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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babur_and_Humayun_(1526–1556)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Babur and Humayun (1526–1556) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babur_and_Humayun_(1526–1556)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akbar_to_Aurangzeb_(1556–1707)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akbar_to_Aurangzeb_(1556–1707)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akbar_to_Aurangzeb_(1556–1707)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_(1707–1857)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_(1707–1857)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Decline (1707–1857) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_(1707–1857)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Causes of decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Administration and state </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration and state subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Capitals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Legal ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Courts of law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Coinage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Industrial manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textile_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Textile industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_Subah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_Subah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Bengal Subah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_Subah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shipbuilding_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipbuilding_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Shipbuilding industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipbuilding_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Art and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Military </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gunpowder_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunpowder_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Gunpowder warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunpowder_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocketry_and_explosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocketry_and_explosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Rocketry and explosives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocketry_and_explosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Science </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Science subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallurgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallurgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Metallurgy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallurgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 List of emperors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Society and economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Older histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mughal Empire</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Mughal" title="Keurajeuën Mughal – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Mughal" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogolryk" title="Mogolryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mogolryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मुग़ल साम्राज्य – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मुग़ल साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سلطنة مغول الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة مغول الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_mogol" title="Imperiu mogol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu mogol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Mo%C4%9Fol_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Böyük Moğol imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Moğol imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="بابورلولر ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بابورلولر ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মুঘল সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুঘল সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Mogul Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mogul Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Бөйөк Моголдар империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Моголдар империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Імперыя Вялікіх Маголаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Вялікіх Маголаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Імпэрыя Вялікіх Маголаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Імпэрыя Вялікіх Маголаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="मुगल राज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मुगल राज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Mughal" title="Imperyong Mughal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Mughal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Моголска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Моголска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulsko_Carstvo" title="Mogulsko Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mogulsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Voghol" title="Impalaeriezh Voghol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Voghol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Mogol" title="Imperi Mogol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Mogol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Mughalská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mughalská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth_y_Mughal" title="Ymerodraeth y Mughal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth y Mughal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulriget" title="Mogulriget – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mogulriget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulreich" title="Mogulreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mogulreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurmogulite_riik" title="Suurmogulite riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurmogulite riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μογγολική αυτοκρατορία της Ινδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μογγολική αυτοκρατορία της Ινδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_mogol" title="Imperio mogol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio mogol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogola_Imperio" title="Mogola Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mogola Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogol_Inperioa" title="Mogol Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mogol Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری گورکانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری گورکانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_moghol" title="Empire moghol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire moghol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_M%C3%B3gal" title="Impireacht na Mógal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Mógal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_mogol" title="Imperio mogol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio mogol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="મુઘલ સામ્રાજ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મુઘલ સામ્રાજ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_Ti-koet" title="Mogul Ti-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mogul Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="무굴 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무굴 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mughal Empire" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեծ մողոլների կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ մողոլների կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मुग़ल साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुग़ल साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulsko_Carstvo" title="Mogulsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mogulsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Mughal" title="Imperio Mughal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imperio Mughal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Mughal_(1526%E2%80%931857)" title="Kekaisaran Mughal (1526–1857) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Mughal (1526–1857)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3g%C3%BAlveldi%C3%B0" title="Mógúlveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mógúlveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghul" title="Moghul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moghul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה המוגולית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה המוגולית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Mughal" title="Kakaisaran Mughal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Mughal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮೊಘಲ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೊಘಲ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დიდ მოგოლთა იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდ მოგოლთა იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ұлы Моғолдар патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы Моғолдар патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Moxol_a_Hindistan%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Moxol a Hindistanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Moxol a Hindistanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Моголдор империясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Моголдор империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Mogolicum" title="Imperium Mogolicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Mogolicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulu_imp%C4%93rija" title="Mogulu impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mogulu impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogol%C5%B3_imperija" title="Mogolų imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mogolų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalriek" title="Mughalriek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mughalriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_Birodalom" title="Mogul Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mogul Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Могулско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Могулско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_M%C3%B4g%C3%B4ly" title="Empira Môgôly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Môgôly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മുഗൾ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഗൾ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मुघल साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुघल साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დიდი მოგოლეფიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიდი მოგოლეფიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Mughal" title="Empayar Mughal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Mughal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%98%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E" title="ꯃꯨꯘꯜ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯆꯥꯎ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯨꯘꯜ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯂꯩꯆꯥꯎ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Их Могол Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их Могол Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogolrijk" title="Mogolrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mogolrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मुगल साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुगल साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मुगल साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मुगल साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ムガル帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムガル帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulriket" title="Mogulriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mogulriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulriket" title="Mogulriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mogulriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mog%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mogòl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Mogòl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boburiylar_davlati" title="Boburiylar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boburiylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮੁਗ਼ਲ ਸਲਤਨਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਗ਼ਲ ਸਲਤਨਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مغلیا سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مغلیا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="د مغولو واکمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مغولو واکمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_Wielkich_Mogo%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Państwo Wielkich Mogołów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo Wielkich Mogołów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Mogol" title="Império Mogol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Mogol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baburiyler_devleti" title="Baburiyler devleti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Baburiyler devleti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Mogul" title="Imperiul Mogul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Mogul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Империя Великих Моголов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Великих Моголов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मोघलसाम्राज्‍यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मोघलसाम्राज्‍यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت مغلیہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سلطنت مغلیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mughal Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Mogule" title="Perandoria Mogule – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Mogule" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mughal Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مغل سلطنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مغل سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughali" title="Mughali – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mughali" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulski_imperij" title="Mogulski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mogulski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%BA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مەغۆلی ھیند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مەغۆلی ھیند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulsko_carstvo" title="Mogulsko carstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mogulsko carstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulsko_Carstvo" title="Mogulsko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mogulsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurmogulien_valtakunta" title="Suurmogulien valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suurmogulien valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulriket" title="Mogulriket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mogulriket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Mughal" title="Imperyong Mughal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Mughal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="முகலாயப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகலாயப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasultant_n_Mu%C9%A3ul_n_Lhend" title="Tasultant n Muɣul n Lhend – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasultant n Muɣul n Lhend" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6yek_Mogollar_%C4%B0mperi%C3%A4se" title="Böyek Mogollar İmperiäse – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Böyek Mogollar İmperiäse" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="మొఘల్ సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొఘల్ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughals&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1526–1857 empire in South Asia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mughal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mughal (disambiguation)">Mughal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mughal Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1526–1857</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The empire at its greatest extent in c. 1700 under Aurangzeb"><img alt="Mughal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/250px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/375px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/500px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The empire at its greatest extent in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700 under <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (1526–1530; 1560–1571; 1598–1648)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (1530–1540; 1639–1857)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> (1571–1585)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> (1586–1598)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli1994294-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>State religion</li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi" title="Din-i Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</a> (1582–1605)</li><li>Others</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (majority)</li><li>See <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion in South Asia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1526–1530 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1837–1857 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vakil_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakil of the Mughal Empire">Vicegerent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1526–1540 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mir_Khalifa" title="Mir Khalifa">Mir Khalifa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1794–1818 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Rao_Sindhia" title="Daulat Rao Sindhia">Daulat Rao Sindhia</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mughal_grand_viziers" title="List of Mughal grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1526–1540 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nizam-ud-din_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-ud-din Khalifa">Nizam-ud-din Khalifa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1775–1797 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asaf-ud-Daula" title="Asaf-ud-Daula">Asaf-ud-Daula</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1526</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Mughal Interregnum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 1540–22 June 1555</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Second Battle of Panipat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 November 1556</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Afghan_Wars" title="Mughal–Afghan Wars">Mughal–Afghan Wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1526–3 April 1752</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Deccan_wars" title="Deccan wars">Deccan wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1680–1707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">Nader Shah's invasion of India</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1738–1740</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Siege of Delhi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1857</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> exiled to Burma </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 1858</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1690<a href="#cite_note-TurchinAdams2006-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera-4">[3]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1595 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">125,000,000<a href="#cite_note-dyson=mughals-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1700 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">158,000,000<a href="#cite_note-borocz-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">Rupee</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">Taka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dam_(Indian_coin)" title="Dam (Indian coin)">dam</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards199573–74-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Mughal Empire was an <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> empire in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> Basin in the west, northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in the northwest, and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in the north, to the <a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">highlands</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in the east, and the uplands of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-12-8">[7]</a> The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftain</a> from <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, who employed aid from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empires</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2017-9">[8]</a> to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultan of Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a>, and to sweep down the plains of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-10">[9]</a> This imperial structure lasted until 1720, shortly after the death of the last major emperor, <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-1-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>. Although the Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare,<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-2-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robb2011-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2017-2-15">[14]</a> it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized and placated them through new administrative practices,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006115-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb201199–100-17">[16]</a> and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardized rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006152–-18">[17]</a> The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar.<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-3-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-1-20">[19]</a> These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-4-21">[20]</a> were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006152–-18">[17]</a> and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.<a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-3-22">[21]</a> The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion.<a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-4-23">[22]</a> The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean and an increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products generated much wealth for the Mughal court.<a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-5-24">[23]</a> There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,<a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-6-25">[24]</a> resulting in greater patronage of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">painting</a>, literary forms, textiles, and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">architecture</a>, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-7-26">[25]</a> Among the Mughal <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in South Asia are: <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalamar_Gardens,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalamar Gardens, Lahore">Shalamar Gardens</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, which is described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."