CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ghost - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"64de5313-ed4a-4cb2-b8aa-42adc6d4798c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ghost","wgTitle":"Ghost","wgCurRevisionId":1257763707,"wgRevisionId":1257763707,"wgArticleId":12514,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Webarchive template archiveis links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2017","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text","Articles containing Old Norse-language text", "Articles containing Low German-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","All Wikipedia articles needing context","Wikipedia articles needing context from July 2019","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Hindi-language text","Articles containing Urdu-language text","Articles containing Gujarati-language text","Articles containing Bengali-language text","Articles containing Odia-language text","Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text","Lang and lang-xx template errors","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Ghosts","Afterlife","Paranormal terminology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ghost","wgRelevantArticleId":12514,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q45529","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG/1200px-Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2002"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG/800px-Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1335"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG/640px-Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1068"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ghost - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ghost rootpage-Ghost skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ghost" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ghost" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ghost" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ghost" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthropological_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropological_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Anthropological context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropological_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghosts_and_the_afterlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghosts_and_the_afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ghosts and the afterlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghosts_and_the_afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fear_of_ghosts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fear_of_ghosts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fear of ghosts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fear_of_ghosts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Common attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Locale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East_and_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East_and_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient Near East and Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East_and_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Classical Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaic_and_Classical_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_and_Classical_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Archaic and Classical Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_and_Classical_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire_and_Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire_and_Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Roman Empire and Late Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire_and_Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Renaissance_to_Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Renaissance_to_Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>European Renaissance to Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Renaissance_to_Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period_of_western_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period_of_western_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Modern period of western culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period_of_western_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spiritualist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritualist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Spiritualist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritualist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Spiritism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Scientific view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Indian religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>By culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>African folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>European folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>South and Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.1</span> <span>North India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_and_East_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_and_East_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.2</span> <span>Bengal and East India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_and_East_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austronesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austronesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Austronesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austronesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>East and Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_in_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_in_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Depiction in the arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depiction_in_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Depiction in the arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Depiction_in_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renaissance_to_Romanticism_(1500_to_1840)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_to_Romanticism_(1500_to_1840)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Renaissance to Romanticism (1500 to 1840)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_to_Romanticism_(1500_to_1840)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian/Edwardian_(1840_to_1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian/Edwardian_(1840_to_1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Victorian/Edwardian (1840 to 1920)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian/Edwardian_(1840_to_1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era_(1920_to_1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era_(1920_to_1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Modern era (1920 to 1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era_(1920_to_1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-modern_(1970–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-modern_(1970–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Post-modern (1970–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-modern_(1970–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphorical_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphorical_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Metaphorical usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphorical_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghost</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spook" title="Spook – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spook" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%AD" title="شبح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantasma" title="Pantasma – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pantasma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stihio" title="Stihio – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Stihio" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantasma" title="Pantasma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pantasma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabus" title="Kabus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kabus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4" title="ভূত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Өрәк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Өрәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4" title="भूत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multo" title="Multo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Multo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Дух (призрак) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дух (призрак)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B" title="འདྲེ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འདྲེ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmant" title="Tasmant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tasmant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasma" title="Fantasma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fantasma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94%D0%BC%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Ĕмĕлке – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ĕмĕлке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADzrak" title="Přízrak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přízrak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysbryd" title="Ysbryd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysbryd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B8gelse" title="Spøgelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spøgelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gespenst" title="Gespenst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gespenst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummitus" title="Kummitus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kummitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Φάντασμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φάντασμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasma" title="Fantasma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fantasma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantomo" title="Fantomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fantomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamu" title="Mamu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mamu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%AD" title="شبح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fant%C3%B4me" title="Fantôme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fantôme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%BBk" title="Spûk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spûk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taibhse_(osn%C3%A1d%C3%BArtha)" title="Taibhse (osnádúrtha) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Taibhse (osnádúrtha)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantasma_(esp%C3%ADrito)" title="Pantasma (espírito) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pantasma (espírito)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A0%B9" title="유령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ուրվական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրվական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="भूत-प्रेत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूत-प्रेत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duh_(prikaza)" title="Duh (prikaza) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duh (prikaza)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lati" title="Lati – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Lati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantomo" title="Fantomo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fantomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantu" title="Hantu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hantu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasma" title="Phantasma – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phantasma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugur" title="Draugur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Draugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasma" title="Fantasma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fantasma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רוח רפאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוח רפאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhemit" title="Dhemit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhemit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91az%C9%A9%C3%B1az%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ñazɩñazʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñazɩñazʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A9%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მოჩვენება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოჩვენება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Елес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Елес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B5" title="ຜີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຜີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manes" title="Manes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoks" title="Spoks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spoks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaiduoklis" title="Vaiduoklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaiduoklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoeak" title="Spoeak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spoeak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasma" title="Fantasma – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fantasma" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentegh" title="Lentegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lentegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADs%C3%A9rtet" title="Kísértet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kísértet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Дух (призрак) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дух (призрак)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoatoa" title="Matoatoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matoatoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രേതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രേതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4" title="भूत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantu" title="Hantu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hantu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%ABi" title="Gūi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gūi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сүнс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сүнс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B2" title="သရဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သရဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81can%C4%93xquimilli" title="Tlācanēxquimilli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlācanēxquimilli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spook" title="Spook – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spook" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoek" title="Spoek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Spoek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4" title="भूत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भूत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A1%E9%9C%8A" title="亡霊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="亡霊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B8kelse" title="Spøkelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spøkelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B8kelse" title="Spøkelse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spøkelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantauma" title="Fantauma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fantauma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvoh" title="Arvoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arvoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4" title="ਭੂਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch_(spirytyzm)" title="Duch (spirytyzm) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duch (spirytyzm)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasma" title="Fantasma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fantasma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafie" title="Stafie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stafie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Привидение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Привидение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B8" title="Көстүбэт киһи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көстүбэт киһи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantasima" title="Pantasima – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pantasima" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaist" title="Ghaist – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ghaist" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fant%C3%A0sima" title="Fantàsima – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fantàsima" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ghost" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADzrak" title="Prízrak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prízrak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duh" title="Duh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Duh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تارمایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تارمایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0)" title="Дух (приказа) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дух (приказа)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duh_(prikaza)" title="Duh (prikaza) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Duh (prikaza)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurig" title="Jurig – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jurig" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummitus" title="Kummitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kummitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B6ke" title="Spöke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spöke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multo" title="Multo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Multo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96r%C3%A4k" title="Öräk – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Öräk" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="దెయ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దెయ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B5" title="ผี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Арвоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арвоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಿಶಾಚಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಿಶಾಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayalet" title="Hayalet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayalet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Привид – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Привид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بھوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma" title="Ma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantasma" title="Pantasma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pantasma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%BC" title="鬼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鬼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%BC" title="鬼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鬼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%BC" title="鬼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鬼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45529#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ghost" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ghost"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ghost"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ghost" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ghost" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost&oldid=1257763707" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ghost&id=1257763707&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGhost"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGhost"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ghost&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ghost" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ghosts" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45529" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supernatural being originating in folklore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ghost_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ghost (disambiguation)">Ghost (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Haint" redirects here. For the Warsaw Yiddish newspaper, see <a href="/wiki/Haynt" title="Haynt">Haynt</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ghostly" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ghostly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ghostly (disambiguation)">Ghostly (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG/220px-Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG/330px-Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG/440px-Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of the <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Ghost_murder_case" title="Hammersmith Ghost murder case">Hammersmith Ghost</a> appears in Roger Kirby's <i>Wonderful and Scientific Museum</i>, a magazine published in 1804. The "ghost" turned out to be an old local cobbler who used a white sheet to get back at his apprentice for scaring his children.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, a <b>ghost</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(vital_essence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (vital essence)">spirit</a> of a dead <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">person</a> or non-human <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> that is believed by some people to be able to appear to the living. In <a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">ghostlore</a>, descriptions of ghosts vary widely, from an invisible presence to translucent or barely visible wispy shapes to realistic, lifelike forms. The deliberate attempt to contact the spirit of a deceased person is known as <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séance</a></i>. Other terms associated with it are apparition, haunt, haint, phantom, <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">shade</a>, specter, spirit, spook, wraith, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">ghoul</a>. </p><p>The belief in the existence of an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, as well as manifestations of the spirits of the dead, is widespread, dating back to <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> in pre-literate cultures. Certain religious practices—funeral rites, <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a>, and some practices of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritual_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual magic">ritual magic</a>—are specifically designed to rest the spirits of the dead. Ghosts are generally described as solitary, human-like essences, though stories of ghostly armies and the ghosts of animals other than humans have also been recounted.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are believed to haunt particular <a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">locations</a>, objects, or people they were associated with in life. According to a 2009 study by the Pew Research Center, 18% of Americans say they have seen a ghost.