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</li> <li id="toc-Kollam_as_"Colombo"_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kollam_as_"Colombo"_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kollam as "Colombo" in the Catalan Atlas (1375)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kollam_as_"Colombo"_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kozhikode Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode_Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese,_Dutch_and_British_Trade_and_Influences_(16th_to_18th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese,_Dutch_and_British_Trade_and_Influences_(16th_to_18th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Portuguese, Dutch and British Trade and Influences (16th to 18th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese,_Dutch_and_British_Trade_and_Influences_(16th_to_18th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Quilon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Quilon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Battle of Quilon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Quilon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travancore_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travancore_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Travancore Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travancore_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_at_Kollam_Port_seabed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_at_Kollam_Port_seabed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Excavation at Kollam Port seabed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_at_Kollam_Port_seabed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Civic administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civic_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civic administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civic_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Urban structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Tourist places</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourist_places-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourist places subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourist_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kollam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="كولام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کولام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE" title="কোল্লম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোল্লম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam_(si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Kollam (siâⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kollam (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="कोल्लम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोल्लम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C2%B7lam" title="Kol·lam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kol·lam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam_(kapital_sa_distrito)" title="Kollam (kapital sa distrito) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kollam (kapital sa distrito)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolamo" title="Kolamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کولام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کولام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilon" title="Quilon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quilon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AE" title="કોલ્લમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોલ્લમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%9E%8C" title="콜람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="कोल्लम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोल्लम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="কোল্লাম – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কোল্লাম" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82" title="ಕೊಲ್ಲಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಲ್ಲಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კოლამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolamas" title="Kolamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="कोल्लम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कोल्लम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="കൊല്ലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊല്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="कोल्लम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोल्लम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مدينه كولام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه كولام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam_(stad)" title="Kollam (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kollam (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="कोल्लम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोल्लम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="कोल्लम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोल्लम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="コッラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コッラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AE" title="କୋଲ୍ଲମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋଲ୍ଲମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کولام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coul%C3%A3o" title="Coulão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coulão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Коллам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коллам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कोल्लम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कोल्लम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱠᱚᱞᱞᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱞᱞᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Колам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கொல்லம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொல்லம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82" title="కొల్లాం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొల్లాం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Коллам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коллам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85" title="کولم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kollam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%85%E8%87%A8" title="故臨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="故臨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E9%9A%86" title="奎隆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奎隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q321475#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8_53_35.5_N_76_36_50.8_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°53′35.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°36′50.8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.893194°N 76.614111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.893194; 76.614111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Kerala, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> in India. For the district, see <a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam district</a>. For the eponymous port, see <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kollam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kollam (disambiguation)">Kollam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Quilon" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Quilon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quilon (disambiguation)">Quilon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px 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.ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kollam" title="Special:EditPage/Kollam">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kollam" title="Talk:Kollam">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Fanpov plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-fanpov" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fancruft" title="Wikipedia:Fancruft">fan's point of view</a>, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">clean it up</a> to conform to a <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_style_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia style guidelines">higher standard</a> of quality, and to make it neutral in tone.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in South India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kollam</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Quilon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollam_Collage.png" class="mw-file-description" title="From top clockwise:An aerial view of the Ashtamudi Lake & The Raviz, Thangasseri Lighthouse, Ruins of St Thomas Fort, Kollam KSRTC bus station & KSWTD Boat Jetty, British Residency, Downtown Kollam area including RP Mall, Tourists in Munroe Island, Adventure Park, Kollam Junction railway station, Break Water Tourism & Kollam Port, Kollam Beach and Chinnakada Clock Tower"><img alt="From top clockwise:An aerial view of the Ashtamudi Lake & The Raviz, Thangasseri Lighthouse, Ruins of St Thomas Fort, Kollam KSRTC bus station & KSWTD Boat Jetty, British Residency, Downtown Kollam area including RP Mall, Tourists in Munroe Island, Adventure Park, Kollam Junction railway station, Break Water Tourism & Kollam Port, Kollam Beach and Chinnakada Clock Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kollam_Collage.png/255px-Kollam_Collage.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="765" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kollam_Collage.png/383px-Kollam_Collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kollam_Collage.png/510px-Kollam_Collage.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top clockwise:An aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a> & <a href="/wiki/The_Raviz" title="The Raviz">The Raviz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thangasseri_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangasseri Lighthouse">Thangasseri Lighthouse</a>, Ruins of <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort" title="St Thomas Fort">St Thomas Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_KSRTC_bus_station" title="Kollam KSRTC bus station">Kollam KSRTC bus station</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kollam_KSWTD_Ferry_Terminal" title="Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal">KSWTD Boat Jetty</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">British Residency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Kollam" title="Downtown Kollam">Downtown Kollam</a> area including <a href="/wiki/RP_Mall,_Kollam" title="RP Mall, Kollam">RP Mall</a>, Tourists in <a href="/wiki/Munroe_Island" title="Munroe Island">Munroe Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Park,_Kollam" title="Adventure Park, Kollam">Adventure Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Junction_railway_station" title="Kollam Junction railway station">Kollam Junction railway station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thangassery_Breakwater_Tourism_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park">Break Water Tourism</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Beach" title="Kollam Beach">Kollam Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinnakada_Clock_Tower" title="Chinnakada Clock Tower">Chinnakada Clock Tower</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a>: <i>kola</i> ("black pepper")</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Prince of Arabian sea"<br />"Cashew Capital of the World"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> "The Gateway to Backwaters" <br /> "<a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the city within Kollam Metropolitan Area"><img alt="Location of the city within Kollam Metropolitan Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg/250px-Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg/375px-Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg/500px-Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="474" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of the city within <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Metropolitan Area">Kollam Metropolitan Area</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kollam is located in India"><img alt="Kollam is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/250px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/375px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/500px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.021%;left:30.044%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kollam"><img alt="Kollam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kollam</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kollam (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Kerala_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kollam is located in Kerala"><img alt="Kollam is located in Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/250px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/375px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/500px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.136%;left:60.403%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kollam"><img alt="Kollam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kollam</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kollam (Kerala)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kerala</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8_53_35.5_N_76_36_50.8_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°53′35.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°36′50.8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.893194°N 76.614111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.893194; 76.614111</span></span></span></a></span></span><a class="external autonumber" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8_53_35.5_N_76_36_50.8_E_type:city(1342509)_region:IN-KL">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kollam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam District">Kollam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former Name</th><td class="infobox-data">Quilon, Desinganadu, Venad, Columbum, Kaulam (see <a href="/wiki/Names_for_Kollam" class="mw-redirect" title="Names for Kollam">Names for Kollam</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1099</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama_Varma_Kulashekhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama Varma Kulashekhara">Rama Varma Kulashekhara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Boroughs</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><u>7 Zones</u>: </b><br />Central Zone-1, Central Zone-2, <a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadakkevila" title="Vadakkevila">Vadakkevila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakthikulangara" title="Sakthikulangara">Sakthikulangara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilikolloor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilikolloor">Kilikolloor</a>, Thrikadavoor</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor#India" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Prasanna Earnest (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)"><i>CPI(M)</i></a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">MP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N.K._Premachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="N.K. Premachandran">N.K Premachandran</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mukesh_(actor)" title="Mukesh (actor)">M. Mukesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/District_Collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District Collector">District Collector</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Devidas N IAS</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Kollam_City_Police" title="Kollam City Police">City Police Commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vivek Kumar IPS</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">73.03 km<sup>2</sup> (28.20 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">38.32 m (125.72 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">397,419</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala cities by population">5</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of million-plus agglomerations in India">41th IN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,400/km<sup>2</sup> (14,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,871,086</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kollamite, Kollathukaaran/kaari, Kollamkaran/kaari</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Languages</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">691 XXX</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data">+91474xxxxxxx</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kollam- <a href="/wiki/List_of_RTO_districts_in_India#KL—Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RTO districts in India">KL</a> 02, <a href="/wiki/Karunagapally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagapally">Karunagapally</a>- KL 23, <a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a>- KL 24, <a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a>- KL 25, <a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a>- KL 61, <a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a>- KL 80, <a href="/wiki/Chadayamangalam" title="Chadayamangalam">Chadayamangalam</a>- KL 82</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="color:#090">High</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Literacy</th><td class="infobox-data">91.18%<sup id="cite_ref-Cities1Lakhandabove_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cities1Lakhandabove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN/LOCODE" title="UN/LOCODE">UN/LOCODE</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>IN QUI<br />IN KUK</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kollam.nic.in">www<wbr />.kollam<wbr />.nic<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kollam</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Malayalam:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ml-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[kolːɐm]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8e\/Kollam-pronunciation.ogg\/Kollam-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Kollam-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Kollam-pronunciation.ogg/Kollam-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollam-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Kollam-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; also known by its <a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_Indian_cities_and_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renamed Indian cities and states">former name</a> <b>Quilon</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), is an ancient seaport and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kerala" title="List of cities and towns in Kerala">fourth largest city</a> in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Located on the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, the city is on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a> and is 71 kilometers (44 mi) northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollam is one of I<a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Indian_cities" title="List of ancient Indian cities">ndia's oldest continuously inhabited cities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with evidence of habitation stretching back to the megalithic; the city has also been a maritime <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> millennia, the earliest attestation of which dates back to the Phoenicians and Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the southern gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Backwaters of Kerala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is known for its cashew processing, <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a> manufacturing, and tourism industries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kollam has a strong commercial reputation since ancient times. The Arabs, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, Chinese, Ethiopians, Syrians, Jews, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> and Romans have all engaged in trade at the port of Kollam for millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Chinese trade, Kollam was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four-year travels.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.mathrubhumi.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.mathrubhumi.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desinganadu's rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam. In the ninth century, on his way to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, China, Persian merchant <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a> found Kollam to be the only port in India visited by huge Chinese junks. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, the Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a> is also home to one of the <a href="/wiki/Ezharappallikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezharappallikal">seven churches</a> that were established by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St Thomas</a> as well as one of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kerala" title="Islam in Kerala">10 oldest mosques</a> believed to be found by <a href="/wiki/Malik_Deenar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Deenar">Malik Deenar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quilon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon">Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon</a> is the first diocese in India.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/V._Nagam_Aiya" title="V. Nagam Aiya">V. Nagam Aiya</a> in his <i>Travancore State Manual</i> records that in 822 AD two <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a> bishops <a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a>, settled in Quilon with their followers. Two years later the Malabar Era began (824 AD) and Quilon became the premier city of the Malabar region ahead of Travancore and <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiyya,_V.V_Nagom_p._244_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiyya,_V.V_Nagom_p._244-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a> was founded by Mar Sabor at <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a> in 825 as an alternative to reopening the inland seaport of Kore-ke-ni Kollam near Backare (Thevalakara), which was also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiyya,_V.V_Nagom_p._244_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiyya,_V.V_Nagom_p._244-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thambiran_Vanakkam" title="Thambiran Vanakkam">Thambiran Vanakkam</a> printed in 20 October 1578 at Kollam was the first book to be published in an Indian language.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kollam city corporation received <a href="/wiki/ISO_9000#Contents_of_ISO_9001:2015" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">ISO 9001:2015</a> certification for municipal administration and services.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)</a> based on urban area growth during January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Metropolitan Area">Kollam</a> became the tenth fastest growing city in the world with a 31.1% urban growth between 2015 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a coastal city and on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake. The city hosts the administrative offices of <a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam district</a> and is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the 500 most populous cities in India.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollam is one of the least polluted cities in India.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the later stages of the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the focal point of trade and politics. Kollam continues to be a major business and commercial centre in Kerala. Four major trading centers around Kollam are <a href="/wiki/Kottarakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottarakara">Kottarakara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karunagapally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagapally">Karunagapally</a>. Kollam appeared as <b>Palombe</b> in <a href="/wiki/John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mandeville">Mandeville</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Travels_of_Sir_John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Travels of Sir John Mandeville">Travels</a></i>, where he claimed it contained a <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_for_Kollam" class="mw-redirect" title="Names for Kollam">Names for Kollam</a></div> <p>In 825 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a>, or <i>Kollavarsham</i>, was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present Malayalam calendar is said to have begun with the re-founding of the town, which was rebuilt after its destruction by fire. </p><p>The city was known as <i>Koolam</i> in Arabic,<sup id="cite_ref-Koolam_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koolam-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Coulão</i> in Portuguese, and <i>Desinganadu</i> in ancient Tamil literature.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kollam" title="History of Kollam">History of Kollam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/220px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/330px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/440px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Names, routes and locations of the <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> (1st century CE)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the ancient city of Quilon, Kollam was a flourishing port during the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya dynasty</a> (c. 3rd century BC–12th century), and later became the capital of the independent <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> or the Kingdom of Quilon on its foundation in c. 825. Kollam was considered one of the four early <a href="/wiki/Entrepot" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepot">entrepots</a> in global sea trade during the 13th century, along with Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, the Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in the Malaysian archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-Tignor_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tignor-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems that trade at Kollam seems to have flourished right into the Medieval period as in 1280, there is instance of envoys of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> China coming to Kollam for establishing relations between the local ruler and China.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandya_rule">Pandya rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pandya rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient political and cultural history of Kollam was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a> governed the area of Malabar Coast between <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> in the north. This included <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kolli_Hills" title="Kolli Hills">Kolli Hills</a>. The region around <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> was ruled by the Cheras during <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha) was under <a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay dynasty</a>, who was more related to the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> than Cheras.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with (<a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>), Quilon was an ancient seaport on the Malabar Coast of India from the early centuries before the Christian era. Kollam served as a major port city for <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya dynasty</a> on the western coast while <a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam">Kulasekharapatnam</a> served Pandyas on the eastern coast. The city had a high commercial reputation from the days of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Romans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79 AD) mentions <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> ships anchored at Muziris and <a href="/wiki/Nelcynda" title="Nelcynda">Nelcynda</a>. There was also a land route over the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>. Spices, pearls, diamonds, and silk were exported to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and Rome from these ports. Pearls and diamonds came to the Chera Kingdom from <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and the southeastern coast of India, then known as the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Kingdom">Pandyan Kingdom</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>, a Greek <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christian">Nestorian</a> sailor,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his book the Christian Topography<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who visited the Malabar Coast in 550, mentions an enclave of Christian believers in <i>Male</i> (Malabar Coast). He writes, "In the island of Tabropane (Ceylon), there is a church of Christians, and clerics and faithful. Likewise at Male, where the pepper grows, and in the farming community of Kalliana (Kalliankal at Nillackal) there is also a bishop consecrated in Persia in accordance with the Nicea Sunnahadose of 325 AD."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorian</a> Patriarch Jesujabus, who died in 660 AD, mentions Kollam in his letter to Simon, Metropolitan of Persia. </p><p>Kollam is also home to one of the oldest mosques in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Cheraman Perumals">Legend of Cheraman Perumals</a>, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>, who left from <a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a> to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonKresse2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonKresse2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kupferschmidt1987_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupferschmidt1987-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raṇṭattāṇi2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raṇṭattāṇi2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Qissat_Shakarwati_Farmad" title="Qissat Shakarwati Farmad">Qissat Shakarwati Farmad</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque"><i>Masjids</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>, Kollam, <a href="/wiki/Madayi" title="Madayi">Madayi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmadam">Dharmadam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Panthalayini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>, were built during the era of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Dinar" title="Malik Dinar">Malik Dinar</a>, and they are among the oldest <i>Masjid</i>s in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that Malik Dinar died at <a href="/wiki/Thalangara" title="Thalangara">Thalangara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> town.<sup id="cite_ref-ch_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_of_Venad_(9th_to_12th_centuries)"><span id="Capital_of_Venad_.289th_to_12th_centuries.29"></span>Capital of Venad (9th to 12th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capital of Venad (9th to 12th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/300px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/450px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/600px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>India in 1320 CE. The Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram-<a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> area in the southernmost tip of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which was the main seat of Ay dynasty and later Venad dynasty, was under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The port at Kollam, then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by the Nestorian Christians <a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a> with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent Venad or the State of Quilon, a feudatory under the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Travancore_Manual_page_244_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travancore_Manual_page_244-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that Mar Sapor Iso also proposed that the Chera king create a new seaport near Kollam in lieu of his request that he rebuild the almost vanished inland seaport at Kollam (kore-ke-ni) near Backare (Thevalakara), also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils, which had been without trade for several centuries because the Cheras were overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> in the sixth century, ending the spice trade from the Malabar coast. This allowed the Nestorians to stay in the Chera kingdom for several decades and introduce the Christian faith among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and Nair sub-castes in the St. Thomas tradition, with the Syrian liturgy as a basis for the Doctrine of the Trinity, without replacing the Sanskrit and Vedic prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tharisapalli_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharisapalli plates">Tharisapalli plates</a> presented to Maruvan Sapor Iso by Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal granted the Christians the privilege of overseeing foreign trade in the city as well as control over its weights and measures in a move designed to increase Quilon's trade and wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two Christians were also instrumental in founding Christian churches with Syrian liturgy along the Malabar coast, distinct from the ancient Vedic Advaitam propounded by Adi Shankara in the early ninth century among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> Sub Castes, as Malayalam was not accepted as a liturgical language until the early 18th century. </p><p>Thus began the Malayalam Era, known as Kolla Varsham after the city, indicating the importance of Kollam in the ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian merchant Soleyman of Siraf visited Malabar in the ninth century and found Quilon to be the only port in India used by the huge Chinese ships as their transshipment hub for goods on their way from China to the Persian Gulf. The rulers of Kollam (formerly called 'Desinganadu') had trade relations with China and exchanged embassies. According to the records of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–913),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quilon was their chief port of call before the seventh century. The Chinese trade decreased about 600 and was again revived in the 13th century. <i>Mirabilia Descripta</i> by Bishop Catalani gives a description of life in Kollam, which he saw as the Catholic bishop-designate to Kollam, the oldest Catholic diocese in India. He also gives<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> true and imaginary descriptions of life in 'India the Major' in the period before <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> visited the city. Sulaiman al-Tajir, a Persian merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sthanu_Ravi_Varma" title="Sthanu Ravi Varma">Sthanu Ravi Varma</a> (9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and China at that time, based at the port of Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kollam_as_"Colombo"_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375)"><span id="Kollam_as_.22Colombo.22_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_.281375.29"></span>Kollam as "Colombo" in the Catalan Atlas (1375)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kollam as "Colombo" in the Catalan Atlas (1375)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Delhi_(top)_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_(bottom)_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg/220px-Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg/330px-Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg/440px-Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5860" data-file-height="6720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultan of Delhi</a> (top, flag: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/15px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/23px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/30px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span>) and the "King of Colombo" (Kollam) at the bottom (flag: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo,_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png/15px-Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png/30px-Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="1722" /></a></span>, identified as Christian due to the early <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christianity</a> there, and the Catholic mission under <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Catala" title="Jordan Catala">Jordanus</a> since 1329)<sup id="cite_ref-VL4_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VL4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> of 1375.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the location names are accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caption next to the southern king reads: <i>Here rules the king of Colombo, a Christian.</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Maravarman_Kulasekara_Pandyan_I" title="Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I">Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a> ruler fought a war in Venad and captured the city of Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city appears on the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> of 1375 CE as Columbo and Colobo. The map marks this city as a Christian city, ruled by a Christian ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-VL4_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VL4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text above the picture of the king says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Açí seny[o]reja lo rey Colobo, christià. Pruvíncia de Columbo</i><br />(Here reigns the Lord King Colobo, Christian, Province of Columbo).<sup id="cite_ref-VL4_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VL4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The city was much frequented by the Genoese merchants during the 13th-14th centuries CE, followed by the Dominican and Franciscan friars from Europe. The Genoese merchants called the city Colõbo/Colombo. </p><p>The city was founded in 825 by Maruvān Sapir Iso, a Persian <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Syriac Christian">East Syriac Christian</a> merchant, and was also Christianized early by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>. In 1329 CE <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> established Kollam / Columbo as the first and only Roman Catholic bishopric on the Indian subcontinent, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Catala" title="Jordan Catala">Jordan of Catalonia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar, as the diocese's first bishop of the Latin sect.<sup id="cite_ref-VL4_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VL4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope's Latin scribes assigned the name "Columbum" to Columbo. </p><p>According to a book authored by Ilarius Augustus, published April, 2021 ('<i>Christopher Columbus: Buried deep in Latin the Indian origin of the great explorer from Genoa</i>'), the words Columbum, Columbus and Columbo appear for the first time in a notarial deed (lease contract) of a certain Mousso in Genoa in 1329 CE. These words appear in the form of a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toponym" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:toponym">toponym</a>. The author then shows, through the Latin text of several other notarial deeds and the documents on church history, how <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> - also carrying the same <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toponym" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:toponym">toponym</a>.- was part of Mousso's family, and hence of the <a href="/wiki/Origin_theories_of_Christopher_Columbus#Genoese_birth_-_Indian_lineage_hypothesis" title="Origin theories of Christopher Columbus">Indian lineage</a> (although born in Genoa). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode_Influences">Kozhikode Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kozhikode Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The port at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, Kollam, and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<sup id="cite_ref-Malekandathil_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese,_Dutch_and_British_Trade_and_Influences_(16th_to_18th_centuries)"><span id="Portuguese.2C_Dutch_and_British_Trade_and_Influences_.2816th_to_18th_centuries.29"></span>Portuguese, Dutch and British Trade and Influences (16th to 18th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Portuguese, Dutch and British Trade and Influences (16th to 18th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/220px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/330px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/440px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Thambiran_Vanakkam" title="Thambiran Vanakkam">Thambiran Vanakkam</a></i> was printed at Kollam, the capital of Venad in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Malabar_Tamul" title="Lingua Malabar Tamul">Lingua Malabar Tamul</a></i>, which was spoken in Southern Kerala (Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram area) during the medieval period.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_(ap%C3%B3s_1545)_-_Autor_desconhecido-cortado.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido-cortado.png/220px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido-cortado.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido-cortado.png/330px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido-cortado.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido-cortado.png/440px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido-cortado.