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class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M20,4H4C2.895,4,2,4.895,2,6v12c0,1.105,0.895,2,2,2h16c1.105,0,2-0.895,2-2V6C22,4.895,21.105,4,20,4z M20,8.236l-8,4.882 L4,8.236V6h16V8.236z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main id="site-content" role="main"> <div class="page-header" style="background-image:url(https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/edication-resources-banner.jpg); "> <div class="section-inner"> <h1 class="title-header">Glosario de nanotecnología</h1> </div> </div> <article class="post-456 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry" id="post-456"> <header class="entry-header has-text-align-center header-footer-group"> <div class="entry-header-inner section-inner medium"> <h1 class="entry-title">Glosario de nanotecnología</h1> <div class="intro-text section-inner max-percentage small"> <p>TryNano.org ha compilado listas de muchos términos que se aplican al campo de la nanotecnología.</p> </div> </div> </header> <div class="post-inner thin"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="alignwide flexColumns"> <div class="contentCol"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Glosario</h2> <p>Reconocemos <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikipedia</a> como fuente de algunas de estas definiciones.</p> <p><strong>Adhesión:</strong> <br>Propiedad de ciertas moléculas diferentes que se unen debido a fuerzas de atracción.</p> <p><strong>Átomo:</strong><br>Unidad básica de materia que consta de un núcleo central denso rodeado por una nube de electrones cargados negativamente. El núcleo atómico contiene una mezcla de protones cargados positivamente y neutrones eléctricamente neutros.</p> <p><strong>Microscopio de fuerza atómica (AFM):</strong><br>Un microscopio de muy alta resolución que utiliza un microvoladizo para escanear la superficie de un sustrato. Este microscopio puede obtener imágenes y escanear características de la superficie del orden de menos de un nanómetro. Igual que el microscopio de fuerza de barrido.</p> <p><strong>Bandgap (en física del estado sólido y campos relacionados)</strong>:<br>El rango de energía en un sólido en el que no existen estados electrónicos. Para aisladores y semiconductores, la banda prohibida generalmente se refiere a la diferencia de energía (en electronvoltios) entre la parte superior de la banda de valencia y la parte inferior de la banda de conducción; es la cantidad de energía necesaria para liberar un electrón de la capa exterior de su órbita alrededor del núcleo hasta un estado libre.</p> <p><strong>Biosensor:</strong><br>Dispositivo que combina un indicador biológico con un sistema de detección eléctrico, mecánico o químico.</p> <p><strong>Buckybola:</strong><br>Fullereno (familia de moléculas compuestas íntegramente de carbono, en forma de esfera hueca, elipsoide, tubo o plano) que adoptan una forma esférica.</p> <p><strong>Propiedades a granel:</strong><br>Propiedades del material que se exhiben cuando el material está disponible en grandes cantidades y que se ven afectadas en gran medida por interacciones a nanoescala.</p> <p><strong>Nanotubo de carbono:</strong><br>Una forma de carbono con una nanoestructura que puede tener una relación longitud-diámetro de hasta 28.000.000:1. Esta relación es significativamente mayor que en cualquier otro material. Estas moléculas de carbono cilíndricas tienen propiedades novedosas que las hacen potencialmente útiles en aplicaciones en nanotecnología, electrónica, óptica y otros campos de la ciencia de materiales.</p> <p><strong>Conversor catalítico:  </strong><br>Componente del sistema de escape de un motor de combustión interna utilizado para desintoxicar las emisiones nocivas antes de exponerlas al medio ambiente. Este dispositivo es impulsado y catalizado por una reacción química con un metal precioso como el platino.</p> <p><strong>Deposición química de vapor:</strong> <br>Un proceso químico utilizado para producir materiales sólidos de alta pureza y alto rendimiento. El proceso se utiliza a menudo en la industria de los semiconductores para producir películas delgadas.