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overwhelming consensus of science is that there is no proof that ghosts exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunge1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunge1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their existence is <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">impossible to falsify</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bunge1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunge1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">ghost hunting</a> has been classified as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Regal2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regal2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite centuries of investigation, there is no <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> that any location is inhabited by the spirits of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Regal2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regal2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, certain toxic and <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_plant" title="Psychoactive plant">psychoactive plants</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">datura</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">hyoscyamus niger</a></i>), whose use has long been associated with necromancy and the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, have been shown to contain <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> compounds that are pharmacologically linked to <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">DLB</a>) as well as histological patterns of <a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegeneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research has indicated that ghost sightings may be related to degenerative brain diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common prescription medication and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter drugs">over-the-counter drugs</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Sleep_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep aids">sleep aids</a>) may also, in rare instances, cause ghost-like hallucinations, particularly <a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mian2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mian2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older reports linked <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> poisoning to ghost-like hallucinations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">folklore studies</a>, ghosts fall within the <a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">motif index</a> designation E200–E599 ("Ghosts and other revenants"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius (mythology)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geist</a></div> <p>The English word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghost" class="extiw" title="wikt:ghost">ghost</a></i> continues <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gast#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:gast">gāst</a></i>. Stemming from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaistaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaistaz">*gaistaz</a></i>, it is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> <i>gāst</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <i>gēst</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> <i>gēst</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">geist</i></span>. Although this form is not attested in <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a> languages (the equivalent word in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> is <i>ahma</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> has <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">andi</i></span> m., <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">önd</i></span> f.), it appears to be a <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> suffix derivative of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">pre-Germanic</a> <i>*ghois-d-oz</i> ('fury, anger'), which is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">héḍas</i></span> ('anger') and <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <i>zōižda</i>- ('terrible, ugly'). The prior <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> form is reconstructed as <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵʰéys-d-os</span></span></i>, from the root<i> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵʰéys-</span></span></i>, which is reflected in Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">geisa</i></span> ('to rage') and <i>*geiski</i> ('fear'; cf. <i>geiskafullr</i> 'full of fear'), in Gothic <i>usgaisjan</i> ('to terrify') and <i>usgaisnan</i> ('to be terrified'), as well as in Avestan <i>zōiš-</i> (cf. <i>zōišnu</i> 'shivering, trembling').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003262_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003262-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013163_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013163-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED-ghost_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-ghost-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germanic word is recorded as masculine only, but likely continues a neuter <i>s</i>-stem. The original meaning of the Germanic word would thus have been an animating principle of the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, in particular capable of excitation and fury (compare <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">óðr</a></i>). In <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Germanic_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Mercury">Germanic Mercury</a>", and the later <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, was at the same time the <a href="/wiki/Conductor_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor of the dead">conductor of the dead</a> and the "lord of fury" leading the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a>. </p><p>Besides denoting the human spirit or soul, both of the living and the deceased, the Old English word is used as a synonym of Latin <i>spiritus</i> also in the meaning of "breath" or "blast" from the earliest attestations (9th century). It could also denote any good or evil spirit, such as angels and demons; the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> gospel refers to the <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a> of Matthew 12:43 as <i>se unclæna gast</i>. Also from the Old English period, the word could denote the spirit of God, viz. the "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a>". </p><p>The now-prevailing sense of "the soul of a deceased person, spoken of as appearing in a visible form" only emerges in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> (14th century). The modern noun does, however, retain a wider field of application, extending on one hand to "soul", "spirit", "<a href="/wiki/Vital_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital principle">vital principle</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a>", the seat of feeling, thought, and moral judgement; on the other hand used figuratively of any shadowy outline, or fuzzy or unsubstantial image; in optics, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">photography</a>, and cinematography especially, a flare, secondary image, or spurious signal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The synonym <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spook" class="extiw" title="wikt:spook">spook</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> loanword, akin to <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">spôk</i></span> (of uncertain etymology); it entered the English language via <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative words in modern usage include <i>spectre</i> (altn. <i>specter</i>; from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">spectrum</i></span>), the Scottish <i>wraith</i> (of obscure origin), <i>phantom</i> (via French ultimately from Greek <i>phantasma</i>, compare <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fantasy" class="extiw" title="wikt:fantasy">fantasy</a></i>) and <i>apparition</i>. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">shade</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a> translates Greek σκιά,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">umbra</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in reference to the notion of spirits in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Greek underworld</a>. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a></i> is a German word, literally a "noisy ghost", for a spirit said to manifest itself by invisibly moving and influencing objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen1984_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen1984-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wraith" class="extiw" title="wikt:wraith">Wraith</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> word for <i>ghost</i>, <i>spectre</i>, or <i>apparition</i>. It appeared in Scottish Romanticist literature, and acquired the more general or figurative sense of <i>portent</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omen</a></i>. In 18th- to 19th-century Scottish literature, it also applied to aquatic spirits. The word has no commonly accepted etymology; the <i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i> notes "of obscure origin" only.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An association with the verb <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/writhe" class="extiw" title="wikt:writhe">writhe</a></i> was the etymology favored by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien's use of the word in the naming of the creatures known as the <a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Ringwraiths</a> has influenced later usage in fantasy literature. <a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogey</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bogie" class="extiw" title="wikt:bogie">bogy/bogie</a></i> is a term for a ghost, and appears in Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/John_Mayne" title="John Mayne">John Mayne</a>'s <i>Hallowe'en</i> in 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenant</a></i> is a deceased person returning from the dead to haunt the living, either as a disembodied ghost or alternatively as an animated ("<a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">undead</a>") corpse. Also related is the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Fetch_(folklore)" title="Fetch (folklore)">fetch</a>, the visible ghost or spirit of a person yet alive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Herm%C3%A8s_%26_Myrrhin%C3%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NAMA_Herm%C3%A8s_%26_Myrrhin%C3%A8.jpg/200px-NAMA_Herm%C3%A8s_%26_Myrrhin%C3%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NAMA_Herm%C3%A8s_%26_Myrrhin%C3%A8.jpg/300px-NAMA_Herm%C3%A8s_%26_Myrrhin%C3%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NAMA_Herm%C3%A8s_%26_Myrrhin%C3%A8.jpg/400px-NAMA_Herm%C3%A8s_%26_Myrrhin%C3%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Relief from a carved funerary <i><a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a></i> at Athens showing <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> as <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">psychopomp</a> conducting the soul of the deceased, <i>Myrrhine</i> into Hades (c. 430–420 BC)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropological_context">Anthropological context</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of religion">Origin of religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></div> <p>A notion of the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a>, usually involving entities like ghosts, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">cultural universal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pre-literate <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a>, these beliefs are often summarized under <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>. Some people believe the ghost or spirit never leaves Earth until there is no-one left to remember the one who died.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyOccult_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyOccult-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many cultures, malignant, <a href="/wiki/Restless_ghosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Restless ghosts">restless ghosts</a> are distinguished from the more benign spirits involved in ancestor worship.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancestor worship typically involves rites intended to prevent <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vengeful_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vengeful spirit">vengeful spirits</a> of the dead, imagined as starving and envious of the living. Strategies for preventing revenants may either include <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a>, i.e., giving the dead food and drink to pacify them, or magical banishment of the deceased to force them not to return. Ritual feeding of the dead is performed in traditions like the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> or the Western <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>. Magical banishment of the dead is present in many of the world's <a href="/wiki/Burial_custom" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial custom">burial customs</a>. The bodies found in many <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a>) had been ritually bound before burial,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the custom of binding the dead persists, for example, in rural <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nineteenth-century anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Frazer">James Frazer</a> stated in his classic work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i> that <a href="/wiki/Souls" class="mw-redirect" title="Souls">souls</a> were seen as the creature within that animated the body.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldenBough_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldenBough-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghosts_and_the_afterlife">Ghosts and the afterlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">Psyche (psychology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></div> <p>Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it appears to have been widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to clothing the person wore. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i>, which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fear_of_ghosts">Fear of ghosts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suushi_Yurei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Suushi_Yurei.jpg/170px-Suushi_Yurei.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Suushi_Yurei.jpg/255px-Suushi_Yurei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Suushi_Yurei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Yūrei</a> (Japanese ghost) from the <a href="/wiki/Hyakkai_Zukan" title="Hyakkai Zukan">Hyakkai Zukan</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1737</span></figcaption></figure> <p>While deceased ancestors are <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">universally</a> regarded as venerable, and often believed to have a continued presence in some form of <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, the spirit of a deceased person that persists in the material world (a ghost) is regarded as an unnatural or undesirable state of affairs and the idea of ghosts or <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenants</a> is associated with a reaction of fear. This is universally the case in pre-modern folk cultures, but fear of ghosts also remains an integral aspect of the modern <a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">ghost story</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic horror">Gothic horror</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a> dealing with the supernatural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_attributes">Common attributes</h3></div> <p>Another widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they are composed of a misty, airy, or subtle material. <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropologists</a> link this idea to early beliefs that ghosts were the person within the person (the person's spirit), most noticeable in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly as a white mist.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyOccult_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyOccult-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief may have also fostered the metaphorical meaning of "breath" in certain languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>spiritus</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a></i>, which by <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> became extended to mean the soul. In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is depicted as synthesising <a href="/wiki/Adam_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a>, as a living soul, from the dust of the Earth and the breath of God. </p><p>In many traditional accounts, ghosts were often thought to be deceased people looking for vengeance (<a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">vengeful ghosts</a>), or imprisoned on earth for bad things they did during life. The appearance of a ghost has often been regarded as an omen or portent of death. Seeing one's own ghostly double or "<a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">fetch</a>" is a related omen of death.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impetus of haunting is commonly considered an unnatural death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerwey2004182–183_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerwey2004182–183-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Graveyard_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Union_Graveyard_III.jpg/220px-Union_Graveyard_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Union_Graveyard_III.jpg/330px-Union_Graveyard_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Union_Graveyard_III.jpg/440px-Union_Graveyard_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Union Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Easton,_Connecticut" title="Easton, Connecticut">Easton, Connecticut</a>, is home to the legend of the White Lady.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/White_Lady_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Lady (ghost)">White ladies</a> were reported to appear in many rural areas, and supposed to have died tragically or suffered trauma in life. White Lady legends are found around the world. Common to many of them is the theme of losing a child or husband and a sense of purity, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Lady_in_Red_(ghost)" title="Lady in Red (ghost)">Lady in Red</a> ghost that is mostly attributed to a jilted lover or prostitute. The White Lady ghost is often associated with an individual family line or regarded as a harbinger of death similar to a <a href="/wiki/Banshee" title="Banshee">banshee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PCR"><span title="The material near this tag may lack sufficient context. (July 2019)">needs context</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Legends of ghost ships have existed since the 18th century; most notable of these is the <i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i>. This theme has been used in literature in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a></i> by Coleridge. </p><p>Ghosts are often depicted as being covered in a shroud and/or dragging chains.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locale">Locale</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">Haunted house</a></div> <p>A place where ghosts are reported is described as <a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">haunted</a>, and often seen as being inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">spirits</a> of deceased who may have been former residents or were familiar with the property. Supernatural activity inside homes is said to be mainly associated with violent or tragic events in the building's past such as murder, accidental death, or suicide—sometimes in the recent or ancient past. However, not all hauntings are at a place of a violent death, or even on violent grounds. Many cultures and religions believe the essence of a being, such as the '<a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a>', continues to exist. Some religious views argue that the 'spirits' of those who have died have not 'passed over' and are trapped inside the property where their memories and energy are strong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/290px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/435px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/580px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> impression showing the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a> being tortured in the <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Underworld</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a></i> demons</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_East_and_Egypt">Ancient Near East and Egypt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mesopotamian_religions" title="Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions">Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_ancient_Egyptian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture">Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture</a></div> <p>There are many references to <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mesopotamian_religions" title="Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions">ghosts in Mesopotamian religions</a> – the religions of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and other early states in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Traces of these beliefs survive in the later <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a> that came to dominate the region.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of ghosts may predate many <a href="/wiki/Belief_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Belief systems">belief systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghosts were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the memory and personality of the dead person. They traveled to the netherworld, where they were assigned a position, and led an existence similar in some ways to that of the living. Relatives of the dead were expected to make offerings of food and drink to the dead to ease their conditions. If they did not, the ghosts could inflict misfortune and illness on the living. Traditional healing practices ascribed a variety of illnesses to the action of ghosts, while others were caused by gods or demons.<sup id="cite_ref-black_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akh_glyph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Akh_glyph.svg/170px-Akh_glyph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Akh_glyph.svg/255px-Akh_glyph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Akh_glyph.svg/340px-Akh_glyph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian Akh glyph – The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">soul</a> and spirit re-united after death</figcaption></figure> <p>There was widespread belief in <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_ancient_Egyptian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture">ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> contains few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities cf. <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 18:11. The most notable reference is in the First <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Book of Samuel</a> (I Samuel 28:3–19 KJV), in which a disguised <a href="/wiki/Saul_the_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Saul the King">King Saul</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a> summon the spirit or ghost of <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">soul</a> and spirit were believed to exist after death, with the ability to assist or harm the living, and the possibility of a second death. Over a period of more than 2,500 years, Egyptian beliefs about the nature of the afterlife evolved constantly. Many of these beliefs were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyph</a> inscriptions, papyrus scrolls and tomb paintings. The Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i> compiles some of the beliefs from different periods of ancient Egyptian history.