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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_transverse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_transverse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Western transverse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_transverse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wooden_one-keyed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_one-keyed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Wooden one-keyed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_one-keyed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Concert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Concert variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sodina_and_suling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodina_and_suling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sodina and suling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodina_and_suling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Sring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ọjà" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ọjà"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Ọjà</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ọjà-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Breathing techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flute</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluit" title="Fluit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fluit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B6te" title="Flöte – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Flöte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA" title="فلوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80" title="বাঁহী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাঁহী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiblata" title="Xiblata – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xiblata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimby" title="Mimby – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mimby" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleyta" title="Fleyta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fleyta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA" title="فلوت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلوت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suling" title="Suling – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Suling" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF" title="বাঁশি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাঁশি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%ADn-%C3%A1" title="Phín-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phín-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0)" title="बँसुरी (बिबिध प्रकार) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बँसुरी (बिबिध प्रकार)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="གླིང་བུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གླིང་བུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fle%C3%BCt" title="Fleüt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fleüt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Бэшхүүр – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бэшхүүр" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A9tna" title="Flétna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Flétna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinyenze" title="Chinyenze – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chinyenze" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffliwt" title="Ffliwt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffliwt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B8jte" title="Fløjte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fløjte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B6te" title="Flöte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flöte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B6%C3%B6t" title="Flööt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Flööt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Φλάουτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φλάουτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibi%C5%8Dl" title="Sibiōl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sibiōl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluto" title="Fluto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fluto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txirula" title="Txirula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txirula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA" title="فلوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bansuri" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyta" title="Floyta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Floyta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%BBte" title="Flûte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Flûte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluit" title="Fluit – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fluit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fli%C3%BAit" title="Fliúit – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fliúit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiseal" title="Duiseal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duiseal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauta" title="Frauta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frauta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8" title="플루트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플루트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBOhe_kani" title="ʻOhe kani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻOhe kani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Ֆլեյտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆլեյտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बाँसुरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाँसुरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulali" title="Tulali – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Tulali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluto" title="Fluto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fluto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seruling" title="Seruling – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seruling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauti" title="Flauti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Flauti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%93" title="חליל צד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חליל צד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suling" title="Suling – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Suling" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%A9la%C9%A3" title="Hɩlaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɩlaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೊಳಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಳಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ფლეიტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფლეიტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollgorn" title="Tollgorn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tollgorn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumari" title="Zumari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zumari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibia_(instrumentum_musicum)" title="Tibia (instrumentum musicum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tibia (instrumentum musicum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleita" title="Fleita – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fleita" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B2uto" title="Flòuto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Flòuto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fla%C3%BCt" title="Flaüt – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Flaüt" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaks%C3%ADpos_hangszerek" title="Ajaksípos hangszerek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ajaksípos hangszerek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флејта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Флејта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodina" title="Sodina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sodina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%BD" title="ഓടക്കുഴൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓടക്കുഴൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA" title="فلوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seruling" title="Seruling – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seruling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1" title="ပလွေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပလွေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluit_(muziekinstrument)" title="Fluit (muziekinstrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fluit (muziekinstrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मुरली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुरली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बाँसुरी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बाँसुरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B" title="笛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="笛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floit" title="Floit – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Floit" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B8yte" title="Fløyte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fløyte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B8yte" title="Fløyte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fløyte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fla%C3%BCta" title="Flaüta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Flaüta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%80" title="ବଂଶୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଂଶୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleyta" title="Fleyta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fleyta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਫ਼ਲੂਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਲੂਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ونجلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ونجلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleut" title="Fleut – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fleut" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flet" title="Flet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleyta" title="Fleyta – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fleyta" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaut" title="Flaut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Flaut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirinka" title="Sirinka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirinka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флавта – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Флавта" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱛᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauti" title="Flauti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Flauti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="බටනලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බටනලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute" title="Flute – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flute" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="بانسري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بانسري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavta" title="Flavta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Flavta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C5%8Fta" title="Flŏta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Flŏta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA" title="فلووت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فلووت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флаута – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Флаута" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Flauta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huilu" title="Huilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Huilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B6jt" title="Flöjt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flöjt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansi" title="Bansi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bansi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புல்லாங்குழல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புல்லாங்குழல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C9%9Bwwadt" title="Talɛwwadt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Talɛwwadt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="వేణువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వేణువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95" title="ฟลูต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟลูต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%BCt" title="Flüt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Flüt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флейта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флейта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بانسری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بانسری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soitoine" title="Soitoine – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Soitoine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1o_(nh%E1%BA%A1c_c%E1%BB%A5)" title="Sáo (nhạc cụ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sáo (nhạc cụ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%BBte" title="Flûte – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Flûte" data-language-autonym="Walon" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B" title="笛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="笛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lul%C4%B1ci" title="Lulıci – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lulıci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B" title="笛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="笛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Woodwind instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the whole family of instruments. For the flute commonly used in orchestras