<a href="#cite_note-Centre-27">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> The closest to an official name for the empire was <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>, which was documented in the <a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vanina-28">[27]</a> Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "dominion of Hindustan" (Wilāyat-i-Hindustān),<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> "country of Hind" (Bilād-i-Hind), "Sultanate of Al-Hind" (Salṭanat(i) al-Hindīyyah) as observed in the epithet of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> or endonymous identification from emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> as "Land of Hind" (Hindostān) in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Contemporary Chinese chronicles referred to the empire as Hindustan (Héndūsītǎn).<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In the west, the term "<a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal</a>" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Fontana-34">[33]</a> The Mughal designation for their dynasty was Gurkani (Gūrkāniyān), a reference to their descent from the Turco-Mongol conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, who took the title Gūrkān 'son-in-law' after his marriage to a <a href="/wiki/Chinggisid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinggisid">Chinggisid</a> princess.<a href="#cite_note-Thackston2-35">[34]</a> The word Mughal (also spelled Mogul<a href="#cite_note-persianatemogul-36">[35]</a> or Moghul in English) is the Indo-Persian form of <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>. The Mughal dynasty's early followers were Chagatai Turks and not Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-Hodgson-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-38">[37]</a> The term Mughal was applied to them in India by association with the Mongols and to distinguish them from the Afghan elite which ruled the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-Hodgson-37">[36]</a> The term remains disputed by <a href="/wiki/Indologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Indologists">Indologists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RA-39">[38]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson" title="Marshall Hodgson">Marshall Hodgson's</a> view, the dynasty should be called Timurid/Timuri or Indo-Timurid.<a href="#cite_note-Hodgson-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babur_and_Humayun_(1526–1556)">Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen_map-India_in_1525_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Joppen_map-India_in_1525_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/220px-Joppen_map-India_in_1525_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Joppen_map-India_in_1525_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/330px-Joppen_map-India_in_1525_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Joppen_map-India_in_1525_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/440px-Joppen_map-India_in_1525_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="2783" /></a><figcaption>India in 1525 just before the onset of Mughal rule</figcaption></figure> The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Persianized</a> <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>) on his father's side, and from <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> on his mother's side.<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> Paternally, Babur belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkicized</a> <a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> He established himself in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and then pushed steadily southward into India from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> Babur's forces defeated <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultan of Delhi</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a> in 1526. Through his use of firearms and cannons, he was able to shatter Ibrahim's armies despite being at a numerical disadvantage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19958-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006116-44">[43]</a> expanding his dominion up to the mid <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006117-45">[44]</a> After the battle, the centre of Mughal power shifted to <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19958-43">[42]</a> In the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Battle of Khanwa</a>, fought near Agra a year later, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the combined <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> armies of <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mewar" title="Kingdom of Mewar">Mewar</a>, with his native cavalry employing traditional flanking tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19958-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006116-44">[43]</a> The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The instability of the empire became evident under his son, <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> (reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> (reigned 1540–1545).<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> and Mughal courts and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar197459,_65-47">[46]</a> Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards199512-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akbar_to_Aurangzeb_(1556–1707)">Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/170px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/255px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/340px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the <a href="/wiki/Ibadat_Khana" title="Ibadat Khana">Ibadat Khana</a> in Fatehpur Sikri.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (reigned 1556–1605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> in the Rajput <a href="/wiki/Umarkot_Fort" title="Umarkot Fort">Umarkot Fort</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> to Humayun and his wife <a href="/wiki/Hamida_Banu_Begum" title="Hamida Banu Begum">Hamida Banu Begum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> princess.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent, <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a>, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010162-52">[51]</a> Through warfare, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006128-53">[52]</a> He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. He increased trade with European trading companies.<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, <a href="/wiki/Din-i-Ilahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Din-i-Ilahi">Din-i-Ilahi</a>, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult.<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge.<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (born Salim,<a href="#cite_note-Mohammada-54">[53]</a> reigned 1605–1627) was born to Akbar and his wife <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-uz-Zamani</a>, an Indian <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> princess.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint, <a href="/wiki/Salim_Chishti" title="Salim Chishti">Salim Chishti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques".<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. One way he did this was by bestowing many more madad-i-ma'ash (tax-free personal land revenue grants given to religiously learned or spiritually worthy individuals) than Akbar had.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In contrast to Akbar, Jahangir came into conflict with non-Muslim religious leaders, notably the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> guru <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Arjan</a>, whose execution was the first of many conflicts between the Mughal Empire and the Sikh community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb201197–98-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006267-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Sikhs-61">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0874.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0874.3.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0874.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0874.3.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0874.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0874.3.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0874.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, with the Mughal ancestor <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> seated in the middle. On the left: <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, <a href="/wiki/Miran_Shah" title="Miran Shah">Miran Shah</a>. On the right: Aurangzeb, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, and two of Timur's other offspring <a href="/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_I" title="Umar Shaikh Mirza I">Umar Shaykh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sultan_Mirza" title="Muhammad Sultan Mirza">Muhammad Sultan</a>. Created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1707–12</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> (reigned 1628–1658) was born to Jahangir and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jagat_Gosain" title="Jagat Gosain">Jagat Gosain</a>, a Rajput princess.<a href="#cite_note-Mohammada-54">[53]</a> His reign ushered in the golden age of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>. The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in.<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> His reign was called as "The Golden Age of Mughal Architecture". Shah Jahan extended the Mughal Empire to the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> by ending the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a> and forcing the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Adil Shahis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Qutb Shahis</a> to pay tribute.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a>, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness.<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1658–1707), seized the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed.<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until he died in 1666.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201768-65">[64]</a> Aurangzeb brought the empire to its greatest territorial extent,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> and oversaw an increase in the Islamicization of the Mughal state. He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> on non-Muslims, and compiled the <a href="/wiki/Fatawa_%27Alamgiri" title="Fatawa 'Alamgiri">Fatawa 'Alamgiri</a>, a collection of Islamic law. Aurangzeb also ordered the execution of the Sikh guru <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Tegh Bahadur</a>, leading to the militarization of the Sikh community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb201198-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006267-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Sikhs-61">[60]</a> From the imperial perspective, conversion to Islam integrated local elites into the king's vision of network of shared identity that would join disparate groups throughout the empire in obedience to the Mughal emperor.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> He led campaigns from 1682 in the Deccan,<a href="#cite_note-EI2-69">[68]</a> annexing its remaining Muslim powers of Bijapur and Golconda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995220–222-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-69">[68]</a> though engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Deccan_wars" title="Deccan wars">prolonged conflict</a> in the region which had a ruinous effect on the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995252-71">[70]</a> The campaigns took a toll on the Mughal treasury, and Aurangzeb's absence led to a severe decline in governance, while stability and economic output in the Mughal Deccan plummeted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995252-71">[70]</a> Aurangzeb is considered the most controversial Mughal emperor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006225-72">[71]</a> with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society,<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> while other historians question this, noting that he built <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Copland2013-73">[72]</a> employed significantly more <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201758-74">[73]</a> Despite these allegations, it has been acknowledged that Emperor Aurangzeb enacted repressive policies towards non-Muslims. A major rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathas</a> took place following this change,<a href="#cite_note-hindunationalism-75">[74]</a> precipitated by the unmitigated state-building of its leader <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> in the Deccan.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_(1707–1857)">Decline (1707–1857)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Decline of the Mughal Empire">Decline of the Mughal Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farrukhsiyar_Procession_in_front_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Delhi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Farrukhsiyar_Procession_in_front_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Delhi.png/220px-Farrukhsiyar_Procession_in_front_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Delhi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Farrukhsiyar_Procession_in_front_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Delhi.png/330px-Farrukhsiyar_Procession_in_front_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Delhi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Farrukhsiyar_Procession_in_front_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Delhi.png/440px-Farrukhsiyar_Procession_in_front_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Delhi.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Delhi under the puppet-emperor <a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a>. Effective power was held by the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Brothers">Sayyid Brothers</a></figcaption></figure> Aurangzeb's son, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a>, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. "However, after he died in 1712, the Mughal dynasty began to sink into chaos and violent feuds. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne",<a href="#cite_note-Berndl-40">[39]</a> as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Indian Muslim</a> caste known as the <a href="/wiki/Barha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Barha Dynasty">Sadaat-e-Bara</a>, whose leaders, the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Brothers">Sayyid Brothers</a>, became the de facto sovereigns of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a> (reigned 1719–1748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha</a> hands. As the Mughals tried to suppress the independence of <a href="/wiki/Nizam-ul-Mulk,_Asaf_Jah_I" title="Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I">Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I</a> in the Deccan, he encouraged the Marathas to invade central and northern India.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">Indian campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>, who had previously reestablished <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Delhi">Sack of Delhi</a> shattering the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, and taking off all the accumulated Mughal treasury. The Mughals could no longer finance the huge armies with which they had formerly enforced their rule. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their affairs and broke away to form independent kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> But lip service continued to be paid to the Mughal Emperor as the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.<a href="#cite_note-MSA2-83">[82]</a> Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/220px-Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/330px-Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/440px-Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>The remnants of the empire in 1751</figcaption></figure> The Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline. <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Sack of Delhi (1757)">Delhi was sacked</a> by the Afghans, and when the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> was fought between the Maratha Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghans</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>) in 1761, in which the Afghans were victorious, the emperor had ignominiously taken temporary refuge with the British to the east. In 1771, the Marathas <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi_(1771)" title="Capture of Delhi (1771)">recaptured Delhi</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rohilkhand" title="Kingdom of Rohilkhand">Rohillas</a>, and in 1784 the Marathas officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,<a href="#cite_note-Rathod1994-84">[83]</a> a state of affairs that continued until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a>. Thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-MSA2-83">[82]</a> The British East India Company took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of the British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. After a crushing defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> which he nominally led, the last Mughal emperor, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a>, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858 to <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>, Burma.<a href="#cite_note-:3-85">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Bahadur_Shah_II_as_calligrapher._Delhi,_ca._1850,_Royal_Ontario_Museum,_Toronto._-_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Portrait_of_Bahadur_Shah_II_as_calligrapher._Delhi%2C_ca._1850%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Toronto._-_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Bahadur_Shah_II_as_calligrapher._Delhi%2C_ca._1850%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Toronto._-_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Portrait_of_Bahadur_Shah_II_as_calligrapher._Delhi%2C_ca._1850%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Toronto._-_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Bahadur_Shah_II_as_calligrapher._Delhi%2C_ca._1850%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Toronto._-_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Portrait_of_Bahadur_Shah_II_as_calligrapher._Delhi%2C_ca._1850%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Toronto._-_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Bahadur_Shah_II_as_calligrapher._Delhi%2C_ca._1850%2C_Royal_Ontario_Museum%2C_Toronto._-_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2189" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_decline">Causes of decline</h3></div> Historians have offered numerous accounts of the several factors involved in the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. A succession of short-lived incompetent and weak rulers, and civil wars over the succession, created political instability at the centre. The Mughals appeared virtually unassailable during the 17th century but, once gone, their <a href="/wiki/Imperial_overstretch" title="Imperial overstretch">imperial overstretch</a> became clear, and the situation could not be recovered. The seemingly innocuous European trading companies, such as the <a href="/wiki/British_East_Indies_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Indies Company">British East Indies Company</a>, played no real part in the initial decline; they were still racing to get permission from the Mughal rulers to establish trades and factories in India.<a href="#cite_note-The_Routledge_History_of_Western_Empires;_McKenzie_;_Aldrich-86">[85]</a> In fiscal terms, the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their deals with local men of influence. The imperial army bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, and lost its fighting spirit. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. After the execution of <a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Emperor Farrukhsiyar</a> in 1719, local Mughal successor states took power in region after region.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_state">Administration and state</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government of the Mughal Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/220px-Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/330px-Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg/440px-Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>India in 1605 and the end of emperor Akbar's reign; the map shows the different <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">subahs</a>, or provinces, of his administration</figcaption></figure> The Mughal Empire had a highly centralised, bureaucratic government, most of which was instituted during the rule of the third Mughal emperor Akbar.<a href="#cite_note-:4-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-69">[68]</a> The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. The finance/revenue ministry, headed by an official called a <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">diwan</a>, was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled <a href="/wiki/Mir_bakhshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir bakhshi">mir bakhshi</a>, who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the <a href="/wiki/Mansabdari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansabdari">mansabdari</a> system. The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the sadr as-sudr, who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works, headed by the mir saman. Of these ministers, the diwan held the most importance, and typically acted as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire">wazir</a> (prime minister) of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-:3-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> The empire was divided into <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a> (provinces), each of which was headed by a provincial governor called a <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">subadar</a>. The structure of the central government was mirrored at the provincial level; each suba had its own <a href="/wiki/Bakhshi_(Mughal_Empire)" title="Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)">bakhshi</a>, sadr as-sudr, and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the subahdar. Subas were subdivided into administrative units known as <a href="/wiki/Sarkar_(administrative_division)" title="Sarkar (administrative division)">sarkars</a>, which were further divided into groups of villages known as <a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">parganas</a>. Mughal government in the pargana consisted of a Muslim judge and local tax collector.