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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonie_no._8_in_F-majeur_(Beethoven)" title="Simfonie no. 8 in F-majeur (Beethoven) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Simfonie no. 8 in F-majeur (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86)" title="السمفونية الثامنة (بيتهوفن) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السمفونية الثامنة (بيتهوفن)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie_%C4%8D._8_(Beethoven)" title="Symfonie č. 8 (Beethoven) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Symfonie č. 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/8._Sinfonie_(Beethoven)" title="8. Sinfonie (Beethoven) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="8. Sinfonie (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD)" title="8η Συμφωνία (Μπετόβεν) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="8η Συμφωνία (Μπετόβεν)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa_n.%C2%BA_8_(Beethoven)" title="Sinfonía n.º 8 (Beethoven) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinfonía n.º 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonio_n-ro_8_(Beethoven)" title="Simfonio n-ro 8 (Beethoven) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simfonio n-ro 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/8._Sinfonia_(Beethoven)" title="8. Sinfonia (Beethoven) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="8. Sinfonia (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%B8_(%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86)" title="سمفونی شماره ۸ (بتهوون) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سمفونی شماره ۸ (بتهوون)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonie_no_8_de_Beethoven" title="Symphonie no 8 de Beethoven – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symphonie no 8 de Beethoven" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%96%A5%EA%B3%A1_8%EB%B2%88_(%EB%B2%A0%ED%86%A0%EB%B2%A4)" title="교향곡 8번 (베토벤) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교향곡 8번 (베토벤)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%84%96_8_(%D6%86%D5%A1_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="№ 8 (ֆա մաժոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="№ 8 (ֆա մաժոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia_n._8_(Beethoven)" title="Sinfonia n. 8 (Beethoven) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinfonia n. 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9F" title="הסימפוניה השמינית של בטהובן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסימפוניה השמינית של בטהובן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie_nr._8_(Beethoven)" title="Symfonie nr. 8 (Beethoven) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symfonie nr. 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2%E7%AC%AC8%E7%95%AA_(%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3)" title="交響曲第8番 (ベートーヴェン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交響曲第8番 (ベートーヴェン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni_nr._8_(Beethoven)" title="Symfoni nr. 8 (Beethoven) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Symfoni nr. 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_symfonia_Beethovena" title="VIII symfonia Beethovena – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="VIII symfonia Beethovena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia_n.%C2%BA_8_(Beethoven)" title="Sinfonia n.º 8 (Beethoven) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinfonia n.º 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%84%96_8_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Симфония № 8 (Бетховен) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Симфония № 8 (Бетховен)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija_%C5%A1t._8_(Beethoven)" title="Simfonija št. 8 (Beethoven) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simfonija št. 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija_br._8_(Betoven)" title="Simfonija br. 8 (Betoven) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Simfonija br. 8 (Betoven)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia_nro_8_(Beethoven)" title="Sinfonia nro 8 (Beethoven) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinfonia nro 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni_nr_8_(Beethoven)" title="Symfoni nr 8 (Beethoven) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Symfoni nr 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%E2%84%96_8_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Симфонія № 8 (Бетховен) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Симфонія № 8 (Бетховен)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_s%E1%BB%91_8_(Beethoven)" title="Giao hưởng số 8 (Beethoven) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao hưởng số 8 (Beethoven)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC8%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2_(%E8%B2%9D%E5%A4%9A%E8%8A%AC)" title="第8號交響曲 (貝多芬) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第8號交響曲 (貝多芬)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q270785#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beethoven%27s_8th_symphony&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven's 8th symphony">Beethoven's 8th symphony</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1812 musical composition by Beethoven</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent haudio"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary album">Symphony in F major</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">No. 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Beethoven_M%C3%A4hler_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Beethoven_M%C3%A4hler_1815.jpg/240px-Beethoven_M%C3%A4hler_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Beethoven_M%C3%A4hler_1815.jpg/360px-Beethoven_M%C3%A4hler_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Beethoven_M%C3%A4hler_1815.jpg/480px-Beethoven_M%C3%A4hler_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="980" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of the composer by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Willibrord_M%C3%A4hler" title="Joseph Willibrord Mähler">Joseph Willibrord Mähler</a> in 1815, a year after the premiere of the symphony</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Opus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">93</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composed</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="vevent">1812<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1812</span>)</span>: <span class="location summary"> <a href="/wiki/Teplice" title="Teplice">Teplice</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Performed</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="vevent">27 February 1814<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1814-02-27</span>)</span>: <span class="location summary"> Vienna</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movements</th><td class="infobox-data">Four</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Symphony No. 8</b> in <a href="/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op.</a> 93 is a symphony in four movements composed by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> in 1812. Beethoven fondly referred to it as "my little Symphony in F", distinguishing it from his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Sixth Symphony</a>, a longer work also in F.