</p> <p><strong>Quiralidad:</strong><br>Se dice que un fenómeno es quiral si no es idéntico a su imagen especular. Aquí nos referimos a una propiedad de dirección molecular que designa una dirección "izquierda" y "derecha" donde las dos simetrías no pueden superponerse entre sí.</p> <p><strong>Cerámico:</strong><br>Sólido inorgánico, no metálico, preparado por la acción del calor y posterior enfriamiento. Un compuesto no metálico poroso y duro que puede exhibir diversas propiedades materiales, como ferroelectricidad y superconductividad.</p> <p><strong>Coloide:</strong><br>Mezcla química en la que una sustancia se dispersa uniformemente dentro de otra. Las partículas de la sustancia dispersada solo están suspendidas en la mezcla, a diferencia de una solución, donde están completamente disueltas.</p> <p><strong>Conductividad:</strong><br>Medida de la capacidad de un material para conducir corriente eléctrica.</p> <p><strong>Cristalino:</strong> <br>Un material sólido cuyos átomos, moléculas o iones constituyentes están dispuestos en un patrón repetitivo ordenado que se extiende en las tres dimensiones espaciales.</p> <p><strong>Dendrita (cristal):</strong><br>Un cristal que crece en forma de copo de nieve o de ramificación de árbol.</p> <p><strong>Dieléctrico: </strong><br>Un material aislante en el que los electrones están unidos y no pueden moverse libremente dentro de un sustrato. Una sustancia no conductora, es decir, un aislante.</p> <p><strong>ADN:</strong><br>Abreviatura de ácido desoxirribonucleico: ácido nucleico que contiene las instrucciones genéticas utilizadas en el desarrollo y funcionamiento de todos los organismos vivos conocidos y de algunos virus.  </p> <p><strong>DRACMA:</strong> <br>Memoria dinámica de acceso aleatorio (DRAM), una memoria que almacena cada bit de datos en un condensador separado dentro de un circuito integrado. Dado que los condensadores reales pierden carga, la información eventualmente se desvanece a menos que la carga del capacitor se actualice periódicamente. Debido a este requisito de actualización, es un <em>dinámica</em> memoria a diferencia de SRAM y otros tipos de <em>estático</em> memoria.</p> <p><strong>Elasticidad:</strong><br>Propiedad del material que permite la deformación bajo tensión y la reformación cuando se libera la tensión.</p> <p><strong>Electrón:</strong><br>Partícula subatómica que lleva carga eléctrica negativa. La cantidad de electrones en un átomo y sus niveles de energía determinan muchas de las propiedades eléctricas del material. No se sabe que el elcetron tenga subestructura; es decir, no se sabe que esté formado por partículas más pequeñas.</p> <p><strong>Litografía por haz de electrones:</strong><br>La práctica de escanear un haz de electrones siguiendo un patrón a través de una superficie cubierta con una película (llamada <em>resistir</em>) (“exponer” la resistencia) y de eliminar selectivamente regiones expuestas o no expuestas de la resistencia (“desarrollar”). El objetivo es crear estructuras muy pequeñas en la resistencia que posteriormente puedan transferirse a otro material para diversos fines, por ejemplo, para la creación de dispositivos electrónicos muy pequeños.</p> <p><strong>Energía:</strong> <br>Cantidad física escalar que describe la cantidad de trabajo que puede realizar una fuerza. Existen varias formas diferentes de energía, incluida la energía cinética, potencial, térmica, gravitacional, sonora, luminosa, elástica y electromagnética.</p> <p><strong>Ferroelectricidad:</strong><br>Propiedad del material que se caracteriza por la polarizabilidad eléctrica natural que puede ser alterada por un campo eléctrico externo. El término se utiliza en analogía con <em>ferromagnetismo</em>, en el que un material exhibe un momento magnético permanente.</p> <p><strong>Filtración:</strong> <br>Operación mecánica o física que se utiliza para la separación de sólidos de fluidos (líquidos o gases) interponiendo un medio a través del cual el fluido puede pasar, pero los sólidos (o al menos parte de los sólidos) en el fluido se retienen.</p> <p><strong>MARCO:</strong><br>RAM ferroeléctrica (memoria de acceso aleatorio): una memoria que utiliza una capa ferroeléctrica en lugar de una capa dieléctrica para lograr la no volatilidad. Una memoria no volátil retendrá la información almacenada incluso si no recibe energía eléctrica constantemente.