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> established <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese rule</a> in Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Coulão</i>), which lasted from 1502 until 1661.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese arrived at <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> in 1498 during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in Tangasseri, Kollam in 1502, which became the centre of their trade in pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wars with the Moors/Arabs that followed, the ancient church (temple) of St Thomas Tradition at Thevalakara was destroyed. In 1517, the Portuguese built the St. Thomas Fort in Thangasseri, which was destroyed in the subsequent wars with the Dutch. In 1661, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> took possession of the city. The remnants of the old Portuguese Fort, later renovated by the Dutch, can be found at Thangasseri. In the 18th century, Travancore conquered Kollam, followed by the British in 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thangasseri remains today as an Anglo-Indian settlement, though few Anglo-Indians remain. The Infant Jesus Church in Thangasseri, an old Portuguese-built church,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilon_1505_verbessert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kollam in the 1500s"><img alt="Kollam in the 1500s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Quilon_1505_verbessert.jpg/120px-Quilon_1505_verbessert.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Quilon_1505_verbessert.jpg/180px-Quilon_1505_verbessert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Quilon_1505_verbessert.jpg/240px-Quilon_1505_verbessert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kollam in the 1500s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilon_1670_verbessert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Kollam in 1661"><img alt="Capture of Kollam in 1661" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Quilon_1670_verbessert.jpg/120px-Quilon_1670_verbessert.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Quilon_1670_verbessert.jpg/180px-Quilon_1670_verbessert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Quilon_1670_verbessert.jpg/240px-Quilon_1670_verbessert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Kollam in 1661</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_Coylang_Wellcome_L0038178.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kollam in the 1700s"><img alt="Kollam in the 1700s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_view_of_Coylang_Wellcome_L0038178.jpg/120px-A_view_of_Coylang_Wellcome_L0038178.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_view_of_Coylang_Wellcome_L0038178.jpg/180px-A_view_of_Coylang_Wellcome_L0038178.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_view_of_Coylang_Wellcome_L0038178.jpg/240px-A_view_of_Coylang_Wellcome_L0038178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4074" data-file-height="3348" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kollam in the 1700s</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Quilon">Battle of Quilon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Quilon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1756_Bellin_Map_of_Kollam_Fort,_Kerala,_India_-_Geographicus_-_Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1756_Bellin_Map_of_Kollam_Fort%2C_Kerala%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg/220px-1756_Bellin_Map_of_Kollam_Fort%2C_Kerala%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1756_Bellin_Map_of_Kollam_Fort%2C_Kerala%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg/330px-1756_Bellin_Map_of_Kollam_Fort%2C_Kerala%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1756_Bellin_Map_of_Kollam_Fort%2C_Kerala%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg/440px-1756_Bellin_Map_of_Kollam_Fort%2C_Kerala%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_Coylan-bellin-1756.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Kollam fort in 1756 after it had passed from Portuguese rule to the Dutch.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a> was fought in 1809 between a troop of the Indian kingdom of Travancore led by the then Dalawa (prime minister) of Travancore, <a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa" title="Velu Thampi Dalawa">Velu Thampi Dalawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> led by Colonel Chalmers at <a href="/wiki/Cantonment_Maidan" title="Cantonment Maidan">Cantonment Maidan</a> in Quilon. The battle lasted for only six hours<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the result of the East India Company's invasion of Quilon and their garrison situated near the Cantonment Maidan. The company forces won the battle while all the insurrectionist who participated in the war were court-martialed and subsequently hanged at the maidan.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Travancore_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Travancore-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travancore_Rule">Travancore Rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Travancore Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 18th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Travancore_royal_family" title="Travancore royal family">Travancore royal family</a> adopted some members from the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> based in present-day <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Venad Kingdom was completely merged with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Travancore">Kingdom of Travancore</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> and Kollam remained as the capital of Travancore Kingdom. Later on, the capital of Travancore was relocated to Thiruvananthapuram. </p><p>Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Purakkad" title="Purakkad">Purakkad</a> in 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-AHoT_162_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHoT_162-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government Secretariat was also situated in Kollam till the 1830s. It was moved to Thiruvananthapuram during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma">Swathi Thirunal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation_at_Kollam_Port_seabed">Excavation at Kollam Port seabed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Excavation at Kollam Port seabed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Kollam_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Plan_of_Kollam_1850.jpg/220px-Plan_of_Kollam_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Plan_of_Kollam_1850.jpg/330px-Plan_of_Kollam_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Plan_of_Kollam_1850.jpg/440px-Plan_of_Kollam_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Kollam 1850s</figcaption></figure> <p>Excavations are going on at <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a> premises since February 2014 as the team has uncovered arrays of antique artifacts, including Chinese porcelain and coins.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chinese team with the Palace Museum, a team from India with Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR) discovered Chinese coins and artifacts that show trade links between Kollam and ancient China.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kollam" title="Geography of Kollam">Geography of Kollam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollam_Canal,_Jan_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kollam_Canal%2C_Jan_2016.jpg/220px-Kollam_Canal%2C_Jan_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kollam_Canal%2C_Jan_2016.jpg/330px-Kollam_Canal%2C_Jan_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kollam_Canal%2C_Jan_2016.jpg/440px-Kollam_Canal%2C_Jan_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Canal" title="Kollam Canal">Kollam Canal</a> near Paravur</figcaption></figure> <p>Kollam city is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj_in_India" title="Panchayati raj in India">panchayats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrikkaruva" title="Thrikkaruva">Thrikkaruva</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Mayyanad" title="Mayyanad">Mayyanad</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Thrikkovilvattom" title="Thrikkovilvattom">Thrikkovilvattom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kottamkara" title="Kottamkara">Kottamkara</a> to the east, and by the Laccadive Sea to the west. Ashtamudi Lake is in the heart of the city. The city is about 71 km (44 mi) away from Thiruvananthapuram, 140 km (87 mi) away from Kochi and 350 km (220 mi) away from <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Waterway_3" title="National Waterway 3">National Waterway 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ithikkara_River" title="Ithikkara River">Ithikkara river</a> are two important waterways passing through the city. The 7.7 km (4.8 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Canal" title="Kollam Canal">Kollam Canal</a> is connecting Paravur Lake ans Ashtamudi Lake. The Kallada river, another river that flows through the suburbs of the city, empties into Ashtamudi Lake, while the Ithikkara river runs to <a href="/wiki/Paravur_Kayal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravur Kayal">Paravur Kayal</a>. Kattakayal, a freshwater lake in the city, connects another water-body named Vattakkayal with Lake Ashtamudi.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2016, <i>IndiaTimes</i> selected Kollam as one of the nine least polluted cities on earth to which anybody can relocate.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollam is one among the top 10 most welcoming places in India for the year 2020, according to <a href="/wiki/Booking.com" title="Booking.com">Booking.com</a>'s traveller review awards.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kollam is an ancient trading town – trading with Romans, Chinese, Arabs, and other Orientals – mentioned in historical citations dating back to Biblical times and the reign of Solomon, connecting with Red Sea ports of the Arabian Sea (supported by a find of ancient Roman coins).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also internal trade through the <a href="/wiki/Aryankavu" title="Aryankavu">Aryankavu Pass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sengottai" title="Sengottai">Schenkottah Gap</a> connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The overland trade in pepper by bullock cart and the trade over the waterways connecting <a href="/wiki/Allepey" class="mw-redirect" title="Allepey">Allepey</a> and Cochin established trade linkages that enabled it to grow into one of the earliest Indian industrial townships. The rail links later established to Tamil Nadu supported still stronger trade links. The factories processing marine exports and the processing and packaging of cashewnuts extended its trade across the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known for <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a> processing and <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a> manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is considered the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The Kollam urban area includes suburban towns such as Paravur in the south, <a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Karunagapally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagapally">Karunagapally</a> in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are <a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a>, Kannanallur, and <a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kollam experiences a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Am</i>) with little seasonal variation in temperatures. December to March is the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> with less than 60 millimetres or 2.4 inches of rain in each of those months. April to November is the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>, with considerably more rain than during December to March, especially in June and July at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Monsoon">Southwest Monsoon</a>. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kollam </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(90) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(90) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(73) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(73) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25<br />(77) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(79) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25<br />(77) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(73) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #1CFF1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147<br />(5.8) </td> <td style="background: #006E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">268<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">518<br />(20.4) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">381<br />(15.0) </td> <td style="background: #008C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">248<br />(9.8) </td> <td style="background: #00BC00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">209<br />(8.2) </td> <td style="background: #003E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">300<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #00BD00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">208<br />(8.2) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #00CB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,427<br />(95.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/kerala/kollam.php">Weather2Travel</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> India census,<sup id="cite_ref-census_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollam city had a population of 349,033 with a density of 5,400 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio (the number of females per 1,000 males) was 1,112, the highest in the state. The district of <a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a> ranked seventh in population in the state while the city of Kollam ranked fourth. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Kollam had an average literacy rate of 93.77%,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy stood at 95.83%, and female at 91.95%. In Kollam, 11% of the population was under six years of age. In May 2015, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a> have decided to expand <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">City Corporation of Kollam</a> by merging Thrikkadavoor panchayath. So the area will become 73.03 km<sup>2</sup> (28.20 sq mi) with a total city population of 384,892.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and official language of the city, while <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is understood by some sections in the city. There are also small communities of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a> Brahmins, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> Chetty and <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> migrant labourers settled in the city. For ease of administration, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a> is divided into six zones with local zonal offices for each one.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Central Zone (<i>headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Cantonment" title="Kollam Cantonment">Cantonment</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakthikulangara" title="Sakthikulangara">Sakthikulangara</a> Zone, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkevila" title="Vadakkevila">Vadakkevila</a> Zone, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilikollur" title="Kilikollur">Kilikollur</a> Zone, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a> Zone, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li>Thrikkadavoor Zone, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></li></ul> <p>In 2014, former Kollam Mayor Mrs. Prasanna Earnest was selected as the Best Lady Mayor of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> by the Rotary Club of Trivandrum Royal.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kollam_District" title="Religion in Kollam District">Religion in Kollam District</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Kollam City (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-census2001_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2001-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percentage</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:56%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">56%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Distribution of religions<br /> †<small>Includes Not Stated, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (<0.01%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (<0.01%).</small></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_Wide_Antonys_Church_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01676.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Front_Wide_Antonys_Church_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01676.jpg/220px-Front_Wide_Antonys_Church_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01676.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Front_Wide_Antonys_Church_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01676.jpg/330px-Front_Wide_Antonys_Church_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01676.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Front_Wide_Antonys_Church_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01676.jpg/440px-Front_Wide_Antonys_Church_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01676.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4867" data-file-height="3650" /></a><figcaption>St. Antony's Church, Vaddy, built 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Kollam is a microcosm of Kerala state with its residents belonging to varied religious, ethnic and linguistic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Survey_of_Kerala_History_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Survey_of_Kerala_History-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are so many ancient temples, centuries-old churches and mosques in the city and its suburbs. Kollam is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> majority city in Kerala. 56.35% of Kollam's total population belongs to <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> community. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Era">Kollam Era</a> (also known as <i>Malayalam Era</i> or <i>Kollavarsham</i> or <i>Malayalam Calendar</i> or <i>Malabar Era</i>), <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">sidereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> used in Kerala, has been originated on 825 CE (Pothu Varsham) at (Kollam) city.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> account for 22.05% of Kollam's total population. As per the Census 2011 data, 80,935 is the total Muslim population in Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karbala Maidan and the adjacent Makani mosque serves as the Eid gah for the city. The 300-year-old Juma-'Ath Palli at Karuva houses the mortal remains of a Sufi saint, Syed Abdur Rahman Jifri.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians account for 21.17% of the total population of Kollam city.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quilon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon">Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon</a> (Kollam) is the first Catholic diocese in India. The diocese was first erected by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> on 9 August 1329. It was re-erected on 1 September 1886. The diocese covers an area of 1,950 km<sup>2</sup> (750 sq mi) and contains a population of 4,879,553, Catholics numbering 235,922 (4.8%). The famous <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus_Cathedral" title="Infant Jesus Cathedral">Infant Jesus Cathedral</a>, 400 years old, located in Thangassery, is the co-cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quilon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon">Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kollam-Kottarakkara_Diocese_of_the_Church_of_South_India" title="Kollam-Kottarakkara Diocese of the Church of South India">CSI Kollam-Kottarakara Diocese</a> is one of the twenty-four dioceses of the Church of South India.