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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_first_integrated_circuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_integrated_circuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The first integrated circuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_integrated_circuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TTL_integrated_circuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TTL_integrated_circuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>TTL integrated circuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TTL_integrated_circuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MOS_integrated_circuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MOS_integrated_circuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>MOS integrated circuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MOS_integrated_circuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manufacturing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fabrication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabrication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fabrication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Intellectual property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Generations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Generations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Generations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small-scale_integration_(SSI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-scale_integration_(SSI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Small-scale integration (SSI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-scale_integration_(SSI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medium-scale_integration_(MSI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium-scale_integration_(MSI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Medium-scale integration (MSI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium-scale_integration_(MSI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large-scale_integration_(LSI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large-scale_integration_(LSI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Large-scale integration (LSI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large-scale_integration_(LSI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Very-large-scale_integration_(VLSI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Very-large-scale_integration_(VLSI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Very-large-scale_integration_(VLSI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ULSI,_WSI,_SoC_and_3D-IC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ULSI,_WSI,_SoC_and_3D-IC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>ULSI, WSI, SoC and 3D-IC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ULSI,_WSI,_SoC_and_3D-IC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silicon_labeling_and_graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicon_labeling_and_graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Silicon labeling and graffiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicon_labeling_and_graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICs_and_IC_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICs_and_IC_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>ICs and IC families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICs_and_IC_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated circuit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_stroombaan" title="Geïntegreerde stroombaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geïntegreerde stroombaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierter_Schaltkreis" title="Integrierter Schaltkreis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Integrierter Schaltkreis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دارة متكاملة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دارة متكاملة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitu_integr%C3%A1u" title="Circuitu integráu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Circuitu integráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nteqral_sxem" title="İnteqral sxem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnteqral sxem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="সমন্বিত বর্তনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমন্বিত বর্তনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-th%C3%A9_ti%C4%81n-l%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Chek-thé tiān-lō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-thé tiān-lō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Інтэгральная схема – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэгральная схема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Інтэгральная схема – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інтэгральная схема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегрална схема – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интегрална схема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉིང་ལྷེབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉིང་ལྷེབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Integralno kolo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_integrat" title="Circuit integrat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Circuit integrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегралла схема – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Интегралла схема" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrovan%C3%BD_obvod" title="Integrovaný obvod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Integrovaný obvod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylched_gyfannol" title="Cylched gyfannol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cylched gyfannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integreret_kredsl%C3%B8b" title="Integreret kredsløb – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Integreret kredsløb" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شقفة إليكطرونية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شقفة إليكطرونية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierter_Schaltkreis" title="Integrierter Schaltkreis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Integrierter Schaltkreis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraall%C3%BClitus" title="Integraallülitus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Integraallülitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ολοκληρωμένο κύκλωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολοκληρωμένο κύκλωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrado" title="Circuito integrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circuito integrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integra_cirkvito" title="Integra cirkvito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Integra cirkvito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txip" title="Txip – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txip" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آی‌سی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌سی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9" title="Circuit intégré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Circuit intégré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciorcad_ioml%C3%A1naithe" title="Ciorcad iomlánaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ciorcad iomlánaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circu%C3%ADto_integrado" title="Circuíto integrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Circuíto integrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="集成電路 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="集成電路" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EC%A0%81_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="집적 회로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집적 회로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%BD%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Ինտեգրալ սխեմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինտեգրալ սխեմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5" title="एकीकृत परिपथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकीकृत परिपथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrirani_krug" title="Integrirani krug – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Integrirani krug" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrigita_cirkuito" title="Integrigita cirkuito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Integrigita cirkuito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sirkuit terpadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samr%C3%A1s" title="Samrás – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samrás" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrato" title="Circuito integrato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circuito integrato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91" title="מעגל משולב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעגל משולב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಂಟಿಗ್ರೇಟೆಡ್ ಸರ್ಕ್ಯೂಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಟಿಗ್ರೇಟೆಡ್ ಸರ್ಕ್ಯೂಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ინტეგრირებული მიკროსქემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტეგრირებული მიკროსქემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегралды микросхема – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интегралды микросхема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikui_entegre" title="Sikui entegre – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sikui entegre" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitus_integratus" title="Circuitus integratus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circuitus integratus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integr%C4%81l%C4%81_sh%C4%93ma" title="Integrālā shēma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Integrālā shēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrinis_grandynas" title="Integrinis grandynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Integrinis grandynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integr%C3%A1lt_%C3%A1ramk%C3%B6r" title="Integrált áramkör – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Integrált áramkör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Интегрално коло – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интегрално коло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olika_voafintina_anaty" title="Olika voafintina anaty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olika voafintina anaty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇൻ്റഗ്രേറ്റഡ് സർക്യൂട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻ്റഗ്രേറ്റഡ് സർക്യൂട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litar_bersepadu" title="Litar bersepadu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Litar bersepadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_tapadu" title="Sirkuit tapadu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sirkuit tapadu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Нэгдсэн хэлхээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэгдсэн хэлхээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အိုင်စီပတ်လမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်စီပတ်လမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_schakeling" title="Geïntegreerde schakeling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geïntegreerde schakeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="इन्टिग्रेटेड सर्किट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्टिग्रेटेड सर्किट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E7%A9%8D%E5%9B%9E%E8%B7%AF" title="集積回路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="集積回路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrert_krets" title="Integrert krets – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Integrert krets" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Интеграл микросхеме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Интеграл микросхеме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_sxema" title="Integral sxema – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Integral sxema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F" title="ਏਕੀਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਸਰਕਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਕੀਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਸਰਕਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%BA%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%BC_(IC)" title="مدغم سرکېټ (IC) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مدغم سرکېټ (IC)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intigrietid_soerkit" title="Intigrietid soerkit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Intigrietid soerkit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_scalony" title="Układ scalony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ scalony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrado" title="Circuito integrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circuito integrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_integrat" title="Circuit integrat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Circuit integrat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегральная схема – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интегральная схема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarku_i_integruar" title="Qarku i integruar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qarku i integruar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AE" title="සංගෘහිත ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිපථ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංගෘහිත ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිපථ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Integrated circuit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrovan%C3%BD_obvod" title="Integrovaný obvod – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Integrovaný obvod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrirano_vezje" title="Integrirano vezje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Integrirano vezje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="سووڕی یەکگرتوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سووڕی یەکگرتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Интегрисано коло – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интегрисано коло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Integralno kolo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikropiiri" title="Mikropiiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikropiiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrerad_krets" title="Integrerad krets – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Integrerad krets" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Integrated circuit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="தொகுசுற்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொகுசுற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1" title="วงจรรวม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงจรรวม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Silicon chip" redirects here. For the electronics magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Chip" title="Silicon Chip">Silicon Chip</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Microchip" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Microchip_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Microchip (disambiguation)">Microchip (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NXP_PCF8577C_LCD_driver_with_I%C2%B2C_(Colour_Corrected).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NXP_PCF8577C_LCD_driver_with_I%C2%B2C_%28Colour_Corrected%29.jpg/220px-NXP_PCF8577C_LCD_driver_with_I%C2%B2C_%28Colour_Corrected%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NXP_PCF8577C_LCD_driver_with_I%C2%B2C_%28Colour_Corrected%29.jpg/330px-NXP_PCF8577C_LCD_driver_with_I%C2%B2C_%28Colour_Corrected%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NXP_PCF8577C_LCD_driver_with_I%C2%B2C_%28Colour_Corrected%29.jpg/440px-NXP_PCF8577C_LCD_driver_with_I%C2%B2C_%28Colour_Corrected%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13762" data-file-height="11938" /></a><figcaption>A microscope image of an integrated circuit <a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">die</a> used to control <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCDs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pinout" title="Pinout">pinouts</a> are the dark circles surrounding the integrated circuit.