and bands, see <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Western concert flute</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Flute_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Flute (disambiguation)">Flute (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinobue_and_other_flutes-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a collection of flutes. Contains Shinobue and other flutes spread out on a violet velveteen cloth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shinobue_and_other_flutes-3.jpg/220px-Shinobue_and_other_flutes-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shinobue_and_other_flutes-3.jpg/330px-Shinobue_and_other_flutes-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shinobue_and_other_flutes-3.jpg/440px-Shinobue_and_other_flutes-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">Shinobue</a> and other flutes</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwinds</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">Bagpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">Contrabassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">Cor anglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">Clarinet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">Saxophone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instruments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellophone" title="Mellophone">Mellophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">Tenor horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">Trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instruments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huqin" title="Huqin">Huqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Plucked</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">Guzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">Koto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal Harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tambura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">Ukulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophone" title="Lithophone">Lithophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Template:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Template talk:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>flute</b> is a member of a family of musical instruments in the <a href="/wiki/Woodwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind">woodwind</a> group. Like all woodwinds, flutes are <a href="/wiki/Aerophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerophones">aerophones</a>, producing sound with a vibrating column of air. Flutes produce sound when the player's air flows across an opening. In the <a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs</a> classification system, flutes are <a href="/wiki/Edge-blown_aerophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge-blown aerophones">edge-blown aerophones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A musician who plays the flute is called a <b>flautist</b> or <b>flutist</b>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">Paleolithic flutes</a> with hand-bored holes are the earliest known identifiable musical instruments. A number of flutes dating to about 53,000 to 45,000 years ago have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Jura" title="Swabian Jura">Swabian Jura</a> region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, indicating a developed musical tradition from the earliest period of modern human presence in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jhevol_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhevol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the oldest flutes currently known were found in Europe, Asia also has a long history with the instrument. A playable bone flute discovered in China is dated to about 9,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americas also had an ancient flute culture, with instruments found in <a href="/wiki/Caral" title="Caral">Caral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, dating back 5,000 years <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> dating back about 7,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Goss_2019_dev_flutes_northamerica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goss_2019_dev_flutes_northamerica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_flute" title="Bamboo flute">bamboo flute</a> has a long history, especially in China and India. Flutes have been discovered in historical records and artworks starting in the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1046–256 BC). The oldest written sources reveal the Chinese were using the <a href="/wiki/Guan_(instrument)" title="Guan (instrument)">kuan</a> (a reed instrument) and <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(flute)" title="Xiao (flute)">hsio</a> (or xiao, an <a href="/wiki/End-blown_flute" title="End-blown flute">end-blown flute</a>, often of bamboo) in the 12th–11th centuries BC, followed by the chi (or ch'ih) in the 9th century BC and the yüeh in the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-sachs1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, the bamboo chi is the oldest documented <a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">transverse flute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sachs1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a> called the cross flute (Sanskrit: vāṃśī) "the outstanding wind instrument of ancient India", and said that religious artwork depicting "celestial music" instruments was linked to music with an "aristocratic character".<sup id="cite_ref-sachs2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian bamboo cross flute, <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a>, was sacred to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, who is depicted with the instrument in <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> art.<sup id="cite_ref-sachs2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">cross flute</a> appeared in reliefs from the 1st century AD at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amaravati#History" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a> from the 2nd–4th centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-sachs2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MusINstrNepal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusINstrNepal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Alexander Buchner, there were flutes in Europe in prehistoric times, but they disappeared from the continent until flutes arrived from Asia by way of "North Africa, Hungary, and Bohemia".<sup id="cite_ref-pichistory_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pichistory-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end-blown flute began to be seen in illustration in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-pichistory_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pichistory-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transverse flutes entered Europe through <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and were depicted in Greek art about 800 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-sachs3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transverse flute had spread into Europe by way of Germany, and was known as the German flute.<sup id="cite_ref-sachs3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>flute</i> first appeared in the English language during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> period, as <i>floute</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Flute_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flute-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>flowte</i>, or <i>flo(y)te</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-C_Weiner_1989_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C_Weiner_1989-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>flaute</i> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Provençal">Old Provençal</a> <i>flaüt</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Flute_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flute-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly from Old French <i>fleüte</i>, <i>flaüte</i>, <i>flahute</i> via <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <i>floite</i> or <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i>fluit</i>. The English verb <i>flout</i> has the same linguistic root, and the modern Dutch verb <i>fluiten</i> still shares the two meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenwick_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenwick-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to trace the word back to the Latin <i>flare</i> (to blow, inflate) have been called "phonologically impossible" or "inadmissable".<sup id="cite_ref-C_Weiner_1989_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C_Weiner_1989-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known use of the word <i>flute</i> was in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, this was in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hous_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hous of Fame">The Hous of Fame</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1380</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-C_Weiner_1989_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C_Weiner_1989-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A musician who plays any instrument in the flute family can be called a flutist,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flautist,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or flute player. <i>Flutist</i> dates back to at least 1603, the earliest quotation cited by the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <i>Flautist</i> was used in 1860 by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marble_Faun" title="The Marble Faun">The Marble Faun</a></i>, after being adopted during the 18th century from Italy (<i>flautista</i>, itself from <i>flauto</i>), like many musical terms in England since the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. Other English terms, now virtually obsolete, are <i>fluter</i> (15th–19th centuries)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>flutenist</i> (17th and 18th centuries).<sup id="cite_ref-Fenwick_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenwick-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic flutes">Paleolithic flutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Krishna playing a flute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/154px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/231px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/308px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> playing a flute</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels,_Detail_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="12th-century art, Chinese women playing flutes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_4.jpg/250px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_4.jpg/375px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Chinese women playing flutes, from the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> remake of the <i>Night Revels of Han Xizai</i>, originally by <a href="/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong" title="Gu Hongzhong">Gu Hongzhong</a> (10th century)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A fragment of a juvenile <a href="/wiki/Cave_bear" title="Cave bear">cave bear</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>, with two to four holes, was found at <a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and dated to about 43,000 years ago. It may be the oldest flute discovered, but this has been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, a flute dated to at least 35,000 years ago was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Hohle_Fels" title="Hohle Fels">Hohle Fels</a> cave near <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a five-holed flute with a V-shaped mouthpiece and was made from a <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vulture</a> wing bone. The discovery was published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, in August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the oldest confirmed musical instrument ever found,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until a redating of flutes found in <a href="/wiki/Gei%C3%9Fenkl%C3%B6sterle" class="mw-redirect" title="Geißenklösterle">Geißenklösterle</a> cave revealed them to be older, at 42,000 to 43,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-jhevol_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhevol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hohle Fels flute is one of several found in the <a href="/wiki/Hohle_Fels" title="Hohle Fels">Hohle Fels cavern</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a> and a short distance from the oldest known human carving.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On announcing the discovery, scientists suggested that the "finds demonstrate the presence of a well-established musical tradition at the time when modern humans colonized Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists have also suggested that this flute's discovery may help to explain "the probable behavioural and cognitive gulf between" <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern humans">early modern human</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_medieval_bone_flute_dating_11th-13th_century._(FindID_621082).