</p> <p><strong>Fullereno:</strong> <br>Familia de moléculas compuesta enteramente de carbono, en forma de esfera hueca, elipsoide, tubo o plano. Los fullerenos esféricos también se llaman <strong>buckybolas</strong>, y los cilíndricos se llaman nanotubos de carbono o <strong>buckytubos</strong>. El grafeno es un ejemplo de lámina plana de fullereno.</p> <p><strong>Hidrofobicidad/Hidrofobia:</strong><br>La palabra<strong> hidrofobicidad</strong> se obtiene al combinar las palabras para una forma de agua  <em>hidro-</em> y por miedo <em>fobos </em>en griego ático). Se refiere a la propiedad física de una molécula (conocida como <strong>hidrófobo </strong>) que es repelido por una masa de agua.</p> <p><strong>Hidrofilicidad/Hidrofílica:</strong><br>La hidrofilicidad es la tendencia de una molécula a ser solvatada por el agua. Hidrófilo, del griego (hidros) “agua” y φιλια (philia) “amistad”, se refiere a una propiedad física de una molécula que puede unirse con el agua.</p> <p><strong>Energía cinética:</strong><br>El <strong>energía cinética</strong> de un objeto es la energía extra que posee debido a su movimiento. Se define como <em>el trabajo necesario para acelerar un cuerpo de una masa determinada desde el reposo hasta su velocidad actual</em>.</p> <p><strong>Pantalla de cristal líquido (LCD):</strong><br>Un dispositivo óptico modulado electrónicamente con forma de panel delgado y plano formado por píxeles de color o monocromáticos llenos de cristales líquidos. Se coloca delante de una fuente de luz (luz de fondo) o reflector y, a menudo, se utiliza en dispositivos electrónicos que funcionan con baterías porque utiliza cantidades muy pequeñas de energía eléctrica.</p> <p><strong>LÁSER:</strong><br>Abreviatura de “Light Amplification of Stimulated Emission Radiation”: dispositivo que emite luz (radiación electromagnética) mediante un proceso llamado <em>emision estimulada</em>. La luz láser suele ser espacialmente coherente, lo que significa que la luz se emite en un haz estrecho y de baja divergencia o se puede convertir en uno con ayuda de componentes ópticos como, por ejemplo, lentes.</p> <p><strong>Litografía (Fotolitografía):</strong><br>Método de fabricación de circuitos integrados y sistemas microelectromecánicos que utiliza pasos alternos de deposición y remoción de material. El proceso elimina selectivamente partes de una película delgada o la mayor parte de un sustrato. Utiliza luz para transferir un patrón geométrico de una máscara fotográfica a una fotografía química sensible a la luz. <em>resistir</em> sobre el sustrato. Luego, una serie de tratamientos químicos graban el patrón de exposición en el material debajo de la fotorresistencia.</p> <p><strong>Memoria magnética:</strong><br>Almacenamiento de información en material magnetizado como cinta magnética. El almacenamiento magnético utiliza diferentes patrones de magnetización en un material magnetizable para almacenar datos y es una forma de memoria no volátil (una memoria que retendrá la información almacenada incluso si no recibe energía eléctrica constantemente). Un ejemplo de memoria magnética es una unidad de disco duro de computadora.</p> <p><strong>Ciencia de los Materiales:</strong><br>Un campo interdisciplinario que involucra las propiedades de la materia y sus aplicaciones en varias áreas de la ciencia y la ingeniería. La Ciencia de Materiales investiga la relación entre la estructura de los materiales a escalas atómicas o moleculares y sus propiedades macroscópicas. Incluye elementos de física y química aplicadas, así como de ingeniería química, mecánica, civil y eléctrica.</p> <p><strong>Punto de fusion:</strong><br>El punto de temperatura en el que un material pasa de sólido a líquido.</p> <p><strong>Memoria milpiés (IBM):</strong><br>Una memoria no volátil desarrollada por IBM que utiliza nanoimpresiones para codificar información y detección de fuerza atómica para decodificar información. Promete una densidad de datos de más de 1 terabit por pulgada cuadrada (1 gigabit por milímetro cuadrado), aproximadamente 4 veces la densidad del almacenamiento magnético disponible en la actualidad.