<a href="#cite_note-:3-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-88">[87]</a> Parganas were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Mughal administrative divisions were not static. Territories were often rearranged and reconstituted for better administrative control, and to extend cultivation. For example, a sarkar could turn into a subah, and Parganas were often transferred between sarkars. The hierarchy of division was ambiguous sometimes, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. Administrative divisions were also vague in their geography – the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority to undertake detailed land surveys, and hence the geographical limits of these divisions were not formalised and maps were not created. The Mughals instead recorded detailed statistics about each division, to assess the territory's capacity for revenue, based on simpler land surveys.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitals">Capitals</h3></div> The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established throughout their rule. These were the cities of <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli1994294–295-92">[91]</a> Sometimes this was necessitated by political and military demands, but shifts also occurred for ideological reasons (for example, Akbar's establishment of Fatehpur Sikri), or even simply because the cost of establishing a new capital was marginal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli1994304–305-93">[92]</a> Situations where two simultaneous capitals happened multiple times in Mughal history. Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli1994294–295-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Summer_capital" title="Summer capital">summer capital</a> of Mughals from 1526 to 1681.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The imperial camp, used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. All administration and governance were carried out within them. The Mughal Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli1994296_&_298-95">[94]</a> After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Shahjahanabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahjahanabad">Shahjahanabad</a> (Old Delhi).<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_Chuprasi,_Delhi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png/220px-Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png/330px-Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png/440px-Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Police in Delhi under Bahadur Shah II, 1842</figcaption></figure> The Mughal Empire's legal system was context-specific and evolved throughout the empire's rule. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> (judge), <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> (jurisconsult), and <a href="/wiki/Muhtasib" title="Muhtasib">muhtasib</a> (censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. This was due to Persianate influences on Mughal ideology, and that the Mughal Empire governed a non-Muslim majority.<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[96]</a> Scholar Mouez Khalfaoui notes that legal institutions in the Mughal Empire systemically suffered from the corruption of local judges.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_ideology">Legal ideology</h4></div> The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> system of jurisprudence. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi Sultanate. These included the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hidayah" title="Al-Hidayah">al-Hidayah</a> (the best guidance) and the Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya (religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). During the Mughal Empire's peak, the <a href="/wiki/Fatawa_%27Alamgiri" title="Fatawa 'Alamgiri">Fatawa 'Alamgiri</a> was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[97]</a> The Mughal Empire also drew on Persian notions of kingship. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Courts_of_law">Courts of law</h4></div> Various kinds of courts existed in the Mughal Empire. One such court was that of the qadi. The Mughal qadi was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. The qadi also had additional importance in documents, as the seal of the qadi was required to validate deeds and tax records. Qadis did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. For example, the most basic kind was the <a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">pargana</a> (district) qadi. More prestigious positions were those of the qadi al-quddat (judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the qadi-yi lashkar (judge of the army).<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[96]</a> Qadis were usually appointed by the emperor or the sadr-us-sudr (chief of charities).<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">jagirdar</a> (local tax collector) was another kind of official approach, especially for high-stakes cases. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local qadi. Such officials included the <a href="/wiki/Kotwal" title="Kotwal">kotwal</a> (local police), the <a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">faujdar</a> (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">subahdar</a> (provincial governor). In some cases, the emperor dispensed justice directly.<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[96]</a> Jahangir was known to have installed a "chain of justice" in the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a> that any aggrieved subject could shake to get the attention of the emperor and bypass the inefficacy of officials.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. For example, it is unclear how <a href="/wiki/Panchayats" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayats">panchayats</a> (village councils) operated in the Mughal era.<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy of the Mughal Empire</a></div> The Mughal economy was large and prosperous.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maddison2003-103">[102]</a> India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maddison2003-103">[102]</a> Mughal India's economy has been described as a form of <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialization</a>, like that of 18th-century Western Europe before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-voss-105">[104]</a> Modern historians and researchers generally agree that the character of the Mughal Empire's economic policy resembles the <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> system in dealing with trade and billions to achieve the economic ends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.J.L._Gommans200275-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreusand2018"...Mughal_rulers_pursued_a_more_laissez-faire_economic_approach,_benefiting_from_the_prosperity_of..."-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_World_History_of_Empire_Volume_Two:_The_History_of_Empires;_Mughal-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2008-109">[108]</a> The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system and creating a uniform currency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995185–204-110">[109]</a> The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure, built by a <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a> The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar.<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-3-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-1-20">[19]</a> These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-4-21">[20]</a> were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006152–-18">[17]</a> and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.<a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-3-22">[21]</a> In circa 1595, Modern historians estimated the state's annual revenues of the Mughal Empire were around 99,000,000 rupees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorge_Flores201573-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage">Coinage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Aurangzeb,_minted_in_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coin_of_Aurangzeb%2C_minted_in_Kabul.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Aurangzeb%2C_minted_in_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coin_of_Aurangzeb%2C_minted_in_Kabul.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Aurangzeb%2C_minted_in_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coin_of_Aurangzeb%2C_minted_in_Kabul.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Aurangzeb%2C_minted_in_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2</figcaption></figure> The Mughals adopted and standardised the <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupee</a> (rupiya, or silver) and <a href="/wiki/Dam_(Indian_coin)" title="Dam (Indian coin)">dam</a> (copper) currencies introduced by <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> during his brief rule.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without <a href="/wiki/Debasement" title="Debasement">debasement</a> until the 1720s.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2003-113">[112]</a> Despite India having its stocks of gold and silver, the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own but mostly minted coins from imported <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>, as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a> into India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour">Labour</h3></div> The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015433-115">[114]</a> In terms of the urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015432-117">[116]</a> This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. Compared to food per capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 1901–1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015450-118">[117]</a> However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moosvi-119">[118]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> also existed, it was limited largely to household servants.<a href="#cite_note-moosvi-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a> A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and non-food <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> such as cotton, <a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">indigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators began to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a> The Mughal administration emphasised the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> that began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. The civil administration was organised hierarchically based on merit, with promotions based on performance.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The Mughal government funded the building of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems across the empire, which produced much higher <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yields</a> and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a> A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called zabt. He replaced the <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> system, previously common in India and used by <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Japan">Tokugawa Japan</a> at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2003-113">[112]</a> The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, tree crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995-114">[113]</a> Under the zabt system, the Mughals also conducted extensive <a href="/wiki/Cadastral_surveying" title="Cadastral surveying">cadastral surveying</a> to assess the area of land under <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plough</a> cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2003-113">[112]</a> The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb.<a href="#cite_note-Ludden96-121">[120]</a> Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the <a href="/wiki/Seed_drill" title="Seed drill">seed drill</a> among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabibKumarRaychaudhuri1987214-122">[121]</a> Geared sugar <a href="/wiki/Roller_mill" title="Roller mill">rolling mills</a> first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as <a href="/wiki/Worm_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Worm gear">worm gearing</a>, by the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-K8kO4J3mXUAC_page_53-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_manufacturing">Industrial manufacturing</h3></div> South Asia during the Mughal's rule was a very fertile ground for manufacturing technologies coveted by the Europeans before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew_de_la_Garza2016114–115-124">[123]</a> Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output.<a href="#cite_note-williamson-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufactured goods">Manufactured goods</a> and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a> The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th–18th centuries has been referred to as a form of <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialization</a>, similar to 18th-century Western Europe before the Industrial Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-voss-105">[104]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a>, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, silks, and <a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a> (for use in <a href="/wiki/Munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitions">munitions</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_Western_European_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1650–1700 in Western European fashion">European fashion</a>, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks.<a href="#cite_note-Prakash-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textile_industry">Textile industry</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Mughal clothing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/220px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/330px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/440px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5876" data-file-height="4675" /></a><figcaption>Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century</figcaption></figure> The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a>, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of <a href="/wiki/Piece_goods" title="Piece goods">piece goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">calicos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslins</a>. The cotton <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a> India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> and it represented the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Parthasarathi-128">[127]</a> The most important centre of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton-129">[128]</a> The production of cotton was advanced by the diffusion of the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> and the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/Worm_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Worm gear">worm gear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">crank</a> handle into the roller <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal_Subah">Bengal Subah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boro_Katra_4_by_Ashif_Siddique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boro_Katra_4_by_Ashif_Siddique.jpg/220px-Boro_Katra_4_by_Ashif_Siddique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boro_Katra_4_by_Ashif_Siddique.jpg/330px-Boro_Katra_4_by_Ashif_Siddique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boro_Katra_4_by_Ashif_Siddique.jpg/440px-Boro_Katra_4_by_Ashif_Siddique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Bara_Katra" title="Bara Katra">Great Caravanserai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/C._A._Bayly" class="mw-redirect" title="C. A. Bayly">C. A. Bayly</a> wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks, and opium.<a href="#cite_note-Prakash-126">[125]</a> The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-133">[132]</a> After 150 years of rule by Mughal <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a>, Bengal gained de-facto independence as a dominion under <a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> in 1717.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region, which regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shipbuilding_industry">Shipbuilding industry</h4></div> Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates the shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<a href="#cite_note-ray174-135">[134]</a> He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-ray174-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics of India § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60%<a href="#cite_note-mcevedy184-136">[135]</a> to 253% in 200 years during 1500–1700.<a href="#cite_note-maddison236-137">[136]</a> The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in <a href="/wiki/Indian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian history">Indian history</a> before the Mughal era.<a href="#cite_note-Maddison2003-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcevedy184-136">[135]</a> By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabibKumarRaychaudhuri1987170-138">[137]</a> The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of South Asia including the regions of modern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and compared to the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left;">Year </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Mughal Empire population </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Total Indian population </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">% of South Asian population </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">World population </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">% of world population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1500 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">— </td> <td style="text-align: right;">100,000,000<a href="#cite_note-mcevedy184-136">[135]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">— </td> <td style="text-align: right;">425,000,000<a href="#cite_note-Biraben-139">[138]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">115,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabibKumarRaychaudhuri1987170-138">[137]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">130,000,000<a href="#cite_note-mcevedy184-136">[135]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">89 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">579,000,000<a href="#cite_note-Biraben-139">[138]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">158,400,000<a href="#cite_note-borocz-6">[5]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">160,000,000<a href="#cite_note-mcevedy184-136">[135]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">99 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">679,000,000<a href="#cite_note-Biraben-139">[138]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3></div> According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2007-140">[139]</a> This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in the 19th century;<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2007-140">[139]</a> the level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabibKumarRaychaudhuri1987170-138">[137]</a> while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabibKumarRaychaudhuri1987165-142">[141]</a> By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Those estimates were criticised by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Dyson" title="Tim Dyson">Tim Dyson</a>, who consider them exaggerations. According to Dyson urbanization of the Mughal Empire was less than 9%.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Ahmad" title="Nizamuddin Ahmad">Nizamuddin Ahmad</a> (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2007-140">[139]</a> Several cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2007-140">[139]</a> with larger cities including <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra Subah</a>) with up to 800,000 people, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore Subah</a>) with up to 700,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabibKumarRaychaudhuri1987171-145">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>) with over 1 million people,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and Delhi (in <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi Subah</a>) with over 600,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Moosvi2008-147">[146]</a> Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2015-102">[101]</a> However, several cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce centres.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri2008-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mushafi-ghulam-hamdani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Mushafi-ghulam-hamdani.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Hamdani_Mushafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi">Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi</a>, the poet first believed to have coined the name "Urdu" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></figcaption></figure> Generally, classical historiographies depicted the Mughal Empire's origin as a sedentarized agrarian society. However, modern historians such as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wink" title="André Wink">André Wink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos_J._L._Gommans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jos J. L. Gommans">Jos J. L. Gommans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Khazanov" title="Anatoly Khazanov">Anatoly Khazanov</a>, Thomas J. Barfield, and others, argued the Mughals originated from nomadic culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaushik_RoyPeter_Lorge2014146-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pius_Malekandathil" title="Pius Malekandathil">Pius Malekandathil</a> argued instead that although it was true that the Mughal had their origin as nomadic civilization, they became more sendentarized as time passed, as exemplified by their military tradition.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Taqi_Mir_1786.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mir_Taqi_Mir_1786.jpg/220px-Mir_Taqi_Mir_1786.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mir_Taqi_Mir_1786.jpg/330px-Mir_Taqi_Mir_1786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mir_Taqi_Mir_1786.jpg/440px-Mir_Taqi_Mir_1786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_mahal_(1870s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Taj_mahal_%281870s%29.jpg/220px-Taj_mahal_%281870s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Taj_mahal_%281870s%29.jpg/330px-Taj_mahal_%281870s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Taj_mahal_%281870s%29.jpg/440px-Taj_mahal_%281870s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>The Taj Mahal in the 1870s</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Centralised imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></li> <li>The amalgamation of <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a> and literature with <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r1-153">[152]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badshahi_Mosque,_Lahore._King%27s_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Badshahi_Mosque%2C_Lahore._King%27s_Mosque.jpg/220px-Badshahi_Mosque%2C_Lahore._King%27s_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Badshahi_Mosque%2C_Lahore._King%27s_Mosque.jpg/330px-Badshahi_Mosque%2C_Lahore._King%27s_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Badshahi_Mosque%2C_Lahore._King%27s_Mosque.jpg/440px-Badshahi_Mosque%2C_Lahore._King%27s_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4900" data-file-height="3412" /></a><figcaption>Badshahi Mosque, <a href="/wiki/Lahore,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore, Punjab">Lahore, Punjab</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The development of <a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughlai cuisine</a>, an amalgamation of South Asian, Iranian and Central Asian culinary styles.