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_medieval_bone_flute_dating_11th-13th_century._%28FindID_621082%29.jpg/200px-A_medieval_bone_flute_dating_11th-13th_century._%28FindID_621082%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_medieval_bone_flute_dating_11th-13th_century._%28FindID_621082%29.jpg/300px-A_medieval_bone_flute_dating_11th-13th_century._%28FindID_621082%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_medieval_bone_flute_dating_11th-13th_century._%28FindID_621082%29.jpg/400px-A_medieval_bone_flute_dating_11th-13th_century._%28FindID_621082%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="3643" /></a><figcaption>Bone flute made of a goat's tibia, 11th–13th century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>An 18.7 cm flute with three holes, made from a <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> tusk and dated to 30,000–37,000 years ago, was found in 2004 in the <a href="/wiki/Gei%C3%9Fenkl%C3%B6sterle" class="mw-redirect" title="Geißenklösterle">Geißenklösterle</a> cave near Ulm, in the southern German <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Alb" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabian Alb">Swabian Alb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two flutes made from <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a> bones were excavated a decade earlier from the same cave and dated to about 36,000 years ago. </p><p>A playable 9,000-year-old Chinese <a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">Gudi</a> (literally, "bone flute") was excavated from a tomb in <a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a> along with 29 similar specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were made from the wing bones of red-crowned cranes and each has five to eight holes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest extant Chinese transverse flute is a <i>chi</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AF%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:篪">篪</a>) flute discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng" title="Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng">Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a> site, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> province, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, dating from 433 BC, during the later <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is fashioned of <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquered</a> bamboo with closed ends and has five stops on the flute's side instead of the top. <i><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Jing">Shi Jing</a></i>, traditionally said to have been compiled and edited by <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, mentions chi flutes. </p><p>The earliest written reference to a flute is from a <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform tablet</a> dated to c. 2600–2700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flutes are mentioned in a recently translated tablet of the <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, an epic poem whose development spanned the period from about 2100–600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Meso_Flutes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meso_Flutes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A set of cuneiform tablets knows as the "<i>musical texts</i>" provide precise tuning instructions for seven scales of a stringed instrument (assumed to be a Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>). One of those scales is named "<i>embūbum</i>", which is an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> word for "flute".<sup id="cite_ref-Meso_Flutes_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meso_Flutes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">The Bible</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 4:21, cites <a href="/wiki/Jubal_(Bible)" title="Jubal (Bible)">Jubal</a> as being the "father of all those who play the <i>ugab</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kinnor" title="Kinnor">kinnor</a></i>". The former Hebrew term is believed by some to refer to a wind instrument, or wind instruments in general, the latter to a stringed instrument, or stringed instruments in general. As such, Jubal is regarded in the Judeo-Christian tradition as the inventor of the flute (a word used in some translations of this biblical passage).<sup id="cite_ref-braun2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braun2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other sections of the Bible (1 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel book">Samuel</a> 10:5, 1 <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> 1:40, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 5:12 and 30:29, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> 48:36) the flute is referred to as "<i>chalil</i>", from the root word for "hollow".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeological digs in the Holy Land have discovered flutes from the Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4000–1200 BC) and the Iron Age (1200–586 BC), the latter era "witness[ing] the creation of the Israelite kingdom and its separation into the two kingdoms of Israel and Judea."<sup id="cite_ref-braun2004_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braun2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some early flutes were made out of <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibias</a> (shin bones). The flute has also always been an essential part of <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">Indian culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cross flute believed by several accounts to originate in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Indian literature from 1500 BC has made vague references to the cross flute.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acoustics">Acoustics</h2></div> <p>A flute produces sound when a stream of air directed across a hole in the instrument creates a vibration of air at the hole.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airstream creates a <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernoulli effect">Bernoulli</a> or siphon. This excites the air contained in the <a href="/wiki/Resonant_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant cavity">resonant cavity</a> (usually cylindrical) within the flute. The flutist changes the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> of the sound produced by opening and closing holes in the body of the instrument, thus changing the effective length of the <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonator</a> and its corresponding <a href="/wiki/Resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant frequency">resonant frequency</a>. By varying the air pressure, a flutist can also change the pitch by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonic</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental frequency</a> without opening or closing any of the holes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Head joint geometry appears particularly critical to acoustic performance and tone,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no clear consensus among manufacturers on a particular shape. Acoustic impedance of the embouchure hole appears the most critical parameter.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical variables affecting this acoustic impedance include: the length of the chimney (the hole between the lip-plate and the head tube), chimney diameter, and radii or curvature of the ends of the chimney and any designed restriction in the "throat" of the instrument, such as that in the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nohkan" title="Nohkan">Nohkan</a> flute. </p><p>A study in which professional flutists were blindfolded could find no significant differences between flutes made from a variety of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two different sets of blind listening, no flute was correctly identified in a first listening, and in a second, only the silver flute was identified. The study concluded that there was "no evidence that the wall material has any appreciable effect on the sound color or dynamic range". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2></div> <p>Historically, flutes were most commonly made of <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reed</a>, bamboo, wood, or other organic materials. They were also made of glass, bone, and <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>. Most modern flutes are made of metal, primarily <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. Silver is less common than silver alloys.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other materials used for flutes include gold, platinum, <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">grenadilla</a> and copper.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg/440px-Zampo%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Playing the <i><a href="/wiki/Siku_(panpipe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siku (panpipe)">zampoña</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Pre-Inca</a> instrument and type of <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">pan flute</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In its most basic form, a flute is an open tube which is blown into. After focused study and training, players use controlled air-direction to create an airstream in which the air is aimed downward into the tone hole of the flute's headjoint. There are several broad classes of flutes. With most flutes, the musician blows directly across the edge of the mouthpiece, with 1/4 of their bottom lip covering the embouchure hole. However, some flutes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemshorn" title="Gemshorn">gemshorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flageolet" title="Flageolet">flageolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">tin whistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonette" title="Tonette">tonette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">fujara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarina</a> have a duct that directs the air onto the edge (an arrangement that is termed a "<a href="/wiki/Fipple" title="Fipple">fipple</a>"). These are known as <b><a href="/wiki/Fipple_flutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fipple flutes">fipple flutes</a></b>. The fipple gives the instrument a distinct timbre which is different from non-fipple flutes and makes the instrument easier to play, but takes a degree of control away from the musician. </p><p>Another division is between side-blown (or <a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">transverse</a>) flutes, such as the Western concert flute, <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fife (musical instrument)">fife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizi_(instrument)" title="Dizi (instrument)">dizi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">bansuri</a>; and <b><a href="/wiki/End-blown_flute" title="End-blown flute">end-blown flutes</a></b>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(flute)" title="Xiao (flute)">xiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaval" title="Kaval">kaval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danso" title="Danso">danso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anasazi_flute" title="Anasazi flute">Anasazi flute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quena" title="Quena">quena</a>. The player of a side-blown flute uses a hole on the side of the tube to produce a tone, instead of blowing on an end of the tube. End-blown flutes should not be confused with fipple flutes such as the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>, which are also played <a href="/wiki/Vertical_flute" title="Vertical flute">vertically</a> but have an internal duct to direct the air flow across the edge of the tone hole. </p><p>Flutes may be open at one or both ends. The <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xun_(instrument)" title="Xun (instrument)">xun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan pipes">pan pipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_whistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Police whistle">police whistle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bosun%27s_whistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosun's whistle">bosun's whistle</a> are closed-ended. Open-ended flutes such as the concert flute and the recorder have more harmonics, and thus more flexibility for the player, and brighter timbres. An organ pipe may be either open or closed, depending on the sound desired. </p><p>Flutes may have any number of pipes or tubes, though one is the most common number. Flutes with multiple <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Resonance_of_a_tube_of_air" title="Acoustic resonance">resonators</a> may be played one resonator at a time (as is typical with pan pipes) or more than one at a time (as is typical with double flutes). </p><p>Flutes can be played with several different air sources. Conventional flutes are blown with the mouth, although some cultures use <a href="/wiki/Nose_flute" title="Nose flute">nose flutes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flue_pipe" title="Flue pipe">flue pipes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organs</a>, which are acoustically similar to duct flutes, are blown by bellows or fans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_transverse">Western transverse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Western concert flute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg/280px-Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg/420px-Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg/560px-Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4548" data-file-height="3291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Western concert flute</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wooden_one-keyed">Wooden one-keyed</h4></div> <p>Usually in D, wooden transverse flutes were played in European classical music mainly in the period from the early 18th century to the early 19th century. As such, the instrument is often indicated as <a href="/wiki/Baroque_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque flute">baroque flute</a>. Gradually marginalized by the Western concert flute in the 19th century, baroque flutes were again played from the late 20th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a> practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concert">Concert</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_concert_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Western_concert_flute.jpg/300px-Western_concert_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Western_concert_flute.jpg/450px-Western_concert_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Western_concert_flute.jpg/600px-Western_concert_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Western concert flute</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Western concert flute</a>, a descendant of the medieval