</p> <p><strong>Molécula:</strong><br>Unidad de dos o más átomos unidos por enlaces covalentes (una forma de enlace químico que se caracteriza por compartir pares de electrones entre átomos, o entre átomos y otros enlaces covalentes).</p> <p><strong>Ley de Moore: </strong><br>Una tendencia a largo plazo en la historia del hardware informático. Desde la invención del circuito integrado en 1958, el número de transistores que se pueden colocar de forma económica en un circuito integrado ha aumentado exponencialmente, duplicándose aproximadamente cada dos años. La tendencia fue observada por primera vez por el cofundador de Intel, Gordon E. Moore, en un informe de 1965. papel</p> <p><strong>Nanobiosensor:</strong><br>Dispositivo que combina un indicador biológico con un sistema de detección eléctrico, mecánico o químico a nanoescala.</p> <p><strong>Nanocristal:</strong><br>Un material monocristalino que tiene una dimensión del orden de 100 nm.</p> <p><strong>Nanomaterial:</strong><br>Un material que exhibe propiedades distintas cuando se estudia del orden de menos de 100 nm.</p> <p><strong>Nanómetro (nm):</strong> <br> Unidad de longitud en el sistema métrico, igual a una milmillonésima parte de un metro (es decir, 10<sup>-9</sup> m o una millonésima de milímetro).</p> <p><strong>Nanopartículas:</strong><br>Partículas con tamaño del orden de 1-100 nm.</p> <p><strong>Nanoporo: </strong><br>Un pequeño poro en una membrana eléctricamente aislante, que puede usarse como detector de una sola molécula.</p> <p><strong>Nanoescala:</strong><br>Un término se utiliza para referirse a objetos con dimensiones del orden de 1 a 100 nm.</p> <p><strong>Nanotecnología:</strong><br>El estudio de materiales y propiedades del orden de 1-100 nm.</p> <p><strong>Nanobigotes:</strong><br>Una estructura a nanoescala que consta de cepillos unidos a lo largo de una columna común.</p> <p><strong>Nanocables:</strong><br>Un alambre de diámetro del orden de un nanómetro.</p> <p><strong>Memoria no volátil:</strong> <br>Una memoria que retendrá la información almacenada aunque no esté constantemente alimentada con energía eléctrica.</p> <p><strong>Nucleación:</strong><br>Un proceso de formación de fases en el que una pequeña región de un material sufre una transición de fase formando un núcleo. El material circundante se une al núcleo para hacer crecer la fase recién formada. Algunos ejemplos de fases que pueden formarse mediante nucleación en líquidos son burbujas gaseosas o cristales sólidos.</p> <p><strong>Óptica:</strong><br>El estudio del comportamiento y propiedades de la luz, incluidas sus interacciones con la materia y su detección mediante instrumentos.</p> <p><strong>Optoelectrónica:</strong><br>El estudio y aplicación de dispositivos electrónicos que generan, detectan y controlan la luz (incluidas formas invisibles de radiación como rayos gamma, rayos X, ultravioleta e infrarroja, además de la luz visible). Los dispositivos optoelectrónicos son transductores eléctrico a óptico u óptico a eléctrico, o instrumentos que utilizan dichos dispositivos en su funcionamiento.</p> <p><strong>Optoelectrónica:</strong><br>El estudio y aplicación de dispositivos electrónicos que generan, detectan y controlan la luz (incluidas formas invisibles de radiación como rayos gamma, rayos X, ultravioleta e infrarroja, además de la luz visible). Los dispositivos optoelectrónicos son transductores eléctrico a óptico u óptico a eléctrico, o instrumentos que utilizan dichos dispositivos en su funcionamiento.</p> <p><strong>PDMS (Polidimetilsiloxano):</strong> <br>Un polímero inorgánico utilizado en aplicaciones de nanotecnología como nanoimpresión y litografía blanda. Es el polímero orgánico a base de silicio más utilizado.</p> <p><strong>Polarización:</strong> <br>Propiedad de las ondas que describe la orientación de sus oscilaciones.</p> <p><strong>Polímero:</strong> <br>Molécula grande (macromolécula) compuesta de unidades estructurales repetidas típicamente conectadas por enlaces químicos covalentes. Mientras <em>polímero</em>Si en el uso popular se los denomina “plásticos” (ya que pueden adoptar fácilmente diversas formas), el término en realidad se refiere a una gran clase de materiales naturales y sintéticos con una variedad de propiedades.