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Headquarters of the Kerala region of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a> for Kottarakkara, is in Kollam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civic_administration">Civic administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civic administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kollam_City_Police" title="Kollam City Police">Kollam City Police</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Residency_in_Asramam,_Kollam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/British_Residency_in_Asramam%2C_Kollam.jpg/220px-British_Residency_in_Asramam%2C_Kollam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/British_Residency_in_Asramam%2C_Kollam.jpg/330px-British_Residency_in_Asramam%2C_Kollam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/British_Residency_in_Asramam%2C_Kollam.jpg/440px-British_Residency_in_Asramam%2C_Kollam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Residency,_Kollam" class="mw-redirect" title="British Residency, Kollam">British Residency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asramam" title="Asramam">Asramam</a>, Kollam - Till 1829, Quilon was the capital of the Travancore State with the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/British_Residency,_Kollam" class="mw-redirect" title="British Residency, Kollam">British Residency</a> situated here</figcaption></figure><p> Kollam City is a <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Municipal Corporation</a> with elected Councillors from its 55 divisions. The Mayor, elected from among the councillors, generally represents the political party holding a majority. The Corporation Secretary heads the office of the corporation. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg/220px-Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg/330px-Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg/440px-Location_map_India_Kollam_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Map of Kollam Metropolitan Area</figcaption></figure><p>The present Mayor of Kollam Corporation is <a href="/wiki/V._Rajendrababu" class="mw-redirect" title="V. Rajendrababu">Adv.V. Rajendrababu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The police administration of the city falls under the <a href="/wiki/Kollam_City_Police" title="Kollam City Police">Kollam City Police Commissionerate</a> which is headed by an IPS (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a>) cadre officer and he reports to the <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General of Police">Inspector General of Police</a> (IGP) Thiruvananthapuram Range. The police administration comes under the State Home Department of the Government of Kerala. Kollam City is divided into three subdivisions, <a href="/wiki/Karunagappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagappally">Karunagappally</a>, Kollam and <a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a>, each under an Assistant Commissioner of Police. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_structure">Urban structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Urban structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Metropolitan Area">Kollam Metropolitan Area</a></div> <p>With a total urban population of 1,187,158<sup id="cite_ref-Panchayath_Level_Statistics_-_Kollam(2011)_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panchayath_Level_Statistics_-_Kollam(2011)-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 349,033 as city corporation's population, Kollam is the fourth most populous city in the state and 49th on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">list of the most populous urban agglomerations in India</a>. As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the city's urban growth rate of 154.59% was the second highest in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_India-2011_-_Kollam_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_India-2011_-_Kollam-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Metropolitan area of Kollam includes Uliyakovil, <a href="/wiki/Adichanalloor" title="Adichanalloor">Adichanalloor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adinad" title="Adinad">Adinad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayanivelikulangara" title="Ayanivelikulangara">Ayanivelikulangara</a>, Chavara, <a href="/wiki/Elampalloor" title="Elampalloor">Elampalloor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a> (Part), <a href="/wiki/Kallelibhagom" title="Kallelibhagom">Kallelibhagom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karunagappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagappally">Karunagappally</a>, Kollam, Kottamkara, <a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapuram" title="Kulasekharapuram">Kulasekharapuram</a>, Mayyanad, <a href="/wiki/Meenad" title="Meenad">Meenad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedumpana" title="Nedumpana">Nedumpana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panayam" title="Panayam">Panayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panmana" title="Panmana">Panmana</a>, Paravur, <a href="/wiki/Perinad" title="Perinad">Perinad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poothakkulam" title="Poothakkulam">Poothakkulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thazhuthala" title="Thazhuthala">Thazhuthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thodiyoor" title="Thodiyoor">Thodiyoor</a>, Thrikkadavoor, Thrikkaruva, <a href="/wiki/Thrikkovilvattom" title="Thrikkovilvattom">Thrikkovilvattom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vadakkumthala" title="Vadakkumthala">Vadakkumthala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kerala Government has decided to develop the City of Kollam as a "Port City of Kerala". Regeneration of the <a href="/wiki/Maruthadi" title="Maruthadi">Maruthadi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a> area including construction of facilities for fishing, tourism and entertainment projects will be implemented as part of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Kollam_-_Port_City_Project_-_News_published_in_Mathrubhumi_Daily_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollam_-_Port_City_Project_-_News_published_in_Mathrubhumi_Daily-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kollam" title="Economy of Kollam">Economy of Kollam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RP_Mall,_Kollam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg/220px-RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg/330px-RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg/440px-RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RP_Mall,_Kollam" title="RP Mall, Kollam">RP Mall, Kollam</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Fishing_Net_Raising_Birds_Sunrise_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_A7C_01784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chinese_Fishing_Net_Raising_Birds_Sunrise_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_A7C_01784.jpg/220px-Chinese_Fishing_Net_Raising_Birds_Sunrise_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_A7C_01784.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chinese_Fishing_Net_Raising_Birds_Sunrise_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_A7C_01784.jpg/330px-Chinese_Fishing_Net_Raising_Birds_Sunrise_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_A7C_01784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chinese_Fishing_Net_Raising_Birds_Sunrise_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_A7C_01784.jpg/440px-Chinese_Fishing_Net_Raising_Birds_Sunrise_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_A7C_01784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5908" data-file-height="3939" /></a><figcaption>A large <a href="/wiki/Chinese_fishing_nets" title="Chinese fishing nets">Chinese fishing net</a> at Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam city</figcaption></figure> <p>The city life of Kollam has changed in the last decade. In terms of economic performance and <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a>, Kollam city is in fifth position from India and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_cities_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala cities by GDP">third in Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollam is famous as a city with excellent export background.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 star, 4 star and 3 star hotels, multi-storied shopping malls, branded jewellery, textile showrooms and car showrooms have started operations in the city and suburbs. Kollam was the third city in Kerala (after <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and Kochi) to adopt the shopping mall culture. Kollam district ranks first in livestock wealth in the state. <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Kollam" title="Downtown Kollam">Downtown Kollam</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">CBD</a> of Kollam city. </p><p>Dairy farming is fairly well developed. Also there is a chilling plant in the city. Kollam is an important maritime and port city. Fishing has a place in the economy of the district. Neendakara and <a href="/wiki/Sakthikulangara" title="Sakthikulangara">Sakthikulangara</a> villages in the suburbs of the city have fisheries. An estimated 134,973 persons are engaged in fishing and allied activities. Cheriazheekkal, Alappad, Pandarathuruthu, Puthenthura, <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a>, Thangasseri, <a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a> and Paravur are eight of the 26 important fishing villages. There are 24 inland fishing villages. The Government has initiated steps for establishing a fishing harbour at Neendakara. Average fish landing is estimated at 85,275 tonnes per year. One-third of the state's fish catch is from Kollam. Nearly 3000 mechanised boats are operating from the fishing harbour. FFDA and VFFDA promote fresh water fish culture and prawn farming respectively. A fishing village with 100 houses is being built at Eravipuram. A prawn farm is being built at <a href="/wiki/Ayiramthengu" title="Ayiramthengu">Ayiramthengu</a>, and several new hatcheries are planned to cater to the needs of the aquaculturists. Kerala's only turkey farm and a regional poultry farm are at <a href="/wiki/Kureepuazha_(Perinad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kureepuazha (Perinad)">Kureepuzha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two Central Government industrial operations in the city, the Indian Rare Earths, Chavara and <a href="/wiki/Parvathy_Mills_Limited" title="Parvathy Mills Limited">Parvathi Mills Ltd.</a>, Kollam. Kerala Ceramics Ltd. in <a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a>, Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company in <a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a>, Kerala Premo Pipe factory in Chavara, Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited in Chavara and United Electrical Industries in Kollam are Kerala Government-owned companies. Other major industries in the private/cooperative sector are Aluminium Industries Ltd. in <a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a>, Thomas Stephen & Co. in Kollam, Floorco in Paravur and Cooperative Spinning Mill in Chathannoor.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beach sands of the district have concentrations of such heavy minerals as Ilmenite, Rutile, Monosite and Zircon, which offer scope for exploitation for industrial purposes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollam_technopark,_Kundara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kollam_technopark%2C_Kundara.jpg/220px-Kollam_technopark%2C_Kundara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kollam_technopark%2C_Kundara.jpg/330px-Kollam_technopark%2C_Kundara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kollam_technopark%2C_Kundara.jpg/440px-Kollam_technopark%2C_Kundara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Technopark Kollam</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides large deposits of China clay in Kundara, Mulavana and Chathannoor, there are also lime-shell deposits in Ashtamudi Lake and Bauxite deposits in Adichanallur.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Known as the "Cashew Capital of the World", Kollam is noted for its traditional cashew business and is home to more than 600 cashew-processing units. Every year, about 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews are imported into the city for processing<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an average of 130,000 tonnes of processed cashews are exported to various countries worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cashew_Export_Promotion_Council_of_India" title="Cashew Export Promotion Council of India">Cashew Export Promotion Council of India</a> (CEPCI) expects a rise in exports to 275,000 tonnes by 2020, an increase of 120 per cent over the current figure.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Cashew_Development_Corporation_Limited" title="Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited">Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited</a> (KSCDC) is situated at <a href="/wiki/Mundakkal" title="Mundakkal">Mundakkal</a> in Kollam city. The company owns 30 cashew factories all across Kerala. Of these, 24 are located in Kollam district.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kollam is one of many seafood export hubs in India with numerous companies involved in the sector. Most of these are based in the <a href="/wiki/Maruthadi" title="Maruthadi">Maruthadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakthikulangara" title="Sakthikulangara">Sakthikulangara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavanad" title="Kavanad">Kavanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asramam" title="Asramam">Asramam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilikollur" title="Kilikollur">Kilikollur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirumullavarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumullavarum">Thirumullavaram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uliyakovil" title="Uliyakovil">Uliyakovil</a> areas of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capithans, Kings Marine Exporters, India Food Exports and Oceanic Fisheries are examples of seafood exporters.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></div> <p>Kollam's Ashtamudi Lake clam fishery was the first <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a> (MSC) certified fishery in India.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clam fishery supports around 3,000 people involved in the collection, cleaning, processing and trading of clams. Around 90 species of fish and ten species of clams are found in the lake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Kollam Fest</b> is Kollam's own annual festival, attracting mostly Keralites but also hundreds of domestic and foreign tourists to Kollam. The main venue of Kollam Fest is the historic and gigantic Ashramam Maidan. Kollam Fest is the signature event of Kollam. Kollam Fest seeks to showcase Kollam's rich culture and heritage, tourism potential and investments in new ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Pooram" title="Kollam Pooram">Kollam Pooram</a></b>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Asramam_Sree_Krishna_Swamy_Temple" title="Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple">Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple</a> Festival, is usually held on 15 April, but occasionally on 16 April. The pooram is held at the Ashramam maidan. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="President's Trophy Boat Race">President's Trophy Boat Race</a> (PTBR)</b> is an annual regatta held in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam. The event was inaugurated by President Prathibha Patil in September 2011. The event has been rescheduled from 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kollam" title="Transport in Kollam">Transport in Kollam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Airport">Kollam Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Airport,_Kollam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Old_Airport%2C_Kollam.jpg/220px-Old_Airport%2C_Kollam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Old_Airport%2C_Kollam.jpg/330px-Old_Airport%2C_Kollam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Old_Airport%2C_Kollam.jpg/440px-Old_Airport%2C_Kollam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Old <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Airport">Kollam Airport</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Asramam" title="Asramam">Asramam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city corporation of Kollam is served by the <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum International Airport">Trivandrum International Airport</a>, which is about 56 kilometers from the city via NH66. Trivandrum International Airport is the first international airport in a non-metro city in India.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Junction_railway_station" title="Kollam Junction railway station">Kollam Junction railway station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_terminal_of_Kollam_Junction_railway_station,_Jan_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Main_terminal_of_Kollam_Junction_railway_station%2C_Jan_2017.jpg/220px-Main_terminal_of_Kollam_Junction_railway_station%2C_Jan_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Main_terminal_of_Kollam_Junction_railway_station%2C_Jan_2017.jpg/330px-Main_terminal_of_Kollam_Junction_railway_station%2C_Jan_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Main_terminal_of_Kollam_Junction_railway_station%2C_Jan_2017.jpg/440px-Main_terminal_of_Kollam_Junction_railway_station%2C_Jan_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4453" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>Main terminal of <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Junction_railway_station" title="Kollam Junction railway station">Kollam Junction railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Junction_railway_station" title="Kollam Junction railway station">Kollam Junction</a> is the second largest railway station in Kerala in area, after <a href="/wiki/Shoranur_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoranur Junction">Shoranur Junction</a>, with a total of 6 platforms. The station has 17 rail tracks. Kollam junction has world's third longest railway platform, measuring 1180.5 m(3873 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit (<a href="/wiki/MEMU" title="MEMU">MEMU</a>) have a maintenance shed at Kollam Junction. The MEMU services started from Kollam to Ernakulam via Alappuzha and Kottayam in the second week of January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1 December 2012, MEMU service between Kollam and <a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a> became a reality and later extended up to <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>. Kollam MEMU Shed inaugurated on 1 December 2013 for the maintenance works of MEMU rakes. <a href="/wiki/Kollam_MEMU_Shed" title="Kollam MEMU Shed">Kollam MEMU Shed</a> is the largest MEMU Shed in Kerala, which is equipped with most modern facilities. There is a long-standing demand for the Kollam Town Railway Station in the Kollam-Perinad stretch and "S.N College Railway Station" in the Kollam-<a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a> stretch. The railway stations in Kollam city are <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Junction_railway_station" title="Kollam Junction railway station">Kollam Junction railway station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eravipuram_railway_station" title="Eravipuram railway station">Eravipuram railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilikollur_railway_station" title="Kilikollur railway station">Kilikollur railway station</a>. </p><p>A new suburban rail system has been proposed by the Kerala Government and Indian Railways on the route Thiruvananthapuram - Kollam - <a href="/wiki/Haripad" title="Haripad">Haripad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a> for which MRVC is tasked to conduct a study and submit a report. Ten trains, each with seven coaches, will transport passengers back and forth along the <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a>-Kollam-<a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a>-Kottarakara-<a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a> section.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Kollam is connected to almost all the cities and major towns in the state, including <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a>, Alappuzha, Kochi, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>, Kottarakkara, and Punalur, and with other Indian cities through the NH 66, NH 183, NH 744 - and other state PWD Roads. Road <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> is provided by state-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and private transport bus operators. Kollam is one among the five KSRTC zones in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Road transport is also provided by private taxis and autorickshaws, also called autos. There is a city private bus stand at Andamukkam. There is a <a href="/wiki/Kollam_KSRTC_Bus_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam KSRTC Bus Station">KSRTC bus station</a> beside Ashtamudi Lake. Buses to various towns in Kerala and interstate services run from this station.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:816px;max-width:816px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalavapuram_bridgea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dalavapuram_bridgea.jpg/200px-Dalavapuram_bridgea.