German flute, is a transverse treble flute that is closed at the top. An <i><a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">embouchure</a> hole</i> is positioned near the top, and the flutist blows across it. The flute has circular tone holes larger than the finger holes of its baroque predecessors. The size and placement of tone holes, key mechanism, and fingering system used to produce the notes in the flute's <a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">range</a> were evolved from 1832 to 1847 by <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Boehm" title="Theobald Boehm">Theobald Boehm</a>, who helped greatly improve the instrument's dynamic range and intonation over its predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With some refinements (and the rare exception of the Kingma system and other custom adapted fingering systems), Western concert flutes typically conform to Boehm's design, known as the <a href="/wiki/Boehm_system" title="Boehm system">Boehm system</a>. Beginner's flutes are made of nickel, silver, or brass that is silver-plated, while professionals use solid silver, gold, and sometimes even platinum flutes. There are also modern wooden-bodied flutes usually with silver or gold keywork. The wood is usually <a href="/wiki/African_Blackwood" class="mw-redirect" title="African Blackwood">African Blackwood</a>. </p><p>The standard concert flute is pitched in C and has a range of three <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a> starting from <a href="/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a> or one half step lower when a B foot is attached. This means that the concert flute is one of the highest-pitched common <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert band</a> instruments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piccolo_on_red_backdrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Piccolo_on_red_backdrop.jpg/220px-Piccolo_on_red_backdrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Piccolo_on_red_backdrop.jpg/330px-Piccolo_on_red_backdrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Piccolo_on_red_backdrop.jpg/440px-Piccolo_on_red_backdrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Grenadilla wood piccolo with a modified wave headjoint</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concert_variants">Concert variants</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joueuse_de_fl%C3%BBte_%C3%A0_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Joueuse_de_fl%C3%BBte_%C3%A0_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry.jpg/220px-Joueuse_de_fl%C3%BBte_%C3%A0_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Joueuse_de_fl%C3%BBte_%C3%A0_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry.jpg/330px-Joueuse_de_fl%C3%BBte_%C3%A0_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Joueuse_de_fl%C3%BBte_%C3%A0_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry.jpg/440px-Joueuse_de_fl%C3%BBte_%C3%A0_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Center: Piccolo. Right: larger flute</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a> plays an octave higher than the regular treble flute. Lower members of the flute family include the <a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">G alto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">C bass</a> flutes that are used occasionally, and are pitched a perfect fourth and an octave below the concert flute, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_flute" title="Contra-alto flute">contra-alto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_flute" title="Contrabass flute">contrabass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_flute" title="Subcontrabass flute">subcontrabass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_contrabass_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Double contrabass flute">double contrabass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperbass_flute" title="Hyperbass flute">hyperbass</a> flutes are other rare forms of the flute pitched up to four octaves below middle C. </p><p>Other sizes of flutes and piccolos are used from time to time. A rarer instrument of the modern pitching system is the G <a href="/wiki/Treble_flute" title="Treble flute">treble flute</a>. Instruments made according to an older pitch standard, used principally in wind-band music, include D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> piccolo, E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soprano_flute" title="Soprano flute">soprano flute</a> (Keyed a minor 3rd above the standard C flute), F alto flute, and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> bass flute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian">Indian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_bamboo_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indian_bamboo_flute.jpg/220px-Indian_bamboo_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indian_bamboo_flute.jpg/330px-Indian_bamboo_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indian_bamboo_flute.jpg/440px-Indian_bamboo_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a> eight-holed bamboo flute</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Flute1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Eight_Flute1.JPG/220px-Eight_Flute1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Eight_Flute1.JPG/330px-Eight_Flute1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Eight_Flute1.JPG/440px-Eight_Flute1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>An eight-holed classical Indian bamboo flute.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_flute" title="Bamboo flute">bamboo flute</a> is an important instrument in <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, and developed independently of the Western flute. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> God Lord <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is traditionally considered a master of the bamboo flute. The Indian flutes are very simple compared to the Western counterparts; they are made of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and are keyless.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two main varieties of Indian flutes are currently used. The first, the <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a> (बांसुरी), has six finger holes and one embouchure hole, and is used predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustani music">Hindustani music</a> of Northern India. The second, the <a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a> or Pullanguzhal, has eight finger holes, and is played predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> of Southern India. Presently, the eight-holed flute with cross-fingering technique is common among many Carnatic flutists. Prior to this, the South Indian flute had only seven finger holes, with the fingering standard developed by Sharaba Shastri, of the Palladam school, at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cipriano_Garcia_playing_a_flute_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cipriano_Garcia_playing_a_flute_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham_culture.jpg/220px-Cipriano_Garcia_playing_a_flute_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cipriano_Garcia_playing_a_flute_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham_culture.jpg/330px-Cipriano_Garcia_playing_a_flute_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cipriano_Garcia_playing_a_flute_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham_culture.jpg/440px-Cipriano_Garcia_playing_a_flute_of_the_Tohono_O%27odham_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Garcia playing a flute of the <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono O'odham</a> culture. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Densmore" title="Frances Densmore">Frances Densmore</a> taken in 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>The quality of the flute's sound depends somewhat on the specific <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> used to make it, and it is generally agreed that the best bamboo grows in the <a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a> area of South India.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharata_Natya_Shastra%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bharata Natya Shastra's (page does not exist)">Bharata Natya Shastra</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarana_Chatushtai" title="Sarana Chatushtai">Sarana Chatushtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avinash_Balkrishna_Patwardhan" title="Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan">Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan</a> developed a methodology to produce perfectly tuned flutes for the ten 'thatas' currently present in Indian Classical Music.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a regional dialect of Gujarati, a flute is also called Pavo.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people can also play pair of flutes (Jodiyo Pavo) simultaneously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_flutes" title="Chinese flutes">Chinese flutes</a></div> <p>In China there are many varieties of <a href="/wiki/Dizi_(instrument)" title="Dizi (instrument)">dizi</a> (笛子), or Chinese flute, with different sizes, structures (with or without a resonance membrane) and number of holes (from 6 to 11) and intonations (different keys). Most are made of bamboo, but can come in wood, jade, bone, and iron. One peculiar feature of the Chinese flute is the use of a resonance membrane mounted on one of the holes that vibrates with the air column inside the tube. This membrane is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Di_mo" title="Di mo">di mo</a></i>, which is usually a thin tissue paper. It gives the flute a bright sound. </p><p>Commonly seen flutes in the modern Chinese orchestra are the <a href="/wiki/Bangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangdi">bangdi</a> (梆笛), <a href="/wiki/Qudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qudi">qudi</a> (曲笛), <a href="/wiki/Xindi_(instrument)" title="Xindi (instrument)">xindi</a> (新笛), and <a href="/wiki/Dadi_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadi (instrument)">dadi</a> (大笛). The bamboo flute played vertically is called the <a href="/wiki/Xiao_(flute)" title="Xiao (flute)">xiao</a> (簫), which is a different category of wind instrument in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daegeum" title="Daegeum">Daegeum</a></div> <p>The Korean flute, called the <a href="/wiki/Daegeum" title="Daegeum">daegeum</a>, 대금, is a large bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. It has a buzzing membrane that gives it a unique timbre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The Chinese flute, called dizi, is described in the immediately preceding section as also having a buzzing membrane. How is the daegeum's timbre so unlike that of the dizi that it can be called "unique"? (May 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">Fue (flute)</a></div> <p>The Japanese flute, called the <a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">fue</a>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">笛</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>: <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ふえ</span></span>), encompasses a large number of musical flutes from Japan, include the end-blown <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hotchiku" title="Hotchiku">hotchiku</a>, as well as the transverse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gakubue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gakubue (page does not exist)">gakubue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komabue" title="Komabue">komabue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABteki" title="Ryūteki">ryūteki</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C5%8Dkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nōkan">nōkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">shinobue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagurabue" title="Kagurabue">kagurabue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minteki" title="Minteki">minteki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sodina_and_suling">Sodina and suling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodina_Flute_of_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sodina_Flute_of_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Sodina_Flute_of_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sodina_Flute_of_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Sodina_Flute_of_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sodina_Flute_of_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Sodina_Flute_of_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sodina" title="Sodina">sodina</a> player in Madagascar</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sodina" title="Sodina">sodina</a> is an end-blown flute found throughout the island state of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, located in the Indian Ocean off southeastern Africa. One of the oldest instruments on the island, it bears close resemblance to end-blown flutes found in Southeast Asia and particularly Indonesia, where it is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Suling" title="Suling">suling</a></i>, suggesting the predecessor to the sodina was carried to Madagascar in outrigger canoes by the island's original settlers emigrating from Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-Musical_Standard_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musical_Standard-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An image of the most celebrated contemporary sodina flutist, <a href="/wiki/Rakoto_Frah" title="Rakoto Frah">Rakoto Frah</a> (d. 2001), was featured on the <a href="/wiki/Ariary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariary">local currency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sring">Sring</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sring" title="Sring">sring</a> (also called <i>blul</i>) is a relatively small, end-blown flute with a nasal tone quality<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlevanian_2001_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlevanian_2001-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in the Caucasus region of Eastern Armenia. It is made of wood or cane, usually with seven finger holes and one thumb hole,<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlevanian_2001_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlevanian_2001-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> producing a diatonic scale. One Armenian musicologist believes the sring to be the most characteristic of national Armenian instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ọjà"><span id=".E1.BB.8Cj.C3.A0"></span>Ọjà</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Oja.jpg/220px-Oja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Oja.jpg/330px-Oja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Oja.jpg/440px-Oja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>ọjà</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cj%C3%A0" title="Ọjà">Ọjà</a> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">//</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/99\/LL-Q33578_%28ibo%29-Olugold-%E1%BB%8Cj%C3%A0.wav\/LL-Q33578_%28ibo%29-Olugold-%E1%BB%8Cj%C3%A0.