</p> <p><strong>Arcilla polimérica:</strong><br>Compuesto deformable de cloruro de polivinilo (PVC) que puede manipularse de forma similar a una arcilla. Por lo general, esto no contiene arcilla real.</p> <p><strong>Punto cuántico:</strong><br>Un semiconductor en el que la propagación de electrones está confinada en tres dimensiones (a diferencia de <em>cables cuánticos</em> en el que la propagación se controla en dos dimensiones, y <em>pozos cuánticos</em> en el que la propagación se controla en una sola dirección).</p> <p><strong>Física Cuántica o Mecánica Cuántica:</strong><br>Área de la física que describe el comportamiento de partículas pequeñas y ligeras, especialmente cuando están confinadas en espacios pequeños. "Cuántico" se refiere principalmente a las energías discretas que pueden tener las partículas, ya que la cuantificación de la energía generalmente no se considera en la física clásica ni en la mecánica clásica.</p> <p><strong>Microscopio de fuerza de barrido:</strong><br>Un microscopio de muy alta resolución que utiliza un microvoladizo para escanear la superficie de un sustrato. Este microscopio puede obtener imágenes y escanear características de la superficie del orden de menos de un nanómetro. Igual que el microscopio de fuerza atómica. </p> <p><strong>Microscopio de efecto túnel:</strong> <br>Un instrumento para observar superficies a nivel atómico. A menudo denominada STM, esta microscopía proporciona perfiles tridimensionales de las superficies vistas, lo que es muy útil para caracterizar la rugosidad de la superficie, observar defectos de la superficie y determinar el tamaño y la conformación de moléculas y agregados en la superficie.</p> <p><strong>Semiconductor:</strong><br>Un material que exhibe propiedades de conductividad eléctrica entre las de un <em>conductor</em> y un <em>aislante</em>. [Los aisladores no conducen electricidad, mientras que los metales sí la conducen.] La conductividad de un material semiconductor puede variar bajo un campo eléctrico externo. Los dispositivos fabricados con materiales semiconductores son la base de la electrónica moderna, incluidas la radio, las computadoras, los teléfonos y muchos otros dispositivos. Los dispositivos semiconductores incluyen el transistor, muchos tipos de diodos, incluido el diodo emisor de luz, el rectificador controlado por silicio y circuitos integrados digitales y analógicos. Los paneles solares fotovoltaicos son grandes dispositivos semiconductores que convierten directamente la energía luminosa en energía eléctrica.</p> <p><strong>Autoensamblaje: </strong><br>Procesos en los que un sistema desordenado de componentes preexistentes forma una estructura o patrón organizado como consecuencia de interacciones locales específicas entre los componentes, sin dirección externa.</p> <p><strong>Célula solar</strong>:<br>Semiconductor o dispositivo orgánico utilizado para aprovechar la energía solar y convertirla en energía eléctrica.</p> <p><strong>Solución: </strong><br>Mezcla homogénea compuesta de dos o más sustancias. En dicha mezcla, un "soluto" se disuelve en otra sustancia, conocida como "disolvente".</p> <p><strong>Suspensión: </strong><br>Un fluido heterogéneo que contiene partículas sólidas que son suficientemente grandes para la sedimentación. Un ejemplo de suspensión sería arena en agua. Las partículas suspendidas son visibles al microscopio y se asentarán con el tiempo si no se las toca. Esto distingue una suspensión de un coloide en el que las partículas suspendidas son más pequeñas y no se sedimentan.</p> <p><strong>Área de superficie:</strong><br>Una medida de la superficie expuesta de un objeto.</p> <p><strong>Relación área de superficie a volumen:</strong><br>La relación entre el área de superficie expuesta y el volumen de la partícula. En nanotecnología, una relación superficie-volumen muy alta es lo que permite muchas propiedades a nanoescala.