</li> <li>The development of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Mughal clothing</a>, jewellery and fashion, utilizing richly decorated fabrics such as muslin, silk, brocade and velvet.</li> <li>Influence of Persian language over <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a> lead to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></li> <li>The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through <a href="/wiki/Mughal_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal gardens">Mughal gardening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></li> <li>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">Turkish baths</a> into the Indian subcontinent.</li> <li>The evolution and refinement of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Indian architecture</a> and in turn, the development of later Rajput and Sikh palatial architecture. A famous Mughal landmark is the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>.</li> <li>The development of the <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Indian_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian wrestling">Indian wrestling</a>, a combination of Indian <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">malla-yuddha</a> and Persian <a href="/wiki/Varzesh-e_bastani" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzesh-e bastani">varzesh-e bastani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alter1992a-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alter1992b-157">[156]</a></li> <li>The construction of <a href="/wiki/Maktab_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maktab (education)">Maktab</a> schools, where youth were taught the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Fatawa_%27Alamgiri" title="Fatawa 'Alamgiri">Fatawa 'Alamgiri</a> in their indigenous languages.</li> <li>The development of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> and instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg/220px-Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg/330px-Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg/440px-Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buland_Darwaza" title="Buland Darwaza">Buland Darwaza</a> in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customs">Customs</h3></div> The procession of marriage among the royals of the Mughal Empire was recorded with many reports of extravagant gifts. One occasion was during the marriage of a son of emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Salim</a>, with the daughter of a ruler of <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagwant_Das" title="Bhagwant Das">Raja Bhagwant Das</a>, where the gift presented by Bhagwant Das consisted of many horses, 100 elephants, many male and female slaves of <a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Abyssinian</a>, Caucasian, and native Indian origins, who brought with them various gold and silver utensils as <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dowry_of_Mughal_marriage-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></div> The Mughals made a major contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> with the development of their distinctive architectural style. This style was derived from earlier <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a> as well as from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Central Asian</a> architecture (particularly <a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid architecture</a>), while incorporating further influences from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:162-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a> is distinguished, among other things, by <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">bulbous domes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">ogive arches</a>, carefully-composed and polished façades, and the use of hard red sandstone and marble as construction materials.<a href="#cite_note-:162-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-162">[161]</a> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple" title="William Dalrymple">William Dalrymple</a> mentioned that during the final days of the Mughal <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">fall of Delhi</a> in 1857, an <a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">ice house</a> structure existed in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Emperor Shah Jahan has recorded establishing an ice-house in <a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_district" title="Sirmaur district">Sirmaur</a>, north of Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>—a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage",<a href="#cite_note-Centre-27">[26]</a> attracting 7–8 million unique visitors a year. The palaces, tombs, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">gardens</a> and forts built by the dynasty stand today in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura" title="Sheikhupura">Sheikhupura</a>, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> such as:<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.jpg/220px-1._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.jpg/330px-1._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.jpg/440px-1._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4321" data-file-height="2881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a> aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>India </th> <th>Pakistan </th> <th>Bangladesh </th> <th>Afghanistan </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in Agra, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a> in Agra, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buland_Darwaza" title="Buland Darwaza">Buland Darwaza</a> in Agra, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_tomb" title="Akbar's tomb">Akbar's tomb</a> in Sikandra, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani">Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani</a> in Sikandra, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a> in Delhi, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> in Delhi, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> in Delhi, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Nursery" title="Sunder Nursery">Sunder Nursery</a> in Delhi, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purana_Qila" title="Purana Qila">Purana Qila</a> in Delhi, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Mandal" title="Sher Mandal">Sher Mandal</a> in Delhi, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjore_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinjore Gardens">Pinjore Gardens</a> in Pinjore, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar" title="Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar">Shalimar Bagh</a> in Srinagar, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishat_Bagh" title="Nishat Bagh">Nishat Bagh</a> in Srinagar, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashme_Shahi" title="Chashme Shahi">Chasma Shahi</a> in Srinagar, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_Mahal" title="Pari Mahal">Pari Mahal</a> in Srinagar, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verinag" title="Verinag">Verinag</a> Gardens in Srinagar, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Fort" title="Allahabad Fort">Allahabad Fort</a> in Prayagraj, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge" title="Shahi Bridge">Shahi Bridge</a> in Jaunpur, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a> in Aurangabad, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kos_Minar" title="Kos Minar">Kos Minar</a> in Haryana, India</li> <li>Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Masjid</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Hammam" title="Shahi Hammam">Shahi Hammam</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Tomb of Jahangir</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Anarkali" title="Tomb of Anarkali">Tomb of Anarkali</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Asif_Khan" title="Tomb of Asif Khan">Tomb of Asif Khan</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Shahi_Mosque" title="Begum Shahi Mosque">Begum Shahi Mosque</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbari_Sarai" title="Akbari Sarai">Akbari Sarai</a> in Lahore, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiran_Minar" title="Hiran Minar">Hiran Minar</a> in Sheikhpura, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabat_Khan_Mosque" title="Mahabat Khan Mosque">Mahabat Khan Mosque</a> in Peshawar, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Eid_Gah_Mosque" title="Shahi Eid Gah Mosque">Shahi Eid Gah Mosque</a> in Multan, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masum_Shah" title="Masum Shah">Mausoleum of Masum Shah</a> in Sukkur, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar_Baoli" title="Losar Baoli">Losar Baoli</a> in Taxila, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makli_Necropolis" title="Makli Necropolis">Makli Necropolis</a> in Thatta, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque</a> in Thatta, Pakistan</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanmondi_Shahi_Eidgah" title="Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah">Mughal Eidgah</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Shahi_Eidgah" title="Sylhet Shahi Eidgah">Shahi Eidgah</a> in Sylhet, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Tahakhana" title="Mughal Tahakhana">Mughal Tahakhana</a> in Chapai Nawabganj, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sat_Gambuj_Mosque" title="Sat Gambuj Mosque">Sat Gambuj Mosque</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid-e-Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah">Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah</a> in Chittagong, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allakuri_Mosque" title="Allakuri Mosque">Allakuri Masjid</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque" title="Chawk Mosque">Chawkbazar Shahi Masjid</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laldighi_Mosque" title="Laldighi Mosque">Laldighi Masjid</a> in Rangpur, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Mohammad_Mridha_Mosque" title="Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque">Khan Mohammad Mridha Masjid</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_Khan_Mosque" title="Wali Khan Mosque">Wali Khan Masjid</a> in Chittagong, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaista_Khan_Mosque" title="Shaista Khan Mosque">Shaista Khan Masjid</a>, in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_Mosque" title="Musa Khan Mosque">Musa Khan Masjid</a>, in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Khan_Mosque" title="Shahbaz Khan Mosque">Shahbaz Khan Masjid</a>, in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartalab_Khan_Mosque" title="Kartalab Khan Mosque">Kartalab Khan Masjid</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimpur_Mosque" title="Azimpur Mosque">Azimpur Masjid</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaldi_Mosque" title="Goaldi Mosque">Goaldi Masjid</a> in Sonargaon, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atia_Mosque" title="Atia Mosque">Atia Masjid</a> in Tangail, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arifile_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Arifile Mosque">Arifail Masjid</a> in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajra_Shahi_Mosque" title="Bajra Shahi Mosque">Bazra Shahi Masjid</a> in Noakhali, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosjidkur_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosjidkur Mosque">Masjid Kur</a> in Khulna, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayabad_Mosque" title="Nayabad Mosque">Nayabad Masjid</a> in Dinajpur, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayebi_Dighi_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghayebi Dighi Masjid">Ghayebi Dighi Masjid</a> in Sylhet, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussaini_Dalan" title="Hussaini Dalan">Hussaini Dalan</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Katra" title="Bara Katra">Bara Katra</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajiganj_Fort" title="Hajiganj Fort">Hajiganj Fort</a> in Narayanganj, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrakpur_Fort" title="Idrakpur Fort">Idrakpur Fort</a> in Munshiganj, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choto_Katra" class="mw-redirect" title="Choto Katra">Choto Katra</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonakanda_Fort" title="Sonakanda Fort">Sonakanda Fort</a> in Narayanganj, Bangladesh</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Bagh-e-Babur</a> in Kabul, Afghanistan</li> <li>Shahjahani Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Mughal clothing</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finial_in_the_Form_of_a_Parrot,_Mughal_empire.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Finial_in_the_Form_of_a_Parrot%2C_Mughal_empire.jpeg/250px-Finial_in_the_Form_of_a_Parrot%2C_Mughal_empire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Finial_in_the_Form_of_a_Parrot%2C_Mughal_empire.jpeg/375px-Finial_in_the_Form_of_a_Parrot%2C_Mughal_empire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Finial_in_the_Form_of_a_Parrot%2C_Mughal_empire.jpeg/500px-Finial_in_the_Form_of_a_Parrot%2C_Mughal_empire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Finial in the form of a parrot, Mughal Empire, 17th century.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal artistic tradition</a>, mainly expressed in painted miniatures, as well as small luxury objects, was eclectic, borrowing from Iranian, Indian, Chinese and Renaissance European stylistic and thematic elements.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Miniatures commissioned by the Mughal emperors initially focused on large projects illustrating books with eventful historical scenes and court life, but later included more single images for albums, with portraits and animal paintings displaying a profound appreciation for the serenity and beauty of the natural world.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Mansur" title="Ustad Mansur">Ustad Mansur</a> to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the <a href="/wiki/Razmnama" title="Razmnama">Razmnama</a> (a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the <a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" title="Tuzk-e-Jahangiri">Tuzk-e-Jahangiri</a>. Richly finished albums (<a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">muraqqa</a>) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Aurangzeb (1658–1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_Mughal,_early_17th_century_-_An_Illuminated_Folio_from_the_Royal_Manuscript_of_the_Farhang-i_Jahangiri_(_-_2013.318.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/India%2C_Mughal%2C_early_17th_century_-_An_Illuminated_Folio_from_the_Royal_Manuscript_of_the_Farhang-i_Jahangiri_%28_-_2013.318.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-India%2C_Mughal%2C_early_17th_century_-_An_Illuminated_Folio_from_the_Royal_Manuscript_of_the_Farhang-i_Jahangiri_%28_-_2013.318.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/India%2C_Mughal%2C_early_17th_century_-_An_Illuminated_Folio_from_the_Royal_Manuscript_of_the_Farhang-i_Jahangiri_%28_-_2013.318.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-255px-India%2C_Mughal%2C_early_17th_century_-_An_Illuminated_Folio_from_the_Royal_Manuscript_of_the_Farhang-i_Jahangiri_%28_-_2013.318.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/India%2C_Mughal%2C_early_17th_century_-_An_Illuminated_Folio_from_the_Royal_Manuscript_of_the_Farhang-i_Jahangiri_%28_-_2013.318.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-340px-India%2C_Mughal%2C_early_17th_century_-_An_Illuminated_Folio_from_the_Royal_Manuscript_of_the_Farhang-i_Jahangiri_%28_-_2013.318.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4984" data-file-height="8000" /></a><figcaption>Folio from <a href="/wiki/Farhang-i-Jahangiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Farhang-i-Jahangiri">Farhang-i-Jahangiri</a>, a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a></div> According to Mughal court historian Aminai Qazvini, by the time of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, the emperor was only familiar with a few <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Turki</a> words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Though the Mughals were of <a href="/wiki/Turko-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Mongol">Turko-Mongol</a> origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> in the Indian subcontinent, and by the end of the 16th-century Turki (Chagatai) was understood by relatively few at court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyller2011329-172">[171]</a> Accompanied by literary patronage was the institutionalisation of Persian as an official and courtly language; this led to Persian reaching nearly the status of a first language for many inhabitants of Mughal India.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Alam" title="Muzaffar Alam">Muzaffar Alam</a> argues that the Mughals used Persian purposefully as the vehicle of an overarching <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Persian">Indo-Persian</a> political culture, to unite their diverse empire.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Persian had a profound impact on the languages of South Asia; one such language, today known as <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, developed in the imperial capital of Delhi in the late Mughal era. It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, who described it as the language of his <a href="/wiki/Dastan" title="Dastan">dastans</a> (prose romances) and replaced Persian as the informal language of the Muslim elite.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> According to contemporary poet <a href="/wiki/Mir_Taqi_Mir" title="Mir Taqi Mir">Mir Taqi Mir</a>, "Urdu was the language of Hindustan by the authority of the King."<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Army of the Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Mughal weapons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunpowder_warfare">Gunpowder warfare</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army,_c.1585_(colour_litho).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg/220px-Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg/330px-Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Mughal <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> rifle, 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">Gunpowder empires</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder#India_and_the_Mughal_Empire" title="History of gunpowder">History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire</a></div>Mughal India was one of the three Islamic <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder empires</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Safavid Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hodgson-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreusand2011-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> By the time he was invited by <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a> governor of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Khan_Lodi" title="Daulat Khan Lodi">Daulat Khan</a>, to support his rebellion against Lodi <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> was familiar with <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a>, and a method for deploying them. Babur had employed Ottoman expert <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Ali_Quli" title="Ustad Ali Quli">Ustad Ali Quli</a>, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formation—artillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounted archer">mounted archers</a> on both wings. Babur used this formation at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a> in 1526, where the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> forces loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons, were defeated. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battles throughout the empire's history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreusand2011255-182">[181]</a> In India, guns made of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> were recovered from <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> (1504) and <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a> (1533).<a href="#cite_note-Partington226-183">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fathullah_Shirazi" title="Fathullah Shirazi">Fathullah Shirazi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi-gun shot. As opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Polybolos" title="Polybolos">polybolos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repeating_crossbow" title="Repeating crossbow">repeating crossbows</a> used earlier in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrels</a> that fired <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannons</a> loaded with gunpowder. It may be considered a version of a <a href="/wiki/Volley_gun" title="Volley gun">volley gun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fathullah_Shirazi-184">[183]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Padshahnama,_imperial_court_guards_and_nobles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Padshahnama%2C_imperial_court_guards_and_nobles.jpg/220px-The_Padshahnama%2C_imperial_court_guards_and_nobles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Padshahnama%2C_imperial_court_guards_and_nobles.jpg/330px-The_Padshahnama%2C_imperial_court_guards_and_nobles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Padshahnama%2C_imperial_court_guards_and_nobles.jpg/440px-The_Padshahnama%2C_imperial_court_guards_and_nobles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Mughal <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeer</a>, 17th century.</figcaption></figure> By the 17th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular, became visible in <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocketry_and_explosives">Rocketry and explosives</h3></div> In the sixteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> known as bans, particularly against <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>, during the battle of Sanbal.<a href="#cite_note-POLITICAL_HISTORY_OF_THE_MUGHALS:_INFLUENCE_ON_SOUTH_ASIA;_113-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> In 1657, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Mughal Army</a> used rockets during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bidar" title="Siege of Bidar">siege of Bidar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yazdani15-188">[187]</a> Prince Aurangzeb's forces discharged rockets and <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting, <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a> was captured by the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-Yazdani15-188">[187]</a> In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, <a href="/wiki/James_Riddick_Partington" class="mw-redirect" title="James Riddick Partington">James Riddick Partington</a> described Indian rockets and <a href="/wiki/Explosive_weapon" title="Explosive weapon">explosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mines</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Partington226-183">[182]</a> <blockquote>The Indian war rockets ... were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket body lashed to the rod and iron points. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2></div> A new curriculum for the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> which stressed the importance of uloom-i-muqalat (Rational Sciences) and introduced new subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. The new curriculum produced a series of eminent scholars, engineers and architects.