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eighth Symphony is generally light-hearted, though not lightweight, and in many places loud, with many accented notes. Various passages in the symphony are heard by some listeners to be musical jokes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with various other Beethoven works such as the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._13_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 13 (Beethoven)">Opus 27 piano sonatas</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a>, the symphony deviates from <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> tradition in making the last movement the weightiest of the four. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition,_premiere_and_reception"><span id="Composition.2C_premiere_and_reception"></span>Composition, premiere and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition, premiere and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work was begun in the summer of 1812, immediately after the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)">Seventh Symphony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time Beethoven was 41 years old. According to <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hopkins" title="Antony Hopkins">Antony Hopkins</a>, the mood of the work betrays nothing of the events that were taking place in Beethoven's life at the time, which involved his interference in <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Johann_van_Beethoven" title="Nikolaus Johann van Beethoven">his brother Johann</a>'s romantic relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work took Beethoven only four months to complete,<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is, unlike many of his works, without dedication. </p><p>The premiere took place on 27 February 1814, at a concert in the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofburg Palace">Redoutensaal</a>, Vienna, at which the Seventh Symphony (which had been premiered two months earlier) was also played.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beethoven was growing increasingly deaf at the time, but nevertheless insisted on leading the premiere. Reportedly, "the orchestra largely ignored his ungainly gestures and followed the <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">principal violinist</a> instead."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When asked by his pupil <a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</a> why the Eighth was less popular than the Seventh, Beethoven is said to have replied, "because the Eighth is so much better."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A critic wrote that "the applause it received was not accompanied by that enthusiasm which distinguishes a work which gives universal delight; in short—as the Italians say—it did not create a furor." According to Czerny, Beethoven was angered by this reception.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, in his capacity as a music critic, agreed with Beethoven's assessment of the work, writing that "In all subtler respects the Eighth is better [than the Seventh]."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Swafford" title="Jan Swafford">Jan Swafford</a> has described the Eighth as "a beautiful, brief, ironic look backward to Haydn and Mozart."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Geck" title="Martin Geck">Martin Geck</a> has commented on the authenticity of the Eighth, noting that it contains "all the relevant hallmarks, including motivic and thematic writing notable for its advanced planning, defiant counterpoint, furious cross-rhythms, sudden shifts from <i>piano</i> to <i>forte</i>, and idyllic and even hymnlike episodes."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)" title="Special:EditPage/Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegro (music)">Allegro</a> <a href="/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">vivace</a> e con <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology#B" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of musical terminology">brio</a> (<a href="/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegretto" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegretto">Allegretto</a> <a href="/wiki/Scherzando" class="mw-redirect" title="Scherzando">scherzando</a> (<a href="/wiki/B-flat_major" title="B-flat major">B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> major</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_di_menuetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempo di menuetto">Tempo di menuetto</a> (F major)</li> <li>Allegro vivace (F major)</li></ol> <p>The symphony is scored for 2 <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a> in F (in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> basso for the second movement), 2 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a> in F, <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">strings</a>. </p><p>It is approximately 26 minutes in duration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_movement">First movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_i._allegro_vivace_e_con_brio.ogg" title="File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 8 in f major, op. 93 - i. allegro vivace e con brio.ogg">I: Allegro vivace e con brio</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="625" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_i._allegro_vivace_e_con_brio.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_i._allegro_vivace_e_con_brio.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_i._allegro_vivace_e_con_brio.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_i._allegro_vivace_e_con_brio.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">All movements performed by the Bucharest College Orchestra</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>This movement is in the home key of F major and is in fast <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time. As with most of Beethoven's first movements of this period, it is written in <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>, including a fairly substantial <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a>. Hopkins observed that the movement is slightly unusual among Beethoven's works in that it reaches its dramatic climax not during the <a href="/wiki/Musical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical development">development</a> section, but at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)" title="Recapitulation (music)">recapitulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_222_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_222-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concluding bars of the development form a huge <a href="/wiki/Crescendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescendo">crescendo</a> and the return of the opening bars is marked <span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i><b>fff</b></i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fortississimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortississimo">fortississimo</a></i>, i.e. extremely loud), which rarely appears in Beethoven's works, but has precedents in the Sixth and Seventh symphonies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is balanced by the quiet closing measures of the movement. </p><p>The opening theme is in three sections of four bars each, with the pattern <i><a href="/wiki/Forte_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forte (music)">forte</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">piano</a></i>–<i>forte</i>. At the onset of the recapitulation, the theme is made more emphatic by omitting the middle four bars.