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dalavapuram_bridgea.jpg/300px-Dalavapuram_bridgea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dalavapuram_bridgea.jpg/400px-Dalavapuram_bridgea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chavara_Thekkumbhagom" title="Chavara Thekkumbhagom">Chavara Thekkumbhagom</a> bridge near Kollam City - This bridge had given a new way of connectivity for the people of Thekkumbhagom with Kollam City along with the existing boat services</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollam_Bypass,_Feb_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kollam_Bypass%2C_Feb_2020.jpg/200px-Kollam_Bypass%2C_Feb_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kollam_Bypass%2C_Feb_2020.jpg/300px-Kollam_Bypass%2C_Feb_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kollam_Bypass%2C_Feb_2020.jpg/400px-Kollam_Bypass%2C_Feb_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3146" data-file-height="2132" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Bypass" title="Kollam Bypass">Kollam Bypass</a> - The 13.141 km (8.165 mi) long Kollam Bypass project was actually planned in 1975 but works got delayed due to political and financial issues</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KSRTC_Bus_Station,_Kollam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/KSRTC_Bus_Station%2C_Kollam.jpg/200px-KSRTC_Bus_Station%2C_Kollam.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/KSRTC_Bus_Station%2C_Kollam.jpg/300px-KSRTC_Bus_Station%2C_Kollam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/KSRTC_Bus_Station%2C_Kollam.jpg/400px-KSRTC_Bus_Station%2C_Kollam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kollam_KSRTC_Bus_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam KSRTC Bus Station">Kollam KSRTC Bus Station</a> is situated at the banks of famous Ashtamudi Lake. One of the main bus stations in the state, still waiting to get a makeover.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_Thevally_Bridge_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Traffic_Thevally_Bridge_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01797.jpg/200px-Traffic_Thevally_Bridge_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01797.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Traffic_Thevally_Bridge_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01797.jpg/300px-Traffic_Thevally_Bridge_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Traffic_Thevally_Bridge_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01797.jpg/400px-Traffic_Thevally_Bridge_Kollam_Kerala_Mar22_A7C_01797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5790" data-file-height="3860" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Traffic on the Thevally Bridge connecting Thevally to Kottayathukadavu, over <a href="/wiki/National_Waterway_3" title="National Waterway 3">National Waterway 3</a>, Ashtamudi Lake</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houseboat_Thevally_Bridge_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_R16_05860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Houseboat_Thevally_Bridge_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_R16_05860.jpg/220px-Houseboat_Thevally_Bridge_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_R16_05860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Houseboat_Thevally_Bridge_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_R16_05860.jpg/330px-Houseboat_Thevally_Bridge_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_R16_05860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Houseboat_Thevally_Bridge_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_R16_05860.jpg/440px-Houseboat_Thevally_Bridge_Ashtamudi_Kollam_Mar22_R16_05860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="3601" /></a><figcaption>Houseboat passing under Thevally Bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Water_Transport_Department" title="Kerala State Water Transport Department">State Water Transport Department</a> operates boat services to <a href="/wiki/West_Kallada" title="West Kallada">West Kallada</a>, Munroe Island, Guhanandapuram, Chavara Thekkumbhagom, Dalavapuram and Alappuzha from <a href="/wiki/Kollam_KSWTD_Ferry_Terminal" title="Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal">Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal</a> situated on the banks of the Ashtamudi Lake. <a href="/wiki/Asramam_Link_Road" title="Asramam Link Road">Asramam Link Road</a> in the city passes adjacent to the ferry terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction-KSWTD_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-KSWTD-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Double decker luxury boats run between Kollam and Allepey daily. Luxury boats, operated by the government and private owners, operate from the main boat jetty during the tourist season. The West coast canal system, which starts from Thiruvananthapuram in the south and ends at <a href="/wiki/Hosdurg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosdurg">Hosdurg</a> in the north, passes through <a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a>, the city of Kollam and Karunagappally taluk.<sup id="cite_ref-Corporation_of_Kollam_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corporation_of_Kollam-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routes-KSWTD_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routes-KSWTD-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a> is the second largest port in Kerala, after <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Port Trust">Cochin Port Trust</a>. It is one of two international ports in Kerala. Cargo handling facilities began operation in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign ships arrive in the port regularly with the MV Alina, a 145-metre (476 ft) vessel registered in Antigua anchored at the port on 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the Port starts functioning in full-fledged, it will make the transportation activities of Kollam-based cashew companies more easy.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shreyas Shipping Company is now running a regular container service between <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Port" title="Cochin Port">Kochi Port</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kollam_district" title="Education in Kollam district">Education in Kollam district</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thangal_Kunju_Musaliar_College_of_Engineering,_Kollam,_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ornate, pink-and-white building with traditional Mughal architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Thangal_Kunju_Musaliar_College_of_Engineering%2C_Kollam%2C_Kerala.jpg/200px-Thangal_Kunju_Musaliar_College_of_Engineering%2C_Kollam%2C_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Thangal_Kunju_Musaliar_College_of_Engineering%2C_Kollam%2C_Kerala.jpg/300px-Thangal_Kunju_Musaliar_College_of_Engineering%2C_Kollam%2C_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Thangal_Kunju_Musaliar_College_of_Engineering%2C_Kollam%2C_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T.K.M._College_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="T.K.M. College of Engineering">TKM Engineering College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karicode" title="Karicode">Karicode</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many respected colleges, schools and learning centres in Kollam. The city and suburbs contribute greatly to education by providing the best and latest knowledge to the scholars. The <a href="/wiki/T.K.M._College_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="T.K.M. College of Engineering">Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering</a>, the first private school of its kind in the state, is at <a href="/wiki/Kilikollur" title="Kilikollur">Kilikollur</a>, about 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Kollam city, and is a source of pride for all Kollamites. The Government of Kerala has granted academic autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Mata_National_College" title="Fatima Mata National College">Fatima Mata National College</a>, another prestigious institution in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Autonomy:_13_colleges_in_the_list_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autonomy:_13_colleges_in_the_list-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sree Narayana College, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Jerome_Institute" title="Bishop Jerome Institute">Bishop Jerome Institute</a> (an integrated campus providing Architecture, Engineering and Management courses), and Travancore Business Academy are other important colleges in the city. There are two law colleges in the city, <a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Guru_College_of_Legal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies">Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies</a> under the control of <a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Trust">Sree Narayana Trust</a> and N S S Law College managed by the N.S.S. There are also some best schools in Kollam including Trinity Lyceum School, Infant Jesus School, St Aloysius H.S.S, The oxford school, Sri Sri Academy etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SN_Law_College,_Kollam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SN_Law_College%2C_Kollam.jpg/220px-SN_Law_College%2C_Kollam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SN_Law_College%2C_Kollam.jpg/330px-SN_Law_College%2C_Kollam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SN_Law_College%2C_Kollam.jpg/440px-SN_Law_College%2C_Kollam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Guru_College_of_Legal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies">Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies</a> in Karbala</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Institute_of_Design" title="Kerala State Institute of Design">Kerala State Institute of Design</a> (KSID), a design institute under Department of labour and Skills, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>, is located at Chandanathope in Kollam. It was established in 2008 and was one of the first state-owned design institutes in India. KSID currently conducts Post Graduate Diploma Programs in Design developed in association with <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design" title="National Institute of Design">National Institute of Design</a>, Ahmedabad.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Infrastructure_and_Construction" title="Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction">Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction (IIIC-Kollam)</a> is an institute of international standards situated at Chavara in Kollam city to support the skill development programmes for construction related occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Fashion_Technology_Kerala" title="Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala">The Institute of Fashion Technology, Kollam</a>, Kerala is a fashion technology institute situated at Vellimon, established in technical collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology" title="National Institute of Fashion Technology">National Institute of Fashion Technology</a> and the Ministry of Textiles. In addition, there are two IMK (Institute of Management, Kerala) Extension Centres active in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-IMK_Extension_Centres_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMK_Extension_Centres-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Maritime_Institute" title="Kerala Maritime Institute">Kerala Maritime Institute</a> is situated at <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a> in Kollam city to give maritime training for the students in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 5,000 students have been trained at Neendakara maritime institute under the Boat Crew training programme.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-Bank_test_coaching_Centres_-_Kollam_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bank_test_coaching_Centres_-_Kollam-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollam is known as India's hub for bank test coaching centres with around 40 such institutes in the district.<sup id="cite_ref-Kollam_-_The_bank_test_coaching_hub_of_India_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollam_-_The_bank_test_coaching_hub_of_India-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students from various Indian states such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> also come here for coaching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cricket is the most popular sport, followed by hockey and football. Kollam is home to a number of local cricket, hockey and football teams participating in district, state-level and zone matches. An <a href="/wiki/International_Hockey_Stadium,_Kollam" class="mw-redirect" title="International Hockey Stadium, Kollam">International Hockey Stadium</a> with astro-turf facility is there at <a href="/wiki/Asramam" title="Asramam">Asramam</a> in the city, built at a cost of Rs. 13 crore.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land for the construction of the stadium was taken over from the Postal Department at Asramam, Kollam. The city has another stadium named the <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Stadium_(Kollam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium (Kollam)">Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam</a>. It is a multipurpose stadium and has repeatedly hosted such sports events as the Ranji Trophy, Santhosh Trophy and National Games.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two open grounds in the city, the <a href="/wiki/Asramam_Maidan" title="Asramam Maidan">Asramam Maidan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peeranki_Maidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peeranki Maidan">Peeranki Maidan</a>, are also used for sports events, practice and warm-up matches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourist_places">Tourist places</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tourist places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaruvi_Falls" title="Palaruvi Falls">Palaruvi Falls</a></li> <li>Munroe Island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenduruny_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary">Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtamudi">Ashtamudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatayu_Earth%27s_Center_Nature_Park" title="Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park">Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Beach" title="Kollam Beach">Kollam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullavaram" title="Thirumullavaram">Thirumullavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangassery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangassery">Thangassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Park,_Kollam" title="Adventure Park, Kollam">Adventure Park, Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thevally_Palace" title="Thevally Palace">Thevally Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryankavu" title="Aryankavu">Aryankavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasthamcotta_lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sasthamcotta lake (page does not exist)">Sasthamcotta lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambranikodi_island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambranikodi island (page does not exist)">Sambranikodi island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthenkulam" title="Puthenkulam">Puthenkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polachira" title="Polachira">Polachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottukal_Cave_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottukal Cave Temple">Kottukal Cave Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhavurutty_Waterfalls" title="Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls">Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azheekal_Beach" title="Azheekal Beach">Azheekal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosemala (page does not exist)">Rosemala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Hindus and temples</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottarakkara_Temple(HighResoluion).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kottarakkara_Temple%28HighResoluion%29.jpg/220px-Kottarakkara_Temple%28HighResoluion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kottarakkara_Temple%28HighResoluion%29.jpg/330px-Kottarakkara_Temple%28HighResoluion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kottarakkara_Temple%28HighResoluion%29.jpg/440px-Kottarakkara_Temple%28HighResoluion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandavalleeshwaram_Sri_Mahadevar_Temple" title="Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple">Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple</a> is a 400 years old ancient Hindu temple in the city. The 400-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sanctum_sanctorum" title="Sanctum sanctorum">Sanctum sanctorum</a> of this temple is finished in teak.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammachiveedu_Muhurthi" title="Ammachiveedu Muhurthi">Ammachiveedu Muhurthi temple</a> is another major temple in the city that have been founded around 600 years ago by the Ammachi Veedu family, aristocrats from Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-kollamcity1_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kollamcity1-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thekeralatemples1_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thekeralatemples1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kollam_pooram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam pooram">Kollam pooram</a>, a major festival of Kollam, is the culmination of a ten-day festival, normally in mid April, of <a href="/wiki/Asramam_Sree_Krishna_Swamy_Temple" title="Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple">Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Devi_Temple" title="Kottankulangara Devi Temple">Kottankulangara Devi Temple</a> is one of the world-famous Hindu temples in Kerala were cross-dressing of men for <i>Chamayavilakku</i> ritual is a part of traditional festivities. The men also carry large lamps. The first of the two-day dressing event drew to a close early on Monday.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other famous Hindu worship centres in the Kollam Metropolitan Area are, <a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara_Sree_Mahaganapathi_Kshethram" title="Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram">Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram</a> in Kottarakkara,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Guhanandapuram+Temple+,+Chavara+South&ludocid=11497825069896660022&gsas=1&lsig=AB86z5UYAnzjS9r1eVFa4S213eQe&kgs=b2c39cde00a0f7a8&shndl=-1&shem=lsp&source=sh/x/kp/local/2">Guhanandapuram Subramanya Temple</a> in Chavara Thekkumbhagom,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Puttingal_Temple" title="Puttingal Temple">Puttingal Devi Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sooranad north Anayadi Pazhayidam Sree Narasimha Moorthy Temple, <a href="/wiki/Poruvazhy_Peruviruthy_Malanada_Temple" title="Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple">Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poruvazhy" title="Poruvazhy">Poruvazhy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Sree_Dharma_Sastha_Temple" title="Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple">Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sakthikulangara Sree Dharma Sastha temple,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple in Kadavoor and Kattil Mekkathil Devi Temple in Ponmana<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Padanayarkulangara mahadeva temple Karunagappally,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashtamudi Sree Veerabhadra Swamy Temple.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Christianity and churches</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollam_neue_Kathedrale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kollam_neue_Kathedrale.JPG/220px-Kollam_neue_Kathedrale.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kollam_neue_Kathedrale.JPG/330px-Kollam_neue_Kathedrale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kollam_neue_Kathedrale.JPG/440px-Kollam_neue_Kathedrale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Infant Jesus Cathedral in Tangasseri, Kollam</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus_Cathedral" title="Infant Jesus Cathedral">Infant Jesus Cathedral</a> in Tangasseri is established by Portuguese during 1614. It is now the pro-cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quilon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon">Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon</a> – the ancient and first Catholic diocese of India. The church remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of old <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> city.