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, the fanciful concept of a mummy coming back to life and wreaking vengeance when disturbed has spawned a whole genre of horror stories and films.<sup id="cite_ref-Vieira2003_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vieira2003-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Shade (mythology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Magic in the Greco-Roman world</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archaic_and_Classical_Greece">Archaic and Classical Greece</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klytaimnestra_Erinyes_Louvre_Cp710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Klytaimnestra_Erinyes_Louvre_Cp710.jpg/220px-Klytaimnestra_Erinyes_Louvre_Cp710.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Klytaimnestra_Erinyes_Louvre_Cp710.jpg/330px-Klytaimnestra_Erinyes_Louvre_Cp710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Klytaimnestra_Erinyes_Louvre_Cp710.jpg/440px-Klytaimnestra_Erinyes_Louvre_Cp710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Apulian red-figure <a href="/wiki/Bell_krater" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell krater">bell krater</a> depicting the ghost of <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a> waking the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a>, date unknown</figcaption></figure> <p>Ghosts appeared in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, in which they were described as vanishing "as a vapor, gibbering and whining into the earth". Homer's ghosts had little interaction with the world of the living. Periodically they were called upon to provide advice or prophecy, but they do not appear to be particularly feared. Ghosts in the classical world often appeared in the form of vapor or smoke, but at other times they were described as being substantial, appearing as they had been at the time of death, complete with the wounds that killed them.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 5th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greek</a> ghosts had become haunting, frightening creatures who could work to either good or evil purposes. The spirit of the dead was believed to hover near the resting place of the corpse, and cemeteries were places the living avoided. The dead were to be ritually mourned through public ceremony, sacrifice, and libations, or else they might return to haunt their families. The ancient Greeks held annual feasts to honor and placate the spirits of the dead, to which the family ghosts were invited, and after which they were "firmly invited to leave until the same time next year."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 5th-century BC play <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></i> includes an appearance of the ghost of <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a>, one of the first ghosts to appear in a work of fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Empire_and_Late_Antiquity">Roman Empire and Late Antiquity</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athenodorus_-_The_Greek_Stoic_Philosopher_Athenodorus_Rents_a_Haunted_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Athenodorus_-_The_Greek_Stoic_Philosopher_Athenodorus_Rents_a_Haunted_House.jpg/220px-Athenodorus_-_The_Greek_Stoic_Philosopher_Athenodorus_Rents_a_Haunted_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Athenodorus_-_The_Greek_Stoic_Philosopher_Athenodorus_Rents_a_Haunted_House.jpg/330px-Athenodorus_-_The_Greek_Stoic_Philosopher_Athenodorus_Rents_a_Haunted_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Athenodorus_-_The_Greek_Stoic_Philosopher_Athenodorus_Rents_a_Haunted_House.jpg/440px-Athenodorus_-_The_Greek_Stoic_Philosopher_Athenodorus_Rents_a_Haunted_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Athenodoros_Cananites" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenodoros Cananites">Athenodorus</a> and the Ghost</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Justice_Ford" title="Henry Justice Ford">Henry Justice Ford</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a> believed a ghost could be used to exact revenge on an enemy by scratching a curse on a piece of lead or pottery and placing it into a grave.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, in the 1st century AD, described the haunting of the baths at <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a> by the ghost of a murdered man. The ghost's loud and frightful groans caused the people of the town to seal up the doors of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another celebrated account of a haunted house from the ancient classical world is given by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 AD</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny describes the haunting of a house in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, which was bought by the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Athenodorus_Cananites" title="Athenodorus Cananites">Athenodorus</a>, who lived about 100 years before Pliny. Knowing that the house was supposedly haunted, Athenodorus intentionally set up his writing desk in the room where the apparition was said to appear and sat there writing until late at night when he was disturbed by a ghost bound in chains. He followed the ghost outside where it indicated a spot on the ground. When Athenodorus later excavated the area, a shackled skeleton was unearthed. The haunting ceased when the skeleton was given a proper reburial.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writers <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> also wrote stories about haunted houses. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> 24:37–39,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following his <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was forced to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Disciples</a> that he was not a ghost (some versions of the Bible, such as the KJV and NKJV, use the term "spirit"). Similarly, Jesus' followers at first believed he was a ghost (spirit) when they saw him <a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">walking on water</a>. </p><p>One of the first persons to express disbelief in ghosts was <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian of Samosata</a> in the 2nd century AD. In his satirical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lover_of_Lies" title="Lover of Lies">The Lover of Lies</a></i> (c. 150 AD), he relates how <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> "the learned man from <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>" lived in a tomb outside the <a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">city gates</a> to prove that cemeteries were not haunted by the spirits of the departed. Lucian relates how he persisted in his disbelief despite <a href="/wiki/Practical_joke" title="Practical joke">practical jokes</a> perpetrated by "some young men of Abdera" who dressed up in black robes with skull masks to frighten him.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This account by Lucian notes something about the popular classical expectation of how a ghost should look. </p><p>In the 5th century AD, the Christian priest <a href="/wiki/Constantius_of_Lyon" title="Constantius of Lyon">Constantius of Lyon</a> recorded an instance of the recurring theme of the improperly buried dead who come back to haunt the living, and who can only cease their haunting when their bones have been discovered and properly reburied.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <p>Ghosts reported in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> tended to fall into two categories: the souls of the dead, or demons. The souls of the dead returned for a specific purpose. Demonic ghosts existed only to torment or tempt the living. The living could tell them apart by demanding their purpose in the name of Jesus Christ. The soul of a dead person would divulge its mission, while a demonic ghost would be banished at the sound of the Holy Name.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most ghosts were souls assigned to <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, condemned for a specific period to atone for their transgressions in life. Their penance was generally related to their sin. For example, the ghost of a man who had been abusive to his servants was condemned to tear off and swallow bits of his own tongue; the ghost of another man, who had neglected to leave his cloak to the poor, was condemned to wear the cloak, now "heavy as a church tower". These ghosts appeared to the living to ask for prayers to end their suffering. Other dead souls returned to urge the living to confess their sins before their own deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval European ghosts were more substantial than ghosts described in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian age</a>, and there are accounts of ghosts being wrestled with and physically restrained until a priest could arrive to hear its confession. Some were less solid, and could move through walls. Often they were described as paler and sadder versions of the person they had been while alive, and dressed in tattered gray rags. The vast majority of reported sightings were male.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were some reported cases of ghostly armies, fighting battles at night in the forest, or in the remains of an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> hillfort, as at <a href="/wiki/Wandlebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandlebury">Wandlebury</a>, near Cambridge, England. Living knights were sometimes challenged to single combat by phantom knights, which vanished when defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Finucanepg_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finucanepg-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the medieval period an apparition of a ghost is recorded from 1211, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gervase_of_Tilbury" title="Gervase of Tilbury">Gervase of Tilbury</a>, Marshal of <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, wrote that the image of Guilhem, a boy recently murdered in the forest, appeared in his cousin's home in <a href="/wiki/Beaucaire,_Gard" title="Beaucaire, Gard">Beaucaire</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>. This series of "visits" lasted all of the summer. Through his cousin, who spoke for him, the boy allegedly held conversations with anyone who wished, until the local priest requested to speak to the boy directly, leading to an extended disquisition on theology. The boy narrated the trauma of death and the unhappiness of his fellow souls in Purgatory, and reported that God was most pleased with the ongoing Crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Cathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar">Cathar</a> heretics, launched three years earlier. The time of the Albigensian Crusade in southern France was marked by intense and prolonged warfare, this constant bloodshed and dislocation of populations being the context for these reported visits by the murdered boy. </p><p>Haunted houses are featured in the 9th-century <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i> (such as the tale of <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_stories_within_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="List of stories within One Thousand and One Nights">Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Renaissance_to_Romanticism">European Renaissance to Romanticism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File-Hamlet,_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png/220px-File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png/330px-File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png/440px-File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png 2x" data-file-width="3389" data-file-height="2732" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> and his father's ghost" by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> (1796 drawing). The ghost is wearing stylized <a href="/wiki/Plate_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate armor">plate armor</a> in 17th-century style, including a <a href="/wiki/Morion_(helmet)" title="Morion (helmet)">morion</a> type helmet and <a href="/wiki/Tassets" title="Tassets">tassets</a>. Depicting ghosts as wearing armor, to suggest a sense of antiquity, was common in <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan theater">Elizabethan theater</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a> took a revived interest in the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>. In the era of the Reformation and Counter Reformation, there was frequently a backlash against unwholesome interest in the dark arts, typified by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erastus" title="Thomas Erastus">Thomas Erastus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swiss Reformed pastor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lavater" title="Ludwig Lavater">Ludwig Lavater</a> supplied one of the most frequently reprinted books of the period with his <i>Of Ghosts and Spirits Walking By Night.</i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child Ballad</a> "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_William%27s_Ghost" title="Sweet William's Ghost">Sweet William's Ghost</a>" (1868) recounts the story of a ghost returning to his fiancée begging her to free him from his promise to marry her. He cannot marry her because he is dead but her refusal would mean his damnation. This reflects a popular British belief that the dead haunted their lovers if they took up with a new love without some formal release.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/The_Unquiet_Grave" title="The Unquiet Grave">The Unquiet Grave</a>" expresses a belief even more widespread, found in various locations over Europe: ghosts can stem from the excessive grief of the living, whose mourning interferes with the dead's peaceful rest.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many folktales from around the world, the hero arranges for the burial of a dead man. Soon after, he gains a companion who aids him and, in the end, the hero's companion reveals that he is in fact the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_dead_(folklore)" title="Grateful dead (folklore)">dead man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encybrit_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encybrit-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instances of this include the Italian <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a> "<a href="/wiki/Fair_Brow" title="Fair Brow">Fair Brow</a>" and the Swedish "<a href="/wiki/The_Bird_%27Grip%27" title="The Bird 'Grip'">The Bird 'Grip'</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period_of_western_culture">Modern period of western culture</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritualist_movement">Spiritualist movement</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg/170px-Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg/255px-Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg/340px-Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>By 1853, when the popular song <i>Spirit Rappings</i> was published, Spiritualism was an object of intense curiosity.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism (movement)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> belief system or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, postulating a belief in <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, but with a distinguishing feature of belief that spirits of the dead residing in the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">spirit world</a> can be contacted by "<a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediums</a>", who can then provide information about the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spiritualism developed in the United States and reached its peak growth in membership from the 1840s to the 1920s, especially in <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-language countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Braude_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braude-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britten_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britten-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1897, it was said to have more than eight million followers in the United States and Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper</a> classes, while the corresponding movement in continental Europe and Latin America is known as <a href="#Spiritism">Spiritism</a>. </p><p>The religion flourished for a half century without canonical texts or formal organization, attaining cohesion by periodicals, tours by trance lecturers, camp meetings, and the missionary activities of accomplished mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many prominent Spiritualists were women. Most followers supported causes such as the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition of slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Braude_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braude-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1880s, credibility of the informal movement weakened, due to accusations of fraud among mediums, and formal Spiritualist organizations began to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-Braude_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braude-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiritualism is currently practiced primarily through various denominational <a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">Spiritualist churches</a> in the United States and United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritism">Spiritism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardecist spiritism</a></div> <p>Spiritism, or French spiritualism, is based on the five books of the <a href="/wiki/Spiritist_Codification" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritist Codification">Spiritist Codification</a> written by French educator Hypolite Léon Denizard Rivail under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a> reporting <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séances</a> in which he observed a series of phenomena that he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). His assumption of spirit communication was validated by many contemporaries, among them many scientists and philosophers who attended séances and studied the phenomena. His work was later extended by writers like <a href="/wiki/Leon_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Denis">Leon Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Flammarion" title="Camille Flammarion">Camille Flammarion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Bozzano" title="Ernesto Bozzano">Ernesto Bozzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a>, Divaldo Pereira Franco, Waldo Vieira, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Greber" title="Johannes Greber">Johannes Greber</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. </p><p>Spiritism has adherents in many countries throughout the world, including Spain, United States, Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan, Germany, France, England, Argentina, Portugal, and especially Brazil, which has the largest proportion and greatest number of followers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_view">Scientific view</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></div> <p>The physician <a href="/wiki/John_Ferriar" title="John Ferriar">John Ferriar</a> wrote "An Essay Towards a Theory of Apparitions" in 1813 in which he argued that sightings of ghosts were the result of <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusions</a>. Later the French physician <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bri%C3%A8re_de_Boismont" title="Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont">Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont</a> published <i>On Hallucinations: Or, the Rational History of Apparitions, Dreams, Ecstasy, Magnetism, and Somnambulism</i> in 1845 in which he claimed sightings of ghosts were the result of <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ball_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ball_lightning.png/220px-Ball_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ball_lightning.png/330px-Ball_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ball_lightning.png/440px-Ball_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>A 1901 depiction of <a href="/wiki/Ball_lightning" title="Ball lightning">ball lightning</a></figcaption></figure> <p>David Turner, a retired physical chemist, suggested that <a href="/wiki/Ball_lightning" title="Ball lightning">ball lightning</a> could cause inanimate objects to move erratically.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> wrote that there was no credible <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> that any location was inhabited by spirits of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-CSICOP_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSICOP-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limitations of <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">human perception</a> and ordinary physical explanations can account for ghost sightings; for example, <a href="/wiki/Air_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pressure">air pressure</a> changes in a home causing doors to slam, humidity changes causing boards to creak, <a href="/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components" title="Failure of electronic components">condensation in electrical connections</a> causing intermittent behavior, or lights from a passing car reflected through a window at night. <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a>, an innate tendency to recognize patterns in random perceptions, is what some skeptics believe causes people to believe that they have 'seen ghosts'.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports of ghosts "seen out of the corner of the eye" may be accounted for by the sensitivity of human <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">peripheral vision</a>. According to Nickell, peripheral vision can easily mislead, especially late at night when the brain is tired and more likely to misinterpret sights and sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-visit_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visit-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nickell further states, "science cannot substantiate the existence of a 'life energy' that could survive death without dissipating or function at all without a brain... why would... clothes survive?'" He asks, if ghosts glide, then why do people claim to hear them with "heavy footfalls"? Nickell says that ghosts act the same way as "dreams, memories, and imaginings, because they too are mental creations. They are evidence – not of another world, but of this real and natural one."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Benjamin Radford</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> and author of the 2017 book <i>Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits</i> writes that "ghost hunting is the world's most popular paranormal pursuit" yet, to date, ghost hunters cannot agree on what a ghost is, or offer proof that they exist; "it's all speculation and guesswork". He writes that it would be "useful and important to distinguish between types of spirits and apparitions. Until then it's merely a parlor game distracting amateur ghost hunters from the task at hand."