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_222_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_222-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dutch musicologist Cees Nieuwenhuizen, Beethoven may have originally envisioned this movement as a piano concerto first movement.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_movement">Second movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_ii._allegretto_scherzando.ogg" title="File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 8 in f major, op. 93 - ii. allegretto scherzando.ogg">II: Allegretto scherzando</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="272" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_ii._allegretto_scherzando.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_ii._allegretto_scherzando.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_ii._allegretto_scherzando.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_ii._allegretto_scherzando.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>There is a widespread belief that this movement is an affectionate parody of the <a href="/wiki/Metronome" title="Metronome">metronome</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which had only recently been invented (or more accurately, merely improved) by Beethoven's friend, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maelzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Maelzel">Johann Maelzel</a>. Specifically the belief was that the movement was based on a canon called "Ta ta ta... Lieber Maelzel," <a href="/wiki/WoO" title="WoO">WoO</a> 162, said to have been improvised at a dinner party in Maelzel's honor in 1812. However, there is no evidence corroborating this story and it is likely that WoO 162 was not written by Beethoven but was constructed after-the-fact by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Schindler" title="Anton Schindler">Anton Schindler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apbrown_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apbrown-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more likely inspiration was the similar rhythmic parody of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._101_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 101 (Haydn)">"Clock" Symphony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apbrown_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apbrown-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement begins with even <a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">staccato</a> chords in <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_note" title="Sixteenth note">16th-notes (semiquavers)</a> played by the wind instruments, and a basic 16th-note rhythm continues steadily through the piece. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> has argued that the third movement was intended as the slow movement of this symphony and that the second should be played as a <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">scherzo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The key is B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> major, the <a href="/wiki/Subdominant" title="Subdominant">subdominant</a> of F, and the organization is what <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a> has called "slow movement sonata form"; that is, at the end of the exposition there is no development section, but only a simple <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulation</a> back to B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> for the recapitulation; this also may be described as <a href="/wiki/Sonatina" title="Sonatina">sonatina</a> form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The second subject includes a <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motif</a> of very rapid <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fourth_note" title="Sixty-fourth note">sixty-fourth notes</a>. This motif is played by the whole orchestra at the end of the coda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_movement">Third movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/4/h44xzxca8ccqxokl8wdvjtfdfixb09p/h44xzxca.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/4/h44xzxca8ccqxokl8wdvjtfdfixb09p/h44xzxca.png" width="332" height="101" alt="
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" /></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_iii._tempo_di_menuetto.ogg" title="File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 8 in f major, op. 93 - iii. tempo di menuetto.ogg">III: Tempo di menuetto</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="299" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_iii._tempo_di_menuetto.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_iii._tempo_di_menuetto.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_iii._tempo_di_menuetto.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_iii._tempo_di_menuetto.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The style of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a> is not particularly close to its 18th-century predecessors, as it retains a rather coarse, thumping rhythm; such as how after the initial <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Downbeat_and_upbeat" title="Beat (music)">upbeat</a> Beethoven places the <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamic</a> indication <i><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)#Sudden_changes_and_accented_notes" title="Dynamics (music)">sforzando</a></i> (<span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i><b>sf</b></i></span> ) on each of the next five beats. This makes the minuet stylistically close to the other movements of the symphony, which likewise rely often on good-humored, thumping accents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The minuet is written in <a href="/wiki/Ternary_form" title="Ternary form">ternary form</a>, with a contrasting trio section containing prized solos for horns and clarinet. The clarinet solo is of significant importance in that it was the first major example of a solo clarinet playing a written G<sub>6</sub>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> praised the "incomparable instrumental thought" shown in Beethoven's orchestration of the trio section.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png/660px-Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="528" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png/990px-Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png/1320px-Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png 2x" data-file-width="2345" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>3rd movement (trio) bars 45–52</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_movement">Fourth movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_iv._allegro_vivace.ogg" title="File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 8 in f major, op. 93 - iv. allegro vivace.ogg">IV: Allegro vivace</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="476" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_iv._allegro_vivace.