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>integrated circuit</b> (<b>IC</b>), also known as a <b>microchip</b>, <b>computer chip</b>, or simply <b>chip</b>, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>. These components are etched onto a small piece of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> material, usually <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televisions</a>, to perform various functions such as processing and storing information. They have greatly impacted the field of electronics by enabling device miniaturization and enhanced functionality. </p><p>Integrated circuits are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete components, allowing a large <a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">transistor count</a>. </p><p>The IC's <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> capability, reliability, and building-block approach to <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">integrated circuit design</a> have ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>. Computers, mobile phones, and other <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a> are now essential parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs such as modern <a href="/wiki/Computer_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer processor">computer processors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a> was made practical by technological advancements in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor device fabrication</a>. Since their origins in the 1960s, the size, speed, and capacity of chips have progressed enormously, driven by technical advances that fit more and more transistors on chips of the same size – a modern chip may have many billions of transistors in an area the size of a human fingernail. These advances, roughly following <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, make the computer chips of today possess millions of times the capacity and thousands of times the speed of the computer chips of the early 1970s. </p><p>ICs have three main advantages over circuits constructed out of discrete components: size, cost and performance. The size and cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">photolithography</a> rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the IC's components switch quickly and consume comparatively little power because of their small size and proximity. The main disadvantage of ICs is the high initial cost of designing them and the enormous capital cost of factory construction. This high initial cost means ICs are only commercially viable when <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">high production volumes</a> are anticipated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> An <i>integrated circuit</i> is defined as:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>A circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce.</p></blockquote><p> In strict usage, <i>integrated circuit</i> refers to the single-piece circuit construction originally known as a <i>monolithic integrated circuit</i>, which comprises a single piece of silicon.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general usage, circuits not meeting this strict definition are sometimes referred to as ICs, which are constructed using many different technologies, e.g. <a href="/wiki/3D_IC" class="mw-redirect" title="3D IC">3D IC</a>, <a href="/wiki/2.5D_integrated_circuit" title="2.5D integrated circuit">2.5D IC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">MCM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">thin-film transistors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thick-film_technology" title="Thick-film technology">thick-film technologies</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">hybrid integrated circuits</a>. The choice of terminology frequently appears in discussions related to whether <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's Law</a> is obsolete.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg/220px-Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg/330px-Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a>'s original integrated circuit; the world's first. Made from <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> with gold-wire interconnects.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early attempt at combining several components in one device (like modern ICs) was the <a href="/wiki/Loewe_3NF" title="Loewe 3NF">Loewe 3NF</a> vacuum tube first made in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-mikeHarrison_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikeHarrison-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike ICs, it was designed with the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a>, as in Germany, radio receivers had a tax that was levied depending on how many tube holders a radio receiver had. It allowed radio receivers to have a single tube holder. One million were manufactured, and were "a first step in integration of radioelectronic devices".<sup id="cite_ref-antonPankratov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antonPankratov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device contained an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, composed of three triodes, two capacitors and four resistors in a six-pin device.<sup id="cite_ref-cliveMaxfield_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cliveMaxfield-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radios with the Loewe 3NF were less expensive than other radios,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing one of the advantages of integration over using <a href="/wiki/Discrete_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete components">discrete components</a>, that would be seen decades later with ICs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early concepts of an integrated circuit go back to 1949, when German engineer <a href="/wiki/Werner_Jacobi" title="Werner Jacobi">Werner Jacobi</a><sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-ic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-ic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens AG</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device<sup id="cite_ref-jacobi1949_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobi1949-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing five <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> on a common substrate in a three-stage <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a> as typical industrial applications of his patent. An immediate commercial use of his patent has not been reported. </p><p>Another early proponent of the concept was <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Dummer" title="Geoffrey Dummer">Geoffrey Dummer</a> (1909–2002), a radar scientist working for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Radar Establishment">Royal Radar Establishment</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a>. Dummer presented the idea to the public at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on 7 May 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. Between 1953 and 1957, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a> and Yasuo Tarui (<a href="/wiki/Electrotechnical_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrotechnical Laboratory">Electrotechnical Laboratory</a>) proposed similar chip designs where several transistors could share a common active area, but there was no <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction_isolation" title="P–n junction isolation">electrical isolation</a> to separate them from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-ic_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-ic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monolithic integrated circuit chip was enabled by the inventions of the <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">planar process</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hoerni" title="Jean Hoerni">Jean Hoerni</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction_isolation" title="P–n junction isolation">p–n junction isolation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lehovec" title="Kurt Lehovec">Kurt Lehovec</a>. Hoerni's invention was built on Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick's work on surface protection and passivation by silicon dioxide masking and predeposition,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lojek120_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lojek120-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Fuller, Ditzenberger's and others work on the diffusion of impurities into silicon. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_integrated_circuits">The first integrated circuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The first integrated circuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_integrated_circuit" title="Invention of the integrated circuit">Invention of the integrated circuit</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">Planar process</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction_isolation" title="P–n junction isolation">p–n junction isolation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surface_passivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface passivation">Surface passivation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Noyce_with_Motherboard_1959.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robert_Noyce_with_Motherboard_1959.png/220px-Robert_Noyce_with_Motherboard_1959.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robert_Noyce_with_Motherboard_1959.png/330px-Robert_Noyce_with_Motherboard_1959.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robert_Noyce_with_Motherboard_1959.png/440px-Robert_Noyce_with_Motherboard_1959.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> invented the first monolithic integrated circuit in 1959. The chip was made from <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic substrates (so-called <i>micromodules</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-micromodules_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-micromodules-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which seemed very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a><sup id="cite_ref-micromodules_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-micromodules-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951's Project Tinkertoy).<sup id="cite_ref-micromodules_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-micromodules-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC. </p><p>Newly employed by <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working example of an integrated circuit on 12 September 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-TIJackBuilt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIJackBuilt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his patent application of 6 February 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first customer for the new invention was the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kilby won the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Kilby's invention was not a true monolithic integrated circuit chip since it had external gold-wire connections, which would have made it difficult to mass-produce.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half a year after Kilby, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> invented the first true monolithic IC chip.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory1959_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1959-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More practical than Kilby's implementation, Noyce's chip was made of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, whereas Kilby's was made of <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, and Noyce's was fabricated using the <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">planar process</a>, developed in early 1959 by his colleague <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hoerni" title="Jean Hoerni">Jean Hoerni</a> and included the critical on-chip aluminum interconnecting lines. Modern IC chips are based on Noyce's monolithic IC,<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory1959_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1959-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than Kilby's. </p><p>NASA's Apollo Program was the largest single consumer of integrated circuits between 1961 and 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-eldon_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eldon-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TTL_integrated_circuits"><a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a> integrated circuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: TTL integrated circuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">Transistor–transistor logic</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">Transistor–transistor logic</a> (TTL) was developed by <a href="/wiki/James_L._Buie" title="James L. Buie">James L. Buie</a> in the early 1960s at <a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW Inc.</a> TTL became the dominant integrated circuit technology during the 1970s to early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dov_Frohman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dov_Frohman.jpg/220px-Dov_Frohman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dov_Frohman.jpg/330px-Dov_Frohman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dov_Frohman.jpg/440px-Dov_Frohman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="3484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dov_Frohman" title="Dov Frohman">Dov Frohman</a>, an Israeli electrical engineer who developed the <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a> in 1969-1971</figcaption></figure> <p>Dozens of TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/IBM_360" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 360">IBM 360</a> mainframes, <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> minicomputers and the desktop <a href="/wiki/Datapoint_2200" title="Datapoint 2200">Datapoint 2200</a> were built from <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar</a> integrated circuits,<sup id="cite_ref-tmx_shirriff_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmx_shirriff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either TTL or the even faster <a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">emitter-coupled logic</a> (ECL). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MOS_integrated_circuits">MOS integrated circuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: MOS integrated circuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/MOSFET_applications#MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSFET applications">MOSFET applications § MOS integrated circuit</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_scale_examples" title="List of semiconductor scale examples">List of semiconductor scale examples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></div> <p>Nearly all modern IC chips are <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) integrated circuits, built from <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFETs</a> (metal–oxide–silicon field-effect transistors).<sup id="cite_ref-Kuo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MOSFET invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lojek1202_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lojek1202-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made it possible to build <a href="/wiki/Very_large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very large-scale integration">high-density integrated circuits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-transistor_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-transistor-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar transistor">bipolar transistors</a> which required a number of steps for the <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction_isolation" title="P–n junction isolation">p–n junction isolation</a> of transistors on a chip, MOSFETs required no such steps but could be easily isolated from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett53_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett53-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its advantage for integrated circuits was pointed out by Dawon Kahng in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett22_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett22-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">list of IEEE milestones</a> includes the first integrated circuit by Kilby in 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoerni's planar process and Noyce's planar IC in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest experimental MOS IC to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-digital_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-digital-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_Microelectronics" class="mw-redirect" title="General Microelectronics">General Microelectronics</a> later introduced the first commercial MOS integrated circuit in 1964,<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory1964_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1964-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 120-transistor <a href="/wiki/Shift_register" title="Shift register">shift register</a> developed by Robert Norman.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-digital_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-digital-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher <a href="/wiki/Transistor_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor density">transistor density</a> and lower manufacturing costs than <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar</a> chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale integration">large-scale integration</a> (LSI) with hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="The_self-aligned_gate"></span> Following the development of the <a href="/wiki/Self-aligned_gate" title="Self-aligned gate">self-aligned gate</a> (silicon-gate) MOSFET by Robert Kerwin, <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Klein" title="Donald L. Klein">Donald Klein</a> and John Sarace at Bell Labs in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first <a href="/wiki/Silicon-gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon-gate">silicon-gate</a> MOS IC technology with <a href="/wiki/Self-aligned_gate" title="Self-aligned gate">self-aligned gates</a>, the basis of all modern <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> integrated circuits, was developed at Fairchild Semiconductor by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Federico Faggin</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application of MOS LSI chips to <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> was the basis for the first <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>, as engineers began recognizing that a complete <a href="/wiki/Computer_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer processor">computer processor</a> could be contained on a single MOS LSI chip. This led to the inventions of the microprocessor and the <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> by the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1970s, MOS integrated circuit technology enabled the <a href="/wiki/Very_large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very large-scale integration">very large-scale integration</a> (VLSI) of more than 10,000 transistors on a single chip.