat+of+Dutch+on+the+Malabar+Coast&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-386&rft.date=1975&rft.au=A.+P.+Ibrahim+Kunju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3UpDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989" class="citation book cs1">M. O. Koshy (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC&pg=PA57"><i>The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-136-6"><bdi>978-81-7099-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Power+in+Kerala%2C+1729-1758&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-136-6&rft.au=M.+O.+Koshy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro8SLhyAc9AC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore%E2%80%93Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travancore–Dutch_War&oldid=1252505097">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travancore–Dutch_War&oldid=1252505097</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Category:Wars involving the Dutch Republic">Wars involving the Dutch Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Category:Battles of the Travancore–Dutch War">Battles of the Travancore–Dutch War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1741_in_India" title="Category:1741 in India">1741 in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colonial_Kerala" title="Category:Colonial Kerala">Colonial Kerala</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2018">Use dmy dates from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_November_2018" title="Category:Use Indian English from November 2018">Use Indian English from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2014">Articles needing additional references from September 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2019">Articles needing additional references from January 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 17:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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