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_iv._allegro_vivace.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_iv._allegro_vivace.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major%2C_op._93_-_iv._allegro_vivace.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The most substantial movement in the symphony, the finale is in <a href="/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form" title="Sonata rondo form">sonata rondo form</a> with a fast tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metronome marking supplied by Beethoven himself is <a href="/wiki/Whole_note" title="Whole note">whole note</a> = 84. This is the first symphonic movement in which the timpani are tuned in <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>, foreshadowing the similar octave-F tuning in the scherzo of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_236_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_236-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins quoted the entire opening theme of the <a href="/wiki/Finale_(music)" title="Finale (music)">finale</a> "in order to emphasize the outrageous impropriety of the last roaring C-sharp": </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/1/l1929b5k5ifla82i114vux53cvex64a/l1929b5k.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/1/l1929b5k5ifla82i114vux53cvex64a/l1929b5k.png" width="769" height="352" alt="\version "2.14.1"
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}" /></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-17.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-17.wav/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-17.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-17.wav/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-17.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-17.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"All that precedes it is so delicate in texture, so nimble and light-footed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981235_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981235-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tovey" title="Donald Tovey">Donald Tovey</a> cites the abrupt intrusion of the C-sharp as an example of Beethoven's "long-distance harmonic effects".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "rogue" note is eventually revealed as having an architectural function in the structure of the movement as a whole. The opening material reappears three times: at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical development">development</a> section, the start of the <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)" title="Recapitulation (music)">recapitulation</a>, and about halfway through the <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a>. As in the first movement, the move to the second subject first adopts the "wrong" key, then moves to the normal key (exposition: <a href="/wiki/Dominant_(music)" title="Dominant (music)">dominant</a>, recapitulation: <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a>) after a few <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">measures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_236_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_236-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coda is one of the most elaborate in all of Beethoven's works.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins called it "magnificent" and suggests it is too substantial to be referred to by the term "coda".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains two particularly striking events. The loud and startling C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> from the opening finally gets an "explanation": "and now it appears that Beethoven has held that note in reserve, wherewith to batter at the door of some immensely distant key. Out bursts the theme then, in <a href="/wiki/F_sharp_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="F sharp minor">F sharp minor</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/b/3b09y7df9hns53krgulxffqfddsabor/3b09y7df.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/b/3b09y7df9hns53krgulxffqfddsabor/3b09y7df.png" width="776" height="235" alt="\version "2.14.1"
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}" /></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_370-381.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_370-381.wav/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_370-381.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_370-381.wav/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_370-381.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_370-381.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A few measures later, there is a stunning <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulation</a> in which this key is "hammered down" by a <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitone</a>, arriving instantaneously at the home key of F major.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981240_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/2/x/2xg3zumidmh3v1quhak8d4ktorle0dc/2xg3zumi.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/2/x/2xg3zumidmh3v1quhak8d4ktorle0dc/2xg3zumi.png" width="776" height="267" alt="\version "2.14.1"
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}" /></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-21.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-21.wav/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-21.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-21.wav/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-21.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Beethoven_Symphony_8_finale_bars_1-21.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The symphony ends with a very long passage of loud tonic harmony. <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> called this movement "One of the greatest symphonic masterpieces of Beethoven."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5485221">"Beethoven's Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Beethoven%27s+Symphony+No.+8+in+F+major%2C+Op.+93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5485221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some instances given by <a href="#CITEREFHopkins1981">Hopkins 1981</a>, pp. 224, 232, 233–234, 236–237 are: 1st mvt. bars 36–37 (bassoon mimicry), the "breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Metronome" title="Metronome">metronome</a>" passage at end of the second movement, the shift of the <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a> into <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time, and the hesitancy in the last movement about whether the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(music)" title="Exposition (music)">exposition</a> will be repeated or not.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins_1981-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1981">Hopkins 1981</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodney_Corkin2010" class="citation web cs1">Rodney Corkin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lvbeethoven.co.uk/page22.html">"Symphony No.8 in F major, op.93"</a>. lvbeethoven.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Symphony+No.8+in+F+major%2C+op.93.