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, MOS-based computers only made sense when high density was required, such as <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pocket_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket calculator">pocket calculators</a>. Computers built entirely from TTL, such as the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Datapoint_2200" title="Datapoint 2200">Datapoint 2200</a>, were much faster and more powerful than single-chip MOS microprocessors such as the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">Intel 8008</a> until the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-tmx_shirriff_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmx_shirriff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advances in IC technology, primarily <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">smaller features</a> and larger chips, have allowed <a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">the number</a> of <a href="/wiki/MOS_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS transistor">MOS transistors</a> in an integrated circuit to double every two years, a trend known as Moore's law. Moore originally stated it would double every year, but he went on to change the claim to every two years in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increased capacity has been used to decrease cost and increase functionality. In general, as the feature size shrinks, almost every aspect of an IC's operation improves. The cost per transistor and the <a href="/wiki/Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">switching power consumption</a> per transistor goes down, while the <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory capacity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">speed</a> go up, through the relationships defined by <a href="/wiki/Dennard_scaling" title="Dennard scaling">Dennard scaling</a> (<a href="/wiki/MOSFET_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSFET scaling">MOSFET scaling</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because speed, capacity, and power consumption gains are apparent to the end user, there is fierce competition among the manufacturers to use finer geometries. Over the years, transistor sizes have decreased from tens of <a href="/wiki/Micron" class="mw-redirect" title="Micron">microns</a> in the early 1970s to 10 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a> in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a corresponding million-fold increase in transistors per unit area. As of 2016, typical chip areas range from a few square <a href="/wiki/Millimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter">millimeters</a> to around 600 mm<sup>2</sup>, with up to 25 million <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> per mm<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pascal_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pascal-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expected shrinking of feature sizes and the needed progress in related areas was forecast for many years by the <a href="/wiki/International_Technology_Roadmap_for_Semiconductors" title="International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors">International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors</a> (ITRS). The final ITRS was issued in 2016, and it is being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/International_Roadmap_for_Devices_and_Systems" title="International Roadmap for Devices and Systems">International Roadmap for Devices and Systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, ICs were strictly electronic devices. The success of ICs has led to the integration of other technologies, in an attempt to obtain the same advantages of small size and low cost. These technologies include mechanical devices, optics, and sensors. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">Charge-coupled devices</a>, and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">active-pixel sensors</a>, are chips that are sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. They have largely replaced <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> in scientific, medical, and consumer applications. Billions of these devices are now produced each year for applications such as cellphones, tablets, and digital cameras. This sub-field of ICs won the Nobel Prize in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-CcdNobel_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CcdNobel-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Very small mechanical devices driven by electricity can be integrated onto chips, a technology known as <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS). These devices were developed in the late 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are used in a variety of commercial and military applications. Examples include <a href="/wiki/DLP_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="DLP projector">DLP projectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">inkjet printers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a> and <a href="/wiki/MEMS_gyroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMS gyroscope">MEMS gyroscopes</a> used to deploy automobile <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">airbags</a>.</li> <li>Since the early 2000s, the integration of optical functionality (<a href="/wiki/Optical_computing" title="Optical computing">optical computing</a>) into silicon chips has been actively pursued in both academic research and in industry resulting in the successful commercialization of silicon based integrated optical transceivers combining optical devices (modulators, detectors, routing) with CMOS based electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Photonic_integrated_circuit" title="Photonic integrated circuit">Photonic integrated circuits</a> that use light such as Lightelligence's PACE (Photonic Arithmetic Computing Engine) also being developed, using the emerging field of physics known as <a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">photonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Integrated circuits are also being developed for <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensor</a> applications in <a href="/wiki/Implant_(medicine)" title="Implant (medicine)">medical implants</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">bioelectronic</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Birkholz2015_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkholz2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special sealing techniques have to be applied in such biogenic environments to avoid <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a> of the exposed semiconductor materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham2011_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham2011-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the vast majority of all transistors are <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFETs</a> fabricated in a single layer on one side of a chip of silicon in a flat two-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">planar process</a>. Researchers have produced prototypes of several promising alternatives, such as: </p> <ul><li>various approaches to stacking several layers of transistors to make a <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3DIC), such as <a href="/wiki/Through-silicon_via" title="Through-silicon via">through-silicon via</a>, "monolithic 3D",<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stacked wire bonding,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other methodologies.</li> <li>transistors built from other materials: <a href="/wiki/Graphene_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphene transistor">graphene transistors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenite#Semiconductor" title="Molybdenite">molybdenite transistors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube_field-effect_transistor" title="Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor">carbon nanotube field-effect transistor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a> transistor, transistor-like <a href="/wiki/Nanowire#Electronic_devices" title="Nanowire">nanowire electronic devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">organic field-effect transistor</a>, etc.</li> <li>fabricating transistors over the entire surface of a small sphere of silicon.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>modifications to the substrate, typically to make "<a href="/wiki/Transistor#Flexible_transistors" title="Transistor">flexible transistors</a>" for a <a href="/wiki/Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">flexible display</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">flexible electronics</a>, possibly leading to a <a href="/wiki/Roll-away_computer" title="Roll-away computer">roll-away computer</a>.</li></ul> <p>As it becomes more difficult to manufacture ever smaller transistors, companies are using <a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">multi-chip modules</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chiplet" title="Chiplet">chiplets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">three-dimensional integrated circuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Package_on_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Package on package">package on package</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">High Bandwidth Memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Through-silicon_via" title="Through-silicon via">through-silicon vias</a> with die stacking to increase performance and reduce size, without having to reduce the size of the transistors. Such techniques are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Advanced_packaging_(semiconductors)" title="Advanced packaging (semiconductors)">advanced packaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advanced packaging is mainly divided into 2.5D and 3D packaging. 2.5D describes approaches such as multi-chip modules while 3D describes approaches where dies are stacked in one way or another, such as package on package and high bandwidth memory. All approaches involve 2 or more dies in a single package.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, approaches such as <a href="/wiki/3D_NAND" class="mw-redirect" title="3D NAND">3D NAND</a> stack multiple layers on a single die. A technique has been demonstrated to include microfluidic cooling on integrated circuits, to improve cooling performance<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as peltier thermoelectric coolers on solder bumps, or thermal solder bumps used exclusively for heat dissipation, used in <a href="/wiki/Flip-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Flip-chip">flip-chip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siliconchip_by_shapeshifter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Siliconchip_by_shapeshifter.png/220px-Siliconchip_by_shapeshifter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Siliconchip_by_shapeshifter.png/330px-Siliconchip_by_shapeshifter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Siliconchip_by_shapeshifter.png/440px-Siliconchip_by_shapeshifter.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Virtual detail of an integrated circuit through four layers of planarized <a href="/wiki/Copper_interconnect" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper interconnect">copper interconnect</a>, down to the polysilicon (pink), wells (greyish), and substrate (green)</figcaption></figure><p>The cost of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">designing</a> and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, normally in the multiple tens of millions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it only makes economic sense to produce integrated circuit products with high production volume, so the <a href="/wiki/Non-recurring_engineering" title="Non-recurring engineering">non-recurring engineering</a> (NRE) costs are spread across typically millions of production units. </p><p>Modern semiconductor chips have billions of components, and are far too complex to be designed by hand. Software tools to help the designer are essential. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a> (EDA), also referred to as electronic <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> (ECAD),<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a category of <a href="/wiki/Software_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Software tools">software tools</a> for designing <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic systems</a>, including integrated circuits. The tools work together in a <a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">design flow</a> that engineers use to design, verify, and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Some of the latest EDA tools use <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) to help engineers save time and improve chip performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AD570JD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/AD570JD.jpg/220px-AD570JD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/AD570JD.jpg/330px-AD570JD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/AD570JD.jpg/440px-AD570JD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A-to-D converter IC in a <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Integrated circuits can be broadly classified into <a href="/wiki/Analog_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog circuit">analog</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital circuit">digital</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">mixed signal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of analog and digital signaling on the same IC. </p><p>Digital integrated circuits can contain billions<sup id="cite_ref-Pascal_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pascal-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">flip-flops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">multiplexers</a>, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_cost" title="Manufacturing cost">manufacturing cost</a> compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSPs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">boolean algebra</a> to process <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">"one" and "zero" signals</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_8742_153056995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Intel_8742_153056995.jpg/220px-Intel_8742_153056995.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Intel_8742_153056995.jpg/330px-Intel_8742_153056995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Intel_8742_153056995.jpg/440px-Intel_8742_153056995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">die</a> from an Intel <a href="/wiki/Intel_MCS-48" title="Intel MCS-48">8742</a>, an 8-bit <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> that includes a <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>, 2048 bytes of <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> in the same chip</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> or "<b><a href="/wiki/Processor_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Processor core">cores</a></b>", used in personal computers, cell-phones, etc. Several cores may be integrated together in a single IC or chip. Digital <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory chips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuits</a> (ASICs) are examples of other families of integrated circuits. </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">programmable logic devices</a> were developed. These devices contain circuits whose logical function and connectivity can be programmed by the user, rather than being fixed by the integrated circuit manufacturer. This allows a chip to be programmed to do various LSI-type functions such as <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">adders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a>. Programmability comes in various forms – devices that can be <a href="/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable read-only memory">programmed only once</a>, devices that can be erased and then re-programmed <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">using UV light</a>, devices that can be (re)programmed using <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">field-programmable gate arrays</a> (FPGAs) which can be programmed at any time, including during operation. Current FPGAs can (as of 2016) implement the equivalent of millions of gates and operate at <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">frequencies</a> up to 1 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Altera_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altera-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analog ICs, such as <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">power management circuits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operational_amplifier" title="Operational amplifier">operational amplifiers</a> (op-amps), process <a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">continuous signals</a>, and perform analog functions such as <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Active_filter" title="Active filter">active filtering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">demodulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">mixing</a>. </p><p>ICs can combine analog and digital circuits on a chip to create functions such as <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a>. Such mixed-signal circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must account for signal interference. Prior to the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Radios" class="mw-redirect" title="Radios">radios</a> could not be fabricated in the same low-cost <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> processes as microprocessors. But since 1998, radio chips have been developed using <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> processes. Examples include Intel's <a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">DECT</a> cordless phone, or <a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>) chips created by <a href="/wiki/Atheros" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheros">Atheros</a> and other companies.