<sup id="cite_ref-Church_Kollam_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church_Kollam-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Sebastian's Church at <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a> is another important church in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Church,_Munroe_Island" title="Dutch Church, Munroe Island">Dutch Church in Munroe Island</a> is built by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch People">the Dutch</a> in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Our Lady of Velankanni Shrine in <a href="/wiki/Cutchery" title="Cutchery">Cutchery</a> is another important Christian worship place in Kollam city. Saint Casimir Church in <a href="/wiki/Thrikkadavoor" title="Thrikkadavoor">Kadavoor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holy Family Church in <a href="/wiki/Kavanad" title="Kavanad">Kavanad</a>, St.Stephen's Church in Thoppu<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and St.Thomas Church in <a href="/wiki/Kadappakada" title="Kadappakada">Kadappakada</a> are some of the other major Christian churches in Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b>Muslims and mosques</b></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.jpg/330px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.jpg/440px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Karunagappally Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>Kottukadu Juma Masjid in Chavara, Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid, Valiyapalli in Jonakappuram, <a href="/wiki/Chinnakada" title="Chinnakada">Chinnakada</a> Juma Masjid, Juma-'Ath Palli in Kollurvila, Juma-'Ath Palli in <a href="/wiki/Thattamala" title="Thattamala">Thattamala</a> and Koivila Juma Masjid in Chavara are the other major Mosques in Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kollam" title="List of people from Kollam">List of people from Kollam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Kollam" title="Downtown Kollam">Downtown Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Junction_railway_station" title="Kollam Junction railway station">Kollam Junction railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Metropolitan Area">Kollam Metropolitan Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam District">Kollam District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_business_in_Kollam" title="Cashew business in Kollam">Cashew business in Kollam</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KWAI</span>-lon</i></a>; locally <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KOY</span>-lon</i></a> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Pronunciation_of_the_alternate_name_%22Quilon%22_of_the_city_Kollam.ogg\/Pronunciation_of_the_alternate_name_%22Quilon%22_of_the_city_Kollam.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pronunciation of the alternate name \"Quilon\" of the city Kollam.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Pronunciation_of_the_alternate_name_%22Quilon%22_of_the_city_Kollam.ogg/Pronunciation_of_the_alternate_name_%22Quilon%22_of_the_city_Kollam.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_the_alternate_name_%22Quilon%22_of_the_city_Kollam.ogg" title="File:Pronunciation of the alternate name "Quilon" of the city Kollam.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kollams-cashew-crunch/article23701507.ece">"Kollam's cashew crunch"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 28 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kollam%27s+cashew+crunch&rft.date=2018-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fkollams-cashew-crunch%2Farticle23701507.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2012/kollam-quilon/154">"Kollam, Quilon, Land of cashew, coir, backwaters, Kerala Tourism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kollam%2C+Quilon%2C+Land+of+cashew%2C+coir%2C+backwaters%2C+Kerala+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fkerala-article%2F2012%2Fkollam-quilon%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grunge.com/236799/the-tragic-history-of-the-search-for-the-fountain-of-youth/">"The Tragic History of the Search for the Fountain of Youth"</a>. <i>Grunge</i>. 14 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grunge&rft.atitle=The+Tragic+History+of+the+Search+for+the+Fountain+of+Youth&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grunge.com%2F236799%2Fthe-tragic-history-of-the-search-for-the-fountain-of-youth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/">"Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerala+%28India%29%3A+Districts%2C+Cities+and+Towns+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts+and+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Findia%2Fkerala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">"Demographia World Urban Areas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Accessed 24 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ending with the Royal sanction of Tarissapalli copper plates to Assyrian Monks by Vaishnaite Chera King Rajashekara Varma, against the backdrop of a Shivite revival led by Adi Shankara among the Nampoothiri communities <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm">Kerala government website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm">Archived</a> 21 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koolam-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koolam_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Muhammad_Hussain_Nainar1942" class="citation book cs1">S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage"><i>Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language</i></a>. University of Madras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin%3A+An+Historical+Work+in+The+Arabic+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1942&rft.au=S.+Muhammad+Hussain+Nainar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tignor-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tignor_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtignor2010" class="citation book cs1">tignor, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=17166"><i>Worlds together, worlds apart: a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present</i></a> (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-93492-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-93492-2"><bdi>978-0-393-93492-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+together%2C+worlds+apart%3A+a+history+of+the+world+from+the+beginnings+of+humankind+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=365&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-93492-2&rft.aulast=tignor&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.wwnorton.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetail.aspx%3FID%3D17166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AndreWinkAlHindTheMakingOfTheIndoIslamKhaledWahsh2FFacebook2FkWahshyahoo.com/page/n24/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Embassy">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Trade embassy to Kollam'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Al-Hind,The making of the Indo-Islamic World</i>. 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Sharpe. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765601049" title="Special:BookSources/9780765601049"><bdi>9780765601049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+China&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780765601049&rft.au=Jonathan+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Z6DlzyT2vwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimpsonKresse2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonKresse2008_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_SimpsonKai_Kresse2008" class="citation book cs1">Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333"><i>Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean</i></a>. 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Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerala Charithram P.59 Sridhara Menon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Travancore_Manual_page_244-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Travancore_Manual_page_244_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Nagam Aiya (1906), <a href="/wiki/Travancore_State_Manual" title="Travancore State Manual">Travancore State Manual</a>, page 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalekandathil2010_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalekandathil2010">Malekandathil (2010)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Kollam city and Kollam Port <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quilon.com/history.htm">Quilon.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2010_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogesh_Sharma2010" class="citation book cs1">Yogesh Sharma (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC"><i>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-00-9"><bdi>978-93-80607-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coastal+Histories%3A+Society+and+Ecology+in+Pre-modern+India&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-00-9&rft.au=Yogesh+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTTGWSme30YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Travancore Manual, page 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirabilia Descripta by Jordanus Catalani circa 1320–1336 (trans Hiracut Society, London)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2016" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05167-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05167-4"><bdi>978-0-300-05167-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circa+1492%3A+Art+in+the+Age+of+Exploration&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05167-4&rft.aulast=Massing&rft.aufirst=Jean+Michel&rft.au=Albuquerque%2C+Lu%C3%ADs+de&rft.au=Brown%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+J.+J.+Mart%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMK-Ba0-RG4C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176"><i>Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions</i></a>. 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Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: <a href="/wiki/Pius_Malekandathil" title="Pius Malekandathil">Pius Malekandathil</a> and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+small+appam+and+Kottarakkara&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmathrubhumi.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Ftravel_special%2Fof_small_appam_and_kottarakkara%2F139317%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatemples.net/klm_subra.html">"Welcome to the Temples of God's Own Country"</a>. <i>www.keralatemples.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.keralatemples.net&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Temples+of+God%27s+Own+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatemples.net%2Fklm_subra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puttingaltemple.org/">"Puttingal Devi Temple, aravur"</a>. Puttingal Devi Temple<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puttingal+Devi+Temple%2C+aravur&rft.pub=Puttingal+Devi+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.puttingaltemple.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malanada-temple-fete-draws-big-crowds/article3205866.ece">"Malanada temple fete draws big crowds"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 24 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Malanada+temple+fete+draws+big+crowds&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fmalanada-temple-fete-draws-big-crowds%2Farticle3205866.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206180354/http://sasthamcotta.com/Dharmasastha%20Temple.html">"Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple"</a>. Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasthamcotta.com/Dharmasastha%20Temple.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sasthamcotta+Sree+Dharma+Sastha+Temple&rft.pub=Sasthamcotta+Sree+Dharma+Sastha+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasthamcotta.com%2FDharmasastha%2520Temple.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">/Sakthikulangara-sreesharmasastha-karadevasom.com/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141127/nation-current-affairs/article/here-bells-tree-answer-your-prayers">"Here, bells on tree answer your prayers"</a>. <i>Deccan Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Here%2C+bells+on+tree+answer+your+prayers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2F141127%2Fnation-current-affairs%2Farticle%2Fhere-bells-tree-answer-your-prayers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/No-permission-for-RSS-to-conduct-shakha-in-temple-Kerala-HC-told/articleshow/47558696.cms">"No permission for RSS to conduct 'shakha' in temple: Kerala HC told"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=No+permission+for+RSS+to+conduct+%27shakha%27+in+temple%3A+Kerala+HC+told&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkochi%2FNo-permission-for-RSS-to-conduct-shakha-in-temple-Kerala-HC-told%2Farticleshow%2F47558696.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church_Kollam-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Church_Kollam_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132809/http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city">"About Kollam City"</a>. Kollam, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kollamcity.in/about-kollam-city">the original</a> on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>About the city of Quilon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=About+Kollam+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkollamcity.in%2Fabout-kollam-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/the-emerald-isle/article4316024.ece">"The emerald isle"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+emerald+isle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2Ftravel%2Fthe-emerald-isle%2Farticle4316024.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042205760300.htm">"Church festival from Saturday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 22 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Church+festival+from+Saturday&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2005%2F04%2F22%2Fstories%2F2005042205760300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ststephenschurchkollam.weebly.com/">"St.Stephen's Church"</a>. Kollam St.Stephen's Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.Stephen%27s+Church&rft.pub=Kollam+St.Stephen%27s+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fststephenschurchkollam.weebly.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicchurches.in/directory/changanacherry-churches/st-thomas-church-kollam.htm">"St.Thomas Church"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=St.Thomas+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicchurches.in%2Fdirectory%2Fchanganacherry-churches%2Fst-thomas-church-kollam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/piety-marks-good-friday-observance/article5927794.ece">"Piety marks Good Friday observance"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 18 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Piety+marks+Good+Friday+observance&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Fpiety-marks-good-friday-observance%2Farticle5927794.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webindia123.com/city/kerala/kollam/destinations/mosque/jumaathpalli.htm">"Juma-Ath-Palli"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juma-Ath-Palli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webindia123.com%2Fcity%2Fkerala%2Fkollam%2Fdestinations%2Fmosque%2Fjumaathpalli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809144815/http://elampalloormuslimjama-ath.org/aboutus.html">"Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elampalloormuslimjama-ath.org/aboutus.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elampalloor+Juma-A-Masjid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felampalloormuslimjama-ath.org%2Faboutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing1994" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy (1994). <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5</i>. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-05-3"><bdi>978-1-884964-05-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania%2C+Volume+5&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-05-3&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1998" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Hok-lam (1998). "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435". <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24332-2"><bdi>978-0-521-24332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chien-wen%2C+Yung-lo%2C+Hung-hsi%2C+and+Hs%C3%BCan-te+reigns%2C+1399%E2%80%931435&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+7%3A+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1368%E2%80%931644%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24332-2&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Hok-lam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2007" class="citation book cs1">Lin (2007). <i>Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas</i>. Fujian Province: China Intercontinental Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0707-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0707-1"><bdi>978-7-5085-0707-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zheng+He%27s+Voyages+Down+the+Western+Seas&rft.place=Fujian+Province&rft.pub=China+Intercontinental+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0707-1&rft.au=Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamkulam_Kunjan_Pillai" title="Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai">Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai</a>, Keralathinde Eruladanja Edukal, p. 64,112,117</li> <li>Travancore Archaeological Series (T.A.S.) Vol. 6 p. 15</li> <li>Diaries and writings of Mathai Kathanar, the 24th generation priest of Thulaserry Manapurathu, based on the ancestral documents and Thaliyolagrandha handed down through generations</li> <li>Z.M. Paret, Malankara Nazranikal, vol. 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Ananthakrishna_Iyer" title="L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer">L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer</a>, State Manual, p50,52</li> <li>Bernard Thoma Kathanar, Marthoma Christyanikal, lines 23,24</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalekandathil2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pius_Malekandathil" title="Pius Malekandathil">Malekandathil, Pius</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC"><i>Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-01-6"><bdi>978-93-80607-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+India%3A+Trade%2C+Religion+and+Polity+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-01-6&rft.aulast=Malekandathil&rft.aufirst=Pius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN69iFj1PJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKollam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Narayan, M.G.S, Chera-Pandya conflict in the 8th–9th centuries which led to the birth of Venad: Pandyan History seminar, Madurai University, 1971</li> <li>The Viswavijnanakosam (Malayalam) Vol. 3, p. 523,534</li> <li>Narayan M.G.S., Cultural Symbiosis p33</li> <li>The handwritten diaries of Pulikottil Mar Dionyius (former supreme head of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> and Chitramezhuthu KM Varghese)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8_53_35.5_N_76_36_50.8_E_type:city(1342509)_region:IN-KL">GeoHack - Kollam</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kollam" class="extiw" title="voy:Kollam">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kollam.nic.in/Default.htm">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kollam" title="Template:Kollam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kollam" title="Template talk:Kollam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kollam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kollam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kollam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kollam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kollam" title="History of Kollam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sapir Iso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelcynda" title="Nelcynda">Nelcynda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Kollam Era (Malayalam calendar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates" title="Quilon Syrian copper plates">Quilon Syrian (Tharisapalli) plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (historical region)">Venad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Rajasekhara" title="Rama Rajasekhara">Rama Rajasekhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Varma_of_Venad" title="Rama Varma of Venad">Rama Varma of Venad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonment_Maidan" title="Cantonment Maidan">Cantonment Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)#Cochin" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cemetery,_Kollam" title="Portuguese Cemetery, Kollam">Portuguese Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Canal,_Kollam" title="Buckingham Canal, Kollam">Buckingham Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort" title="St Thomas Fort">St Thomas Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Cantonment" title="Kollam Cantonment">Kollam Cantonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quilon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon">Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilon_Aerodrome" title="Quilon Aerodrome">Kollam Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kollam" title="Geography of Kollam">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quilon_formation" title="Quilon formation">Quilon formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Parappu" title="Kollam