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Art_and_Architectural_Traditions_of_India_and_Iran_Commonality_and_Diversity;_Art_and_Architectural_Traditions_of_India_and_Iran_Commonality_and_Diversity;_Nasir_Raza_Khan_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_and_Architectural_Traditions_of_India_and_Iran_Commonality_and_Diversity;_Art_and_Architectural_Traditions_of_India_and_Iran_Commonality_and_Diversity;_Nasir_Raza_Khan-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jantar_Mantar._New_Delhi_(Misra_Yantra)._2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jantar_Mantar._New_Delhi_%28Misra_Yantra%29._2010.jpg/250px-Jantar_Mantar._New_Delhi_%28Misra_Yantra%29._2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jantar_Mantar._New_Delhi_%28Misra_Yantra%29._2010.jpg/375px-Jantar_Mantar._New_Delhi_%28Misra_Yantra%29._2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jantar_Mantar._New_Delhi_%28Misra_Yantra%29._2010.jpg/500px-Jantar_Mantar._New_Delhi_%28Misra_Yantra%29._2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Sawai_Jai_Singh" title="Sawai Jai Singh">Jai Singh II</a></figcaption></figure> While there appears to have been little concern for <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_astronomy" title="Theoretical astronomy">theoretical astronomy</a>, Mughal <a href="/wiki/Astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomers">astronomers</a> made advances in <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> and produced some <a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a> treatises. Humayun built a personal <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> near Delhi. According to <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Nadvi" title="Sulaiman Nadvi">Sulaiman Nadvi</a>, Jahangir and Shah Jahan intended to build observatories too but were unable to do so. The <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical instruments">astronomical instruments</a> and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic astronomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baber-192">[191]</a> In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire saw a synthesis between Islamic and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu astronomy">Hindu astronomy</a>, where Islamic observational instruments were combined with <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Hindu computational</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baber-192">[191]</a> During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_II_of_Amber" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II of Amber">Jai Singh II of Amber</a> continued the work of Mughal <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. In the early 18th century, he built several large observatories called <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Yantra Mandirs</a>, to rival <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">observatory</a>, and to improve on the earlier Hindu computations in the <a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Siddhantas</a> and Islamic observations in <a href="/wiki/Zij-i-Sultani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zij-i-Sultani">Zij-i-Sultani</a>. The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baber-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Karkhanas" title="Mughal Karkhanas">Mughal Karkhanas</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg/200px-Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg/300px-Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg/400px-Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="3830" /></a><figcaption>Celestial Globe by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Saleh_Thattvi" title="Muhammad Saleh Thattvi">Muhammad Saleh Thattvi</a> c.1663<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a></figcaption></figure>The society within Mughal Empire operated the Karkhanas, which functioned as workshops for craftsmen. These Karkhanas were producing arms, ammunition, and also various items for the court and emperor's need such as clothes, shawls, turbans, jewelry, gold and silverware, perfumes, medicines, carpets, beddings, tents, and for the imperial stable-harnesses for the horses in irons, copper and other metals.<a href="#cite_note-:6zz-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5zz-196">[195]</a> Another aspect of the remarkable invention in Mughal India is the <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax cast</a>, hollow, seamless, <a href="/wiki/Celestial_globe" title="Celestial globe">celestial globe</a>. It was invented in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">AH</a> (1589–90 CE). Twenty other such <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globes</a> were later produced in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern <a href="/wiki/Metallurgists" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgists">metallurgists</a> to be technically impossible to produce hollow metal globes without any <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seam" class="extiw" title="wikt:seam">seams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> A 17th-century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, 1668 (now in Pakistan).<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_emperors">List of emperors</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="List of emperors of the Mughal Empire">List of emperors of the Mughal Empire</a></div> <table style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:8%;">Portrait </th> <th style="width:12%;">Titular Name </th> <th style="width:18%;">Birth Name </th> <th style="width:9%;">Birth </th> <th style="width:20%;">Reign </th> <th style="width:13%;">Death </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1 <a href="/wiki/File:Babur_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Babur_of_India.jpg/78px-Babur_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Babur_of_India.jpg/118px-Babur_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Babur_of_India.jpg/157px-Babur_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="780" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Babur <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بابر </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Zahir al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ظهیر الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 February 1483 <a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a>, Uzbekistan </td> <td style="text-align:center;">20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26 December 1530 (aged 47) <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2 <a href="/wiki/File:Darbar_of_Humayun,_detail,_Humayun._Akbarnama,_1602-4,_British_Library.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Darbar_of_Humayun%2C_detail%2C_Humayun._Akbarnama%2C_1602-4%2C_British_Library.png/83px-Darbar_of_Humayun%2C_detail%2C_Humayun._Akbarnama%2C_1602-4%2C_British_Library.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Darbar_of_Humayun%2C_detail%2C_Humayun._Akbarnama%2C_1602-4%2C_British_Library.png/125px-Darbar_of_Humayun%2C_detail%2C_Humayun._Akbarnama%2C_1602-4%2C_British_Library.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Darbar_of_Humayun%2C_detail%2C_Humayun._Akbarnama%2C_1602-4%2C_British_Library.png/167px-Darbar_of_Humayun%2C_detail%2C_Humayun._Akbarnama%2C_1602-4%2C_British_Library.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="755" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Humayun <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">همایوں </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Nasir al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نصیر الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 March 1508 <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Afghanistan </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 (10 years 3 months 25 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27 January 1556 (aged 47) <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3 <a href="/wiki/File:Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630,_Metmuseum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1368" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Akbar <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اکبر </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Jalal al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جلال الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 October 1542 <a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a>, Pakistan </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 (49 years 9 months 0 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4 <a href="/wiki/File:Jahangircrop.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jahangircrop.jpeg/80px-Jahangircrop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jahangircrop.jpeg/120px-Jahangircrop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jahangircrop.jpeg/160px-Jahangircrop.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3317" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Jahangir <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جهانگیر </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Nur al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> نور الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 August 1569 Agra, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (21 years 11 months 23 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 October 1627 (aged 58) <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5 <a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_of_Mughal_empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shah_Jahan_of_Mughal_empire.jpg/79px-Shah_Jahan_of_Mughal_empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shah_Jahan_of_Mughal_empire.jpg/119px-Shah_Jahan_of_Mughal_empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shah_Jahan_of_Mughal_empire.jpg/159px-Shah_Jahan_of_Mughal_empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="408" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shah Jahan <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شاہ جهان </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shihab al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شهاب الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 January 1592 <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (30 years 8 months 25 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6 <a href="/wiki/File:The_Emperor_Aurangzeb_Alamgir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Emperor_Aurangzeb_Alamgir.jpg/80px-The_Emperor_Aurangzeb_Alamgir.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Emperor_Aurangzeb_Alamgir.jpg/120px-The_Emperor_Aurangzeb_Alamgir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Emperor_Aurangzeb_Alamgir.jpg/160px-The_Emperor_Aurangzeb_Alamgir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Aurangzeb <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اورنگزیب Alamgir <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عالمگیر </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muhi_al-Din_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhi al-Din Muhammad">Muhi al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محی الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 November 1618 <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (48 years 7 months 0 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 March 1707 (aged 88) <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a>, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7 <a href="/wiki/File:Azam_shah_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Azam_shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Azam_shah_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Azam_shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Azam_shah_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Azam_shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Azam_shah_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="696" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Azam Shah <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اعظم شاه </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Azam_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Azam Shah">Qutb al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">قطب الدين محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 June 1653 <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">8 <a href="/wiki/File:Bahadur_Shah_I_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahadur_Shah_I_of_India.jpg/80px-Bahadur_Shah_I_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahadur_Shah_I_of_India.jpg/120px-Bahadur_Shah_I_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahadur_Shah_I_of_India.jpg/160px-Bahadur_Shah_I_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="650" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bahadur Shah <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بهادر شاہ </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Qutb al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">قطب الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 years, 253 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">9 <a href="/wiki/File:Jahandar_Shah_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jahandar_Shah_of_India.jpg/80px-Jahandar_Shah_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jahandar_Shah_of_India.jpg/120px-Jahandar_Shah_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jahandar_Shah_of_India.jpg/160px-Jahandar_Shah_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="369" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Jahandar Shah <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جهاندار شاہ </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Muiz al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">معز الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 May 1661 Deccan, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (0 years, 350 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DAF2CE"> <td style="text-align:center;">10<a href="/wiki/File:Farrukhsiyar_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Farrukhsiyar_of_India.jpg/80px-Farrukhsiyar_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Farrukhsiyar_of_India.jpg/120px-Farrukhsiyar_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Farrukhsiyar_of_India.jpg/160px-Farrukhsiyar_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="752" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Farrukh Siyar <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">فرخ سیر </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Muin al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">موئن الدین محمد Puppet King Under the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Brothers">Sayyids of Barha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">20 August 1685 <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a>, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 years, 48 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DAF2CE"> <td style="text-align:center;">11<a href="/wiki/File:Rafi_ud-Darajat_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rafi_ud-Darajat_of_India.jpg/80px-Rafi_ud-Darajat_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rafi_ud-Darajat_of_India.jpg/120px-Rafi_ud-Darajat_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rafi_ud-Darajat_of_India.jpg/160px-Rafi_ud-Darajat_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="424" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Rafi ud-Darajat <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رفیع الدرجات </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شمس الدین محمد Puppet King Under the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Brothers">Sayyids of Barha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 December 1699 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (0 years, 98 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DAF2CE"> <td style="text-align:center;">12<a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_II_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shah_Jahan_II_of_India.jpg/80px-Shah_Jahan_II_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shah_Jahan_II_of_India.jpg/120px-Shah_Jahan_II_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shah_Jahan_II_of_India.jpg/160px-Shah_Jahan_II_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="434" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shah Jahan II <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شاہ جهان دوم </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Rafi al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رفع الدين محمد Puppet King Under the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Brothers">Sayyids of Barha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 January 1696 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 (0 years, 105 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DAF2CE"> <td style="text-align:center;">13<a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Shah_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muhammad_Shah_of_India.jpg/80px-Muhammad_Shah_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muhammad_Shah_of_India.jpg/120px-Muhammad_Shah_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muhammad_Shah_of_India.jpg/160px-Muhammad_Shah_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="479" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Muhammad Shah <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد شاه </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Nasir al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نصیر الدین محمد Puppet King Under the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Brothers">Sayyids of Barha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 August 1702 <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, Afghanistan </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 years, 212 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">14<a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur_of_India.jpg/80px-Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur_of_India.jpg/120px-Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur_of_India.jpg/160px-Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="429" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ahmad Shah Bahadur <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">احمد شاہ بهادر </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Mujahid al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">مجاهد الدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 December 1725 Delhi, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 (6 years, 37 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">15<a href="/wiki/File:Alamgir_II_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alamgir_II_of_India.jpg/80px-Alamgir_II_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alamgir_II_of_India.jpg/120px-Alamgir_II_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alamgir_II_of_India.jpg/160px-Alamgir_II_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="433" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Alamgir II <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عالمگیر دوم </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Aziz al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عزیز اُلدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 (5 years, 180 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">16<a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg/80px-Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg/120px-Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg/160px-Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shah Jahan III <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شاه جهان سوم </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Muhi al-Millat</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محی الملت </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1711 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 (282 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1772 (aged 60–61) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">17<a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg/80px-Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg/120px-Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg/160px-Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="427" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shah Alam II <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شاه عالم دوم </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جلال الدین علی گوهر </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 June 1728 Delhi, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 (27 years, 301 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">18<a href="/wiki/File:Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg/80px-Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg/120px-Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg/160px-Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="1280" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shah Jahan IV <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جهان شاه چهارم </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1749 Delhi, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 (63 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#F5DEB3"> <td style="text-align:center;">17<a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg/80px-Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg/120px-Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg/160px-Ali_Gauhar_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="427" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shah Alam II <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شاه عالم دوم </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جلال الدین علی گوهر Puppet monarch under the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 June 1728 Delhi, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 (18 years, 339 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#F2D4CE"> <td style="text-align:center;">19<a href="/wiki/File:Akbar_Shah_II_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Akbar_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/80px-Akbar_Shah_II_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Akbar_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/120px-Akbar_Shah_II_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Akbar_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/160px-Akbar_Shah_II_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="508" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Akbar Shah II <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اکبر شاه دوم </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Muin al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">میرزا اکبر Puppet King under the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 April 1760 <a href="/wiki/Mukundpur" title="Mukundpur">Mukundpur</a>, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 (30 years, 321 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">20<a href="/wiki/File:Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/80px-Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/120px-Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/160px-Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2227" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bahadur Shah II Zafar <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بهادر شاه ظفر </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad</a> <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 October 1775 Delhi, India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 (19 years, 360 days) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 November 1862 (aged 87) <a href="/wiki/Rangoon,_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon, Myanmar">Rangoon, Myanmar</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Flags of the Mughal Empire">Flags of the Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">List of Mongol states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Mongol_genealogy" title="Mughal-Mongol genealogy">Mughal-Mongol genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam in South Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Branch</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> School of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli1994294-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli1994294_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinopoli1994">Sinopoli 1994</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-TurchinAdams2006-3"><a href="#cite_ref-TurchinAdams2006_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">"East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States"</a>. Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 219–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">10.5195/JWSR.2006.369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East%E2%80%93West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires+and+Modern+States&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-229&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5195%252FJWSR.2006.369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taagepera-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRein_Taagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Rein Taagepera</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a>. 41 (3): 475–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-504&rft.date=1997-09&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft.au=Rein+Taagepera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyson=mughals-5"><a href="#cite_ref-dyson=mughals_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256430-6"><bdi>978-0-19-256430-6</bdi></a>. <q>We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India's population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-256430-6&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-borocz-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-borocz_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-borocz_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJózsef_Böröcz2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_B%C3%B6r%C3%B6cz" title="József Böröcz">József Böröcz</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">The European Union and Global Social Change</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-25580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-25580-0"><bdi>978-1-135-25580-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+and+Global+Social+Change&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-135-25580-0&rft.au=J%C3%B3zsef+B%C3%B6r%C3%B6cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0SPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards199573–74-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards199573–74_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2010-12-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010-12_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, pp. 159–. Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some 750,000 square miles [1,900,000 km2], ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the east." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert2017-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert2017_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2017" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">South Asia in World History</a>, Oxford University Press, p. 62, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066137-3"><bdi>978-0-19-066137-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 15 July 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-066137-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Marc+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dhKDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use them." </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2010-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, pp. 159–. Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime is 1600 when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur's grandson Akbar." </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2010-1-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010-1_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, pp. 159–. Quote: "The imperial career of the Mughal house is conventionally reckoned to have ended in 1707 when the emperor Aurangzeb, a fifth-generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658 with the Mughal state seeming as strong as ever or even stronger. But in Aurangzeb's later years the state was brought to the brink of destruction, over which it toppled within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720 imperial Mughal rule was largely finished and an epoch of two imperial centuries had closed." </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, p. xv. Quote: "By the latter date (1720) the essential structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair." </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2010-2-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010-2_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, pp. 159–. Quote: "The vaunting of such progenitors pointed up the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: it was born in war and it was sustained by war until the eighteenth century when warfare destroyed it." </li> <li id="cite_note-Robb2011-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Robb2011_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobb2011">Robb 2011</a>, pp. 108–. Quote: "The Mughal state was geared for war and succeeded while it won its battles. It controlled territory partly through its network of strongholds, from its fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore, which defined its heartlands, to the converted and expanded forts of Rajasthan and the Deccan. The emperor's will be frequently enforced in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the empire's administrative structure too was defined by and directed at war. Local military checkpoints or thanas kept order. Directly appointed imperial military and civil commanders (faujdars) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or the administration, in each region. The peasantry in turn were often armed, able to provide supporters for regional powers, and liable to rebellion on their account: continual pacification was required of the rulers." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert2017-2-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert2017-2_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2017" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">South Asia in World History</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 75–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066137-3"><bdi>978-0-19-066137-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023, retrieved 15 July 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pages=75-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-066137-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Marc+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dhKDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to conquer lands they sought to control." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006115-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006115_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb201199–100-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb201199–100_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobb2011">Robb 2011</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006152–-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006152–_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006152–_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006152–_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. 152–. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2010-3-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010-3_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010-3_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, pp. 164–. Quote: "The resource base of Akbar's new order was land revenue" </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-1_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. 158–. Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture." </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2010-4-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010-4_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010-4_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, pp. 164–. Quote: "... well over half of the output from the fields in his realm, after the costs of production had been met, is estimated to have been taken from the peasant producers by way of official taxes and unofficial exactions. Moreover, payments were exacted in money, and this required a well-regulated silver currency." </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-3-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-3_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-3_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. 152–. Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money easier." </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-4-23"><a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-4_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. 152–. Quote: "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors, contributed to India's economic expansion." </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-5-24"><a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-5_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. 186–. Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts." </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-6-25"><a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-6_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. 186–. Quote: "The elite spent more and more money on luxury goods and sumptuous lifestyles, and the rulers built entire new capital cities at times." </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-7-26"><a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-7_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. 186–. Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewellery, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes." </li> <li id="cite_note-Centre-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/">"Taj Mahal"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133603/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Taj+Mahal&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F252%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanina-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Vanina_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanina2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Vanina" title="Eugenia Vanina">Vanina, Eugenia</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&pg=PA47">Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man</a>. Primus Books. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-19-1"><bdi>978-93-80607-19-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033421/https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Mindscapes%3A+Space%2C+Time%2C+Society%2C+Man&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-19-1&rft.aulast=Vanina&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyriGbWNAF5EC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1979" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, P. (1979). "Modern European and Muslim Explanations of Conversion to Islam in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey of the Literature". In Levtzion, Nehemia (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37nXAAAAMAAJ&q=bilad+-+i+Hind+(+the+country+of+Hind+)+,+wilayat+-+i+Hindustan+(+the+dominion+of+Hindustan+)+,+sultanat+-+i">Conversion to Islam</a>. Holmes & Meier. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0343-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0343-2"><bdi>978-0-8419-0343-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403231614/https://books.google.com/books?id=37nXAAAAMAAJ&q=bilad+-+i+Hind+(+the+country+of+Hind+)+,+wilayat+-+i+Hindustan+(+the+dominion+of+Hindustan+)+,+sultanat+-+i">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+European+and+Muslim+Explanations+of+Conversion+to+Islam+in+South+Asia%3A+A+Preliminary+Survey+of+the+Literature&rft.btitle=Conversion+to+Islam&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-0343-2&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37nXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbilad%2B-%2Bi%2BHind%2B%28%2Bthe%2Bcountry%2Bof%2BHind%2B%29%2B%2C%2Bwilayat%2B-%2Bi%2BHindustan%2B%28%2Bthe%2Bdominion%2Bof%2BHindustan%2B%29%2B%2C%2Bsultanat%2B-%2Bi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175254/http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf">"Name of the Monument/ site: Tomb of Aurangzeb"</a> (PDF). asiaurangabad.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiaurangabad.in&rft.atitle=Name+of+the+Monument%2F+site%3A+Tomb+of+Aurangzeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaurangabad.in%2Fpdf%2FTourist%2FTomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvezFārūqī2017" class="citation book cs1">Parvez, Aslam; Fārūqī, At̤har (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/993093699">The life & poetry of Bahadur Shah Zafar</a>. New Delhi, India: Hay House India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85827-47-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85827-47-1"><bdi>978-93-85827-47-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993093699">993093699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+%26+poetry+of+Bahadur+Shah+Zafar&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Hay+House+India&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993093699&rft.isbn=978-93-85827-47-1&rft.aulast=Parvez&rft.aufirst=Aslam&rft.au=F%C4%81r%C5%ABq%C4%AB%2C+At%CC%A4har&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F993093699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231230135647/https://indianhistorycollective.com/what-was-hindustan-hindustani-subcontinentofindia-politicalmap-geographynow-geographygames-mughalempire-mughalarchitecture-architecture-hindoostanmap/">"Indian History Collective"</a>. 30 December 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianhistorycollective.com/what-was-hindustan-hindustani-subcontinentofindia-politicalmap-geographynow-geographygames-mughalempire-mughalarchitecture-architecture-hindoostanmap/">the original</a> on 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+History+Collective&rft.date=2023-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianhistorycollective.com%2Fwhat-was-hindustan-hindustani-subcontinentofindia-politicalmap-geographynow-geographygames-mughalempire-mughalarchitecture-architecture-hindoostanmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosca2013" class="citation book cs1">Mosca, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvmix_k1XDcC&pg=PA94">From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8538-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-8538-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107203141/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvmix_k1XDcC&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Frontier+Policy+to+Foreign+Policy%3A+The+Question+of+India+and+the+Transformation+of+Geopolitics+in+Qing+China&rft.pages=78-94&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8538-9&rft.aulast=Mosca&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvmix_k1XDcC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontana-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Fontana_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontana2011" class="citation book cs1">Fontana, Michela (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVZU1sAQ8H4C&pg=PA32">Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Ming Court</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0588-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-0588-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033421/https://books.google.com/books?id=MVZU1sAQ8H4C&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matteo+Ricci%3A+A+Jesuit+in+the+Ming+Court&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0588-8&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=Michela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVZU1sAQ8H4C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thackston2-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Thackston2_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahir_ud-Din_Mohammad2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Zahir ud-Din Mohammad</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Thackston" title="Wheeler Thackston">Thackston, Wheeler M.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor</a>. New York: Modern Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu/page/">xlvi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76137-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76137-9"><bdi>978-0-375-76137-9</bdi></a>. <q>In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian kürägän, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baburnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Babur%2C+Prince+and+Emperor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xlvi&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-375-76137-9&rft.au=Zahir+ud-Din+Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-persianatemogul-36"><a href="#cite_ref-persianatemogul_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Walbridge" class="citation book cs1">John Walbridge. God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason. p. 165. <q>Persianate Mogul Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Logic+in+Islam%3A+The+Caliphate+of+Reason&rft.pages=165&rft.au=John+Walbridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgson-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_37-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson" title="Marshall Hodgson">Hodgson, Marshall G. S.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COOGFSH_jUkC&pg=PA62">The Venture of Islam</a>. Vol. 3. 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They had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Islamic+India%2C+1605%E2%80%931748&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Upper+India+Publishing+House&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Muhammad+Yasin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRz16lub2uRgC%26q%3Dsayyid%2Bbarha%2Bbrotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbia_University_Press2000" class="citation book cs1">Columbia University Press (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+encouraged+marathas+invade+india&pg=PA285">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11004-4"><bdi>978-0-231-11004-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224905/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+encouraged+marathas+invade+india&pg=PA285">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11004-4&rft.au=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkqsAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnizam%2Bencouraged%2Bmarathas%2Binvade%2Bindia%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2013" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (2013). Eaton, Richard M.; Faruqui, Munis D.; Gilmartin, David; Kumar, Sunil (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/expanding-frontiers-in-south-asian-and-world-history/6A9546851A81FD60D6641F75F60956DD">Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781107300002">10.1017/CBO9781107300002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03428-0"><bdi>978-1-107-03428-0</bdi></a>. <q>I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own.....I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri(raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+Frontiers+in+South+Asian+and+World+History+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+F.+Richards&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781107300002&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03428-0&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fexpanding-frontiers-in-south-asian-and-world-history%2F6A9546851A81FD60D6641F75F60956DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagadi1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Setumadhavarao_Pagadi" title="Setumadhavarao Pagadi">Pagadi, Setu Madhavarao</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maratha-nizam-relations-nizam-ul-mulk-s-letters">"Maratha-Nizam Relations : Nizam-Ul-Mulk's Letters"</a>. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 51 (1/4): 94. <q>The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk..... Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat.....Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Maratha-Nizam+Relations+%3A+Nizam-Ul-Mulk%27s+Letters&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Pagadi&rft.aufirst=Setu+Madhavarao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaratha-nizam-relations-nizam-ul-mulk-s-letters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalma_Ahmed_Farooqui2011" class="citation book cs1">Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=Mughal+empire+got+reduced+to+a+small+kingdom">A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131732021" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131732021"><bdi>978-8131732021</bdi></a>. <q>Even more disturbing was the fact that the assertion of independence had spread to other part of the empire too, and the governors of Hyderabad, Bengal and Awadh soon established independent kingdoms as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8131732021&rft.au=Salma+Ahmed+Farooqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26q%3DMughal%2Bempire%2Bgot%2Breduced%2Bto%2Ba%2Bsmall%2Bkingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSA2-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSA2_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA2_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseJalal2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Bose, Sugata</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose">Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy</a> (2nd ed.). 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Taylor & Francis. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317999874" title="Special:BookSources/9781317999874"><bdi>9781317999874</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+Western+Empires&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317999874&rft.au=Kirsten+McKenzie&rft.au=Robert+Aldrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFRJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1981" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, J.F. (1981). "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 23 (2): 285–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500013311">10.1017/s0010417500013311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178737">178737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154809724">154809724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Mughal+State+Finance+and+the+Premodern+World+Economy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-308&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154809724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500013311&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Francis (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0549">"Mughal Empire"</a>, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530513-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530513-5"><bdi>978-0-19-530513-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329002419/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0549">archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022, retrieved 28 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mughal+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530513-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001%2Facref-9780195305135-e-0549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-89"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladden2019" class="citation book cs1">Gladden, E.N. 