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE-CMOS-dualband-n_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-CMOS-dualband-n-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_component_distributors" title="Category:Electronic component distributors">electronic component distributors</a> often further sub-categorize integrated circuits: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital integrated circuit">Digital ICs</a> are categorized as logic ICs (such as <a href="/wiki/Microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprocessors">microprocessors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontrollers">microcontrollers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Memory_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory chip">memory chips</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/MOS_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS memory">MOS memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floating-gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-gate">floating-gate</a> memory), interface ICs (<a href="/wiki/Logic_level" title="Logic level">level shifters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serializer/deserializer" class="mw-redirect" title="Serializer/deserializer">serializer/deserializer</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Power_management_IC" class="mw-redirect" title="Power management IC">power management ICs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">programmable devices</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog integrated circuit">Analog ICs</a> are categorized as <a href="/wiki/Linear_integrated_circuit" title="Linear integrated circuit">linear integrated circuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/RF_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="RF circuit">RF circuits</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> circuits).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuits</a> are categorized as <a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">data acquisition</a> ICs (including <a href="/wiki/A/D_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="A/D converter">A/D converters</a>, <a href="/wiki/D/A_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="D/A converter">D/A converters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital potentiometers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Clock_generator" title="Clock generator">clock/timing ICs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">switched capacitor</a> (SC) circuits, and <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> circuits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuits</a> (3D ICs) are categorized into <a href="/wiki/Through-silicon_via" title="Through-silicon via">through-silicon via</a> (TSV) ICs and Cu-Cu connection ICs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Integrated_circuit" title="Special:EditPage/Integrated circuit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Integrated+circuit%22">"Integrated circuit"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Integrated+circuit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Integrated+circuit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Integrated+circuit%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Integrated+circuit%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Integrated+circuit%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabrication">Fabrication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fabrication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor fabrication</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_chip_3d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Silicon_chip_3d.png/220px-Silicon_chip_3d.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Silicon_chip_3d.png/330px-Silicon_chip_3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Silicon_chip_3d.png/440px-Silicon_chip_3d.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Rendering of a small <a href="/wiki/Standard_cell" title="Standard cell">standard cell</a> with three metal layers (<a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> has been removed). The sand-colored structures are metal <a href="/wiki/Interconnects_(integrated_circuits)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interconnects (integrated circuits)">interconnect</a>, with the vertical pillars being contacts, typically plugs of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>. The reddish structures are polysilicon gates, and the solid at the bottom is the <a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon" title="Monocrystalline silicon">crystalline silicon</a> bulk.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmos-chip_structure_in_2000s_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cmos-chip_structure_in_2000s_%28en%29.svg/220px-Cmos-chip_structure_in_2000s_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cmos-chip_structure_in_2000s_%28en%29.svg/330px-Cmos-chip_structure_in_2000s_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cmos-chip_structure_in_2000s_%28en%29.svg/440px-Cmos-chip_structure_in_2000s_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Schematic structure of a <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> chip, as built in the early 2000s. The graphic shows LDD-MISFET's on an SOI substrate with five metallization layers and solder bump for flip-chip bonding. It also shows the section for <a href="/wiki/FEOL" class="mw-redirect" title="FEOL">FEOL</a> (front-end of line), <a href="/wiki/BEOL" class="mw-redirect" title="BEOL">BEOL</a> (back-end of line) and first parts of back-end process.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> were identified as the most likely materials for a <i><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a></i>. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">copper oxide</a>, proceeding to <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, the materials were systematically studied in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, <a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon" title="Monocrystalline silicon">monocrystalline silicon</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(printing)" title="Substrate (printing)">substrate</a> used for ICs although some III-V <a href="/wiki/Compound_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound semiconductor">compounds of the periodic table</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> are used for specialized applications like <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a> and the highest-speed integrated circuits. It took decades to perfect methods of creating <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> with minimal <a href="/wiki/Crystal_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal defects">defects</a> in semiconducting materials' <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> ICs are fabricated in a <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">planar process</a> which includes three key process steps –  <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">photolithography</a>, deposition (such as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">etching</a>. The main process steps are supplemented by doping and cleaning. More recent or high-performance ICs may instead use <a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">multi-gate</a> <a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">FinFET</a> or <a href="/wiki/GAAFET" class="mw-redirect" title="GAAFET">GAAFET</a> transistors instead of planar ones, starting at the 22 nm node (Intel) or 16/14 nm nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon" title="Monocrystalline silicon">Mono-crystal silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafers</a> are used in most applications (or for special applications, other semiconductors such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> are used). The wafer need not be entirely silicon. <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">Photolithography</a> is used to mark different areas of the substrate to be <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)" title="Doping (semiconductor)">doped</a> or to have polysilicon, insulators or metal (typically aluminium or copper) tracks deposited on them. <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">Dopants</a> are impurities intentionally introduced to a semiconductor to modulate its electronic properties. Doping is the process of adding dopants to a semiconductor material. <span class="anchor" id="circuitLayers"></span> </p> <ul><li>Integrated circuits are composed of many overlapping layers, each defined by photolithography, and normally shown in different colors. Some layers mark where various dopants are diffused into the substrate (called diffusion layers), some define where additional ions are implanted (implant layers), some define the conductors (doped polysilicon or metal layers), and some define the connections between the conducting layers (via or contact layers). All components are constructed from a specific combination of these layers.</li> <li>In a self-aligned <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> process, a <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> is formed wherever the gate layer (polysilicon or metal) <a href="/wiki/CMOS#Example:_NAND_gate_in_physical_layout" title="CMOS">crosses</a> a diffusion layer (this is called <a href="#The_self-aligned_gate">"the self-aligned gate"</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-selfAlignedCmos_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selfAlignedCmos-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.1 (see Fig. 1.1)">: p.1 (see Fig. 1.1) </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitive structures</a>, in form very much like the <a href="/wiki/Parallel-plate_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel-plate capacitor">parallel conducting plates</a> of a traditional electrical <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a>, are formed according to the area of the "plates", with insulating material between the plates. Capacitors of a wide range of sizes are common on ICs.</li> <li>Meandering stripes of varying lengths are sometimes used to form on-chip <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a>, though most <a href="/wiki/Logic_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic circuit">logic circuits</a> do not need any resistors. The ratio of the length of the resistive structure to its width, combined with its sheet resistivity, determines the resistance.</li> <li>More rarely, <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductive structures</a> can be built as tiny on-chip coils, or simulated by <a href="/wiki/Gyrator" title="Gyrator">gyrators</a>.</li></ul> <p>Since a CMOS device only draws current on the <i><a href="/wiki/State_transition_function" class="mw-redirect" title="State transition function">transition</a></i> between <a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean algebra (logic)">logic</a> <a href="/wiki/State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">states</a>, CMOS devices consume much less current than <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar junction transistor</a> devices. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> is the most regular type of integrated circuit; the highest density devices are thus memories; but even a <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> will have memory on the chip. (See the regular array structure at the bottom of the first image.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2018)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>) Although the structures are intricate – with widths which have been shrinking for decades – the layers remain much thinner than the device widths. The layers of material are fabricated much like a photographic process, although light <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> cannot be used to "expose" a layer of material, as they would be too large for the features. Thus <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> of higher frequencies (typically <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>) are used to create the patterns for each layer. Because each feature is so small, <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscopes</a> are essential tools for a <a href="/wiki/Industrial_processes" title="Industrial processes">process</a> engineer who might be <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> a fabrication process. </p><p>Each device is tested before packaging using automated test equipment (ATE), in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Wafer_testing" title="Wafer testing">wafer testing</a>, or wafer probing. The wafer is then cut into rectangular blocks, each of which is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">die</a></i>. Each good die (plural <i>dice</i>, <i>dies</i>, or <i>die</i>) is then connected into a package using <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> (or gold) <a href="/wiki/Wire_bonding" title="Wire bonding">bond wires</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Thermosonic_bonding" title="Thermosonic bonding">thermosonically bonded</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <i>pads</i>, usually found around the edge of the die. <a href="/wiki/Thermosonic_bonding" title="Thermosonic bonding">Thermosonic bonding</a> was first introduced by A. Coucoulas which provided a reliable means of forming these vital electrical connections to the outside world. After packaging, the devices go through final testing on the same or similar ATE used during wafer probing. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_CT_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial CT scanning">Industrial CT scanning</a> can also be used. Test cost can account for over 25% of the cost of fabrication on lower-cost products, but can be negligible on low-yielding, larger, or higher-cost devices. </p><p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">fabrication facility</a> (commonly known as a <i>semiconductor fab</i>) can cost over US$12 billion to construct.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of a fabrication facility rises over time because of increased complexity of new products; this is known as <a href="/wiki/Rock%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock's law">Rock's law</a>. Such a facility features: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafers</a> up to 300 mm in diameter (wider than a common <a href="/wiki/Plate_(dishware)" title="Plate (dishware)">dinner plate</a>).</li> <li>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 5 nm transistors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_interconnect" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper interconnect">Copper interconnects</a> where copper wiring replaces aluminum for interconnects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-%CE%BA_dielectric" title="Low-κ dielectric">Low-κ dielectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulators</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_on_insulator" title="Silicon on insulator">Silicon on insulator</a> (SOI).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strained_silicon" title="Strained silicon">Strained silicon</a> in a process used by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Strained_silicon_directly_on_insulator" title="Strained silicon directly on insulator">Strained silicon directly on insulator</a> (SSDOI).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multigate devices</a> such as tri-gate transistors.