Parappu">Kollam Parappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asramam_Maidan" title="Asramam Maidan">Asramam Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Paravur" title="Estuaries of Paravur">Estuaries of Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithikkara_River" title="Ithikkara River">Ithikkara River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallada_River" title="Kallada River">Kallada River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattaka_Kayal" title="Kattaka Kayal">Kattaka Kayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Beach" title="Kollam Beach">Kollam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakkal_Beach" title="Mundakkal Beach">Mundakkal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattakkayal" title="Vattakkayal">Vattakkayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_Lake" title="Paravur Lake">Paravur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozhikara" title="Pozhikara">Pozhikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polachira" title="Polachira">Polachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullavaram_Beach" title="Thirumullavaram Beach">Thirumullavaram Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekkumbhagam" title="Thekkumbhagam">Thekkumbhagam-Kappil Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittumala_Chira" title="Chittumala Chira">Chittumala Chira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashramam_Biodiversity_Heritage_Site" title="Ashramam Biodiversity Heritage Site">Ashramam Biodiversity Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakthikulangara" title="Sakthikulangara">Sakthikulangara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilikollur" title="Kilikollur">Kilikollur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkevila" title="Vadakkevila">Vadakkevila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkadavoor" title="Thrikkadavoor">Thrikkadavoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration<br />& authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Development_Authority" title="Kollam Development Authority">Kollam Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_City_Police" title="Kollam City Police">Kollam City Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Taluk">Kollam Taluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)">Kollam Lok Sabha constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Assembly_constituency" title="Kollam Assembly constituency">Kollam Assembly constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavara (State Assembly constituency)">Chavara Assembly constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravipuram_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)">Eravipuram Assembly constituency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kollam" title="Economy of Kollam">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_Export_Promotion_Council_of_India" title="Cashew Export Promotion Council of India">Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rare_Earths" title="Indian Rare Earths">Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_business_in_Kollam" title="Cashew business in Kollam">Cashew business in Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kerala_Ceramics_Limited" title="The Kerala Ceramics Limited">The Kerala Ceramics Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Minerals_and_Metals" title="Kerala Minerals and Metals">Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd.(KMML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Cashew_Development_Corporation_Limited" title="Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited">Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cashew_companies_based_in_Kollam" title="List of cashew companies based in Kollam">List of cashew companies based in Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathy_Mills_Limited" title="Parvathy Mills Limited">Parvathy Mills Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-lodge" title="Techno-lodge">Techno-lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopark_Kollam" class="mw-redirect" title="Technopark Kollam">Kollam Technopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Industry_in_Kollam" title="Fisheries Industry in Kollam">Fisheries Industry in Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara_Port" title="Neendakara Port">Neendakara Port</a></li> <li>List of Seafood Companies in Kollam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Electrical_Industries_Limited" title="United Electrical Industries Limited">United Electrical Industries Limited(UNILEC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor<br />attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_Point_Art_Cafe" title="8 Point Art Cafe">8 Point Art Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Park,_Kollam" title="Adventure Park, Kollam">Asramam Adventure Park & Picnic Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">British Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambranikodi_Island" title="Sambranikodi Island">Sambranikodi Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangassery_Breakwater_Tourism_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park">Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Park,_Kollam" title="Children's Park, Kollam">Asramam Children's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnakada_Clock_Tower" title="Chinnakada Clock Tower">Chinnakada Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Church,_Munroe_Island" title="Dutch Church, Munroe Island">Dutch Church, Munroe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Paravur" title="Estuaries of Paravur">Estuaries of Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Beach" title="Kollam Beach">Kollam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Park">Mahatma Gandhi Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakkal_Beach" title="Mundakkal Beach">Mundakkal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cemetery,_Kollam" title="Portuguese Cemetery, Kollam">Portuguese Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Police_Museum" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort" title="St Thomas Fort">St Thomas Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri_Lighthouse" title="Tangasseri Lighthouse">Tangasseri Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekkumbhagam" title="Thekkumbhagam">Paravur Thekkumbhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullavaram_Beach" title="Thirumullavaram Beach">Thirumullavaram Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanni_Beach" title="Thanni Beach">Thanni Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Kollam" title="List of hospitals in Kollam">Healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medical_college_hospitals" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical college hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azeezia_Medical_College" title="Azeezia Medical College">Azeezia Medical College Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Kollam" title="Government Medical College, Kollam">Government Medical College, Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore_Medical_College_Hospital" title="Travancore Medical College Hospital">Travancore Medicity Medical College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_Hospital,_Kollam" title="District Hospital, Kollam">Government District Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Victoria_Hospital,_Kollam" title="Government Victoria Hospital, Kollam">Government Victoria Hospital</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditrina_Hospital" title="Meditrina Hospital">Meditrina Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._S._Memorial_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences">N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li>ESIC Model & Super Speciality Hospital</li> <li>Upasana Hospital</li> <li>Shankar's Institute of Medical Science</li> <li>Dr. Nairs Hospital</li> <li>Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences</li> <li>Holy Cross Super Speciality Hospital</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings<br />& structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">British Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_House" title="Cashew House">Cashew House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_Kottaram" title="Cheena Kottaram">Cheena Kottaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowther_Masonic_Hall" title="Crowther Masonic Hall">Crowther Masonic Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilthottam_Lighthouse" title="Kovilthottam Lighthouse">Kovilthottam Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Moolam_Thirunal_Palace" title="Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace">SMP Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort" title="St Thomas Fort">St Thomas Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri_Lighthouse" title="Tangasseri Lighthouse">Tangasseri Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thevally_Palace" title="Thevally Palace">Thevally Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Raviz" title="The Raviz">The Raviz</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Jerome_Nagar" title="Bishop Jerome Nagar">Bishop Jerome Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Kollam" title="Downtown Kollam">Downtown Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RP_Mall,_Kollam" title="RP Mall, Kollam">RP Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%26J_Mall" title="H&J Mall">H&J Mall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Kollam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Kollam (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalidasa_Kalakendram" title="Kalidasa Kalakendram">Kalidasa Kalakendram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Pooram" title="Kollam Pooram">Kollam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottankulangara Festival">Kottankulangara Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="President's Trophy Boat Race">President's Trophy Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Kite_Club" title="Kollam Kite Club">Kollam Kite Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Public_Library" title="Kollam Public Library">Kollam Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Rentha" title="Kollam Rentha">Kollam Rentha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li>List of statues in Kollam</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports & stadiums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Stadium,_Kollam" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam">Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_International_Hockey_Stadium" title="Kollam International Hockey Stadium">International Hockey Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Shooting_Range,_Kollam" title="Indoor Shooting Range, Kollam">KDRA Indoor Shooting Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_Suresh_Babu_Multipurpose_Indoor_Stadium" title="Olympian Suresh Babu Multipurpose Indoor Stadium">Olympian Suresh Babu Multipurpose Indoor Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kollam_District" title="Religion in Kollam District">Places of worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammachiveedu_Muhurthi" title="Ammachiveedu Muhurthi">Ammachiveedu Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandavalleeshwaram_Sri_Mahadevar_Temple" title="Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple">Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asramam_Sree_Krishna_Swamy_Temple" title="Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple">Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolloorvila_Juma_Mosque" title="Kolloorvila Juma Mosque">Kolloorvila Juma Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus_Cathedral" title="Infant Jesus Cathedral">Infant Jesus Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttingal_Temple" title="Puttingal Temple">Paravur Puttingal Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Sree_Dharma_Sastha_Temple" title="Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple">Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Kovilthottam" title="St Andrew's Church, Kovilthottam">St Andrew's Church, Kovilthottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Antony%27s_Church,_Kanjiracode" title="St Antony's Church, Kanjiracode">St Antony's Church, Kanjiracode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiya_Koonambaikulam_Temple" title="Valiya Koonambaikulam Temple">Valiya Koonambaikulam Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_metropolitan_area" title="Kollam metropolitan area">Kollam metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_business_in_Kollam" title="Cashew business in Kollam">Cashew business in Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Norwegian_Project" title="Indo-Norwegian Project">Neendakara Indo-Norwegian Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Kollam_district" title="List of schools in Kollam district">List of schools in Kollam district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatayu_Earth%27s_Center_Nature_Park" title="Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park">Jatayu Earth's Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam-Kottarakkara_Diocese_of_the_Church_of_South_India" title="Kollam-Kottarakkara Diocese of the Church of South India">Kollam CSI Diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Orthodox_Diocese" title="Kollam Orthodox Diocese">Kollam Orthodox Diocese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Kollam_district" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities and colleges in Kollam district">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayanaguru_Open_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayanaguru Open University">Sree Narayanaguru Open University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premier institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Infrastructure_and_Construction" title="Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction">Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Fashion_Technology_Kerala" title="Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala">Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Maritime_Institute" title="Kerala Maritime Institute">Kerala Maritime Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Institute_of_Design" title="Kerala State Institute of Design">Kerala State Institute of Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Jerome_Institute" title="Bishop Jerome Institute">Bishop Jerome Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Perumon" title="College of Engineering, Perumon">College of Engineering, Perumon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering_Karunagappally" title="College of Engineering Karunagappally">College of Engineering Karunagappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangal_Kunju_Musaliar_College_of_Engineering,_Kollam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam">TKM College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKM_Institute_of_Technology" title="TKM Institute of Technology">TKM Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts, science & law colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Mata_National_College" title="Fatima Mata National College">Fatima Mata National College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSS_Law_College" title="NSS Law College">NSS Law College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Guru_College_of_Legal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies">Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Vidyalaya,_Kollam" title="Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Kollam">Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Chandanathope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Model_Boys_Higher_Secondary_School,_Kollam" title="Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Kollam">Govt. Boys Model HSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya,_Kollam" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kollam">Kendriya Vidyalaya, Mulangadakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel_Convent_Anglo-Indian_Girls_High_School" title="Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School">Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Aloysius_Higher_Secondary_School" title="St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School">St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Industrial_Training_Institute,_Chandanathope" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Industrial Training Institute, Chandanathope">Govt. ITI, Chandanathope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Polytechnic_College" title="Sree Narayana Polytechnic College">Sree Narayana Polytechnic College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neighbourhoods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_of_Kollam" title="List of neighbourhoods of Kollam">Neighbourhoods</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Kollam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koottikkada" title="Koottikkada">Koottikkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevaram" title="Mevaram">Mevaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thattamala" title="Thattamala">Thattamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkevila" title="Vadakkevila">Vadakkevila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valathungal" title="Valathungal">Valathungal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Kollam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchalumoodu" title="Anchalumoodu">Anchalumoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanad" title="Kavanad">Kavanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureepuzha" title="Kureepuzha">Kureepuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruthadi" title="Maruthadi">Maruthadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilil" title="Mathilil">Mathilil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramankulangara" title="Ramankulangara">Ramankulangara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakthikulangara" title="Sakthikulangara">Sakthikulangara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkadavoor" title="Thrikkadavoor">Thrikkadavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikeezhu" title="Vallikeezhu">Vallikeezhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Kollam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamukkam" title="Andamukkam">Andamukkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asramam" title="Asramam">Asramam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Cantonment" title="Kollam Cantonment">Cantonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamakada" title="Chamakada">Chamakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnakada" title="Chinnakada">Chinnakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutchery" title="Cutchery">Cutchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadappakada" title="Kadappakada">Kadappakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala,_Kollam" title="Karbala, Kollam">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochupilamoodu" title="Kochupilamoodu">Kochupilamoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulamkadakam" title="Mulamkadakam">Mulamkadakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakkal" title="Mundakkal">Mundakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattathanam" title="Pattathanam">Pattathanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polayathode" title="Polayathode">Polayathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullikada" title="Pullikada">Pullikada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thevally" title="Thevally">Thevally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoppilkadavu" title="Thoppilkadavu">Thoppilkadavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uliyakovil" title="Uliyakovil">Uliyakovil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Kollam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayathil" title="Ayathil">Ayathil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandanathope" title="Chandanathope">Chandanathope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathinamkulam" title="Chathinamkulam">Chathinamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallumthazham" title="Kallumthazham">Kallumthazham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karicode" title="Karicode">Karicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilikollur" title="Kilikollur">Kilikollur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punthalathazham" title="Punthalathazham">Punthalathazham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Kollam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallithottam" title="Pallithottam">Pallithottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarakulam" title="Thamarakulam">Thamarakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullavaram" title="Thirumullavaram">Thirumullavaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kollam" title="Transport in Kollam">Transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bus stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamukkam_City_bus_stand" title="Andamukkam City bus stand">Andamukkam City bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_KSRTC_bus_station" title="Kollam KSRTC bus station">Kollam KSRTC bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri_Bus_Terminal" title="Tangasseri