<sup id="cite_ref-Radford_2018_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford_2018-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research in <a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">anomalistic psychology</a> visions of ghosts may arise from <a href="/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">hypnagogic</a> hallucinations ("waking dreams" experienced in the transitional states to and from sleep).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study of two experiments into alleged <a href="/wiki/Hauntings" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauntings">hauntings</a> (Wiseman <i>et al.</i>. 2003) came to the conclusion "that people consistently report unusual experiences in 'haunted' areas because of environmental factors, which may differ across locations." Some of these factors included "the variance of local magnetic fields, size of location and lighting level stimuli of which witnesses may not be consciously aware".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Persinger" title="Michael Persinger">Michael Persinger</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian University</a>, Canada, have speculated that changes in <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomagnetic">geomagnetic</a> fields (created, e.g., by tectonic stresses in the Earth's crust or <a href="/wiki/Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">solar activity</a>) could stimulate the brain's <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobes</a> and produce many of the experiences associated with hauntings.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound is thought to be another cause of supposed sightings. Richard Lord and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> have concluded that <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> can cause humans to experience bizarre feelings in a room, such as anxiety, extreme sorrow, a feeling of being watched, or even the chills.<sup id="cite_ref-sound_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sound-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning#Haunted_houses" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a>, which can cause changes in perception of the visual and auditory systems,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11410684_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11410684-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was speculated upon as a possible explanation for <a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">haunted houses</a> as early as 1921. </p><p>People who experience <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a> often report seeing ghosts during their experiences. Neuroscientists Baland Jalal and <a href="/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayanur S. Ramachandran">V.S. Ramachandran</a> have recently proposed neurological theories for why people hallucinate ghosts during sleep paralysis. Their theories emphasize the role of the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">mirror neurons</a> in triggering such ghostly hallucinations.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_religion">By religion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witch_of_Endor_(Nikolay_Ge).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Witch_of_Endor_%28Nikolay_Ge%29.jpg/290px-Witch_of_Endor_%28Nikolay_Ge%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Witch_of_Endor_%28Nikolay_Ge%29.jpg/435px-Witch_of_Endor_%28Nikolay_Ge%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Witch_of_Endor_%28Nikolay_Ge%29.jpg/580px-Witch_of_Endor_%28Nikolay_Ge%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><i>Witch of Endor</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ge" title="Nikolai Ge">Nikolai Ge</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/King_Saul" class="mw-redirect" title="King Saul">King Saul</a> encountering the ghost of <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> (1857)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> contains several references to <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H178&t=KJV">owb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹב</span>), which are in a few places akin to <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">shades</a> of classical mythology but mostly describing <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediums</a> in connection with <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a> and spirit-consulting, which are grouped with witchcraft and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> under the category of forbidden <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable reference to a shade is in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">First Book of Samuel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which a disguised <a href="/wiki/Saul_the_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Saul the King">King Saul</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a> conduct a seance to summon the dead prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>. A similar term appearing throughout the scriptures is <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h7497">repha'(im)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043436/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h7497">Archived</a> 2019-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">רְפָאִים</span>), which while describing the race of "<a href="/wiki/Rephaite" title="Rephaite">giants</a>" formerly inhabiting Canaan in many verses, also refer to (the spirits of) dead ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> (like shades) in many others such as in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Jewish mythology</a> and folkloric traditions describe <i><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">dybbuks</a></i>, malicious possessing spirits believed to be the dislocated soul of a dead person. However, the term does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> literature, where it is rather called an "unclean spirit" or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ru'aḥ tumah</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">רוּחַ טוּמְאָה</span>). It supposedly leaves the host body once it has accomplished its goal, sometimes after being <a href="/wiki/Exorcism#Judaism" title="Exorcism">helped</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Falk_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falk-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EJ_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allhallowtide" title="Allhallowtide">Allhallowtide</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> has to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Disciples</a> that he is not a ghost following the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> 24:37–39 (some versions of the Bible, such as the KJV and NKJV, use the term "spirit"). Similarly, Jesus' followers at first believe he is a ghost (spirit) when they see him <a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">walking on water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> consider ghosts as beings who while tied to earth, no longer live on the material plane and linger in an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a> before continuing their journey to <a href="/wiki/Heaven#Christianity" title="Heaven">heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emissary_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emissary-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UMC_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMC-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eleanor_Prosser_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleanor_Prosser-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paulist_Fathers_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulist_Fathers-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On occasion, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> would allow the <a href="/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible" title="Soul in the Bible">souls</a> in this state to return to earth to warn the living of the need for <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-J.P._Somerville_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.P._Somerville-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> are taught that it is <a href="/wiki/Sinful" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinful">sinful</a> to attempt to <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">conjure or control spirits</a> in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> XVIII: 9–12.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Stoutz_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Stoutz-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michele_Klein_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michele_Klein-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ghosts are actually said to be <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">demons</a> in disguise, who the Church teaches, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/I_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="I Timothy">I Timothy</a> 4:1, that they "come to deceive people and draw them away from God and into bondage."<sup id="cite_ref-Spotlight_Ministries_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotlight_Ministries-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">attempts to contact the dead</a> may lead to <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">unwanted contact</a> with a demon or an <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">unclean spirit</a>, as was said to occur in the case of <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Mannheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Robbie Mannheim">Robbie Mannheim</a>, a fourteen-year-old Maryland youth.<sup id="cite_ref-Sue_Lim_-_Contact_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sue_Lim_-_Contact-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-Day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-Day Adventist">Seventh-Day Adventist</a> view is that a "soul" is not equivalent to "spirit" or "ghost" (depending on the Bible version), and that save for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, all spirits or ghosts are demons in disguise. Furthermore, they teach that in accordance with (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 2:7, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> 12:7), there are only two components to a "soul", neither of which survives death, with each returning to its respective source. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christadelphian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christadelphian">Christadelphians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> reject the view of a living, conscious soul after death.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_A_Soul_Symbolized_as_an_Angel_-_Walters_W65944A_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_A_Soul_Symbolized_as_an_Angel_-_Walters_W65944A_-_Full_Page.jpg/220px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_A_Soul_Symbolized_as_an_Angel_-_Walters_W65944A_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_A_Soul_Symbolized_as_an_Angel_-_Walters_W65944A_-_Full_Page.jpg/330px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_A_Soul_Symbolized_as_an_Angel_-_Walters_W65944A_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_A_Soul_Symbolized_as_an_Angel_-_Walters_W65944A_-_Full_Page.jpg/440px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_A_Soul_Symbolized_as_an_Angel_-_Walters_W65944A_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani – A Soul Symbolized as an Angel</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Rūḥ</i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">روح</span>; plural <i>arwah</i>) is a person's immortal, essential self — <a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a>, i.e. the "spirit" or "<a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also used for ghosts.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The souls of the deceased dwell in <a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">barzakh</a>. Only a barrier in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, in Islamic tradition this refers to an entire intermediary world between the living and the afterlife. The world, especially cemeteries, are perforated with several gateways to the otherworld or barzakh.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rare occasions, the dead can appear to the living.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure souls, such as the souls of <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">saints</a>, are commonly addressed as <a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">rūḥ</a>, while impure souls seeking for revenge, are often addressed as <a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">afarit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">burial</a> can also cause a soul to stay in this world, whereupon roaming the earth as a ghost. Since the just souls remain close to their tomb, some people try to communicate with them in order to gain hidden knowledge. Contact with the dead is not the same as contact with <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>, who alike could provide knowledge concealed from living humans.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many encounters with ghosts are related to dreams supposed to occur in the <a href="/wiki/Malakut#Suhrawardi_and_the_Imaginal_Realm" title="Malakut">realm of symbols</a>. </p><p>Belief in spirits have not ceased to exist in Muslim belief. Smile of new-born babies is sometimes used as a proof for sighting spirits, like ghosts. However, the connection to the <a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">other world</a> fades during life on earth but is resumed after death. Once again, smiling of dying people is considered as evidence for recognizing the spirit of their beloved ones. Yet, Muslims who affirm the existence of ghosts, are carefully when interacting with spirits, as the ghosts of humans can be as bad as the jinn. Worst of all, however, are the devils. </p><p>Muslim authors, like <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamed_Mohammad_ibn_Mohammad_Ghazali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hamed Mohammad ibn Mohammad Ghazali">Ghazali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim">Ibn Qayyim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suyuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suyuti">Suyuti</a> wrote in more details about the life of ghosts. Ibn Qayyim and Suyuti assert, when a soul desires to turn back to earth long enough, it is gradually released from restrictions of Barzakh and able to move freely. Each spirit experiences afterlife in accordance with their deeds and condictions in the earthly life. Evil souls will find the afterlife as painful and punishment, imprisoned until God allows them to interact with other others. Good souls are not restricted. They are free to come visit other souls and even come down to lower regions. The higher planes (<i><a href="/wiki/Illiyin" title="Illiyin">ʿilliyyīn</a></i>) are considered to be broader than the lower ones, the lowest being the most narrow (<i><a href="/wiki/Sijjin" title="Sijjin">sijjīn</a></i>). The spiritual space is not thought as spatial, but reflects the capacity of the spirit. The more pure the spirit gets, the more it is able to interact with other souls and thus reaches a broader degree of freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismailite</a> <a href="/wiki/Falsafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsafa">Philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> conjectured that evil human souls turn into <a href="/wiki/Demon#Islam" title="Demon">demons</a>, when their bodies die, because of their intense attachment to the bodily world. They were worse than the jinn and <a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">fairies</a>, who in turn could become devils, if they pursue evil.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar thought is recorded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghosts of saints are thought to transmit blessings from God through the heavenly realm to whose who visit their graves. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">visiting the graves of saints and prophets</a> became a major ritual in Muslim spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Bhoota_(ghost)" title="Bhoota (ghost)">bhoota</a> is the ghost of a deceased being in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpretations of how bhootas come into existence vary by region and community, but they are usually considered to be perturbed and <a href="/wiki/Restless_ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Restless ghost">restless</a> due to some factor that prevents them from moving on (to <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">transmigration</a>, non-being, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Swarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarga">swarga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">naraka</a>, depending on tradition). This could be a violent death, unsettled matters in their lives, or simply the failure of their survivors to perform proper funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-ref88muliq_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref88muliq-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in ghosts has been deeply ingrained in the minds of the people of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">the subcontinent</a> for generations. There are many allegedly haunted places in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">the subcontinent</a>, such as cremation grounds, dilapidated buildings, royal mansions, <a href="/wiki/Haveli" title="Haveli">havelis</a>, forts, forest <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalows</a>, burning <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">ghats</a>, etc. Ghosts also occupy a significant place in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a>. Ghosts and various supernatural entities form an integral part of the socio-cultural beliefs of both the Muslim and Hindu communities of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. </p><p>The Bhutas (singular 'Bhuta'), spirits of <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deified</a> heroes, of fierce and evil beings, of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu deity">Hindu deities</a> and of animals, etc., are wrongly referred to as "ghosts" or "demons" and, in fact, are protective and benevolent beings. Though it is true that they can cause harm in their violent forms, as they are extremely powerful, they can be pacified through worship or offerings referred to as Bhuta Aradhana.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Churel" title="Churel">Churel</a>, also spelled as <b>Charail</b>, <b>Churreyl</b>, <b>Chudail</b>, <b>Chudel</b>, <b>Chuṛail</b>, <b>Cuḍail</b> or <b>Cuḍel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">चुड़ैल</span>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl">چڑیل</span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythical</a> spirit of a woman who died during pregnancy or childbirth, which may be a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demoniacal</a> <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenant</a> said to occur in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, particularly popular in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The churel is typically described as "the <a href="/wiki/Restless_ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Restless ghost">ghost</a> of an unpurified living thing", but because she is often said to latch on to trees, she is also called a tree-spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-test_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some legends, a woman who dies during childbirth or pregnancy or from suffering at the hands of her in-laws will come back as a <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenant</a> churel for revenge, particularly targeting the males in her family. </p><p>The churel is mostly described as extremely ugly and hideous but is able to <a href="/wiki/Shape-shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape-shift">shape-shift</a> and disguise herself as a beautiful woman to lure men into the woods or mountains where she either kills them or sucks up their <a href="/wiki/Vitality" title="Vitality">life-force</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virility" title="Virility">virility</a>, turning them into old men. Their feet are believed to be turned the other way around, so the toes face the direction of their back. The churel is called as <a href="/wiki/Pichal_Peri" title="Pichal Peri">Pichal Peri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>. </p><p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Folk_remedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk remedies">folk remedies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folkloric" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloric">folkloric</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayings">sayings</a> that elaborate on how to get rid of <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenant</a>, bhoot and churels, and a number measures that supposedly prevent churels from coming to life. The family of a woman who dies a traumatic, tragic, or unnatural death might perform special rituals fearing that the victimised woman might return as a churel. The corpses of suspected churels are also buried in a particular method and posture so as to prevent her from returning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4></div> <p>In Buddhism, there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)" title="Plane (esotericism)">planes</a> of existence into which a person can be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reborn" class="extiw" title="wikt:reborn">reborn</a>, one of which is the realm of <a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">hungry ghosts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an expression of compassion, one of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist virtues</a>. If the hungry ghosts are fed by non-relatives, they would not bother the community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_culture">By culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_folklore">African folklore</h3></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a>, a man is simultaneously a physical and spiritual entity. However, it is his spirited dimension that is <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-quodlibet.net_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quodlibet.net-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> conception, we witness five parts of the human personality. We have the Nipadua (body), the Okra (soul), Sunsum (spirit), Ntoro (character from father), Mogya (character from mother).<sup id="cite_ref-quodlibet.net_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quodlibet.net-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Humur" class="mw-redirect" title="Humur">Humr</a> people of southwestern <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> consume the drink Umm Nyolokh, which is prepared from the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rudgley" title="Richard Rudgley">Richard Rudgley</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hypothesises that Umm Nyolokh may contain <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> and certain online websites further theorise that giraffe liver might owe its putative psychoactivity to substances derived from <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_plant" title="Psychoactive plant">psychoactive plants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a> spp. consumed by the animal. The drink is said to cause hallucinations of giraffes, believed by the Humr to be the ghosts of giraffes.