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Olugold-\u1eccj\u00e0.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q33578_%28ibo%29-Olugold-%E1%BB%8Cj%C3%A0.wav/LL-Q33578_%28ibo%29-Olugold-%E1%BB%8Cj%C3%A0.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Olugold-%E1%BB%8Cj%C3%A0.wav" title="File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Olugold-Ọjà.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> is a traditional musical instrument utilized by the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a>, who are indigenous to <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The ọjà (flute) is used during cultural activities or events where <a href="/wiki/Igbo_music" title="Igbo music">Igbo music</a> is played. It is skillfully carved from wood/bamboo or metal and is played by blowing air into one end while covering and uncovering holes along the body to create different notes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breathing_techniques">Breathing techniques</h2></div> <p>There are several means by which flautists breathe to blow air through the instrument and produce sound. They include <a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing" title="Diaphragmatic breathing">diaphragmatic breathing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circular_breathing" title="Circular breathing">circular breathing</a>. Diaphragmatic breathing optimizes inhalation, minimizing the number of breaths. Circular breathing brings air in through the nose and out through the mouth, enabling a continuous sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diple" title="Diple">Diple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_method" title="Flute method">Flute method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frula" title="Frula">Frula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_flute" title="Hand flute">Hand flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">Irish flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_flute" title="Jazz flute">Jazz flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flutists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flutists">List of flutists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_flute" title="Native American flute">Native American flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palendag" title="Palendag">Palendag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_and_tabor" title="Pipe and tabor">Pipe and tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(instrument)" title="Pipe (instrument)">Pipe (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">Recorder (musical instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washint" title="Washint">Washint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_flute" title="Vessel flute">Vessel flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flautists" title="List of flautists">List of flautists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvon_HornbostelSachs1961" class="citation journal cs1">von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Sachs, Curt (March 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842168">"Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann"</a>. <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F842168">10.2307/842168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842168">842168</a>. <q>4 Aerophones The air itself is the vibrator in the primary sense ... 421 Edge instruments or flutes a narrow stream of air is directed against an edge</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Musical+Instruments%3A+Translated+from+the+Original+German+by+Anthony+Baines+and+Klaus+P.+Wachsmann&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1961-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F842168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842168%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=von+Hornbostel&rft.aufirst=Erich+M.&rft.au=Sachs%2C+Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilford, John N. (24 June 2009). "Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music". <i>Nature</i>. <b>459</b> (7244): <span class="nowrap">248–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..248C">2009Natur.459..248C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07995">10.1038/nature07995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19444215">19444215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205216692">205216692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Flutes+Offer+Clues+to+Stone-Age+Music&rft.volume=459&rft.issue=7244&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205216692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19444215&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459..248C&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span>. Citation on p. 248. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Noble_Wilford2009" class="citation news cs1">John Noble Wilford (24 June 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/science/25flute.html">"Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Flutes+Offer+Clues+to+Stone-Age+Music&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.au=John+Noble+Wilford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F25%2Fscience%2F25flute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-jhevol-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jhevol_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhevol_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighamBasellJacobiWood2012" class="citation journal cs1">Higham, Thomas; Basell, Laura; Jacobi, Roger; Wood, Rachel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Conard, Nicholas J. (2012). "Τesting models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>62</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">664–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHumE..62..664H">2012JHumE..62..664H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2012.03.003">10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22575323">22575323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=%CE%A4esting+models+for+the+beginnings+of+the+Aurignacian+and+the+advent+of+figurative+art+and+music%3A+The+radiocarbon+chronology+of+Gei%C3%9Fenkl%C3%B6sterle&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E664-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22575323&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2012.03.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JHumE..62..664H&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Basell%2C+Laura&rft.au=Jacobi%2C+Roger&rft.au=Wood%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Christopher+Bronk&rft.au=Conard%2C+Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030084138/http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/1999/bnlpr092299.html">"Brookhaven Lab Expert Helps Date Flute Thought to be Oldest Playable Musical Instrument, Bone flute found in China at 9,000-year-old Neolithic site"</a> (Press release). Brookhaven National Laboratory. 22 September 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/1999/bnlpr092299.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brookhaven+Lab+Expert+Helps+Date+Flute+Thought+to+be+Oldest+Playable+Musical+Instrument%2C+Bone+flute+found+in+China+at+9%2C000-year-old+Neolithic+site&rft.pub=Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1999-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnl.gov%2Fbnlweb%2Fpubaf%2Fpr%2F1999%2Fbnlpr092299.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/muan/hd_muan.htm">"Music in the Ancient Andes"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Thirty-two tubular horizontal flutes were discovered in Caral ... made with pelican and condor bones could produce seven different sounds ... the discoveries at Caral proved that music was an integral part of the ritual life of the Andean people 5000 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Ancient+Andes&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fmuan%2Fhd_muan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goss_2019_dev_flutes_northamerica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goss_2019_dev_flutes_northamerica_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2019" class="citation web cs1">Goss, Clint (22 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Flutopedia.com/dev_flutes_northamerica.htm">"The Development of Flutes in North America"</a>. <i>Flutopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flutopedia&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Flutes+in+North+America&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Clint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.Flutopedia.com%2Fdev_flutes_northamerica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachs1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachs1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachs1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Kurt (1940). <i>The History of Musical Instruments</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">178–</span>179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/journal/1401/">"Ancient Chinese Musical Instrument's Depicted On Some Of The Early Monuments In The Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">Erh Ya</a> (c. 400 B.C.) says the ch'ih was made of bamboo, its length was 16 inches, one hole opened upwards, and it was blown transversely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Chinese+Musical+Instrument%27s+Depicted+On+Some+Of+The+Early+Monuments+In+The+Museum&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Anthropology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fjournal%2F1401%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachs2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachs2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachs2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachs2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Kurt (1940). <i>The History of Musical Instruments</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">158–</span>159, 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E159%2C+180&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MusINstrNepal-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MusINstrNepal_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadel2007" class="citation book cs1">Kadel, Ram Prasad (2007). <i>Musical Instruments of Nepal</i>. Katmandu, Nepal: Nepali Folk Instrument Museum. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99946-883-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-99946-883-0-2"><bdi>978-99946-883-0-2</bdi></a>. <q>Banshi ... \transverse flute ... made from bamboo with six finger holes ... known as Lord Krishna's instrument.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Instruments+of+Nepal&rft.place=Katmandu%2C+Nepal&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Nepali+Folk+Instrument+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-99946-883-0-2&rft.aulast=Kadel&rft.aufirst=Ram+Prasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pichistory-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pichistory_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pichistory_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchner1980" class="citation book cs1">Buchner, Alexander (1980). <i>Colour Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments</i>. New York: Hamlyn. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-36421-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-36421-6"><bdi>0-600-36421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour+Encyclopedia+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-600-36421-6&rft.aulast=Buchner&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachs3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachs3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachs3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Kurt (1940). <i>The History of Musical Instruments</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flute&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary+By+Farlex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fflute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C_Weiner_1989-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C_Weiner_1989_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_Weiner_1989_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_Weiner_1989_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, J. A. and Weiner, E. S. C. (eds.), "flute, <i>n.1</i>", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, second edition. 20 vols. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+%28American+English%29&rft.atitle=Flutist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fflutist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111061750/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/flautist">"Flautist"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary (British & World English)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+%28British+%26+World+English%29&rft.atitle=Flautist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fflautist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/72222">"Fluter (c.1400)"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Fluter+%28c.1400%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F72222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111061314/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=fluter">"Fluter"</a>. <i>Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=fluter">the original</a> on 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webster%27s+Revised+Unabridged+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Fluter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmachaut.uchicago.edu%2F%3Fresource%3DWebster%2527s%26word%3Dfluter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fluter">"Fluter"</a>. <i>Random House Dictionary and Collins English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+House+Dictionary+and+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Fluter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ffluter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTElurCu-WYC&pg=PA2291">"Flutenist"</a>. <i>The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia</i>. 1906<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Century+Dictionary+and+Cyclopedia&rft.atitle=Flutenist&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgTElurCu-WYC%26pg%3DPA2291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenenbaum,_David2000" class="citation web cs1">Tenenbaum, David (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010105225500/http://whyfiles.org/114music/4.html">"Neanderthal jam"</a>. <i>The Why Files</i>. University of Wisconsin, Board of Regents. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whyfiles.org/114music/4.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Why+Files&rft.atitle=Neanderthal+jam&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Tenenbaum%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhyfiles.org%2F114music%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/FluteDebate.html">Flute History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093813/http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/FluteDebate.html">Archived</a> 1 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UCLA. Retrieved June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghosh, Pallab. (25 June 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm">BBC: 'Oldest musical instrument' found</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101001180212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm">Archived</a> 1 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. Retrieved on 2013-08-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_J._ConardMaria_MalinaSusanne_C._Münzel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholas J. Conard; Maria Malina; Susanne C. Münzel (August 2009). "New Flutes Document the Earliest Musical Tradition in Southwestern Germany". <i>Nature</i>. <b>460</b> (7256): <span class="nowrap">737–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.460..737C">2009Natur.460..737C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08169">10.1038/nature08169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19553935">19553935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4336590">4336590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=New+Flutes+Document+the+Earliest+Musical+Tradition+in+Southwestern+Germany&rft.volume=460&rft.issue=7256&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4336590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.460..737C&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08169&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19553935&rft.au=Nicholas+J.+Conard&rft.au=Maria+Malina&rft.au=Susanne+C.+M%C3%BCnzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8117915.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Oldest musical instrument' found"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Oldest+musical+instrument%27+found&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F8117915.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626032243/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/06/24/1976108.aspx">"Music for cavemen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. 24 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/06/24/1976108.aspx">the original</a> on 26 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>. <q>Scientists say they've found what they consider to be the earliest handcrafted musical instrument in a cave in southwest Germany, less than a yard away from the oldest-known carving of a human. The flute fragments as well as the ivory figurine of a 'prehistoric Venus' date back more than 35,000 years, the researchers report ... the real prize is a nearly complete flute hollowed out from the bone of a griffon vulture ... found in the Hohle Fels cave, just 28 inches (70 centimeters) away from the spot where the prehistoric Venus ... was found</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+for+cavemen&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com%2Farchive%2F2009%2F06%2F24%2F1976108.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/science/25flute.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss">"Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 24 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Flutes+Offer+Clues+to+Stone-Age+Music&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F25%2Fscience%2F25flute.html%3F_r%3D1%26partner%3Drss%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/archeologists-discover-ice-age-dwellers-flute-1.518045">"Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute"</a>. <i>CBC Arts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 30 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528034505/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2004/12/30/flute-prehistoric041230.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+Arts&rft.atitle=Archeologists+discover+ice+age+dwellers%27+flute&rft.date=2004-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Farcheologists-discover-ice-age-dwellers-flute-1.518045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/sci/tech/454594.stm">The bone age flute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115103938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/sci/tech/454594.stm">Archived</a> 15 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. 23 September 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang,_JuzhongXiao,_XinghuaLee,_Yun_Kuen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Juzhong; Xiao, Xinghua; Lee, Yun Kuen (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603141434/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/078/Ant0780769.htm">"The early development of music. Analysis of the Jiahu bone flutes"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>78</b> (302): <span class="nowrap">769–</span>778. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00113432">10.1017/s0003598x00113432</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/078/Ant0780769.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+early+development+of+music.+Analysis+of+the+Jiahu+bone+flutes&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=302&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E769-%3C%2Fspan%3E778&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00113432&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Juzhong&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Xinghua&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yun+Kuen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F078%2FAnt0780769.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman,_Howard_L.2010" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Howard L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flutopedia&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Flutes+in+Europe+and+Asia&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Goss%2C+Clint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FFlutopedia.com%2Fdev_flutes_euroasia.htm%23Early_Sumerian_Flutes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meso_Flutes-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meso_Flutes_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meso_Flutes_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss,_Clint2012" class="citation web cs1">Goss, Clint (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Flutopedia.com/mesopotamian_flutes.htm">"Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>Flutopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flutopedia&rft.atitle=Flutes+of+Gilgamesh+and+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Goss%2C+Clint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FFlutopedia.com%2Fmesopotamian_flutes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-braun2004-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-braun2004_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-braun2004_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Cohen, "Review of 'Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources', by Joachim Braun". Min-Ad: Israel Studies in Musicology Online. Vol. 3. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad04/BraunRev-2.pdf">http://www.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad04/BraunRev-2.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919195604/https://www.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad04/BraunRev-2.pdf">Archived</a> 19 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong's Hebrew Concordance, "chalil". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/2485.htm">http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/2485.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217034936/http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/2485.htm">Archived</a> 17 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoibergRamchandani2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC"><i>Students' Britannica India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>: Popular Prakashan. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Ramchandani%2C+Indu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAE_LIg9G5CgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi2001" class="citation book cs1">Chaturvedi, Mamta (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rz8rvUOmSwC"><i>How to Play Flute & Shehnai</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-288-1476-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-288-1476-1"><bdi>978-81-288-1476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Play+Flute+%26+Shehnai&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+%28P%29+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-288-1476-1&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=Mamta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rz8rvUOmSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1968" class="citation book cs1">Morse, Constance (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEXWVhtcuJ4C"><i>Music and Music-makers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>: Ayer Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-0724-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-0724-7"><bdi>978-0-8369-0724-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Music-makers&rft.place=New+Hampshire&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-0724-7&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEXWVhtcuJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvey2007" class="citation book cs1">Arvey, Verna (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOwFSQkpfNsC"><i>Choreographic Music for the Dance</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Read Country Books. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5847-4"><bdi>978-1-4067-5847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choreographic+Music+for+the+Dance&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Read+Country+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-5847-4&rft.aulast=Arvey&rft.aufirst=Verna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOwFSQkpfNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/fluteacoustics.html#airjet">Flute acoustics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813223531/http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/fluteacoustics.html#airjet">Archived</a> 13 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UNSW. Retrieved June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe,_Joe" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe, Joe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/flute/">"Introduction to flute acoustics"</a>. <i>UNSW Music Acoustics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNSW+Music+Acoustics&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+flute+acoustics&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phys.unsw.edu.au%2Fmusic%2Fflute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/music/flute.html#c4">"The Flute"</a>. <i>HyperPhysics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eldredspellflutes.com/Articles.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Flute+Worker&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+Headjoint&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0737-8459&rft.aulast=Spell&rft.aufirst=Eldred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feldredspellflutes.com%2FArticles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe, Joe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/fluteacoustics.html#acousticimpedance">"Acoustic impedance of the flute"</a>. <i>Flute acoustics: an introduction</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flute+acoustics%3A+an+introduction&rft.atitle=Acoustic+impedance+of+the+flute&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phys.unsw.edu.au%2F~jw%2Ffluteacoustics.html%23acousticimpedance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidholm,_G.Linortner,_R.Kausel,_W.Bertsch,_M.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Widholm, G.; Linortner, R.; Kausel, W.; Bertsch, M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313014949/http://iwk.mdw.ac.at/Forschung/english/linortner/linortner_e.htm">"Silver, gold, platinum—and the sound of the flute"</a>. <i>Proc. International Symposium on Musical Acoustics</i>: <span class="nowrap">277–</span>280. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwk.mdw.ac.at/Forschung/english/linortner/linortner_e.htm">the original</a> on 13 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+International+Symposium+on+Musical+Acoustics&rft.atitle=Silver%2C+gold%2C+platinum%E2%80%94and+the+sound+of+the+flute&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Widholm%2C+G.&rft.au=Linortner%2C+R.&rft.au=Kausel%2C+W.