Bus Terminal">Tangasseri Bus Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National highways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">National Highway 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_183_(India)" title="National Highway 183 (India)">National Highway 183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_744_(India)" title="National Highway 744 (India)">National Highway 744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_183A_(India)" title="National Highway 183A (India)">National Highway 183A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Bypass" title="Kollam Bypass">Kollam Bypass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asramam_Link_Road" title="Asramam Link Road">Asramam Link Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam-Paravur_Coastal_Road" title="Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road">Coastal Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Road,_Kollam" title="Port Road, Kollam">Port Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAC_Road" title="QAC Road">QAC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_Road" title="Residency Road">Residency Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Urban_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation">Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Junction_railway_station" title="Kollam Junction railway station">Kollam Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravipuram_railway_station" title="Eravipuram railway station">Eravipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilikollur_railway_station" title="Kilikollur railway station">Kilikollur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandanattop_railway_station" title="Chandanattop railway station">Chandanattop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananthapuri_Express" title="Ananthapuri Express">Ananthapuri Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam%E2%80%93Visakhapatnam_Express" title="Kollam–Visakhapatnam Express">Kollam–Visakhapatnam Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Egmore%E2%80%93Kollam_Junction_Express" title="Chennai Egmore–Kollam Junction Express">Kollam-Chennai Egmore Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam%E2%80%93Tirupati_Express" title="Kollam–Tirupati Express">Kollam–Tirupati Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollam%E2%80%93Thiruvananthapuram_trunk_line" title="Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line">Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam%E2%80%93Sengottai_Chord_Line" title="Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line">Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sheds & <br />maintenance yards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_MEMU_Shed" title="Kollam MEMU Shed">Kollam MEMU Shed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Seaplane" title="Kerala Seaplane">Kerala Seaplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilon_Aerodrome" title="Quilon Aerodrome">Kollam Airport<small><i>(defunct)</i></small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_KSWTD_Ferry_Terminal" title="Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal">Kollam KSWTD Boat Jetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Canal" title="Kollam Canal">Kollam Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Waterway_3" title="National Waterway 3">National Waterway 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kollam" title="Category:Kollam">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Kollam" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Kollam">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="background: #e1ece4; vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9cc1a5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala" title="Template:Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala" title="Template talk:Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Kerala"><img alt="Seal of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/36px-Banner_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/54px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/71px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram KL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam KL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta KL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha KL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam KL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki KL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam KL-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur KL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad KL-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram KL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode KL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad KL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur KL-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod KL-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala"> Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala"> Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden rain</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">Karimeen</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></dd> <dt>Insect</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala#Subdivisions" title="Kerala">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kollam_district" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kollam_district" title="Template:Kollam district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kollam_district" title="Template talk:Kollam district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kollam_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kollam district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kollam_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam district</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">City corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scenic_beauty_of_Kollam_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scenic_beauty_of_Kollam_District.jpg/100px-Scenic_beauty_of_Kollam_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scenic_beauty_of_Kollam_District.jpg/150px-Scenic_beauty_of_Kollam_District.jpg 1.5x, 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Talukas<br />and<br />villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kollam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakthikulangara" title="Sakthikulangara">Sakthikulangara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkadavoor" title="Thrikkadavoor">Thrikkadavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkaruva" title="Thrikkaruva">Thrikkaruva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrothuruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandrothuruth">Mandrothuruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kallada" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kallada">East Kallada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulavana" title="Mulavana">Mulavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinad" title="Perinad">Perinad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panayam" title="Panayam">Panayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilikollur" title="Kilikollur">Kilikollur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangad" title="Mangad">Mangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottamkara" title="Kottamkara">Kottamkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elampalloor" title="Elampalloor">Elampallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumpana" title="Nedumpana">Nedumpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallimon" title="Pallimon">Pallimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkovilvattom" title="Thrikkovilvattom">Thrikkovilvattom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thazhuthala" title="Thazhuthala">Thazhuthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkevila" title="Vadakkevila">Vadakkevila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakkal" title="Mundakkal">Mundakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravipuram" title="Eravipuram">Eravipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayyanad" title="Mayyanad">Mayyanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adichanallur" title="Adichanallur">Adichanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenad" title="Meenad">Meenad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirakkara" title="Chirakkara">Chirakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappuram,_Paravur" title="Kottappuram, Paravur">Kottappuram(Paravur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poothakkulam" title="Poothakkulam">Poothakkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalluvathukkal" title="Kalluvathukkal">Kalluvathukkal</a></li> <li>Kollam East</li> <li>Kollam West</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavithreswaram" title="Pavithreswaram">Pavithreswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthoor" title="Puthoor">Puthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhukone" title="Ezhukone">Ezhukone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kareepra" title="Kareepra">Kareepra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neduvathoor" title="Neduvathoor">Neduvathoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulakkada" title="Kulakkada">Kulakkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalayapuram" title="Kalayapuram">Kalayapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylom" title="Mylom">Mylom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melila,_Kollam" title="Melila, Kollam">Melila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakkuvarakkal" title="Chakkuvarakkal">Chakkuvarakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettikkavala" title="Vettikkavala">Vettikkavala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummannoor" title="Ummannoor">Ummannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valakom,_Kottarakara" title="Valakom, Kottarakara">Valakom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamad" title="Elamad">Elamad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odanavattom" class="mw-redirect" title="Odanavattom">Odanavattom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliyam" title="Veliyam">Veliyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooyappally" title="Pooyappally">Pooyappally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velinallur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velinallur (page does not exist)">Velinallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilamel" title="Nilamel">Nilamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadayamangalam" title="Chadayamangalam">Chadayamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottukkal" title="Kottukkal">Kottukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ittiva" title="Ittiva">Ittiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummil" title="Kummil">Kummil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mankode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mankode (page does not exist)">Mankode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chithara" title="Chithara">Chithara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karavaloor" title="Karavaloor">Karavaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edamulackal" title="Edamulackal">Edamulakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakkal_(village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arakkal (village) (page does not exist)">Arakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valaikode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valaikode (page does not exist)">Valaikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edamon" title="Edamon">Edamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryankavu" title="Aryankavu">Aryankavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeroor" title="Yeroor">Yeroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathady" title="Pathady">Pathady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alayamon" title="Alayamon">Alayamon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thinkalkarikkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thinkalkarikkam (page does not exist)">Thinkalkarikkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayiranelloor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayiranelloor (page does not exist)">Ayiranelloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapetta" title="Channapetta">Channapetta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karunagappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagappally">Karunagappally</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappad" title="Alappad">Alappad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochira">Ochira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adinad" title="Adinad">Adinad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagappally">Karunagappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thazhava" title="Thazhava">Thazhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manappally" title="Manappally">Manappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavumba" title="Pavumba">Pavumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodiyoor" title="Thodiyoor">Thodiyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallelibhagom" title="Kallelibhagom">Kallalibhagom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thevalakkara" title="Thevalakkara">Thevalakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clappana" title="Clappana">Clappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapuram" title="Kulasekharapuram">Kulasekharapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara_Thekkumbhagom" title="Chavara Thekkumbhagom">Chavara Thekkumbhagom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanivelikulangara" title="Ayanivelikulangara">Ayanivelikulangara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panmana" title="Panmana">Panmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkumthala" title="Vadakkumthala">Vadakumthala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunnathur (Kerala)">Kunnathur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sooranad_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sooranad North">Sooranad North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooranad_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Sooranad South">Sooranad South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mynagappally" title="Mynagappally">Mynagappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poruvazhy" title="Poruvazhy">Poruvazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunnathur (Kerala)">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kallada" title="West Kallada">West Kallada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenkilathu" title="Chenkilathu">Chenkilathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundayam" title="Kundayam">Kundayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchalloor" title="Manchalloor">Manchalloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattazhy" title="Pattazhy">Pattazhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattazhy_Vadakkekkara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattazhy Vadakkekkara">Pattazhy Vadakkekkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidavoor" title="Pidavoor">Pidavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piravanthoor" title="Piravanthoor">Piravanthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnala" title="Punnala">Punnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalavoor" title="Thalavoor">Thalavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilakkudy" title="Vilakkudy">Vilakudy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kerala_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala_topics" title="Template:Kerala topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala_topics" title="Template talk:Kerala topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kerala_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyannur_Umbrellas" title="Ariyannur Umbrellas">Ariyannur Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kingdom of Cannanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Kulachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikom Satyagraham">Vaikom Satyagraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Royal Family">Perumpadapu Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Migration" title="Malabar Migration">Malabar Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Kerala" title="Category:Politics of Kerala">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_State_Government_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala State Government Organizations">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Kerala">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Kerala">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Body_Election_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Body Election in Kerala"><i>Panchayat</i> elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakakshi_Munnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptakakshi Munnani">Saptakakshi Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (Kerala)">Aikya Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of politicians of Kerala">Politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidents">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruman_railway_accident" title="Peruman railway accident">1988 Perumon tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_train_derailment" title="Kadalundi train derailment">2001 Kadalundi Train derailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttingal_temple_fire" title="Puttingal temple fire">2016 Paravur temple fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kerala_floods" title="2018 Kerala floods">2018 Kerala floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwaters" title="Kavvayi Backwaters">Kavvayi Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Kerala">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and fauna of Kerala">Flora and fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Marayoor">Marayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of Kerala">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Namboothiri Brahmin">Namboothiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanta_Kshatriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanta Kshatriya">Samanthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li>Thiyyas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Iyers">Kerala Iyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Jainism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulayar" title="Pulayar">Pulayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India#Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges in Kerala">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalarippayattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalarippayattu">Kalarippayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_poets_of_modern_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam">Triumvirate poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dance / Drama / Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Cinema of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopanam">Sopanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Organisations/Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nair_Service_Society" title="Nair Service Society">Nair Service Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam</a></li> <li>Samastha <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1926%E2%80%931989)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) (page does not exist)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li></ul> 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><i>Haryana</i>: <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a></li> <li><i>Jammu and Kashmir</i>: <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li> <li><i>Punjab</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li><i>Rajasthan</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan" title="Kota, Rajasthan">Kota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Zonal_Council" title="Central Zonal Council">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Chhattisgarh</i>: <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a></li> <li><i>Madhya Pradesh</i>: <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a></li> <li><i>Uttar Pradesh</i>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad" title="Ghaziabad">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zonal_Council" title="Eastern Zonal 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href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></li> <li><i>Maharashtra</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Zonal_Council" title="Southern Zonal Council">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Andhra Pradesh</i>: <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><i>Karnataka</i>: <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><i>Kerala</i>: <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kollam</a></li> <li><i>Tamil Nadu</i>: <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><i>Telangana</i>: <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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