</li></ul> <p>ICs can be manufactured either in-house by <a href="/wiki/Integrated_device_manufacturer" title="Integrated device manufacturer">integrated device manufacturers</a> (IDMs) or using the <a href="/wiki/Foundry_model" title="Foundry model">foundry model</a>. IDMs are vertically integrated companies (like <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>) that design, manufacture and sell their own ICs, and may offer design and/or manufacturing (foundry) services to other companies (the latter often to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabless_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabless company (page does not exist)">fabless companies</a>). In the foundry model, fabless companies (like <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>) only design and sell ICs and outsource all manufacturing to <a href="/wiki/Pure_play#pure_play_foundries" title="Pure play">pure play foundries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a>. These foundries may offer IC design services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging">Packaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_packaging" title="Integrated circuit packaging">Integrated circuit packaging</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-IC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/RUS-IC.JPG/220px-RUS-IC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/RUS-IC.JPG/330px-RUS-IC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/RUS-IC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet MSI <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">nMOS</a> chip made in 1977, part of a four-chip calculator set designed in 1970<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic <a href="/wiki/Flatpack_(electronics)" title="Flatpack (electronics)">flat packs</a>, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">dual in-line package</a> (DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic, which is commonly <a href="/wiki/Cresol" title="Cresol">cresol</a>-<a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>-<a href="/wiki/Novolac" class="mw-redirect" title="Novolac">novolac</a>. In the 1980s pin counts of <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">VLSI</a> circuits exceeded the practical limit for DIP packaging, leading to <a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">pin grid array</a> (PGA) and <a href="/wiki/Leadless_chip_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadless chip carrier">leadless chip carrier</a> (LCC) packages. <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">Surface mount</a> packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Small_Outline_Integrated_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Outline Integrated Circuit">small-outline integrated circuit</a> (SOIC) package – a carrier which occupies an area about 30–50% less than an equivalent DIP and is typically 70% thinner. This package has "gull wing" leads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0.050 inches. </p><p>In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/PQFP" class="mw-redirect" title="PQFP">plastic quad flat pack</a> (PQFP) and <a href="/wiki/Thin_Small_Outline_Package" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin Small Outline Package">thin small-outline package</a> (TSOP) packages became the most common for high pin count devices, though PGA packages are still used for high-end <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ball_grid_array" title="Ball grid array">Ball grid array</a> (BGA) packages have existed since the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Flip_chip" title="Flip chip">Flip-chip Ball Grid Array</a> packages, which allow for a much higher pin count than other package types, were developed in the 1990s. In an FCBGA package, the die is mounted upside-down (flipped) and connects to the package balls via a package substrate that is similar to a printed-circuit board rather than by wires. FCBGA packages allow an array of <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input-output</a> signals (called Area-I/O) to be distributed over the entire die rather than being confined to the die periphery. BGA devices have the advantage of not needing a dedicated socket but are much harder to replace in case of device failure. </p><p>Intel transitioned away from PGA to <a href="/wiki/Land_grid_array" title="Land grid array">land grid array</a> (LGA) and BGA beginning in 2004, with the last PGA socket released in 2014 for mobile platforms. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, AMD uses PGA packages on mainstream desktop processors,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BGA packages on mobile processors,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and high-end desktop and server microprocessors use LGA packages.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electrical signals leaving the die must pass through the material electrically connecting the die to the package, through the conductive <a href="/wiki/Signal_trace" title="Signal trace">traces</a> (paths) in the package, through the leads connecting the package to the conductive traces on the <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a>. The materials and structures used in the path these electrical signals must travel have very different electrical properties, compared to those that travel to different parts of the same die. As a result, they require special design techniques to ensure the signals are not corrupted, and much more electric power than signals confined to the die itself. </p><p>When multiple dies are put in one package, the result is a <a href="/wiki/System_in_package" class="mw-redirect" title="System in package">system in package</a>, abbreviated <abbr title="System in Package">SiP</abbr>. A <a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">multi-chip module</a> (<abbr title="multi-chip module">MCM</abbr>), is created by combining multiple dies on a small substrate often made of ceramic. The distinction between a large MCM and a small printed circuit board is sometimes fuzzy. </p><p>Packaged integrated circuits are usually large enough to include identifying information. Four common sections are the manufacturer's name or logo, the part number, a part production batch number and <a href="/wiki/Serial_number" title="Serial number">serial number</a>, and a four-digit date-code to identify when the chip was manufactured. Extremely small <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">surface-mount technology</a> parts often bear only a number used in a manufacturer's <a href="/wiki/Lookup_table" title="Lookup table">lookup table</a> to find the integrated circuit's characteristics. </p><p>The manufacturing date is commonly represented as a two-digit year followed by a two-digit week code, such that a part bearing the code 8341 was manufactured in week 41 of 1983, or approximately in October 1983. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intellectual property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">Integrated circuit layout design protection</a></div> <p>The possibility of copying by photographing each layer of an integrated circuit and preparing <a href="/wiki/Photomasks" class="mw-redirect" title="Photomasks">photomasks</a> for its production on the basis of the photographs obtained is a reason for the introduction of legislation for the protection of layout designs. The US <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_Chip_Protection_Act_of_1984" title="Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984">Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984</a> established intellectual property protection for photomasks used to produce integrated circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-USC-circ100_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-circ100-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A diplomatic conference held at Washington, D.C., in 1989 adopted a Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called the Washington Treaty or IPIC Treaty. The treaty is currently not in force, but was partially integrated into the <a href="/wiki/TRIPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIPS">TRIPS</a> agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several United States patents connected to the integrated circuit, which include patents by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">J.S. Kilby</a> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3138743">US3,138,743</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3261081">US3,261,081</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3434015">US3,434,015</a></span> and by R.F. Stewart <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3138747">US3,138,747</a></span>. </p><p>National laws protecting IC layout designs have been adopted in a number of countries, including Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the UK, Australia, and Korea. The UK enacted the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, c. 48, § 213, after it initially took the position that its copyright law fully protected chip topographies. See <a href="/wiki/British_Leyland_Motor_Corp._v._Armstrong_Patents_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents Co.">British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents Co.</a> </p><p>Criticisms of inadequacy of the UK copyright approach as perceived by the US <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">chip industry</a> are summarized in further chip rights developments.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia passed the Circuit Layouts Act of 1989 as a <i>sui generis</i> form of chip protection.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korea passed the <i>Act Concerning the Layout-Design of Semiconductor Integrated Circuits</i> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generations">Generations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Generations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_scale_examples" title="List of semiconductor scale examples">List of semiconductor scale examples</a>, <a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></div> <p>In the early days of simple integrated circuits, the technology's large scale limited each chip to only a few <a href="/wiki/Transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistors">transistors</a>, and the low degree of integration meant the design process was relatively simple. <a href="/wiki/First_pass_yield" class="mw-redirect" title="First pass yield">Manufacturing yields</a> were also quite low by today's standards. As <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) technology progressed, millions and then billions of <a href="/wiki/MOS_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS transistor">MOS transistors</a> could be placed on one chip,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and good designs required thorough planning, giving rise to the field of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">electronic design automation</a>, or EDA. Some SSI and MSI chips, like <a href="/wiki/Discrete_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete transistor">discrete transistors</a>, are still mass-produced, both to maintain old equipment and build new devices that require only a few gates. The <a href="/wiki/7400-series_integrated_circuits" title="7400-series integrated circuits">7400 series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a> chips, for example, has become a <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standard</a> and remains in production. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Acronym</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Year</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gates</a> number<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>SSI</td> <td><i>small-scale integration</i></td> <td>1964</td> <td>1 to 10</td> <td>1 to 12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MSI</td> <td><i>medium-scale integration</i></td> <td>1968</td> <td>10 to 500</td> <td>13 to 99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>LSI</td> <td><i>large-scale integration</i></td> <td>1971</td> <td>500 to 20 000</td> <td>100 to 9999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>VLSI</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Very_large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very large-scale integration">very large-scale integration</a></i></td> <td>1980</td> <td>20 000 to 1 000 000</td> <td>10 000 to 99 999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ULSI</td> <td><i>ultra-large-scale integration</i></td> <td>1984</td> <td>1 000 000 and more</td> <td>100 000 and more </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small-scale_integration_(SSI)"><span id="Small-scale_integration_.28SSI.29"></span>Small-scale integration (SSI) <span class="anchor" id="SSI,_MSI_and_LSI"></span><span class="anchor" id="SSI"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Small-scale integration (SSI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Early digital circuits containing tens of transistors provided a few logic gates, and early linear ICs such as the <a href="/wiki/Plessey" title="Plessey">Plessey</a> SL201 or the <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> TAA320 had as few as two transistors. The number of transistors in an integrated circuit has increased dramatically since then. The term "large scale integration" (LSI) was first used by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Landauer" title="Rolf Landauer">Rolf Landauer</a> when describing the theoretical concept;<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that term gave rise to the terms "small-scale integration" (SSI), "medium-scale integration" (MSI), "very-large-scale integration" (VLSI), and "ultra-large-scale integration" (ULSI). The early integrated circuits were SSI. </p><p>SSI circuits were crucial to early <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> projects, and aerospace projects helped inspire development of the technology. Both the <a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman missile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> needed lightweight digital computers for their inertial guidance systems. Although the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a> led and motivated integrated-circuit technology,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the Minuteman missile that forced it into mass-production. The Minuteman missile program and various other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> programs accounted for the total $4 million integrated circuit market in 1962, and by 1968, U.S. Government spending on <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States" title="Military budget of the United States">defense</a> still accounted for 37% of the $312 million total production. </p><p>The demand by the U.S. Government supported the nascent integrated circuit market until costs fell enough to allow IC firms to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">industrial</a> market and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> market. The average price per integrated circuit dropped from $50 in 1962 to $2.33 in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integrated circuits began to appear in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer product">consumer products</a> by the turn of the 1970s decade. A typical application was <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers. </p><p>The first application <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS</a> chips were small-scale integration (SSI) chips.<sup id="cite_ref-forging_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forging-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a>'s proposal of the <a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> chip in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-Moskowitz_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earliest experimental MOS chip to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-digital_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-digital-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first practical application of MOS SSI chips was for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forging_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forging-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium-scale_integration_(MSI)"><span id="Medium-scale_integration_.28MSI.29"></span>Medium-scale integration (MSI) <span class="anchor" id="MSI"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medium-scale integration (MSI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next step in the development of integrated circuits introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called "medium-scale integration" (MSI). </p><p><a href="/wiki/MOSFET_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSFET scaling">MOSFET scaling</a> technology made it possible to build high-density chips.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-transistor_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-transistor-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher <a href="/wiki/Transistor_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor density">transistor density</a> and lower manufacturing costs than <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar</a> chips.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wanlass" title="Frank Wanlass">Frank Wanlass</a> demonstrated a single-chip 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Shift_register" title="Shift register">shift register</a> he designed, with a then-incredible 120 <a href="/wiki/MOS_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS transistor">MOS transistors</a> on a single chip.<sup id="cite_ref-forging_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forging-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, <a href="/wiki/General_Microelectronics" class="mw-redirect" title="General Microelectronics">General Microelectronics</a> introduced the first commercial <a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> chip, consisting of 120 <a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">p-channel MOS</a> transistors.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory1964_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1964-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a 20-bit <a href="/wiki/Shift_register" title="Shift register">shift register</a>, developed by Robert Norman<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-digital_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-digital-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Frank Wanlass.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, leading to chips with hundreds of <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFETs</a> on a chip by the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large-scale_integration_(LSI)"><span id="Large-scale_integration_.28LSI.29"></span>Large-scale integration (LSI) <span class="anchor" id="LSI"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Large-scale integration (LSI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further development, driven by the same MOSFET scaling technology and economic factors, led to "large-scale integration" (LSI) by the mid-1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip.<sup id="cite_ref-Hittinger_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hittinger-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The masks used to process and manufacture SSI, MSI and early LSI and VLSI devices (such as the microprocessors of the early 1970s) were mostly created by hand, often using <a href="/wiki/Rubylith" title="Rubylith">Rubylith</a>-tape or similar.