&rft.au=Bertsch%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwk.mdw.ac.at%2FForschung%2Fenglish%2Flinortner%2Flinortner_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2002" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Robert A., ed. (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of physical science and technology</i> (3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227410-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227410-7"><bdi>978-0-12-227410-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+physical+science+and+technology&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227410-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/flute/selection/">https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/flute/selection/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Boehm" title="Theobald Boehm">Boehm, Theobald</a>. (1964). <i>The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects</i>, translated by Dayton C. Miller, with a new introduction by Samuel Baron. New York: Dover Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21259-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21259-9">0-486-21259-9</a>, pp. 8–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2000" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Alison (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Taylor & Francis. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaudhurīRoychaudhuri2000" class="citation book cs1">Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya; Roychaudhuri, Bimalakanta (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQWLa--IHjIC"><i>The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>: Motilal Banarsidass Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1708-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Hindustani+Classical+Music&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publication&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1708-1&rft.aulast=Caudhur%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Vimalak%C4%81nta+R%C3%B4ya&rft.au=Roychaudhuri%2C+Bimalakanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQWLa--IHjIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramGuidesEdwardsFord2004" class="citation book cs1">Abram, David; Guides, Rough; Edwards, Nick; Ford, Mike; Sen, Devdan; Wooldridge, Beth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC"><i>The Rough Guide to South India 3</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. pp. 670, 671. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-103-6"><bdi>978-1-84353-103-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+South+India+3&rft.place=London&rft.pages=670%2C+671&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-103-6&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Guides%2C+Rough&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Nick&rft.au=Ford%2C+Mike&rft.au=Sen%2C+Devdan&rft.au=Wooldridge%2C+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEhJBfbhTAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paper authored by Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan unveiling the fundamental principles governing Indian classical music by research on Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra at the National Symposium on Acoustics (1998), ITC Sangeet Research Academy, Calcutta, India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/AatluOKqQJM">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901181953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AatluOKqQJM&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AatluOKqQJM">"Jodiyo Pavo by Mubarak Ali Husain 2016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 24 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Jodiyo+Pavo+by+Mubarak+Ali+Husain+2016&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAatluOKqQJM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musical_Standard-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musical_Standard_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1879" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Geo (8 November 1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQAtAAAAYAAJ&q=Music+among+the+Malagasy+musical+standard&pg=PA297">"Music among the Malagasy"</a>. <i>The Musical Standard</i>. <b>17</b> (797): 297<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Standard&rft.atitle=Music+among+the+Malagasy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=797&rft.pages=297&rft.date=1879-11-08&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Geo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQAtAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DMusic%2Bamong%2Bthe%2BMalagasy%2Bmusical%2Bstandard%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaminirina2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maminirina, Rado (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011709/http://www.lexpressmada.com/4969/patrimoine-madagascar/25398-le-billet-rakoto-frah-vaut-de-l-or.html">"Le billet Rakoto Frah vaut de l'or"</a>. <i>Express de Madagascar</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpressmada.com/4969/patrimoine-madagascar/25398-le-billet-rakoto-frah-vaut-de-l-or.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+de+Madagascar&rft.atitle=Le+billet+Rakoto+Frah+vaut+de+l%27or&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.aulast=Maminirina&rft.aufirst=Rado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpressmada.com%2F4969%2Fpatrimoine-madagascar%2F25398-le-billet-rakoto-frah-vaut-de-l-or.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pahlevanian_2001-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlevanian_2001_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlevanian_2001_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pahlevanian, Alina. (2001). "Armenia §I: Folk Music, 3: Epics", in <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Komitas, Vardapet. (1994). <i>Grakan nshkhark' Komitas Vardapeti beghun grch'ēn: npast mē Komitas Vardapeti srbadasman harts'in</i>, edited by Abel Oghlukian. Montreal: Ganatahayots' Aṛajnordarani "K'ristonēakan Usman ew Astuatsabanut'ean Kedron".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimwa2017" class="citation web cs1">Simwa, Adrianna (22 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legit.ng/1126026-igbo-musical-instruments-names.html">"Top 10 Igbo Traditional Musical Instruments"</a>. <i>Legit.ng – Nigeria news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legit.ng+%E2%80%93+Nigeria+news.&rft.atitle=Top+10+Igbo+Traditional+Musical+Instruments&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.aulast=Simwa&rft.aufirst=Adrianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legit.ng%2F1126026-igbo-musical-instruments-names.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Buchanan, Donna A. 2001. "Bulgaria §II: Traditional Music, 2: Characteristics of Pre-Socialist Musical Culture, 1800–1944, (iii): Instruments". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan Publishers.</li> <li>Crane, Frederick. 1972. <i>Extant Medieval Musical Instruments: A Provisional Catalogue by Types</i>. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-022-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-022-6">0-87745-022-6</a></li> <li>Galway, James. 1982. <i>Flute</i>. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. London: Macdonald. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04711-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-04711-3">0-356-04711-3</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04712-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-04712-1">0-356-04712-1</a> (pbk.) New York: Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-871380-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-871380-X">0-02-871380-X</a> Reprinted 1990, London: Kahn & Averill London: Khan & Averill <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871082-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-871082-13-7">1-871082-13-7</a></li> <li>Loewy, Andrea Kapell. 1990. "Frederick the Great: Flutist and composer". <i>College Music Symposium</i> 30 (1): 117–125. JSTOR 40374049. The <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">famous Prussian king</a> (1712–1786) was a composer and patron of music.</li> <li>Phelan, James, 2004. <i>The complete guide to the flute and piccolo: From acoustics and construction to repair and maintenance</i>, second edition. [S.l.]: Burkart-Phelan, Inc., 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9703753-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9703753-0-1">0-9703753-0-1</a></li> <li>Putnik, Edwin. 1970. <i>The Art of Flute Playing</i>. Evanston, Illinois: Summy-Birchard Inc. Revised edition 1973, Princeton, New Jersey and Evanston, Illinois. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87487-077-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87487-077-1">0-87487-077-1</a></li> <li>Toff, Nancy. 1985. <i>The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers</i>. New York: Charles's Scribners Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-18241-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-18241-6">0-684-18241-6</a> Newton Abbot: David & Charles. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8771-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-8771-5">0-7153-8771-5</a> Second Edition 1996, New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510502-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510502-8">0-19-510502-8</a></li> <li>Wye, Trevor. 1988. <i>Proper Flute Playing: A Companion to the Practice Books</i>. London: Novello. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-8465-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-8465-4">0-7119-8465-4</a></li> <li>Maclagan, Susan J. "A Dictionary for the Modern Flutist", 2009, Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6711-6">978-0-8108-6711-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flutes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flutes">Flutes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Flute" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Flute">Flute</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/flute" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/flute">flute</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Ardal Powell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2241119">"Flute"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Oxford University Press. (by subscription)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jiah/hd_jiah.htm">Essay on the Jiahu flutes</a> from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li>A selection of historic flutes from around the world at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/musd/ho_2006.86a-c.htm">Walking Stick Flute and Oboe, Georg Henrich Scherer, Butzbach, c. 1750–57</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_in_d_flat_claude_laurent/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180013281&vT=1">Glass flute, Claude Laurent, Paris, 1813</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_in_d_flat/objectview.aspx?page=2&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180015833&vT=1">Porcelain flute, Saxony, 1760–1790</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/pair_of_transverse_flutes_johann_wilhelm_oberlender/objectview.aspx?page=5&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180015236&vT=1">Pair of ivory flutes by Johann Wilhelm Oberlender, mid-18th century, Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_garion/objectview.aspx?page=6&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180016074&vT=1">Flute by Garion, Paris, c. 1720–1740</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConardMalinaMünzel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Conard, Nicholas J.; Malina, Maria; Münzel, Susanne C. (August 2009). "New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany". <i>Nature</i>. <b>460</b> (7256): <span class="nowrap">737–</span>740. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.460..737C">2009Natur.460..737C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08169">10.1038/nature08169</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19553935">19553935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4336590">4336590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=New+flutes+document+the+earliest+musical+tradition+in+southwestern+Germany&rft.volume=460&rft.issue=7256&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E740&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4336590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19553935&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.460..737C&rft.aulast=Conard&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Malina%2C+Maria&rft.au=M%C3%BCnzel%2C+Susanne+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/flute/">Flute acoustics</a> Resources on flute acoustics from the University of New South Wales.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/326">Folk flutes (<i>Polish folk musical instruments</i>)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320155840/http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/326">Archived</a> 20 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="4._Aerophones/Wind_instruments87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aerophones" title="Template:Aerophones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aerophones" title="Template talk:Aerophones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aerophones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aerophones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="4._Aerophones/Wind_instruments87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">4. <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophones</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">41.<br />Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">411. Displacement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sword blade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcracking" title="Whipcracking">Whipcracking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">412. Interruptive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>412.1. Idiophonic <ul><li>412.11. Concussion</li> <li>412.12. Percussion</li> <li>412.13. <a href="/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone" title="Free reed aerophone">Free reed</a></li> <li>412.14. Band/ribbon</li></ul></li> <li>412.2. Non-idiophonic <ul><li>412.21 <a href="/wiki/Siren_disk" title="Siren disk">Rotating</a></li> <li>412.22 <a href="/wiki/Whirly_tube" title="Whirly tube">Whirling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">413. Plosive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">Ghatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udu" title="Udu">Udu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">42.