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Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+World+History+of+Empire+Volume+Two%3A+The+History+of+Empires&rft.pages=775&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780197532775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GkLEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2008-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2008_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli2008">Ali 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995185–204-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995185–204_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, pp. 185–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorge_Flores201573-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorge_Flores201573_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJorge_Flores2015">Jorge Flores 2015</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021005231609/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html">"Picture of original Mughal rupiya introduced by Sher Shah Suri"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2002. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Picture+of+original+Mughal+rupiya+introduced+by+Sher+Shah+Suri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbi.org.in%2Fcurrency%2Fmuseum%2Fc-mogul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards2003-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards2003_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards2003_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards2003_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">Richards, John F.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA27">The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World</a>. University of California Press. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93935-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93935-6"><bdi>978-0-520-93935-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922034459/https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unending+Frontier%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93935-6&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di85noYD9C0EC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015433-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015433_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoosvi2015">Moosvi 2015</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison, Angus</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7UOKB3RwDQIC&pg=PA33">Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan Since the Moghuls</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-38259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-38259-5"><bdi>978-0-415-38259-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035024/https://books.google.com/books?id=7UOKB3RwDQIC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+Structure+and+Economic+Growth%3A+India+and+Pakistan+Since+the+Moghuls&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-415-38259-5&rft.aulast=Maddison&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7UOKB3RwDQIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015432-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015432_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoosvi2015">Moosvi 2015</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015450-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosvi2015450_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoosvi2015">Moosvi 2015</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-moosvi-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moosvi_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moosvi_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosvi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Moosvi, Shireen (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859011000526">"The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 1500–1750)"</a>. International Review of Social History. 56 (S19): 245–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859011000526">10.1017/S0020859011000526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+World+of+Labour+in+Mughal+India+%28c.+1500%E2%80%931750%29&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=S19&rft.pages=245-261&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020859011000526&rft.aulast=Moosvi&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020859011000526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagazaArgyriades2009" class="citation book cs1">Pagaza, Ignacio; Argyriades, Demetrios (2009). 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Williamson">Jeffrey G. Williamson</a>, David Clingingsmith (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf">"India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213044056/http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Deindustrialization+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2005-08&rft.au=Jeffrey+G.+Williamson%2C+David+Clingingsmith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2FEconomics%2Fstaff%2Forourkek%2FIstanbul%2FJGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash_126-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_(historian)" title="Om Prakash (historian)">Om Prakash</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320">Empire, Mughal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", History of World Trade Since 1450, edited by <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. 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A.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX2zMfWqIzMC&pg=PA51">Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire</a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.1. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38650-0"><bdi>978-0-521-38650-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208030846/https://books.google.com/books?id=fX2zMfWqIzMC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. 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Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-149-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035433/https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. 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University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wrestlersbodyide00alte/page/n1">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07697-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07697-6"><bdi>978-0-520-07697-6</bdi></a>. <q>Wrestling in modern India is a synthesis of two different traditions: the Persian form of the art brought into South Asia by the Moguls, and an indigenous Hindu form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wrestler%27s+Body%3A+Identity+and+Ideology+in+North+India&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07697-6&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwrestlersbodyide00alte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/mughal-influence-on-indian-music/article28000731.ece">"Mughal influence on Indian music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 8 February 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226071050/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/mughal-influence-on-indian-music/article28000731.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. 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"A Mughal Manuscript of the "Diwan" of Nawa'i". Artibus Asiae. 71 (2): 325–334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=A+Mughal+Manuscript+of+the+%22Diwan%22+of+Nawa%27i&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=325-334&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Seyller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinopoli1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323">"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"</a>. Asian Perspectives. 33 (2): 293–308. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-8435">0066-8435</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323">42928323</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501200000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Monumentality+and+Mobility+in+Mughal+Capitals&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-308&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42928323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-8435&rft.aulast=Sinopoli&rft.aufirst=Carla+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42928323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC">A History of India</a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a>, retrieved 15 July 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreusand2011" class="citation book cs1">Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicgunpowder0000stre">Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals</a>. Philadelphia: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1359-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-1359-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Gunpowder+Empires%3A+Ottomans%2C+Safavids%2C+and+Mughals&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1359-7&rft.aulast=Streusand&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicgunpowder0000stre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreusand2018" class="citation book cs1">Streusand, Douglas E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6HsDwAAQBAJ">Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429979217" title="Special:BookSources/9780429979217"><bdi>9780429979217</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Gunpowder+Empires+Ottomans%2C+Safavids%2C+and+Mughals&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429979217&rft.aulast=Streusand&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj6HsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2017" class="citation book cs1">Truschke, Audrey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ">Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangzeb%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%27s+Most+Controversial+King&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUUkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Alam, Muzaffar. Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh & the Punjab, 1707–48 (1988)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1975" class="citation cs2">Ali, M. Athar (1975), "The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case", Modern Asian Studies, 9 (3): 385–396, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x00005825">10.1017/s0026749x00005825</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311728">311728</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143861682">143861682</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Passing+of+Empire%3A+The+Mughal+Case&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385-396&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143861682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311728%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x00005825&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=M.+Athar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988">, on the causes of its collapse</li> <li>Black, Jeremy. "The Mughals Strike Twice", History Today (April 2012) 62#4 pp. 22–26. full text online</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1979" class="citation cs2">Blake, Stephen P. (November 1979), "The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals", Journal of Asian Studies, 39 (1): 77–94, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053505">10.2307/2053505</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053505">2053505</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154527305">154527305</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Patrimonial-Bureaucratic+Empire+of+the+Mughals&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-94&rft.date=1979-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154527305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053505&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dale, Stephen F. The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals (Cambridge U.P. 2009)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple,_William2007" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, William (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlEDvkhEmL8C">The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty : Delhi, 1857</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26739-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26739-9"><bdi>978-0-307-26739-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Mughal%3A+The+Fall+of+a+Dynasty+%3A+Delhi%2C+1857&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26739-9&rft.au=Dalrymple%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlEDvkhEmL8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruqui2005" class="citation cs2">Faruqui, Munis D. (2005), "The Forgotten Prince: Mirza Hakim and the Formation of the Mughal Empire in India", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 48 (4): 487–523, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852005774918813">10.1163/156852005774918813</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165118">25165118</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Prince%3A+Mirza+Hakim+and+the+Formation+of+the+Mughal+Empire+in+India&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=487-523&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852005774918813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25165118%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Faruqui&rft.aufirst=Munis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988">, on Akbar and his brother</li> <li>Gordon, S. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</a>, II, 4: The Marathas 1600–1818 (Cambridge, 1993).</li> <li>Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C">A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</a> (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-004-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922040049/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-004-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Metcalf" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Metcalf">Metcalf, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Metcalf" title="Thomas R. Metcalf">Metcalf, T.R.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C">A Concise History of Modern India</a> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68225-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702122602/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023, retrieved 19 October 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68225-1&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+T.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuESgYNYPl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar,_Ramesh_Chandra1974" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmagAAAAMAAJ">The Mughul Empire</a>. B.V. Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughul+Empire&rft.pub=B.V.+Bhavan&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Majumdar%2C+Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmagAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1981" class="citation cs2">Richards, J.F. (April 1981), "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23 (2): 285–308, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500013311">10.1017/s0010417500013311</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178737">178737</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154809724">154809724</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Mughal+State+Finance+and+the+Premodern+World+Economy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-308&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154809724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500013311&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2001" class="citation cs2">Robb, P. (2001), A History of India, London: Palgrave, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69129-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69129-8"><bdi>978-0-333-69129-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=London%3A+Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-333-69129-8&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal. The Mughul Empire, 1526–1803 (1952) online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, B.</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC">A History of India</a> (1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20546-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20546-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20546-3&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXdVS0SzQSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_2">Culture</h3></div> <ul><li>Berinstain, V. Mughal India: Splendour of the Peacock Throne (London, 1998).</li> <li>Busch, Allison. Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Poetry-Kings-Classical-Literature-Research/dp/0199765928/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1339157925&sr=1-2">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529164539/http://www.amazon.com/Poetry-Kings-Classical-Literature-Research/dp/0199765928/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1339157925&sr=1-2">Archived</a> 29 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParodi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Parodi, Laura E. (2021). "Kabul, a Forgotten Mughal Capital: Gardens, City, and Court at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century". Muqarnas Online. 38 (1): 113–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993-00381P05">10.1163/22118993-00381P05</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245040517">245040517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas+Online&rft.atitle=Kabul%2C+a+Forgotten+Mughal+Capital%3A+Gardens%2C+City%2C+and+Court+at+the+Turn+of+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-153&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22118993-00381P05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245040517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Parodi&rft.aufirst=Laura+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_PrestonMichael_Preston2007" class="citation book cs1">Diana Preston; Michael Preston (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tajmahalpassiong00pres">Taj Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire</a>. Walker & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1673-6"><bdi>978-0-8027-1673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taj+Mahal%3A+Passion+and+Genius+at+the+Heart+of+the+Moghul+Empire&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1673-6&rft.au=Diana+Preston&rft.au=Michael+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftajmahalpassiong00pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a>. The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture (Reaktion 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch,_S.C.1987" class="citation book cs1">Welch, S.C.; et al. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401">The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India</a>. New York: The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-499-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-499-9"><bdi>978-0-87099-499-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927100257/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperors%27+album%3A+images+of+Mughal+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-499-9&rft.au=Welch%2C+S.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F114935%2Frec%2F401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_and_economy">Society and economy</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1978" class="citation cs2">Chaudhuri, K.N. (1978), "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India", Modern Asian Studies, 12 (1): 77–96, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x00008155">10.1017/s0026749x00008155</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311823">311823</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146558617">146558617</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Reflections+on+the+Town+and+Country+in+Mughal+India&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-96&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146558617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311823%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x00008155&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=K.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982).</li> <li>Habib, Irfan. Agrarian System of Mughal India (1963, revised edition 1999).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._Sharman2019" class="citation book cs1">J. C. Sharman (2019). Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691182797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691182797"><bdi>978-0691182797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Weak%3A+The+Real+Story+of+European+Expansion+and+the+Creation+of+the+New+World+Order&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0691182797&rft.au=J.+C.+Sharman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeesterman2004" class="citation cs2">Heesterman, J.C. (2004), "The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 47 (3): 292–297, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568520041974729">10.1163/1568520041974729</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165051">25165051</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=The+Social+Dynamics+of+the+Mughal+Empire%3A+A+Brief+Introduction&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=292-297&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568520041974729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25165051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Heesterman&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1976" class="citation cs2">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1976), "The Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire", Social Scientist, 5 (1): 28–49, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3516601">10.2307/3516601</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516601">3516601</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Classes+in+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-49&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3516601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3516601%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasanori_Sato_(佐藤正哲)Nariaki_Nakazato_(中里成章)Tsukasa_Mizushima_(水島司)1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Masanori Sato (佐藤正哲); Nariaki Nakazato (中里成章); Tsukasa Mizushima (水島司) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kinokuniya.co.jp/f/dsg-01-9784122051263">ムガル帝国から英領インドへ</a> [From the Mughal Empire to British India]. 世界の歴史14 (in Japanese). 中央公論社.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E8%8B%B1%E9%A0%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%B8&rft.series=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B214&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%AC%E8%AB%96%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Masanori+Sato+%28%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A4%E6%AD%A3%E5%93%B2%29&rft.au=Nariaki+Nakazato+%28%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%A0%29&rft.au=Tsukasa+Mizushima+%28%E6%B0%B4%E5%B3%B6%E5%8F%B8%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinokuniya.co.jp%2Ff%2Fdsg-01-9784122051263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>second publishment <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">ムガル帝国から英領インドへ [From the Mughal Empire to British India]. Chuokoron-Shinsha World History 14. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E8%8B%B1%E9%A0%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%B8&rft.series=Chuokoron-Shinsha+World+History+14&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Rothermund, Dietmar. An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991 (1993)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Igorevich_Krassov2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Krassov" title="Oleg Krassov">Oleg Igorevich Krassov</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSaJEAAAQBAJ">Land Law in Asian Countries</a> (ebook). Norma. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785001562566" title="Special:BookSources/9785001562566"><bdi>9785001562566</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Law+in+Asian+Countries&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Norma&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9785001562566&rft.au=Oleg+Igorevich+Krassov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSaJEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernier1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">Bernier, Francois</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft#page/ii/mode/2up">Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656–1668</a>. Archibald Constable, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+the+Mogul+Empire%2C+A.D.+1656%E2%80%931668&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable%2C+London&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Bernier&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftravelsinmogulem00bernuoft%23page%2Fii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hiro, Dilip, ed, Journal of Emperor Babur (Penguin Classics 2007) <ul><li>The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor ed. by W.M. Thackston Jr. (2002); this was the first autobiography in Islamic literature</li></ul></li> <li>Jackson, A.V. et al., eds. History of India (1907) v. 9. Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers, classic, oriental, and occidental, by A.V.W. Jackson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindia09jackiala">online edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouher1832" class="citation book cs1">Jouher (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">The Tezkereh al vakiat or Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun Written in the Persian language by Jouher A confidential domestic of His Majesty</a>. Translated by Major Charles Stewart. John Murray, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tezkereh+al+vakiat+or+Private+Memoirs+of+the+Moghul+Emperor+Humayun+Written+in+the+Persian+language+by+Jouher+A+confidential+domestic+of+His+Majesty&rft.pub=John+Murray%2C+London&rft.date=1832&rft.au=Jouher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_histories">Older histories</h3></div> <ul><li>Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John. <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians._The_Muhammadan_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period</a>; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy at <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a> – Other Persian Texts in Translation; historical books: Author List and Title List)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1893" class="citation book cs1">Adams, W.H. Davenport (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/warriorsofcresce00adamuoft#page/n9/mode/2up">Warriors of the Crescent</a>. London: Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+the+Crescent&rft.pub=London%3A+Hutchinson&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=W.H.+Davenport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fwarriorsofcresce00adamuoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Singleton_Holden" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Singleton Holden">Holden, Edward Singleton</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mogulemperorsofh00hold#page/n9/mode/2up">The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398–A.D. 1707</a>. New York : C. Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mogul+emperors+of+Hindustan%2C+A.D.+1398%E2%80%93A.D.+1707&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Edward+Singleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmogulemperorsofh00hold%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleson1896" class="citation book cs1">Malleson, G.B. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/akbarriseofmugha00mallrich#page/n5/mode/2up">Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire</a>. Oxford : Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akbar+and+the+rise+of+the+Mughal+empire&rft.pub=Oxford+%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Malleson&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fakbarriseofmugha00mallrich%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuccitr._from_French_by_François_Catrou1826" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niccolao_Manucci" title="Niccolao Manucci">Manucci, Niccolao</a>; tr. from French by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Catrou" title="François Catrou">François Catrou</a> (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofmoguldy00manurich#page/n5/mode/2up">History of the Mogul dynasty in India, 1399–1657</a>. London : J.M. Richardson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mogul+dynasty+in+India%2C+1399%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=London+%3A+J.M.+Richardson&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Manucci&rft.aufirst=Niccolao&rft.au=tr.+from+French+by+Fran%C3%A7ois+Catrou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofmoguldy00manurich%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lane-Poole" title="Stanley Lane-Poole">Lane-Poole, Stanley</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofindia04jackuoft#page/n9/mode/2up">History of India: From Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of Moghul Empire (Vol. 4)</a>. London, Grolier society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India%3A+From+Reign+of+Akbar+the+Great+to+the+Fall+of+Moghul+Empire+%28Vol.+4%29&rft.pub=London%2C+Grolier+society&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofindia04jackuoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuccitr._by_William_Irvine1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niccolao_Manucci" title="Niccolao Manucci">Manucci, Niccolao</a>; tr. by <a href="/wiki/William_Irvine_(historian)" title="William Irvine (historian)">William Irvine</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm01manuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 1</a>. London, J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+do+Mogor%3B+or%2C+Mogul+India+1653%E2%80%931708%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=London%2C+J.+Murray&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Manucci&rft.aufirst=Niccolao&rft.au=tr.+by+William+Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstoriadomogororm01manuuoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuccitr._by_William_Irvine1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niccolao_Manucci" title="Niccolao Manucci">Manucci, Niccolao</a>; tr. by William Irvine (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm02manuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 2</a>. London, J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+do+Mogor%3B+or%2C+Mogul+India+1653%E2%80%931708%2C+Vol.+2&rft.pub=London%2C+J.+Murray&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Manucci&rft.aufirst=Niccolao&rft.au=tr.+by+William+Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstoriadomogororm02manuuoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuccitr._by_William_Irvine1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niccolao_Manucci" title="Niccolao Manucci">Manucci, Niccolao</a>; tr. by William Irvine (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm03manuuoft#page/n9/mode/2up">Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 3</a>. London, J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+do+Mogor%3B+or%2C+Mogul+India+1653%E2%80%931708%2C+Vol.+3&rft.pub=London%2C+J.+Murray&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Manucci&rft.aufirst=Niccolao&rft.au=tr.+by+William+Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstoriadomogororm03manuuoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1912" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Sidney J (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fallofmogulempir00owenuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">The Fall of the Mogul Empire</a>. London, J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Mogul+Empire&rft.pub=London%2C+J.+Murray&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Sidney+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffallofmogulempir00owenuoft%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mughal Empire at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mughal_Empire" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mughal Empire">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mughal_Empire" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mughal Empire">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" class="extiw" title="q:Mughal Empire">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mughal_Empire" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mughal Empire">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mughal_Empire" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mughal Empire">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mughal_Empire" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mughal Empire">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" class="extiw" title="voy:Mughal Empire">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33296" class="extiw" title="d:Q33296">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mughalindia.co.uk/index.html">Mughal India</a> an interactive experience from the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y27h">The Mughal Empire</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Stronge & Chandrika Kaul (In Our Time, 26 February 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05wq1fh">Sunil Khilnani's "Akbar"</a>, From BBC Radio 4's Incarnations: India in 50 Lives.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30x27px&#124;link=Flags_of_the_Mughal_EmpireMughal_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mughal_Empire" title="Template:Mughal Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mughal_Empire" title="Template talk:Mughal Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mughal_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mughal Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30x27px&#124;link=Flags_of_the_Mughal_EmpireMughal_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Flags of the Mughal Empire"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/30px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/60px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="905" /></a><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)" title="Siege of Daulatabad (1633)">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–06)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque" title="Chawk Mosque">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (interrupted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agra_district_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agra_district" title="Template:Agra district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agra_district" title="Template talk:Agra district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agra_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agra district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agra_district_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agra_district" title="Agra district">Agra district</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mughal empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achhnera" title="Achhnera">Achhnera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizpur" title="Azizpur">Azizpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah" title="Bah">Bah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barhan_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Barhan village">Barhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayalbagh" title="Dayalbagh">Dayalbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanauli" title="Dhanauli">Dhanauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etmadpur" title="Etmadpur">Etmadpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehabad,_Agra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatehabad, Agra">Fatehabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagner" title="Jagner">Jagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheragarh" title="Kheragarh">Kheragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraoli" title="Kiraoli">Kiraoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainana_Jat" title="Nainana Jat">Nainana Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinahat" title="Pinahat">Pinahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsabad,_Agra" title="Shamsabad, Agra">Shamsabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamibagh" title="Swamibagh">Swamibagh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamrauli,_Barauli_Ahir" title="Chamrauli, Barauli Ahir">Chamrauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barara,_Agra" title="Barara, Agra">Barara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barauli_Ahir" title="Barauli Ahir">Barauli Ahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barhan,_Agra" title="Barhan, Agra">Barhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateshwar,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh">Bateshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beesalpur" title="Beesalpur">Beesalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bichpuri" title="Bichpuri">Bichpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhai_Pokhar" title="Chhai Pokhar">Chhai Pokhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daultabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Daultabad">Daultabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimsiri" title="Dhimsiri">Dhimsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digrauta" title="Digrauta">Digrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doora,_Agra" title="Doora, Agra">Doora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhi_Udairaj" title="Garhi Udairaj">Garhi Udairaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holipura" title="Holipura">Holipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarar" title="Jarar">Jarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagarol" title="Kagarol">Kagarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karahara" title="Karahara">Karahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanwa" title="Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoli" title="Meoli">Meoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhakur" title="Midhakur">Midhakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purabirbal" title="Purabirbal">Purabirbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhmuli" title="Rudhmuli">Rudhmuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara,_Agra" title="Sahara, Agra">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiyan,_Agra" title="Saiyan, Agra">Saivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakatpur" title="Sakatpur">Sakatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarokhipura" title="Sarokhipura">Sarokhipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrakpur" title="Tarrakpur">Tarrakpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buland_Darwaza" title="Buland Darwaza">Buland Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33296#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33296#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33296#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" 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[\"CITEREFBayly1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBegum1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerndl2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernier1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloomBlair2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlunt1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoseJalal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadberryGupta2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton-PageIslamAthar_AliMoosvi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanfield2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_T._Evans\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhuri1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhuri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_McEvedyRichard_Jones1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumbia_University_Press2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConermann2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCoplandMabbettRoyBrittlebank2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple,_William2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiana_PrestonMichael_Preston2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEraly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaruqi2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFaruqui2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaruqui2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaruqui2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFatma2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontana2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhulam_Yazdani1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2017\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGladden2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabibKumarRaychaudhuri1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbans_Mukhia2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeesterman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolden1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuskinDick_van_der_Meij2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.J.L._Gommans2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._C._Sharman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahangir,_Emperor_of_Hindustan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_G._Williamson,_David_Clingingsmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Walbridge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorge_Flores2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouher1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJózsef_Böröcz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaushik_RoyPeter_Lorge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeshavlal_H._Kamdar1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalfaoui\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirsten_McKenzieRobert_Aldrich2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruijtzer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane-Poole1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddison1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddison2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar,_Ramesh_Chandra1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalanima2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalleson1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManuccitr._by_William_Irvine1907\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFManuccitr._from_French_by_François_Catrou1826\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasanori_Sato_(佐藤正哲)Nariaki_Nakazato_(中里成章)Tsukasa_Mizushima_(水島司)1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMohammada2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoosvi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoosvi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoosvi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosca2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMughalistanSipahi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad-Hadi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Yasin1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanda2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasir_Raza_Khan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitish_K2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleg_Igorevich_Krassov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagadi1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagazaArgyriades2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParodi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParthasarathi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartington1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParvezFārūqī2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPius_Malekandathil2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathod1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRein_Taagepera1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobAsaduzzaman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss_MarlayClark_D._Neher1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._R._Sharma_·2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalma_Ahmed_Farooqui2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamrin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSardar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeyller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghal1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinopoli1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreusand2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreusand2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumit2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwati_ShiwalDolamani_Sahu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruschke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanina2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVergheseFoa2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerma1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch,_S.C.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Dalrymple2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahir_ud-Din_Mohammad2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Agra district\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 24,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 110,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"EI3\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:100000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:115000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:130000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:158400000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:160000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:425000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:579000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:679000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Mughal Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 3,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 52,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 2,\n [\"Uninastaliq\"] = 43,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","15.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","14.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","6.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.8"],["(for generator)","40","2.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:706\u003E","40","2.4"],["[others]","420","25.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-7grmb","timestamp":"20241130014422","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mughal_Empire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33296","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33296","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T22:42:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-29T19:24:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/5\/51\/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg","headline":"A great Turkic descent empire ruling India 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