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_folklore">European folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">Revenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Banquo.jpg/300px-Banquo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Banquo.jpg/450px-Banquo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Banquo.jpg/600px-Banquo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a> Seeing the Ghost of <a href="/wiki/Banquo" title="Banquo">Banquo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Théodore Chassériau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Belief in ghosts in <a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">European folklore</a> is characterized by the recurring fear of "returning" or <i><a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenant</a></i> deceased who may harm the living. This includes the Scandinavian <i><a href="/wiki/Gjenganger" title="Gjenganger">gjenganger</a></i>, the Romanian <i><a href="/wiki/Strigoi" title="Strigoi">strigoi</a></i>, the Serbian <i><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampir</a></i>, the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">vrykolakas</a></i>, etc. In Scandinavian and Finnish tradition, ghosts appear in corporeal form, and their supernatural nature is given away by behavior rather than appearance. In fact, in many stories they are first mistaken for the living. They may be mute, appear and disappear suddenly, or leave no footprints or other traces. <a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">English folklore</a> is particularly notable for its numerous <a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">haunted locations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_and_Southeast_Asia">South and Southeast Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhoot_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoot (ghost)">Bhoot (ghost)</a></div> <p>A <i>bhoot</i> or <i>bhut</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">भूत</span>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <span lang="gu">ભૂત</span>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl">بهوت</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">ভূত</span>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>: <span lang="or">ଭୂତ</span>) is a supernatural creature, usually the ghost of a deceased person, in the popular culture, literature and some ancient texts of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_India">North India</h5></div> <p>Interpretations of how <i>bhoot</i>s come into existence vary by region and community, but they are usually considered to be perturbed and restless due to some factor that prevents them from moving on (to <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">transmigration</a>, non-being, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, or heaven or hell, depending on tradition). This could be a violent death, unsettled matters in their lives, or simply the failure of their survivors to perform proper funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-ref88muliq_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref88muliq-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Central and Northern India, <i>ojha</i> or <a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">spirit guides</a> play a central role.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It duly happens when in the night someone sleeps and decorates something on the wall, and they say that if one sees the spirit the next thing in the morning he will become a spirit too, and that to a headless spirit and the soul of the body will remain the dark with the dark lord from the spirits who reside in the body of every human in Central and Northern India. It is also believed that if someone calls one from behind, never turn back and see because the spirit may catch the human to make it a spirit. Other types of spirits in Hindu mythology include <a href="/wiki/Baital" class="mw-redirect" title="Baital">Baital</a>, an evil spirit who haunts cemeteries and takes <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a> of corpses, and <a href="/wiki/Pishacha" title="Pishacha">Pishacha</a>, a type of flesh-eating demon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bengal_and_East_India">Bengal and East India</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></div> <p>There are many kinds of ghosts and similar supernatural entities that frequently come up in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a>, its folklores and form an important part in Bengali peoples' socio-cultural beliefs and superstitions. It is believed that the spirits of those who cannot find peace in the afterlife or die unnatural deaths remain on Earth. The word <i>Pret</i> (from Sanskrit) is also used in Bengali to mean ghost. In Bengal, ghosts are believed to be the spirit after death of an unsatisfied human being or a soul of a person who dies in unnatural or abnormal circumstances (like murder, suicide or accident). Even it is believed that other animals and creatures can also be turned into ghost after their death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Thai_culture" title="Ghosts in Thai culture">Ghosts in Thai culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XRF-krasue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/XRF-krasue.jpg/150px-XRF-krasue.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/XRF-krasue.jpg/225px-XRF-krasue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/XRF-krasue.jpg/300px-XRF-krasue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Krasue" title="Krasue">Krasue</a></i>, a Thai female ghost known as <i>Ap</i> in <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ghosts in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> are part of local <a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">folklore</a> and have now become part of the popular culture of the country. <a href="/wiki/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon" title="Phraya Anuman Rajadhon">Phraya Anuman Rajadhon</a> was the first Thai scholar who seriously studied Thai folk beliefs and took notes on the <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> village spirits of Thailand. He established that, since such spirits were not represented in paintings or drawings, they were purely based on descriptions of popular orally transmitted <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">traditional stories</a>. Therefore, most of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of ghosts such as <a href="/wiki/Nang_Tani" title="Nang Tani">Nang Tani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nang_Takian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nang Takian">Nang Takian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krasue" title="Krasue">Krasue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krahang" title="Krahang">Krahang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Hua_Kat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phi Hua Kat (page does not exist)">Phi Hua Kat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Pop">Phi Pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Phong" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Phong">Phi Phong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Phraya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phi Phraya (page does not exist)">Phi Phraya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mae_Nak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Nak">Mae Nak</a> has its origins in Thai films that have now become <a href="/wiki/Classic" title="Classic">classics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most feared spirit in Thailand is <a href="/wiki/Phi_Tai_Hong" title="Phi Tai Hong">Phi Tai Hong</a>, the ghost of a person who has died suddenly of a violent death.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The folklore of Thailand also includes the belief that <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a> is caused by a ghost, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Am" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Am">Phi Am</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibet">Tibet</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Tibetan_culture" title="Ghosts in Tibetan culture">Ghosts in Tibetan culture</a></div> <p>There is widespread belief in ghosts in Tibetan culture. Ghosts are explicitly recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> religion as they were in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occupying a distinct but overlapping world to the human one, and feature in many traditional legends. When a human dies, after a period of uncertainty they may enter the ghost world. A <a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">hungry ghost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>: <span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><i lang="bo-Latn">yidag</i></span>, <span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><i lang="bo-Latn">yi-dvags</i></span>; [प्रेत] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |transl= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>) has a tiny throat and huge stomach, and so can never be satisfied. Ghosts may be killed with a ritual dagger or caught in a spirit trap and burnt, thus releasing them to be reborn. Ghosts may also be exorcised, and an annual festival is held throughout Tibet for this purpose. Some say that <a href="/wiki/Dorje_Shugden" title="Dorje Shugden">Dorje Shugden</a>, the ghost of a powerful 17th-century monk, is a deity, but the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> asserts that he is an evil spirit, which has caused a split in the Tibetan exile community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austronesia">Austronesia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malay_ghost_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay ghost myths">Malay ghost myths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Filipino_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosts in Filipino culture">Ghosts in Filipino culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture" title="Ghosts in Polynesian culture">Ghosts in Polynesian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_(The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG/220px-Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG/330px-Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG/440px-Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="3572" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Dead_Watching" title="Spirit of the Dead Watching">Spirit of the Dead Watching</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a> (1892)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Malay_ghost_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay ghost myths">Malay ghost myths</a>, remnants of old animist beliefs that have been shaped by later Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim influences in the modern states of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. Some ghost concepts such as the female vampires <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak (folklore)">Pontianak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan" title="Penanggalan">Penanggalan</a> are shared throughout the region. Ghosts are a popular theme in modern Malaysian and Indonesian films. There are also many references to <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Filipino_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosts in Filipino culture">ghosts in Filipino culture</a>, ranging from ancient legendary creatures such as the <a href="/wiki/Manananggal" title="Manananggal">Manananggal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiyanak" title="Tiyanak">Tiyanak</a> to more modern urban legends and horror films. The beliefs, legends and stories are as diverse as the people of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. </p><p>There was widespread belief in <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture" title="Ghosts in Polynesian culture">ghosts in Polynesian culture</a>, some of which persists today. After death, a person's ghost normally traveled to the sky world or the underworld, but some could stay on earth. In many <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian</a> legends, ghosts were often actively involved in the affairs of the living. Ghosts might also cause sickness or even invade the body of ordinary people, to be driven out through strong medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_Central_Asia">East and Central Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts in Chinese culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg/220px-ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg/330px-ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>An image of <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Kui" title="Zhong Kui">Zhong Kui</a>, the vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings, painted sometime before 1304 AD by <a href="/wiki/Gong_Kai" title="Gong Kai">Gong Kai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many references to ghosts in Chinese culture. Even Confucius said, "Respect ghosts and gods, but keep away from them."<sup id="cite_ref-mincul_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mincul-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghosts take many forms, depending on how the person died, and are often harmful. Many Chinese ghost beliefs have been accepted by neighboring cultures, notably Japan and southeast Asia. Ghost beliefs are closely associated with traditional Chinese religion based on ancestor worship, many of which were incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. Later beliefs were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and in turn influenced and created uniquely Chinese Buddhist beliefs. </p><p>Many Chinese today believe it possible to contact the spirits of their ancestors through a medium, and that ancestors can help descendants if properly respected and rewarded. The annual <a href="/wiki/Ghost_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost festival">ghost festival</a> is celebrated by Chinese around the world. On this day, ghosts and spirits, including those of the deceased ancestors, come out from the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">lower realm</a>. Ghosts are described in classical Chinese texts as well as modern literature and films. </p><p>An article in the <a href="/wiki/China_Post" title="China Post">China Post</a> stated that nearly 87 percent of Chinese office workers believe in ghosts, and some 52 percent of workers will wear hand art, necklaces, crosses, or even place a crystal ball on their desks to keep ghosts at bay, according to the poll.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The prevalence of belief is such that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">ruling party</a> has actively sought to discourage citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg/320px-Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg/480px-Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg/640px-Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi" title="Utagawa Kuniyoshi">Utagawa Kuniyoshi</a>, <i>The Ghosts</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Yūrei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onry%C5%8D" title="Onryō">Onryō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ghost_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese ghost story">Japanese ghost story</a></div> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Yūrei</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%9C%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:幽霊">幽霊</a></span></span>)</span> are figures in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese folklore</a>, analogous to Western legends of ghosts. The name consists of two <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:幽">幽</a> (<i>yū</i>), meaning "faint" or "dim", and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:霊">霊</a> (<i>rei</i>), meaning "soul" or "spirit". Alternative names include <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bōrei</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">亡霊</span></span>)</span> meaning ruined or departed spirit, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shiryō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">死霊</span></span>)</span> meaning dead spirit, or the more encompassing <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">yōkai</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">妖怪</span></span>)</span> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Obake" title="Obake">obake</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お化け</span></span>)</span>. </p><p>Like their <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">Chinese</a> and Western counterparts, they are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">spirits</a> kept from a peaceful <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catrinas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Catrinas_2.jpg/170px-Catrinas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Catrinas_2.jpg/255px-Catrinas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Catrinas_2.jpg/340px-Catrinas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Calavera_Catrina" title="La Calavera Catrina">Catrinas</a>, one of the most popular figures of the <i>Day of the Dead</i> celebrations in Mexico</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture" title="Ghosts in Mexican culture">Ghosts in Mexican culture</a></div> <p>There is extensive and varied belief in <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture" title="Ghosts in Mexican culture">ghosts in Mexican culture</a>. The modern state of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest</a> was inhabited by diverse peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec people">Aztec</a>, and their beliefs have survived and evolved, combined with the beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> colonists. The <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> incorporates pre-Columbian beliefs with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> elements. Mexican literature and films include many stories of ghosts interacting with the living. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ghosts of the American Civil War">Ghosts of the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow people">Shadow people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll News Service</a>, belief in haunted houses, ghosts, communication with the dead, and witches had an especially steep increase over the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 Gallup poll found that about 32 percent of Americans believe in ghosts.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction_in_the_arts">Depiction in the arts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost story</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">List of ghost films</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:400px;max-width:400px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix._The_Phantom_on_the_Terrace,_Hamlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix._The_Phantom_on_the_Terrace%2C_Hamlet.jpg/192px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix._The_Phantom_on_the_Terrace%2C_Hamlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix._The_Phantom_on_the_Terrace%2C_Hamlet.jpg/288px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix._The_Phantom_on_the_Terrace%2C_Hamlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix._The_Phantom_on_the_Terrace%2C_Hamlet.jpg/384px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix._The_Phantom_on_the_Terrace%2C_Hamlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Phantom on the Terrace from Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> (engraving by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, 1843)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg/200px-A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg/300px-A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg/400px-A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kelley" title="Edward Kelley">Edward Kelley</a> invoking the spirit of a deceased person (engraving from the <i>Astrology</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Sibly" title="Ebenezer Sibly">Ebenezer Sibly</a>, 1806)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Ghosts are prominent in story-telling of various nations. The <a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">ghost story</a> is ubiquitous across all cultures from oral <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folktales</a> to works of literature. While ghost stories are often explicitly meant to be scary, they have been written to serve all sorts of purposes, from comedy to <a href="/wiki/Morality_tale" class="mw-redirect" title="Morality tale">morality tales</a>. Ghosts often appear in the narrative as sentinels or <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> of things to come. Belief in ghosts is found in all cultures around the world, and thus ghost stories may be passed down orally or in written form.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spirits of the dead appear in literature as early as <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, which features a journey to the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> and the hero encountering the ghosts of the dead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a> summons the spirit of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_to_Romanticism_(1500_to_1840)"><span id="Renaissance_to_Romanticism_.281500_to_1840.29"></span>Renaissance to Romanticism (1500 to 1840)</h3></div> <p>One of the more recognizable ghosts in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> is the <a href="/wiki/King_Hamlet" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hamlet">shade of Hamlet's murdered father</a> in Shakespeare's <i>The Tragical History of <a href="/wiki/Hamlet,_Prince_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlet, Prince of Denmark">Hamlet, Prince of Denmark</a></i>. In <i>Hamlet</i>, it is the ghost who demands that <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Prince Hamlet</a> investigate his "murder most foul" and seek revenge upon his usurping uncle, <a href="/wiki/King_Claudius" title="King Claudius">King Claudius</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="English Renaissance theater">English Renaissance theater</a>, ghosts were often depicted in the garb of the living and even in armor, as with the ghost of Hamlet's father. Armor, being out-of-date by the time of the Renaissance, gave the stage ghost a sense of antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the sheeted ghost began to gain ground on stage in the 19th century because an armored ghost could not satisfactorily convey the requisite spookiness: it clanked and creaked, and had to be moved about by complicated pulley systems or elevators. These clanking ghosts being hoisted about the stage became objects of ridicule as they became clichéd stage elements. Ann Jones and Peter Stallybrass, in <i>Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory</i>, point out, "In fact, it is as laughter increasingly threatens the Ghost that he starts to be staged not in armor but in some form of 'spirit drapery'."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian/Edwardian_(1840_to_1920)"><span id="Victorian.2FEdwardian_.281840_to_1920.29"></span>Victorian/Edwardian (1840 to 1920)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/170px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/255px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/340px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2439" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a> from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' novella <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1843)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg/150px-Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg/225px-Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg/300px-Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="2796" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The ghost of a pirate, from <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a>'s <i>Book of Pirates</i> (1903)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The "classic" ghost story arose during the Victorian period, and included authors such as <a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M. R. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violet_Hunt" title="Violet Hunt">Violet Hunt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>. Classic ghost stories were influenced by the gothic fiction tradition, and contain elements of folklore and psychology. M. R. James summed up the essential elements of a ghost story as, "Malevolence and terror, the glare of evil faces, ‘the stony grin of unearthly malice', pursuing forms in darkness, and 'long-drawn, distant screams', are all in place, and so is a modicum of blood, shed with deliberation and carefully husbanded...".<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the key early appearances by ghosts was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a> in 1764, considered to be the first <a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">gothic novel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_pg._135_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_pg._135-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous literary apparitions from this period are the ghosts of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</a> is helped to see the error of his ways by the ghost of his former colleague <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a>, and the ghosts of <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Past" title="Ghost of Christmas Past">Christmas Past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Christmas Present</a>, and Christmas Yet to Come. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era_(1920_to_1970)"><span id="Modern_era_.281920_to_1970.29"></span>Modern era (1920 to 1970)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_lady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Brown_lady.jpg/170px-Brown_lady.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Brown_lady.jpg/255px-Brown_lady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0d/Brown_lady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Lady_of_Raynham_Hall" title="Brown Lady of Raynham Hall">Brown Lady of Raynham Hall</a></i>, a claimed ghost photograph by Captain Hubert C. Provand. First published in <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a></i> magazine, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Professional parapsychologists and "ghosts hunters", such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a>, active in the 1920s and 1930s, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Underwood_(parapsychologist)" title="Peter Underwood (parapsychologist)">Peter Underwood</a>, active in the 1940s and 1950s, published accounts of their experiences with ostensibly true ghost stories such as Price's <i>The Most Haunted House in England</i>, and Underwood's <i>Ghosts of Borley</i> (both recounting experiences at <a href="/wiki/Borley_Rectory" title="Borley Rectory">Borley Rectory</a>). The writer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Edwards_(writer_and_broadcaster)" title="Frank Edwards (writer and broadcaster)">Frank Edwards</a> delved into ghost stories in his books of his, like <i>Stranger than Science</i>. </p><p>Children's benevolent ghost stories became popular, such as <a href="/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost" title="Casper the Friendly Ghost">Casper the Friendly Ghost</a>, created in the 1930s and appearing in comics, <a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">animated cartoons</a>, and eventually a <a href="/wiki/Casper_(film)" title="Casper (film)">1995 feature film</a>. </p><p>With the advent of motion pictures and television, screen depictions of ghosts became common, and spanned a variety of genres; the works of Shakespeare, Dickens and Wilde have all been made into cinematic versions. Novel-length tales have been difficult to adapt to cinema, although that of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Hill_House" title="The Haunting of Hill House">The Haunting of Hill House</a></i> to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_(1963_film)" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> in 1963 is an exception.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_pg._135_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_pg._135-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sentimental depictions during this period were more popular in cinema than horror, and include the 1947 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_and_Mrs._Muir" title="The Ghost and Mrs. Muir">The Ghost and Mrs. Muir</a></i>, which was later adapted to television with a successful 1968–1970 <a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_%26_Mrs._Muir_(TV_series)" title="The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)">TV series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_pg._135_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_pg._135-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genuine <a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">psychological horror</a> films from this period include 1944's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Uninvited_(1944_film)" title="The Uninvited (1944 film)">The Uninvited</a></i>, and 1945's <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_of_Night" title="Dead of Night">Dead of Night</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-modern_(1970–present)"><span id="Post-modern_.281970.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Post-modern (1970–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">List of ghost films</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ghosts#Popular_culture" title="List of ghosts">List of ghosts § Popular culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_ghosts" title="Category:Fictional ghosts">Category:Fictional ghosts</a></div> <p>The 1970s saw screen depictions of ghosts diverge into distinct genres of the romantic and horror. A common theme in the romantic genre from this period is the ghost as a benign guide or messenger, often with unfinished business, such as 1989's <i><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Dreams" title="Field of Dreams">Field of Dreams</a></i>, the 1990 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(1990_film)" title="Ghost (1990 film)">Ghost</a></i>, and the 1993 comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_and_Souls" title="Heart and Souls">Heart and Souls</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the horror genre, 1980's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fog" title="The Fog">The Fog</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(franchise)" title="A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)">A Nightmare on Elm Street</a></i> series of films from the 1980s and 1990s are notable examples of the trend for the merging of ghost stories with scenes of physical violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_pg._135_145-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_pg._135-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popularised in such films as the 1984 comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Ghostbusters" title="Ghostbusters">Ghostbusters</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">ghost hunting</a> became a hobby for many who formed ghost hunting societies to explore reportedly haunted places. The ghost hunting theme has been featured in <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television series</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Adventures" title="Ghost Adventures">Ghost Adventures</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghosthunters_(TV_series)" title="Ghosthunters (TV series)">Ghost Hunters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_International" title="Ghost Hunters International">Ghost Hunters International</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Lab" title="Ghost Lab">Ghost Lab</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Most_Haunted" title="Most Haunted">Most Haunted</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Haunting" title="A Haunting">A Haunting</a></i>. It is also represented in children's television by such programs as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Hunter_(TV_series)" title="The Ghost Hunter (TV series)">The Ghost Hunter</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Trackers" title="Ghost Trackers">Ghost Trackers</a></i>. Ghost hunting also gave rise to multiple guidebooks to haunted locations, and ghost hunting "how-to" manuals. </p><p>The 1990s saw a return to classic "gothic" ghosts, whose dangers were more psychological than physical. Examples of films from this period include 1999's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Sense" title="The Sixth Sense">The Sixth Sense</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Others_(2001_film)" title="The Others (2001 film)">The Others</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian cinema">Asian cinema</a> has also produced <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror films</a> about ghosts, such as the 1998 Japanese film <i><a href="/wiki/Ring_(film)" title="Ring (film)">Ringu</a></i> (remade in the US as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(2002_film)" title="The Ring (2002 film)">The Ring</a></i> in 2002), and the Pang brothers' 2002 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eye_(2002_film)" title="The Eye (2002 film)">The Eye</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ghost movies">Indian ghost movies</a> are popular not just in India, but in the Middle East, Africa, South East Asia, and other parts of the world. Some Indian ghost movies such as the comedy / horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Chandramukhi" title="Chandramukhi">Chandramukhi</a></i> have been commercial successes, dubbed into several languages.<sup id="cite_ref-behind_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behind-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fictional television programming, ghosts have been explored in series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural (U.S. TV series)">Supernatural</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer" title="Ghost Whisperer">Ghost Whisperer</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Medium_(TV_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium (TV show)">Medium</a></i>. </p><p>In animated fictional television programming, ghosts have served as the central element in series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost" title="Casper the Friendly Ghost">Casper the Friendly Ghost</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Danny_Phantom" title="Danny Phantom">Danny Phantom</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo" title="Scooby-Doo">Scooby-Doo</a></i>. Various other television shows have depicted ghosts as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphorical_usages">Metaphorical usages</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> argued that people generally wear prudent <a href="/wiki/Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">masks</a> in company, but that an alternative strategy for social interaction is to present oneself as an absence, as a social ghost – "One reaches out for us but gets no hold of us"<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a sentiment later echoed (if in a less positive way) by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nick_Harkaway" title="Nick Harkaway">Nick Harkaway</a> has considered that all people carry a host of ghosts in their heads in the form of impressions of past acquaintances – ghosts who represent mental maps of other people in the world and serve as philosophical reference points.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations theory</a> sees human personalities as formed by <a href="/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)" title="Splitting (psychology)">splitting off</a> aspects of the person that he or she deems incompatible, whereupon the person may be haunted in later life by such ghosts of his or her alternate selves.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sense of ghosts as invisible, mysterious entities is invoked in several terms that use the word metaphorically, such as <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a> (a writer who pens texts credited to another person without revealing the ghostwriter's role as an author); <a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">ghost singer</a> (a vocalist who records songs whose vocals are credited to another person); and <a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(relationships)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosting (relationships)">"ghosting" a date</a> (when a person breaks off contact with a former romantic partner and disappears). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghosts" title="List of ghosts">List of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranormal activity">Paranormal activity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiritism_(book)" title="Spiritism (book)">Spiritism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susulu_(mythology)" title="Susulu (mythology)">Susulu (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Llorona" title="La Llorona">La Llorona</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kirby-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKirby,_R.S.1804" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, R.S. (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggMhkDz-33EC&pg=PA65">"The Hammersmith Ghosts"</a>. <i>Kirby's Wonderful and Scientific Museum</i>. pp. 65–79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024084902/https://books.google.com/books?id=ggMhkDz-33EC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hammersmith+Ghosts&rft.btitle=Kirby%27s+Wonderful+and+Scientific+Museum&rft.pages=65-79&rft.date=1804&rft.au=Kirby%2C+R.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DggMhkDz-33EC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hole, pp. 150–163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Daniel1984" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Daniel (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lcMRQryEQMC"><i>The encyclopedia of ghosts</i></a>. Dodd, Mead. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08308-5"><bdi>978-0-396-08308-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814112355/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lcMRQryEQMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+ghosts&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-396-08308-5&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lcMRQryEQMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Lipka2015" class="citation web cs1">Michael Lipka (2015-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/30/18-of-americans-say-theyve-seen-a-ghost/">"18% of Americans say they've seen a ghost"</a>. Pew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124605/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/30/18-of-americans-say-theyve-seen-a-ghost/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18%25+of+Americans+say+they%27ve+seen+a+ghost&rft.pub=Pew&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.au=Michael+Lipka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2015%2F10%2F30%2F18-of-americans-say-theyve-seen-a-ghost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunge1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bunge1998_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunge1998_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Bunge, Mario</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oX84XOf-T68C&pg=PA178">Philosophy of Science: From Problem to Theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814112345/https://books.google.com/books?id=oX84XOf-T68C&pg=PA178">Archived</a> 2023-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Transaction Publishers; 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2423-1">978-1-4128-2423-1</a>. p. 178–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regal2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regal2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regal2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegal,_Brian2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Regal" title="Brian Regal">Regal, Brian</a> (2009-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6PACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 75–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35508-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35508-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35508-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814122347/https://books.google.com/books?id=c6PACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience%3A+A+Critical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=75-77&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35508-0&rft.au=Regal%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6PACQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaford2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Raford, Benjamin</a> (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328142040/https://www.csicop.org/si/show/ghost-hunting_mistakes_science_and_pseudoscience_in_ghost_investigations">"Ghost-Hunting Mistakes: Science and Pseudoscience in Ghost Investigations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ghost-hunting_mistakes_science_and_pseudoscience_in_ghost_investigations">the original</a> on 2019-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghost-Hunting+Mistakes%3A+Science+and+Pseudoscience+in+Ghost+Investigations&rft.pub=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Raford&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fghost-hunting_mistakes_science_and_pseudoscience_in_ghost_investigations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyLevy2015" class="citation web cs1">Levy, Rob; Levy, Stephanie (30 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/hearing-ghost-voices-relies-on-pseudoscience-and-fallibility-of-human-perception-48160">"Hearing ghost voices relies on pseudoscience and fallibility of human perception"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925105818/http://theconversation.com/hearing-ghost-voices-relies-on-pseudoscience-and-fallibility-of-human-perception-48160">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Hearing+ghost+voices+relies+on+pseudoscience+and+fallibility+of+human+perception&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Levy%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhearing-ghost-voices-relies-on-pseudoscience-and-fallibility-of-human-perception-48160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Radford, Benjamin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/26697-are-ghosts-real.html">"Are Ghosts Real?— Evidence Has Not Materialized"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508041605/https://www.livescience.com/26697-are-ghosts-real.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Are+Ghosts+Real%3F%E2%80%94+Evidence+Has+Not+Materialized&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F26697-are-ghosts-real.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaetsch2005" class="citation book cs1">Raetsch, Ch. (2005). <i>The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: ethnopharmacology and its applications</i>. US: Park Street Press. pp. 277–282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+psychoactive+plants%3A+ethnopharmacology+and+its+applications&rft.pages=277-282&rft.pub=US%3A+Park+Street+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Raetsch&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/news_article.php?newsID=2300">"Study suggests link between long-term use of anticholinergics and dementia risk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Society" title="Alzheimer's Society">Alzheimer's Society</a>. 2015-01-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112115547/https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/news_article.php?newsID=2300">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+suggests+link+between+long-term+use+of+anticholinergics+and+dementia+risk&rft.pub=Alzheimer%27s+Society&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alzheimers.org.uk%2Fsite%2Fscripts%2Fnews_article.php%3FnewsID%3D2300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A case of progressive posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) with vivid hallucination: are some ghost tales vivid hallucinations in normal people? Furuya et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mian2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mian2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMian2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mian, Razs (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411327">"Visual Hallucinations from Zolpidem Use for the Treatment of Hospital Insomnia in a Septuagenarian"</a>. <i>Cureus</i>. <b>11</b> (1): e3848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.3848">10.7759/cureus.3848</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-8184">2168-8184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411327">6411327</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30891388">30891388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cureus&rft.atitle=Visual+Hallucinations+from+Zolpidem+Use+for+the+Treatment+of+Hospital+Insomnia+in+a+Septuagenarian&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e3848&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6411327%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2168-8184&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30891388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7759%2Fcureus.3848&rft.aulast=Mian&rft.aufirst=Razs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6411327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdd2009" class="citation web cs1">Odd, The Body (30 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/body-odd/see-ghosts-there-may-be-medical-reason-f1C9926902">"See ghosts? There may be a medical reason"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404203030/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/body-odd/see-ghosts-there-may-be-medical-reason-f1C9926902">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=See+ghosts%3F+There+may+be+a+medical+reason&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.aulast=Odd&rft.aufirst=The+Body&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fhealth%2Fbody-odd%2Fsee-ghosts-there-may-be-medical-reason-f1C9926902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003262-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003262_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrel2003">Orel 2003</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013163-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013163_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-ghost-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED-ghost_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary2021">Oxford English Dictionary 2021</a>, s.v. ghost, n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78064">"ghost"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006203324/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78064">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=ghost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F78064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/187392">"spook"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106194718/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/187392">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=spook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F187392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mencken, H. L. (1936, repr. 1980). The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States (4th edition). New York: Knopf, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary</i>, Merriam-Webster, <i>spook</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's New World College Dictionary</i> (4th edition), Wiley, <i>spook</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ou(=tos">οὗτος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504012005/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dou(%3Dtos">Archived</a> 2021-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=umbra&fromdoc=Perseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059">umbra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825235729/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=umbra&fromdoc=Perseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059">Archived</a> 2021-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, <i>A Latin Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen1984-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen1984_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Daniel1984" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Daniel (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lcMRQryEQMC"><i>The encyclopedia of ghosts</i></a>. Dodd, Mead. pp. 137–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08308-5"><bdi>978-0-396-08308-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814112355/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lcMRQryEQMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+ghosts&rft.pages=137-156&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-396-08308-5&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lcMRQryEQMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/230504">"wraith"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027041249/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/230504">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=wraith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F230504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner,_Liz" class="citation web cs1">Milner, Liz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130125012432/http://www.greenmanreview.com/book/book_shippey_tolkien.html">"Tom Shippey, J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001)"</a>. <i>greenmanreview.