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For large or complex ICs (such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memories</a> or <a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a>), this was often done by specially hired professionals in charge of circuit layout, placed under the supervision of a team of engineers, who would also, along with the circuit designers, inspect and <a href="/wiki/Functional_verification" title="Functional verification">verify the correctness and completeness</a> of each mask. </p><p>Integrated circuits such as 1K-bit RAMs, calculator chips, and the first microprocessors, that began to be manufactured in moderate quantities in the early 1970s, had under 4,000 transistors. True LSI circuits, approaching 10,000 transistors, began to be produced around 1974, for computer main memories and second-generation microprocessors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Very-large-scale_integration_(VLSI)"><span id="Very-large-scale_integration_.28VLSI.29"></span>Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80486DX2_200x.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/80486DX2_200x.png/220px-80486DX2_200x.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/80486DX2_200x.png/330px-80486DX2_200x.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/80486DX2_200x.png/440px-80486DX2_200x.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Upper interconnect layers on an <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486DX2" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486DX2">Intel 80486DX2</a> microprocessor die</figcaption></figure> <p>"Very-large-scale integration" (<a href="/wiki/VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI">VLSI</a>) is a development started with hundreds of thousands of transistors in the early 1980s, and, as of 2023, <a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">transistor counts</a> continue to grow beyond 5.3 trillion transistors per chip. </p><p>Multiple developments were required to achieve this increased density. Manufacturers moved to smaller <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> design rules and <a href="/wiki/Cleanroom" title="Cleanroom">cleaner fabrication facilities</a>. The path of process improvements was summarized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Technology_Roadmap_for_Semiconductors" title="International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors">International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors</a> (ITRS), which has since been succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/International_Roadmap_for_Devices_and_Systems" title="International Roadmap for Devices and Systems">International Roadmap for Devices and Systems</a> (IRDS). <a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design tools</a> improved, making it practical to finish designs in a reasonable time. The more energy-efficient <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a>, avoiding a prohibitive increase in <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">power consumption</a>. The complexity and density of modern VLSI devices made it no longer feasible to check the masks or do the original design by hand. Instead, engineers use <abbr title="Electronic design automation">EDA</abbr> tools to perform most <a href="/wiki/Functional_verification" title="Functional verification">functional verification</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, one-megabit <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM) chips were introduced, containing more than one million transistors. Microprocessor chips passed the million-transistor mark in 1989, and the billion-transistor mark in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend continues largely unabated, with chips introduced in 2007 containing tens of billions of memory transistors.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ULSI,_WSI,_SoC_and_3D-IC"><span id="ULSI.2C_WSI.2C_SoC_and_3D-IC"></span>ULSI, WSI, SoC and 3D-IC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: ULSI, WSI, SoC and 3D-IC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wafer-scale_integration" title="Wafer-scale integration">Wafer-scale integration</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a></div> <p>To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term <i>ULSI</i> that stands for "ultra-large-scale integration" was proposed for chips of more than 1 million transistors.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wafer-scale_integration" title="Wafer-scale integration">Wafer-scale integration</a> (WSI) is a means of building very large integrated circuits that uses an entire silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Through a combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term Very-Large-Scale Integration, the current state of the art when WSI was being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsi2022_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsi2022-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a> (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit in which all the components needed for a computer or other system are included on a single chip. The design of such a device can be complex and costly, and whilst performance benefits can be had from integrating all needed components on one die, the cost of licensing and developing a one-die machine still outweigh having separate devices. With appropriate licensing, these drawbacks are offset by lower manufacturing and assembly costs and by a greatly reduced power budget: because signals among the components are kept on-die, much less power is required (see <a href="#Packaging">Packaging</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, signal sources and destinations are <a href="/wiki/Locality_of_reference" title="Locality of reference">physically closer</a> on die, reducing the length of wiring and therefore <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">transmission</a> power costs and <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> from communication between modules on the same chip. This has led to an exploration of so-called <a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network-on-Chip</a> (NoC) devices, which apply system-on-chip design methodologies to digital communication networks as opposed to traditional <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus architectures</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D-IC) has two or more layers of active electronic components that are integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit. Communication between layers uses on-die signaling, so power consumption is much lower than in equivalent separate circuits. Judicious use of short vertical wires can substantially reduce overall wire length for faster operation.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Silicon_labeling_and_graffiti">Silicon labeling and graffiti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Silicon labeling and graffiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To allow identification during production, most silicon chips will have a serial number in one corner. It is also common to add the manufacturer's logo. Ever since ICs were created, some chip designers have used the silicon surface area for surreptitious, non-functional images or words. These are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Chip_art" title="Chip art">chip art</a>, silicon art, silicon graffiti or silicon doodling.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ICs_and_IC_families">ICs and IC families</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ICs and IC families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/555_timer_IC" title="555 timer IC">555 timer IC</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Operational_amplifier" title="Operational amplifier">Operational amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7400-series_integrated_circuits" title="7400-series integrated circuits">7400-series integrated circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4000-series_integrated_circuits" title="4000-series integrated circuits">4000-series integrated circuits</a>, the CMOS counterpart to the 7400 series (see also: <a href="/wiki/HCMOS" title="HCMOS">74HC00 series</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>, generally regarded as the first commercially available <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, which led to the 8008, the famous <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> CPU, the 8086, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a> (used in the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>), and the fully-backward compatible (with the 8088/8086) <a href="/wiki/80286" class="mw-redirect" title="80286">80286</a>, 80386/i386, <a href="/wiki/Intel_i486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel i486">i486</a>, etc.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a> microprocessors, used in many <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> of the early 1980s</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a> series of computer-related chips, leading to the <a href="/wiki/68000" class="mw-redirect" title="68000">68000</a> and <a href="/wiki/88000" class="mw-redirect" title="88000">88000</a> series (the 68000 series was very successful and was used in the Apple Lisa and pre-PowerPC-based Macintosh, Commodore <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, Atari ST/TT/Falcon030, and NeXT families of computers, along with many models of workstations and servers from many manufacturers in the 80s, along with many other systems and devices)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_LM-series_integrated_circuits" title="List of LM-series integrated circuits">LM-series</a> of analog integrated circuits</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Ion_implantation" title="Ion implantation">Ion implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_injection_logic" title="Integrated injection logic">Integrated injection logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_passive_devices" title="Integrated passive devices">Integrated passive devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnect_bottleneck" title="Interconnect bottleneck">Interconnect bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_generation_in_integrated_circuits" title="Heat generation in integrated circuits">Heat generation in integrated circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-temperature_operating_life" title="High-temperature operating life">High-temperature operating life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_microwave_integrated_circuit" title="Monolithic microwave integrated circuit">Monolithic microwave integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-threshold_CMOS" title="Multi-threshold CMOS">Multi-threshold CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93germanium" title="Silicon–germanium">Silicon–germanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICE" title="SPICE">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_simulations_for_integrated_circuits" title="Thermal simulations for integrated circuits">Thermal simulations for integrated circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrot" title="Hybrot">Hybrot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/dictionary/terms/integrated-circuit-ic">"Integrated circuit (IC)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrated+circuit+%28IC%29&rft.pub=JEDEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedec.org%2Fstandards-documents%2Fdictionary%2Fterms%2Fintegrated-circuit-ic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie,_Andrew2009" class="citation web cs1">Wylie, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504074623/http://homepages.nildram.co.uk/~wylie/ICs/monolith.htm">"The first monolithic integrated circuits"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.nildram.co.uk/~wylie/ICs/monolith.htm">the original</a> on 4 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2011</span>. <q>Nowadays when people say 'integrated circuit' they usually mean a monolithic IC, where the entire circuit is constructed in a single piece of silicon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+first+monolithic+integrated+circuits&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Wylie%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.nildram.co.uk%2F~wylie%2FICs%2Fmonolith.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzHill1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Horowitz" title="Paul Horowitz">Horowitz, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Hill" title="Winfield Hill">Hill, Winfield</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofelectronics00horo/page/61"><i>The Art of Electronics</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofelectronics00horo/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37095-0"><bdi>978-0-521-37095-0</bdi></a>. <q>Integrated circuits, which have largely replaced circuits constructed from discrete transistors, are themselves merely arrays of transistors and other components built from a single chip of semiconductor material.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Electronics&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37095-0&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hill%2C+Winfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofelectronics00horo%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikeHarrison-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mikeHarrison_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Harrison, <i>Mike's Electric Stuff</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricstuff.co.uk/loewe.html">(1998-2014) Loewe 3NF Multi-valve - The first integrated circuit.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8722786/loewe-3nf-radio-valve-1926-1966-thermionic-valve">"Loewe 3NF radio valve, 1926-1966 | Science Museum Group Collection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loewe+3NF+radio+valve%2C+1926-1966+%26%23124%3B+Science+Museum+Group+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk%2Fobjects%2Fco8722786%2Floewe-3nf-radio-valve-1926-1966-thermionic-valve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antonPankratov-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antonPankratov_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton Pankratov <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1E8StV497sQ">(20 Nov 2010) Loewe 3NF Integrated Lamp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cliveMaxfield-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cliveMaxfield_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clive Maxfield, EE Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eetimes.com/the-first-integrated-circuit-from-1926/">(04.05.2006) The first "integrated circuit" from 1926!</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Malanowski, Gregory (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAjtEeVtXqAC&dq=Loewe+3NF&pg=PA105"><i>The Race for Wireless: How Radio was Invented (Or Discovered?)</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-3750-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-3750-3"><bdi>978-1-4634-3750-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+for+Wireless%3A+How+Radio+was+Invented+%28Or+Discovered%3F%29&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4634-3750-3&rft.aulast=Malanowski&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAjtEeVtXqAC%26dq%3DLoewe%2B3NF%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6"><i>Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits</i></a>. S. Chand. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-4000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-4000-9"><bdi>978-81-219-4000-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+VLSI+and+CMOS+Integrated+Circuits&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-219-4000-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjJlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddiscrete%2Bvs%2Bintegrated%2Bcircuit%2Bcost%26pg%3DSA1-PA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory-ic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory-ic_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory-ic_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-ic/">"Who Invented the IC?"</a>. @CHM Blog. Computer History Museum. 20 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Invented+the+IC%3F&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fwho-invented-the-ic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://integratedcircuithelp.com/invention.html">"Integrated circuits help Invention"</a>. Integratedcircuithelp.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrated+circuits+help+Invention&rft.pub=Integratedcircuithelp.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintegratedcircuithelp.com%2Finvention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobi1949-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacobi1949_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFW._Jacobi1952"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE833366">DE patent 833366</a>, W. Jacobi, "Halbleiterverstärker"", published 15 May 1952,  assigned to SIEMENS AG</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=833366&rft.cc=DE&rft.title=Halbleiterverst%C3%A4rker%22&rft.inventor=W.+Jacobi&rft.assignee=SIEMENS+AG&rft.appldate=14 April 1949&rft.pubdate=15 May 1952"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726112126/http://www.epn-online.com/page/22909/the-hapless-tale-of-geoffrey-dummer-this-is-the-sad-.html">"The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer"</a>. <i>epn-online.com</i>. 1 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epn-online.com/page/22909/the-hapless-tale-of-geoffrey-dummer-this-is-the-sad-.