</p> <p><strong>Microscopio electrónico de transmisión:</strong><br>Un microscopio electrónico de transmisión (TEM) utiliza electrones para caracterizar materiales en escalas de longitud atómica. Tanto las mediciones de imágenes como las de difracción se realizan pasando un haz de electrones a través de muestras muy delgadas y analizando el haz transmitido. Los TEM se pueden utilizar para medir el espacio entre átomos, obtener imágenes de defectos cristalinos y caracterizar nanopartículas y otros materiales nanoestructurados. </p> <p><strong>Luz ultravioleta:</strong><br>Radiación electromagnética con una longitud de onda más corta que la de la luz visible, pero más larga que los rayos X, en el rango de 10 nm a 400 nm, y energías de 3 eV a 124 eV. Se llama así porque el espectro está formado por ondas electromagnéticas con frecuencias superiores a las que los humanos identifican como el color violeta.</p> </div> <div class="sidebarCol"> <img src="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/glossary-scaled.jpg" /> <span>Crédito de la imagen: rolffimages/bigstock.com</span> <h3>Leer más</h3> <div class="related-box"> <div class="relative-item"> <a href="https://trynano.org/es/education-resources/"><img width="300" height="158" src="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/altedandresources-300x158.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/altedandresources-300x158.jpg 300w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/altedandresources-1024x540.jpg 1024w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/altedandresources-768x405.jpg 768w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/altedandresources-1536x810.jpg 1536w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/altedandresources-1200x633.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://trynano.org/es/education-resources/">Educación y recursos</a> <div class="excerpt"> Para apoyar la educación temprana en nanotecnología, TryNano.org ha recopilado recursos clave para ayudar a presentar a los estudiantes cómo el trabajo en la nanoescala está cambiando el mundo. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </main> <div class="footer-nav-widgets-wrapper header-footer-group"> <a class="to-the-top" href="#site-header"> <span class="to-the-top-long"> Ir arriba <span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true">↑</span> </span> <span class="to-the-top-short"> Hasta <span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true">↑</span> </span> </a> <div class="footer-inner section-inner"> <aside class="footer-widgets-outer-wrapper" 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M93.9,51.2c-9.4,0-17.1-7.7-17.1-17.1c0-9.4,7.7-17.1,17.1-17.1c9.4,0,17.1,7.7,17.1,17.1C110.9,43.5,103.3,51.2,93.9,51.2z" /> </g> </g> <g> <g> <path d="M93.9,51.2c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5v59.7c0,4.7,3.8,8.5,8.5,8.5s8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5V59.7C102.4,55,98.6,51.2,93.9,51.2z" /> </g> </g> </svg></a> <a href="https://ieeenano.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>IEEE NTC</span></a></div></div></div><div class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-content"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://trynano.org/es/education-resources/university-listings/"><svg version="1.1" id="atom" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;" xml:space="preserve"> <g> <path d="M403.8,266.3c-3.7-3.4-7.6-6.9-11.7-10.3c4.1-3.4,8-6.9,11.7-10.3c30.9-28.8,42.7-53.9,34.1-72.7 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href="https://trynano.org/es/education-resources/university-listings/"><span>Nanogrados</span></a> </div></div></div><div class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-content"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://trynano.org/es/nanotechnology-for-students/"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;" xml:space="preserve"> <g id="online_learnning"> <path d="M371.8,150.8c2.4,1.5,5.3,1.6,7.8,0.4l80-40c4-2,5.6-6.8,3.6-10.7c-0.8-1.6-2-2.8-3.6-3.6l-80-40c-4-2-8.8-0.4-10.7,3.6 c-0.6,1.1-0.8,2.3-0.8,3.6v80C368,146.8,369.4,149.3,371.8,150.8z M384,76.9l54.1,27.1L384,131.1V76.9z" /> <path d="M488,432h-8V154.4c10.4-14.7,16-32.3,16-50.4c0-48.6-39.3-88-87.9-88c-39.4,0-73.9,26.1-84.7,64H160V62.6 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