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenmanreview.com/book/book_shippey_tolkien.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greenmanreview.com&rft.atitle=Tom+Shippey%2C+J.R.R.+Tolkien%3A+Author+of+the+Century+%28Houghton+Mifflin+Company%2C+2001%29&rft.au=Milner%2C+Liz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenmanreview.com%2Fbook%2Fbook_shippey_tolkien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bogey">bogey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127025540/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bogey">Archived</a> 2013-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Merriam-Webster (2012-08-31). Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Chambers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sdVkAAAAMAAJ&dq=halloween+poem+%28burns%29&pg=PA154">The life and works of Robert Burns, Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024084903/https://books.google.com/books?id=sdVkAAAAMAAJ&dq=halloween+poem+%28burns%29&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q=halloween%20poem%20(burns)&f=false">Archived</a> 2023-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lippincott, Grambo & co., 1854</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ulsterscots/words/bogie">Ulster Scots – Words and Phrases:"Bogie"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106100538/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ulsterscots/words/bogie">Archived</a> 2015-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Retrieved December 18, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald Brown</a> (1991) <i>Human Universals</i>. Philadelphia, <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://condor.depaul.edu/~mfiddler/hyphen/humunivers.htm">online summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630210030/http://condor.depaul.edu/~mfiddler/hyphen/humunivers.htm">Archived</a> 2012-06-30 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyOccult-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyOccult_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyOccult_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Occultism and <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gale_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Group">Gale Group</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-5487-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-5487-X">0-8103-5487-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Cavendish (1994) <i>The World of Ghosts and the Supernatural</i>. Waymark Publications, Basingstoke: 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. in graves of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Bronze Age">Irish Bronze Age</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.ie/~sec/sites.htm">IOL.ie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225000100/http://www.iol.ie/~sec/sites.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the immediate aftermath of a death, the deceased is removed from the bed he died in and placed on the prepared floor, called a 'comfort bed.' His jaw is bound up and his feet tied together (usually at the big toes)." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033740/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-16147/eski2yeni.html">Kultur.gov.tr</a> (archive version)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoldenBough-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoldenBough_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If a man lives and moves, it can only be because he has a little man or animal inside, who moves him. The animal inside the animal, the man inside the man, is the soul. And as the activity of an animal or man is explained by the presence of the soul, so the repose of sleep or death is explained by its absence; sleep or trance being the temporary, death being the permanent absence of the soul... " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/bough11.txt">The Golden Bough</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041105053418/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/bough11.txt">Archived</a> 2004-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. Retrieved January 16, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hole, pp. 13–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerwey2004182–183-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerwey2004182–183_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerwey2004">Lagerwey 2004</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/06/fantastically-wrong-wailing-banshee/&hl=en-ZA">"Fantastically wrong wailing banshee"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Fantastically+wrong+wailing+banshee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F06%2Ffantastically-wrong-wailing-banshee%2F%26hl%3Den-ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/irelands-most-famous-ghost-white-lady-kinsale-charlesfort&grqid=qj_KTwYc&s=1&hl=en-ZA">"Ireland's Most Famous Ghost-The White Lady"</a>. <i>Irish Central</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Central&rft.atitle=Ireland%27s+Most+Famous+Ghost-The+White+Lady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fhistory%2Firelands-most-famous-ghost-white-lady-kinsale-charlesfort%26grqid%3Dqj_KTwYc%26s%3D1%26hl%3Den-ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShure2015" class="citation news cs1">Shure, Natalie (2015-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/31/who-invented-the-bedsheet-ghost">"Who Invented The 'Bedsheet Ghost'?"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024084904/https://www.thedailybeast.com/who-invented-the-bedsheet-ghost">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+The+%27Bedsheet+Ghost%27%3F&rft.date=2015-10-31&rft.aulast=Shure&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F10%2F31%2Fwho-invented-the-bedsheet-ghost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen,_Thorkild1978" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Thorkild (1978). <i>The treasures of darkness: a history of Mesopotamian religion</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02291-9"><bdi>978-0-300-02291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+treasures+of+darkness%3A+a+history+of+Mesopotamian+religion&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02291-9&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Thorkild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagerwey2004" class="citation book cs1">Lagerwey, John, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1z7kkfn"><i>Religion and Chinese Society: Ancient and Medival China</i></a>. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1z7kkfn">10.2307/j.ctv1z7kkfn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-996-123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-996-123-7"><bdi>978-962-996-123-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1z7kkfn">j.ctv1z7kkfn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Chinese+Society%3A+Ancient+and+Medival+China&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1z7kkfn%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1z7kkfn&rft.isbn=978-962-996-123-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1z7kkfn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-black-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-black_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Jeremy_A.Green,_AnthonyRickards,_Tessa1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy A.; Green, Anthony; Rickards, Tessa (1992). <i>Gods, demons, and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70794-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70794-8"><bdi>978-0-292-70794-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+demons%2C+and+symbols+of+ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+an+illustrated+dictionary&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70794-8&rft.au=Black%2C+Jeremy+A.&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Rickards%2C+Tessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoelet1998" class="citation book cs1">Goelet, Ogden (1998). <i>A Commentary on the Corpus of Literature and Tradition which constitutes the Book of Going Forth By Day</i>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 139–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+Corpus+of+Literature+and+Tradition+which+constitutes+the+Book+of+Going+Forth+By+Day&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=139-170&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Goelet&rft.aufirst=Ogden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vieira2003-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vieira2003_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieira,_Mark_A.2003" class="citation book cs1">Vieira, Mark A. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollywoodhorrorf0000viei"><i>Hollywood horror: from gothic to cosmic</i></a></span>. Harry N. Abrams. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollywoodhorrorf0000viei/page/55">55</a>–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4535-7"><bdi>978-0-8109-4535-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+horror%3A+from+gothic+to+cosmic&rft.pages=55-58&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-4535-7&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollywoodhorrorf0000viei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pp. 4, 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pp. 8–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrousdell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Trousdell, Richard (2008). "Tragedy and Transformation: The Oresteia of Aeschylus". <i>Jung Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 5–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjung.2008.2.3.5">10.1525/jung.2008.2.3.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jung.2008.2.3.5">10.1525/jung.2008.2.3.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170372385">170372385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jung+Journal&rft.atitle=Tragedy+and+Transformation%3A+The+Oresteia+of+Aeschylus&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5-38&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170372385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjung.2008.2.3.5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjung.2008.2.3.5&rft.aulast=Trousdell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pg 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pg 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaehnig1999" class="citation web cs1">Jaehnig, K.C. (1999-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070908171955/http://www.siu.edu/news/ghosts.html">"Classical ghost stories"</a>. Southern Illinois University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siu.edu/news/ghosts.html">the original</a> on September 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+ghost+stories&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University&rft.date=1999-03-11&rft.aulast=Jaehnig&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siu.edu%2Fnews%2Fghosts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Younger" class="citation web cs1">Pliny the Younger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/9/4/1083.html">"LXXXIII. To Sura"</a>. <i>bartleby.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012164531/http://bartleby.com/9/4/1083.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bartleby.com&rft.atitle=LXXXIII.+To+Sura&rft.au=Pliny+the+Younger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F9%2F4%2F1083.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926031745/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke+24%3A37-39">"Luke 24:37-39 - They were startled and frightened, - Bible Gateway"</a>. 26 September 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke+24%3A37-39">the original</a> on 26 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luke+24%3A37-39+-+They+were+startled+and+frightened%2C+-+Bible+Gateway&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Dluke%2B24%253A37-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Doubter" by Lucian in Roger Lancelyn Green (1970) <i>Thirteen Uncanny Tales</i>. London, Dent: 14–21; and Finucane, pg 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. R. Hoare, <i>The Western Fathers</i>, Sheed & Ward: New York, 1954, pp. 294–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, Ch. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fincucane, pp. 70–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finucanepg-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finucanepg_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pg. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gregory_Pegg" title="Mark Gregory Pegg">Mark Gregory Pegg</a> (2008) <i>A Most Holy War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, New York: 3–5, 116–117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517131-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517131-0">978-0-19-517131-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuriko_Yamanaka2006" class="citation book cs1">Yuriko Yamanaka, Tetsuo Nishio (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabiannightsori00yama"><i>The Arabian Nights and Orientalism: Perspectives from East & West</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabiannightsori00yama/page/n101">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-768-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-768-0"><bdi>978-1-85043-768-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Nights+and+Orientalism%3A+Perspectives+from+East+%26+West&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-768-0&rft.aulast=Yuriko+Yamanaka&rft.aufirst=Tetsuo+Nishio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabiannightsori00yama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, D.P. (1958) <i>Spiritual and Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella.</i> London: Warburg Institute, passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original German edition: <i>Von Gespänsten ..., kurtzer und einfaltiger bericht,</i> Zürich, 1569 [VD16 L 834]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_James_Child" title="Francis James Child">Child, Francis James</a>, <i>The English and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>, v. 2, p. 227, Dover Publications, New York 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Child, Francis James, <i>The English and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>, v 2, p 234, Dover Publications, New York 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encybrit-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encybrit_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242238/grateful-dead#23476.hook">"Grateful dead"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428201820/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242238/grateful-dead#23476.hook">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grateful+dead&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F242238%2Fgrateful-dead%2323476.hook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1997" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Bret E. (1997). <i>Spiritualism in Antebellum America. (Religion in North America.)</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33315-5"><bdi>978-0-253-33315-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritualism+in+Antebellum+America.+%28Religion+in+North+America.%29&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Bloomington%3A+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33315-5&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Bret+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braude-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braude_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braude_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braude_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraude2001" class="citation book cs1">Braude, Ann (2001). <i>Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America, Second Edition</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21502-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21502-4"><bdi>978-0-253-21502-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Spirits%3A+Spiritualism+and+Women%27s+Rights+in+Nineteenth-Century+America%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21502-4&rft.aulast=Braude&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britten-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britten_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritten1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Britten, Emma Hardinge</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentu00britgoog"><i>Nineteenth Century Miracles: Spirits and their Work in Every Country of the Earth</i></a>. New York: William Britten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-6290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-6290-7"><bdi>978-0-7661-6290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth+Century+Miracles%3A+Spirits+and+their+Work+in+Every+Country+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=New+York%3A+William+Britten&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-6290-7&rft.aulast=Britten&rft.aufirst=Emma+Hardinge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteenthcentu00britgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1897/11/29/archives/three-forms-of-thought-mm-mangassarian-addresses-the-society-for.html">"THREE FORMS OF THOUGHT; M.M. Mangassarian Addresses the Society for Ethical Culture at Carnegie Music Hall. UNREST OF THE HUMAN MIND Theosophy, Spiritualism, and Christian Science Discussed -- The Theory of Reaction a Fallacy -- Ineffectiveness of the Spiritualistic Idea"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 29 November 1897. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104152314/https://www.nytimes.com/1897/11/29/archives/three-forms-of-thought-mm-mangassarian-addresses-the-society-for.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THREE+FORMS+OF+THOUGHT%3B+M.M.+Mangassarian+Addresses+the+Society+for+Ethical+Culture+at+Carnegie+Music+Hall.+UNREST+OF+THE+HUMAN+MIND+Theosophy%2C+Spiritualism%2C+and+Christian+Science+Discussed+--+The+Theory+of+Reaction+a+Fallacy+--+Ineffectiveness+of+the+Spiritualistic+Idea&rft.date=1897-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1897%2F11%2F29%2Farchives%2Fthree-forms-of-thought-mm-mangassarian-addresses-the-society-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatale2016" class="citation book cs1">Natale, Simone (2016). <i>Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism and the Rise of Modern Media Culture</i>. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07104-6"><bdi>978-0-271-07104-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supernatural+Entertainments%3A+Victorian+Spiritualism+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Media+Culture&rft.place=University+Park%2C+PA&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-271-07104-6&rft.aulast=Natale&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seanet.com/~raines/greber.html">Johannes Greber</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316063452/http://www.seanet.com/~raines/greber.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Seanet.com Retrieved on 2013-03-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Canada, Spiritism is an officially recognized religious denomination (unique in the world) as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allankardec.ca/m.php?page=aksg_other_groups_in_canada.html">The National Spiritist Church of Alberta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504090527/http://allankardec.ca/m.php?page=aksg_other_groups_in_canada.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Church #A145 registered by Department of Vital Statistics, Government of Alberta – under The Marriage Act of Alberta) with government-licensed clergy and legal authority to perform marriages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1991" class="citation book cs1">Hess, David (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritsscientist0000hess"><i>Spirits and Scientists: Ideology, Spiritism, and Brazilian Culture</i></a></span>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00724-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00724-3"><bdi>978-0-271-00724-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirits+and+Scientists%3A+Ideology%2C+Spiritism%2C+and+Brazilian+Culture&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-271-00724-3&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiritsscientist0000hess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCorristine, Shane <i>Spectres of the Self: Thinking About Ghosts and Ghost-Seeing in England, 1750–1920</i> 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-139-78882-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-139-78882-5">1-139-78882-5</a> pp. 44–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelder, Ken <i>The horror reader</i> 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21356-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21356-8">0-415-21356-8</a> pp. 43–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Muir, Hazel (2001-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1720">"Ball lightning scientists remain in the dark"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143403/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1720-ball-lightning-scientists-remain-in-the-dark/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Ball+lightning+scientists+remain+in+the+dark&rft.date=2001-12-20&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn1720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSICOP-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSICOP_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickell2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a> (Sep–Oct 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/haunted_inns_tales_of_spectral_guest">"Haunted Inns Tales of Spectral Guests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117150357/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/haunted_inns_tales_of_spectral_guest">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haunted+Inns+Tales+of+Spectral+Guests&rft.pub=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft.date=2000-09%2F2000-10&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fhaunted_inns_tales_of_spectral_guest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2001" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Robert Todd (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/pareidol.html">"pareidolia"</a>. <i>skepdic.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904011810/http://skepdic.com/pareidol.