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epn-online.com&rft.atitle=The+Hapless+Tale+of+Geoffrey+Dummer&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epn-online.com%2Fpage%2F22909%2Fthe-hapless-tale-of-geoffrey-dummer-this-is-the-sad-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFLincolnFrosch1957"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A">US2802760A</a>, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=US2802760A&rft.cc=&rft.title=Oxidation+of+semiconductive+surfaces+for+controlled+diffusion&rft.inventor=Lincoln&rft.date=1957-08-13"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroschDerick1957" class="citation journal cs1">Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650">"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"</a>. <i>Journal of the Electrochemical Society</i>. <b>104</b> (9): 547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F1.2428650">10.1149/1.2428650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Electrochemical+Society&rft.atitle=Surface+Protection+and+Selective+Masking+during+Diffusion+in+Silicon&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=547&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1149%2F1.2428650&rft.aulast=Frosch&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Derick%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1149%2F1.2428650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lojek120-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lojek120_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLojek2007" class="citation book cs1">Lojek, Bo (2007). <i>History of Semiconductor Engineering</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540342588" title="Special:BookSources/9783540342588"><bdi>9783540342588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Semiconductor+Engineering&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783540342588&rft.aulast=Lojek&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerDitzenberger1953" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.atitle=Federal+Statutory+Protection+for+Mask+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov%2Fcircs%2Fcirc100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/washington/index.html">"Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits"</a>. <i>www.wipo.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Washington+Treaty+on+Intellectual+Property+in+Respect+of+Integrated+Circuits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Fip%2Fwashington%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 1 January 1995, the <i>Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</i> (TRIPs) (Annex 1C to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement), went into force. Part II, section 6 of TRIPs protects semiconductor chip products and was the basis for Presidential Proclamation No. 6780, 23 March 1995, under SCPA § 902(a)(2), extending protection to all present and future WTO members.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Japan was the first country to enact its own version of the SCPA, the Japanese "Act Concerning the Circuit Layout of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit" of 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1986 the EC promulgated a directive requiring its members to adopt national legislation for the protection of semiconductor topographies. Council Directive 1987/54/EEC of 16 December 1986 on the <i>Legal Protection of Topographies of Semiconductor Products</i>, art. 1(1)(b), 1987 O.J. (L 24) 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1985" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Richard (1985). 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New supercomputer contains 16 dinner-plate-size chips"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Hungry+for+AI%3F+New+supercomputer+contains+16+dinner-plate-size+chips&rft.date=2022-11-14&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Benj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2022%2F11%2Fhungry-for-ai-new-supercomputer-contains-16-dinner-plate-size-chips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFKlaas2000"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6816750">US patent 6816750</a>, Klaas, Jeff, "System-on-a-chip", published 2000</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=6816750&rft.cc=US&rft.title=System-on-a-chip&rft.inventor=Klaas&rft.pubdate=2000"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopolTulipeShiet.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Topol, A.W.; Tulipe, D.C.La; Shi, L; et., al (2006). "Three-dimensional integrated circuits". <i>IBM Journal of Research and Development</i>. <b>50</b> (4.5): 491–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.504.0491">10.1147/rd.504.0491</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18432328">18432328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+integrated+circuits&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4.5&rft.pages=491-506&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.504.0491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18432328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Topol&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rft.au=Tulipe%2C+D.C.La&rft.au=Shi%2C+L&rft.au=et.%2C+al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_circuit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeendrick2025" class="citation book cs1">Veendrick, H.J.M. (2025). <i>Nanometer CMOS ICs, from Basics to ASICs</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-64248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-64248-7"><bdi>978-3-031-64248-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1463505655">1463505655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanometer+CMOS+ICs%2C+from+Basics+to+ASICs&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1463505655&rft.isbn=978-3-031-64248-7&rft.aulast=Veendrick&rft.aufirst=H.J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2010" class="citation book cs1">Baker, R.J. (2010). <i>CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation</i> (3rd ed.). Wiley-IEEE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-88132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-88132-3"><bdi>978-0-470-88132-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/699889340">699889340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CMOS%3A+Circuit+Design%2C+Layout%2C+and+Simulation&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F699889340&rft.isbn=978-0-470-88132-3&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Stephen P. (2006). <i>Practical MMIC design</i>. Artech House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59693-036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59693-036-0"><bdi>978-1-59693-036-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1261968369">1261968369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+MMIC+design&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1261968369&rft.isbn=978-1-59693-036-0&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamenzind2005" class="citation book cs1">Camenzind, Hans (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612055924/http://www.designinganalogchips.com/_count/designinganalogchips.pdf"><i>Designing Analog Chips</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Virtual Bookworm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58939-718-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58939-718-7"><bdi>978-1-58939-718-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/926613209">926613209</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designinganalogchips.com/_count/designinganalogchips.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2017. <q><a href="/wiki/Hans_Camenzind" title="Hans Camenzind">Hans Camenzind</a> invented the 555 timer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Analog+Chips&rft.pub=Virtual+Bookworm&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F926613209&rft.isbn=978-1-58939-718-7&rft.aulast=Camenzind&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.designinganalogchips.com%2F_count%2Fdesigninganalogchips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesJacksonSaleh2003" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, David; Jackson, Horace; Saleh, Resve (2003). <i>Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-228365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-228365-5"><bdi>978-0-07-228365-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/840380650">840380650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+and+Design+of+Digital+Integrated+Circuits&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F840380650&rft.isbn=978-0-07-228365-5&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Horace&rft.au=Saleh%2C+Resve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabaeyChandrakasanNikolic2003" class="citation book cs1">Rabaey, J.M.; Chandrakasan, A.; Nikolic, B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agilesoftwaredev00robe"><i>Digital Integrated Circuits</i></a> (2nd ed.). Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-090996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-090996-1"><bdi>978-0-13-090996-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893541089">893541089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Integrated+Circuits&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893541089&rft.isbn=978-0-13-090996-1&rft.aulast=Rabaey&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Chandrakasan%2C+A.&rft.au=Nikolic%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagilesoftwaredev00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadConway1991" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Carver; Conway, Lynn (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontovl00mead"><i>Introduction to VLSI systems</i></a>. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-04358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-04358-7"><bdi>978-0-201-04358-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/634332043">634332043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+VLSI+systems&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F634332043&rft.isbn=978-0-201-04358-7&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Carver&rft.au=Conway%2C+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontovl00mead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+circuit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319150151/http://homepages.nildram.co.uk/~wylie/ICs/monolith.htm">The first monolithic integrated circuits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtellason.com/ic-generic.html">A large chart listing ICs by generic number</a> including access to most of the datasheets for the parts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702192457/http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/integrated_circuit/history/">The History of the Integrated Circuit</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">HUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_data_graph_execution" title="Explicit data graph execution">EDGE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_instruction_set_computer" title="Minimal instruction set computer">MISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">OISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_instruction_set_computing" title="No instruction set computing">NISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_instruction_set_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero instruction set computer">ZISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br />sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_man_computer" title="Little man computer">LMC</a></li> <li>System/3x0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture" title="IBM System/360 architecture">S/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">S/390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tilera ISA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva#Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAR" title="SWAR">SWAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data" title="Single program, multiple data">SPMD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br />performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">FPOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br />on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br />accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">15-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_logic" title="Glue logic">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_multiplier" title="CPU multiplier">CPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrated circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Unit" title="Power Management Unit">PMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_electronics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_electronics" title="Template:Digital electronics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_electronics" title="Template talk:Digital electronics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_electronics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital electronics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Electronic circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">Flip-flop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean circuit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a> (HIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">Emitter-coupled logic</a> (ECL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasable_programmable_logic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasable programmable logic device">Erasable programmable logic device</a> (EPLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocell_array" title="Macrocell array">Macrocell array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">Programmable logic array</a> (PLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">Programmable logic device</a> (PLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">Programmable Array Logic</a> (PAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Array_Logic" title="Generic Array Logic">Generic Array Logic</a> (GAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">Complex programmable logic device</a> (CPLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">Field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">Field-programmable object array</a> (FPOA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">Application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">Digital signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">Digital signal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_minimization_for_Boolean_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit minimization for Boolean functions">Circuit minimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_circuit_theory" title="Switching circuit theory">Switching circuit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_equivalent" title="Gate equivalent">Gate equivalent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electronics_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_and_route" title="Place and route">Place and route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placement_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Placement (electronic design automation)">Placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Routing (electronic design automation)">Routing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-level_modeling" title="Transaction-level modeling">Transaction-level modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">Register-transfer level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_synthesis" title="High-level synthesis">High-level synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_equivalence_checking" title="Formal equivalence checking">Formal equivalence checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_circuit" title="Synchronous circuit">Synchronous logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit" title="Asynchronous circuit">Asynchronous logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical state machine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephony#Digital_telephony" title="Telephony">Digital telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinematography" title="Digital cinematography">cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Design issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastability_(electronics)" title="Metastability (electronics)">Metastability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runt_pulse" title="Runt pulse">Runt pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_systems" title="Template talk:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analogue electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">Schematic capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_management_(electronics)" title="Thermal management (electronics)">Thermal management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">Bioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies#Electronics" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components" title="Failure of electronic components">Failure of electronic components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">Low-power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezotronics" title="Piezotronics">Piezotronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Home robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">Home theater PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Networking hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">e-health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">Major appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_appliance" title="Small appliance">Small appliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electronics" title="Nuclear electronics">Nuclear electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Radio navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">Terahertz technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> Communications</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_components" title="Template:Electronic components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_components" title="Template