<br />Non-<br />free<br /> (enclosed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">421. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flute</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>421.1. Non-fipple <ul><li>421.11. <a href="/wiki/End-blown_flute" title="End-blown flute">End-blown</a></li> <li>421.12. <a href="/wiki/Side-blown_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Side-blown flute">Side-blown</a></li> <li>421.13. <a href="/wiki/Vessel_flute" title="Vessel flute">Vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li>421.2. <a href="/wiki/Fipple" title="Fipple">Fipple</a> <ul><li>421.21. External</li> <li>421.22. Internal</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">422. <a href="/wiki/Reed_aerophone" title="Reed aerophone">Reed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>422.1. <a href="/wiki/Double_reed" title="Double reed">Double reed</a> <ul><li>422.11. Single</li> <li>422.12. Multiple</li></ul></li> <li>422.2. <a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">Single reed</a> <ul><li>422.21. Single</li> <li>422.22. Multiple</li></ul></li> <li>422.3. Free reed <ul><li>422.31. Single</li> <li>422.32. Multiple</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">423. <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>423.1 <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">Natural</a> <ul><li>423.11. <a href="/wiki/Conch_(instrument)" title="Conch (instrument)">Conch</a></li> <li>423.12. Tubular</li></ul></li> <li>423.2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromatic_horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromatic horn (page does not exist)">Chromatic</a> <ul><li>423.21. <a href="/wiki/Keyed_trumpet" title="Keyed trumpet">Keyed</a></li> <li>423.22. <a href="/wiki/Slide_(wind_instrument)" title="Slide (wind instrument)">Slide</a></li> <li>423.23. <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">Valved</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flutes_and_whistles135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flutes" title="Template:Flutes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flutes" title="Template talk:Flutes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flutes_and_whistles135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">Side-<br />blown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegeum" title="Daegeum">Daegeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizi_(instrument)" title="Dizi (instrument)">Dizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_(instrument)" title="Fife (instrument)">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-key_flute" title="Five-key flute">Five-key flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">Fue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kagurabue" title="Kagurabue">Kagurabue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komabue" title="Komabue">Komabue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minteki" title="Minteki">Minteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohkan" title="Nohkan">Nohkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABteki" title="Ryūteki">Ryūteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">Shinobue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokobue" title="Yokobue">Yokobue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_flute" title="Glass flute">Glass flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">Irish flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koudi" title="Koudi">Koudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1o" title="Sáo">Sáo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_system_flute" title="Simple system flute">Simple system flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambin" title="Tambin">Tambin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindi_(instrument)" title="Xindi (instrument)">Xindi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Concert55" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_western_concert_flute_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the western concert flute family">Concert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_flute" title="Treble flute">Treble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_flute" title="Soprano flute">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BBte_d%27amour" title="Flûte d'amour">Flûte d'amour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_flute" title="Contra-alto flute">Contra-alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_flute" title="Contrabass flute">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_flute" title="Subcontrabass flute">Subcontrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_contrabass_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Double contrabass flute">Double contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbass_flute" title="Hyperbass flute">Hyperbass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/End-blown_flute" title="End-blown flute">End-<br />blown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anasazi_flute" title="Anasazi flute">Anasazi flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danso" title="Danso">Danso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frilka" title="Frilka">Frilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">Fue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotchiku" title="Hotchiku">Hotchiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">Gudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaval" title="Kaval">Kaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dauau" title="Kōauau">Kōauau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_flute" title="Nose flute">Nose flute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalaleng" title="Kalaleng">Kalaleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_whistle" title="Nose whistle">Nose whistle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkillu" title="Pinkillu">Pinkillu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quena" title="Quena">Qina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quray" title="Quray">Quray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodina" title="Sodina">Sodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopilka" title="Sopilka">Sopilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0upelka" title="Šupelka">Šupelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svirel" title="Svirel">Svirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washint" title="Washint">Washint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_(flute)" title="Xiao (flute)">Xiao</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pan17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuvytsi" title="Kuvytsi">Kuvytsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larchemi" title="Larchemi">Larchemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_(pan_flute)" title="Nai (pan flute)">Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskal" title="Miskal">Miskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paixiao" title="Paixiao">Paixiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siku_(instrument)" title="Siku (instrument)">Siku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larchemi" title="Larchemi">Soinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wot_(instrument)" title="Wot (instrument)">Wot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fipple" title="Fipple">Fipple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almpfeiferl" title="Almpfeiferl">Almpfeiferl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenteben" title="Atenteben">Atenteben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsivka" title="Dentsivka">Dentsivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diple" title="Diple">Diple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvoyanka" title="Dvoyanka">Dvoyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabiol" title="Flabiol">Flabiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flageolet" title="Flageolet">Flageolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frula" title="Frula">Frula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">Hydraulophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khloy" title="Khloy">Khloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlui" title="Khlui">Khlui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuisi" title="Kuisi">Kuisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_whistle" title="Low whistle">Low whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_flute" title="Native American flute">Native American flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">Organ pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamuri" title="Salamuri">Salamuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvi" title="Shvi">Shvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B8fl%C3%B8yte" title="Sjøfløyte">Sjøfløyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_whistle" title="Slide whistle">Slide whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spil%C3%A5pipa" title="Spilåpipa">Spilåpipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabule" title="Stabule">Stabule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka_(flute)" title="Tarka (flute)">Tarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-hole_pipe" title="Three-hole pipe">Tabor pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">Tin whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txistu" title="Txistu">Txistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">Whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirula" title="Xirula">Xirula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuffolo" title="Zuffolo">Zuffolo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Recorders43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">Recorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garklein_recorder" title="Garklein recorder">Garklein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopranino_recorder" title="Sopranino recorder">Sopranino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_recorder" title="Soprano recorder">Soprano (descant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_recorder" title="Alto recorder">Alto (treble)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_flute" title="Voice flute">Voice flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_recorder" title="Tenor recorder">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_recorder" title="Bass recorder">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_bass_recorder" title="Great bass recorder">Great bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_recorder" title="Contrabass recorder">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-great_bass_recorder" title="Sub-great bass recorder">Sub-great bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-contrabass_recorder" title="Sub-contrabass recorder">Sub-contrabass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overtone_flute" title="Overtone flute">Overtone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyuka">Kalyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koncovka" title="Koncovka">Koncovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_flute" title="Willow flute">Willow flute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vessel_flute" title="Vessel flute">Vessel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemshorn" title="Gemshorn">Gemshorn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pifana" title="Pifana">Pifana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_(instrument)" title="Hun (instrument)">Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinukai" title="Molinukai">Molinukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">Ocarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonette" title="Tonette">Tonette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_(instrument)" title="Xun (instrument)">Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_whistle" title="Shepherd's whistle">Shepherd's whistle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_flute_music" title="Chinese folk flute music">Chinese folk flute music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_for_flute" title="List of compositions for flute">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_hole" title="Tone hole">Tone hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uakti_(myth)" title="Uakti (myth)">Uakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_flute" title="Vertical flute">Vertical flute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11405#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1988" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11405#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1988" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11405#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4154647-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flute"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049452">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flûtes (famille d'instruments)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16269444g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flûtes (famille d'instruments)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16269444g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576136">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="flétna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph170434&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flauta"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX529964">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538441405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/540280f1-d6cf-46bf-968b-695e99e216d7">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flute&oldid=1275678558">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flute&oldid=1275678558</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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