&rft.pub=lvbeethoven.co.uk&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Rodney+Corkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flvbeethoven.co.uk%2Fpage22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083038/http://www.carnegiehall.org/textSite/box_office/events/evt_7614.html">"Welcome to Carnegie Hall (program notes)"</a>. Carnegie Hall. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegiehall.org/textSite/box_office/events/evt_7614.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Carnegie+Hall+%28program+notes%29&rft.pub=Carnegie+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiehall.org%2FtextSite%2Fbox_office%2Fevents%2Fevt_7614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)" title="Michael Steinberg (music critic)">Steinberg, Michael</a>. "The Symphony: a listeners guide". pp. 44–47. Oxford University Press, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Solomon,_Maynard" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon, Maynard">Solomon, Maynard</a>. <i>Beethoven</i>. p. 214. Schirmer Books, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, George Bernard</a>. <i>The Great Composers: Reviews and Bombardments</i>. p. 107. California University Press, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwafford2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swafford" title="Jan Swafford">Swafford, Jan</a> (2014). <i>Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph: A Biography</i>. Boston. p. 624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05474-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05474-9"><bdi>978-0-618-05474-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881386554">881386554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beethoven%3A+Anguish+and+Triumph%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=624&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881386554&rft.isbn=978-0-618-05474-9&rft.aulast=Swafford&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeck2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Geck" title="Martin Geck">Geck, Martin</a> (2017). <i>Beethoven's Symphonies: Nine Approaches to Art and Ideas</i>. Translated by Spencer, Stewart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45388-0"><bdi>978-0-226-45388-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958779834">958779834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beethoven%27s+Symphonies%3A+Nine+Approaches+to+Art+and+Ideas&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958779834&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45388-0&rft.aulast=Geck&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_222-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_222_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_222_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1981">Hopkins 1981</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceesnieuwenhuizen.com/project/beethoven-piano-concerto-in-f-major/">"Beethoven 8th Symphony arranged for piano and orchestra | Cees Nieuwenhuizen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beethoven+8th+Symphony+arranged+for+piano+and+orchestra+%26%23124%3B+Cees+Nieuwenhuizen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceesnieuwenhuizen.com%2Fproject%2Fbeethoven-piano-concerto-in-f-major%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apbrown-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apbrown_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apbrown_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, A. Peter, <i>The Symphonic Repertoire</i> (Volume 2). Indiana University Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33487-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33487-X">0-253-33487-X</a>), pp. 517 (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky, I.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Craft, R.</a>, <i>Stravinsky in Conversation</i>, London, Faber, 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1981">Hopkins 1981</a>, p. 234 Hopkins remarked that the music is "marked allegro vivace but usually played <a href="/wiki/Tempo#Italian_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">presto</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_236-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_236_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_236_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1981">Hopkins 1981</a>, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981235-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981235_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1981">Hopkins 1981</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTovey1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tovey" title="Donald Tovey">Tovey, D. F.</a> (1944). <i>Beethoven</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beethoven&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Tovey&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen1988">Rosen 1988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1981">Hopkins 1981</a>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTovey1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tovey" title="Donald Tovey">Tovey, D. F.</a> (1935). <i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Musical_Analysis" title="Essays in Musical Analysis">Essays in Musical Analysis</a></i>. Vol. 1 Symphonies. Oxford University Press. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Musical+Analysis&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Tovey&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981240-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981240_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1981">Hopkins 1981</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/The_Eighth_Symphony_Concert._The_Italian_Opera">"The Eighth Symphony Concert. The Italian Opera"</a>. <i>tchaikovsky-research.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tchaikovsky-research.net&rft.atitle=The+Eighth+Symphony+Concert.+The+Italian+Opera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tchaikovsky-research.net%2Fpages%2FThe_Eighth_Symphony_Concert._The_Italian_Opera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Hopkins" title="Antony Hopkins">Hopkins, Antony</a> (1981). <i>The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven</i>. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-26670-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-26670-5"><bdi>0-330-26670-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nine+Symphonies+of+Beethoven&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-330-26670-5&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sonataforms00rose"><i>Sonata Forms</i></a></span> (revised ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30219-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-30219-9"><bdi>0-393-30219-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonata+Forms&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-393-30219-9&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsonataforms00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+8+%28Beethoven%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/baj2627/index.html">Score</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_and_Gayle_Cook_Music_Library" title="William and Gayle Cook Music Library">William and Gayle Cook Music Library</a>, Indiana University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-about-beethoven.com/symphony8.html">Analysis</a>, all-about-beethoven.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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