talk:Electronic components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Electronic components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductor<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semiconductor_packages" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semiconductor_packages" title="Template:Semiconductor packages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semiconductor_packages" title="Template talk:Semiconductor packages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semiconductor_packages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semiconductor packages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semiconductor_packages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_package" title="Semiconductor package">Semiconductor packages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Single <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DO-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DO-201 (page does not exist)">DO-201</a> (DO-27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DO-204" title="DO-204">DO-204</a> (DO-7 / DO-26 / DO-35 / DO-41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_electrode_leadless_face" title="Metal electrode leadless face">DO-213</a> (MELF / SOD-80 / LL34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DO-214" title="DO-214">DO-214</a> (SMA / SMB / SMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Outline_Diode" title="Small Outline Diode">SOD</a> (SOD-123 / SOD-323 / SOD-523 / SOD-923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">3...5-pin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small-outline_transistor" title="Small-outline transistor">SOT / TSOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-3" title="TO-3">TO-3</a> (TH / Panel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-5" title="TO-5">TO-5</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-8" title="TO-8">TO-8</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-18" title="TO-18">TO-18</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-39" class="mw-redirect" title="TO-39">TO-39</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-66" title="TO-66">TO-66</a> (TH / Panel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-92" title="TO-92">TO-92</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-126" title="TO-126">TO-126</a> (TH / Panel)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TO-202&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TO-202 (page does not exist)">TO-202</a> (TH / Panel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-220" title="TO-220">TO-220</a> (TH / Panel)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TO-247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TO-247 (page does not exist)">TO-247</a> (TH / Panel)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TO-251&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TO-251 (page does not exist)">TO-251</a> (IPAK) (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-252" title="TO-252">TO-252</a> (DPAK) (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TO-262&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TO-262 (page does not exist)">TO-262</a> (I2PAK) (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TO-263" title="TO-263">TO-263</a> (D2PAK) (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TO-268&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TO-268 (page does not exist)">TO-268</a> (D3PAK) (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TO-273&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TO-273 (page does not exist)">TO-273</a> (Super-220) (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TO-274&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TO-274 (page does not exist)">TO-274</a> (Super-247) (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TO-277&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TO-277 (page does not exist)">TO-277</a> (SMPC, SM-7) (SMT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Single row</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_in-line_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Single in-line package">SIP / SIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Dual row</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Flat_No-leads_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad Flat No-leads package">DFN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP / DIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatpack_(electronics)" title="Flatpack (electronics)">Flat Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Small_Outline_Package" title="Mini Small Outline Package">MSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Outline_Integrated_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Outline Integrated Circuit">SO / SOIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Outline_Integrated_Circuit#SOP" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Outline Integrated Circuit">SOP / SSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_small_outline_package" title="Thin small outline package">TSOP / HTSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_shrink_small_outline_package" title="Thin shrink small outline package">TSSOP / HTSSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zig-zag_in-line_package" title="Zig-zag in-line package">ZIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Quad row</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LCC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_in-line_package" title="Quad in-line package">QIP / QIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic leaded chip carrier">PLCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Flat_No-leads_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad Flat No-leads package">QFN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Flat_Package" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad Flat Package">QFP</a></li> <li>QUIP / QUIL</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Grid array</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_grid_array" title="Ball grid array">BGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_Wafer_Level_Ball_Grid_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array">eWLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_grid_array" title="Land grid array">LGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">PGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">Wafer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>COB</li> <li>COF</li> <li>COG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip-scale_package" title="Chip-scale package">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_chip" title="Flip chip">Flip Chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Package on package">PoP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilt_packaging" title="Quilt packaging">QP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Integrated_Circuit_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Integrated Circuit Card">UICC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wafer-level_packaging" title="Wafer-level packaging">WL-CSP / WLP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_packaging" title="Electronic packaging">Electronic packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_packaging" title="Integrated circuit packaging">Integrated circuit packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_component_packaging_types" title="List of electronic component packaging types">List of electronic component packaging types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">Surface-mount technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-hole_technology" title="Through-hole technology">Through-hole technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>It is relatively common to find packages that contain other components than their designated ones, such as diodes or <a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">voltage regulators</a> in transistor packages, etc.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Technology_and_related_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Technology_topics" title="Template:Technology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Technology_topics" title="Template talk:Technology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Technology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Technology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Technology_and_related_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> and related concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major technologies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necessities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">Sewing machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">Food storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> / <a href="/wiki/Equipment" title="Equipment">Equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">Blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">Plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge" title="Wedge">Wedge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">Calculation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">Abacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_and_key" title="Lock and key">Lock and key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Typewriter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueduct</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">Scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">Caisson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback riding">Horseback riding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Train</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Watercraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">Lost-wax casting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">Assembly line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">Simple machine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">Bearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">Ball bearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">Belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain" title="Chain">Chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">Lever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadoof" title="Shadoof">Shadoof</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">Linkage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">Cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-bar_linkage" title="Four-bar linkage">Four-bar linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">Pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">Screw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">Propeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_and_tackle" title="Block and tackle">Block and tackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">Gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">Potter's wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">Pulley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">Wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">Machinery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Appliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">Turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">Waterwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder" title="Hydraulic cylinder">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_manifold" title="Hydraulic manifold">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">Gimbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEMS" title="MEMS">MEMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">Pneumatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackhammer" title="Jackhammer">Jackhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivet_gun" title="Rivet gun">Rivet gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">Vacuum pump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leg_mechanism" title="Leg mechanism">Leg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of fire">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal_burner" title="Charcoal burner">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">Oil drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">Fracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">Material</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">Cement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipped_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipped stone">Chipped stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworking" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironworking">Ironworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">Rammed earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">Spinning wheel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">Blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR gene editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">Detergent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">Soap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">Dynamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">Laboratory glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">Spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">Electromagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyeglasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglasses">Eyeglasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">Optical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Motion picture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">Circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">Superconductor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">Client–server model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">Graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Perspectives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perspectives</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_technology" title="Low technology">Low technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy & politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_technology" title="Persuasive technology">Persuasive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Progressivism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Social construction of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">Applied science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology lifecycle">Technology lifecycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Technology" title="Category:Technology"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology"><b>Outline</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology"><b>Portal</b></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science" title="Category:Computer science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_computers" title="Template:Glossaries of computers">Glossaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wafer_bonding_techniques_used_in_ICs,_MEMS,_and_NEMS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wafer_bonding" title="Template:Wafer bonding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wafer_bonding" title="Template talk:Wafer bonding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wafer_bonding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wafer bonding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wafer_bonding_techniques_used_in_ICs,_MEMS,_and_NEMS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wafer_bonding" title="Wafer bonding">Wafer bonding</a> techniques used in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems" title="Nanoelectromechanical systems">NEMS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substrate bonding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_bonding" title="Direct bonding">Direct bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma-activated_bonding" title="Plasma-activated bonding">Plasma-activated bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anodic_bonding" title="Anodic bonding">Anodic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_bonding" title="Eutectic bonding">Eutectic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_frit_bonding" title="Glass frit bonding">Glass frit bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive_bonding_of_semiconductor_wafers" title="Adhesive bonding of semiconductor wafers">Adhesive bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocompression_bonding" title="Thermocompression bonding">Thermocompression bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_liquid_phase_diffusion_bonding" title="Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding">Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_activated_bonding" title="Surface activated bonding">Surface activated bonding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliant_bonding" title="Compliant bonding">Compliant bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_bonding" title="Wire bonding">Wire bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_bonding" title="Ball bonding">Ball bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosonic_bonding" title="Thermosonic bonding">Thermosonic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape-automated_bonding" title="Tape-automated bonding">Tape-automated bonding</a> (TAB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wafer_bond_characterization" title="Wafer bond characterization">Wafer bond characterization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interface_chips_from_MOS_Technology_and_second_source/clone_vendors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/975535/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027242-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85067117">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Circuits intégrés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931204n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Circuits intégrés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931204n">BnF 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