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skepdic.com&rft.atitle=pareidolia&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Robert+Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Fpareidol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visit-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visit_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2001" class="citation web cs1">Weinstein, Larry (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316131532/http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/paranormal_visit/">"The Paranormal Visit"</a>. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/paranormal_visit/">the original</a> on 2010-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Paranormal+Visit&rft.pub=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsb%2Fshow%2Fparanormal_visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd>"Once the idea of a ghost appears in a household ... no longer is an object merely mislaid .... There gets to be a dynamic in a place where the idea that it's haunted takes on a life of its own. One-of-a-kind quirks that could never be repeated all become further evidence of the haunting."</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickell2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a> (2018). "Hawking 'Ghosts' in Old Louisville". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 26–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Hawking+%27Ghosts%27+in+Old+Louisville&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radford_2018-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radford_2018_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Radford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Radford">Radford, Ben</a> (2018). "The Curious Question of Ghost Taxonomy". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 47–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Curious+Question+of+Ghost+Taxonomy&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=47-49&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemperer,_Frances1992" class="citation journal cs1">Klemperer, Frances (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884722">"Ghosts, Visions, and Voices: Sometimes Simply Perceptual Mistakes"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>305</b> (6868): 1518–1519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.305.6868.1518">10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29717993">29717993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884722">1884722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1286367">1286367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Ghosts%2C+Visions%2C+and+Voices%3A+Sometimes+Simply+Perceptual+Mistakes&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=6868&rft.pages=1518-1519&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1884722%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1286367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29717993%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.305.6868.1518&rft.au=Klemperer%2C+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1884722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman,_R.Watt,_C.Stevens,_P.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wiseman, R.; Watt, C.; Stevens, P.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardwiseman.com/resources/BJP-hauntings.pdf">"An investigation into alleged "hauntings"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>94</b> (2): 195–211. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.537.2406">10.1.1.537.2406</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1348%2F000712603321661886">10.1348/000712603321661886</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12803815">12803815</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829021019/http://www.richardwiseman.com/resources/BJP-hauntings.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2008-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=An+investigation+into+alleged+%22hauntings%22&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-211&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.537.2406%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12803815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1348%2F000712603321661886&rft.au=Wiseman%2C+R.&rft.au=Watt%2C+C.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardwiseman.com%2Fresources%2FBJP-hauntings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardwiseman.com/research/ghosts.html">Richard Wiseman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830042118/http://www.richardwiseman.com/research/ghosts.html">Archived</a> 2007-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved September 25, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sound-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sound_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901994082.html?oneclick=true">"Sounds like terror in the air"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>. 2003-09-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022151033/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901994082.html?oneclick=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Sounds+like+terror+in+the+air&rft.date=2003-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F09%2F08%2F1062901994082.html%3Foneclick%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11410684-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11410684_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_IS2001" class="citation journal cs1">Choi IS (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054741">"Carbon monoxide poisoning: systemic manifestations and complications"</a>. <i>J. Korean Med. Sci</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 253–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3346%2Fjkms.2001.16.3.253">10.3346/jkms.2001.16.3.253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054741">3054741</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11410684">11410684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Korean+Med.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Carbon+monoxide+poisoning%3A+systemic+manifestations+and+complications&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-61&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3054741%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11410684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3346%2Fjkms.2001.16.3.253&rft.au=Choi+IS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3054741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalalRomanelliHinton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jalal, Baland; Romanelli, Andrea; Hinton, Devon E. (2015-12-01). "Cultural Explanations of Sleep Paralysis in Italy: The Pandafeche Attack and Associated Supernatural Beliefs". <i>Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 651–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11013-015-9442-y">10.1007/s11013-015-9442-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-005X">0165-005X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25802016">25802016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46090345">46090345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Cultural+Explanations+of+Sleep+Paralysis+in+Italy%3A+The+Pandafeche+Attack+and+Associated+Supernatural+Beliefs&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=651-664&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.issn=0165-005X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46090345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25802016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11013-015-9442-y&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Baland&rft.au=Romanelli%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Hinton%2C+Devon+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 18:11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/1_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Samuel">1 Samuel</a> 28:3–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 14:9, 26:14-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falk-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Falk_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk1996" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Avner (26 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&q=dybbuk&pg=PA538"><i>A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3660-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3660-2"><bdi>978-0-8386-3660-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024084904/https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&q=dybbuk&pg=PA538#v=snippet&q=dybbuk&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Psychoanalytic+History+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1996-05-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3660-2&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz10-Xz9Kno4C%26q%3Ddybbuk%26pg%3DPA538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174964/dybbuk">"Dybbuk"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126232606/https://www.britannica.com/">archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dybbuk&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F174964%2Fdybbuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJ-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJ_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05197.html">"Dibbuk", Encyclopedia Judaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009154955/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05197.html">Archived</a> 2016-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman,_Bart_D.2006" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peterpaulmarymag00ehrm_0"><i>Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: the followers of Jesus in history and legend</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peterpaulmarymag00ehrm_0/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530013-0"><bdi>978-0-19-530013-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>Jesus then walks out to them, on the water. When they see him, in the middle of the lake, the disciples are terrified, thinking it is a ghost. Jesus assures them it is he, and then Peter, in a characteristically unreserved moment, calls out, "Lord if it is you, command me to come to you on the water" (Matt. 14–28).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%2C+Paul%2C+and+Mary+Magdalene%3A+the+followers+of+Jesus+in+history+and+legend&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530013-0&rft.au=Ehrman%2C+Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeterpaulmarymag00ehrm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emissary-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emissary_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmissary2007" class="citation book cs1">Emissary (2007-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&pg=PA69"><i>A Faraway Ancient Country</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-15801-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-15801-3"><bdi>978-0-615-15801-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024084904/https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>if we have ghosts, then where do we put them in the Christian universe? While they are tied to the earth, they are no longer living on the material plain. Heaven and hell are exclusive places, so it's extremely unlikely that people come and go from these destinations as they please. There must be a third state in the afterlife where souls linger before continuing their journey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Faraway+Ancient+Country&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.isbn=978-0-615-15801-3&rft.au=Emissary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq469xc7mbksC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMC_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421023719/http://www.umportal.org/article.asp?id=5101">"Heavenly minded: It's time to get our eschatology right, say scholars, authors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umportal.org/article.asp?id=5101">the original</a> on April 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>John Wesley believed in the intermediate state between death and the final judgment "where believers would share in the 'bosom of Abraham' or 'paradise,' even continuing to grow in holiness there," writes Ted Campbell, a professor at Perkins School of Theology, in his 1999 book <i>Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials</i> (Abingdon).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavenly+minded%3A+It%27s+time+to+get+our+eschatology+right%2C+say+scholars%2C+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umportal.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D5101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eleanor_Prosser-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eleanor_Prosser_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProsser,_Eleanor1967" class="citation book cs1">Prosser, Eleanor (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zasAAAAIAAJ&q=purgatory+ghost&pg=PA115"><i>Hamlet and revenge</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0316-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-0316-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024084905/https://books.google.com/books?id=1zasAAAAIAAJ&q=purgatory+ghost&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>Primarily the Purgatory ghost appeared only to ask for masses, alms, fasts, pilgrimages, and, above all, prayers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet+and+revenge&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0316-1&rft.au=Prosser%2C+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zasAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpurgatory%2Bghost%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulist_Fathers-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paulist_Fathers_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFathers,_Paulist1945" class="citation book cs1">Fathers, Paulist (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_kWAQAAIAAJ"><i>Catholic world, Volume 162</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Fathers" title="Paulist Fathers">Paulist Fathers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024084907/https://books.google.com/books?id=X_kWAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>That the Ghost comes from Purgatory is evident from his description of his abode in the other world as primarily a state of purification, consisting of...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+world%2C+Volume+162&rft.pub=Paulist+Fathers&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Fathers%2C+Paulist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_kWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J.P._Somerville-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J.P._Somerville_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040423145229/http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367-102.htm">"Ghosts, Fairies and Omens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367-102.htm">the original</a> on 2004-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>The Roman Catholic Church taught that at death the souls of those too good for hell and too bad for heaven were sent to Purgatory. Here they were purged of their sins by punishment, but might on occasion be allowed to return to earth to warn the living of the need for repentance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghosts%2C+Fairies+and+Omens&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.wisc.edu%2Fsommerville%2F367%2F367-102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eric_Stoutz-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Stoutz_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicexchange.com/2006/10/07/83644/">"Do You Believe in Ghosts?"</a>. Catholic Exchange. 2006-10-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831093104/http://catholicexchange.com/2006/10/07/83644/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>Ghosts can come to us for good, but we must not attempt to conjure or control spirits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+You+Believe+in+Ghosts%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Exchange&rft.date=2006-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicexchange.com%2F2006%2F10%2F07%2F83644%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michele_Klein-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michele_Klein_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2003" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Michele (2003-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqG29pi8HPUC&q=conjuring+spirits+bible&pg=PA171"><i>Not to worry: Jewish wisdom and folklore</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0753-8"><bdi>978-0-8276-0753-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024084905/https://books.google.com/books?id=tqG29pi8HPUC&q=conjuring+spirits+bible&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q=conjuring%20spirits%20bible&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>Jews have sometimes engaged in conjuring spirits when worried, even though the Bible prohibits this behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+to+worry%3A+Jewish+wisdom+and+folklore&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0753-8&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqG29pi8HPUC%26q%3Dconjuring%2Bspirits%2Bbible%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spotlight_Ministries-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spotlight_Ministries_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109131921/http://www.spotlightministries.org.uk/hauntings.htm">"A Christian Perspective on Ghosts and Hauntings"</a>. Spotlight Ministries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spotlightministries.org.uk/hauntings.htm">the original</a> on 2010-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>The Bible warns of the very real danger of seductive spirits that will come to deceive people and draw them away from God and into bondage: "But the Spirit [the Holy Spirit] explicitly says that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of demons..." (1 Tim. 4:1).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Christian+Perspective+on+Ghosts+and+Hauntings&rft.pub=Spotlight+Ministries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spotlightministries.org.uk%2Fhauntings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sue_Lim_-_Contact-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sue_Lim_-_Contact_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim,_Sue2002" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Sue (2002-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&q=Phyllis+Mannheim&pg=PA98"><i>Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them</i></a>. Writers Club Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22771-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22771-6"><bdi>978-0-595-22771-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024085405/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&q=Phyllis+Mannheim&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-02</span></span>. <q>Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were commanded to leave (cast out).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Spirits%2C+Bad+Spirits%3A+How+to+Distinguish+Between+Them&rft.pub=Writers+Club+Press&rft.date=2002-06-18&rft.isbn=978-0-595-22771-6&rft.au=Lim%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZH_CdJpxoUC%26q%3DPhyllis%2BMannheim%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030408015940/http://christadelphia.org/reject.htm">"Doctrines to be Rejected"</a>. 8 April 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christadelphia.org/reject.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrines+to+be+Rejected&rft.date=2003-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristadelphia.org%2Freject.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedir2006" class="citation book cs1">Bedir, Murteza (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_W8a2UbniY8C&pg=PA262">"Interplay of Sufism, Law, Theology and Philosophy: A non-Sufi Mystic of 4th–5th/10–11th Centuries"</a>. In Carmona, Alfonso (ed.). <i>El Sufismo y las normas del Islam—Trabajos del IV Congreso Internacional de Estudios Jurídicos Islámicos: Derecho y Sufismo</i>. Editora Regional de Murcia. pp. 262–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7564-323-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-7564-323-X"><bdi>84-7564-323-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70767145">70767145</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024085406/https://books.google.com/books?id=_W8a2UbniY8C&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-15</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interplay+of+Sufism%2C+Law%2C+Theology+and+Philosophy%3A+A+non-Sufi+Mystic+of+4th%E2%80%935th%2F10%E2%80%9311th+Centuries&rft.btitle=El+Sufismo+y+las+normas+del+Islam%E2%80%94Trabajos+del+IV+Congreso+Internacional+de+Estudios+Jur%C3%ADdicos+Isl%C3%A1micos%3A+Derecho+y+Sufismo&rft.pages=262-3&rft.pub=Editora+Regional+de+Murcia&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70767145&rft.isbn=84-7564-323-X&rft.aulast=Bedir&rft.aufirst=Murteza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_W8a2UbniY8C%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengers2003" class="citation book cs1">Sengers, Gerda (2003). <i>Women and Demons: Cultic Healing in Islamic Egypt</i>. BRILL. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12771-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12771-5"><bdi>978-90-04-12771-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50713550">50713550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Demons%3A+Cultic+Healing+in+Islamic+Egypt&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50713550&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12771-5&rft.aulast=Sengers&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Lange <i>Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions</i> Cambridge University Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-50637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-50637-3">978-0-521-50637-3</a> p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Diem, Marco Schöller <i>The Living and the Dead in Islam: Epitaphs as texts</i> Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05083-8">978-3-447-05083-8</a> p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane I. Smith, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad <i>The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection</i> Oxford University Press 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515649-2">978-0-19-515649-2</a> page 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Diem, Marco Schöller <i>The Living and the Dead in Islam: Epitaphs as texts</i> Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05083-8">978-3-447-05083-8</a> p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Idleman SMith Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad <i>The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection</i> State University of New York Press Albany 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-506-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-506-4">0-87395-506-4</a> p. 117-125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valery Rees <i>From Gabriel to Lucifer: A Cultural History of Angels</i> Bloomsbury Publishing, 04.12.2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-162-4">978-0-85772-162-4</a> p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gertsman, Elina; Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2018). The Middle Ages in 50 Objects. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 103. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15038-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15038-6">978-1-107-15038-6</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1030592502">1030592502</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JOSEF W. MERI <i>ASPECTS OF BARAKA (BLESSINGS) AND RITUAL DEVOTION AMONG MEDIEVAL MUSLIMS AND JEWS1</i> in "Medieval encounters" 1999 NV, Brill Leiden p. 47-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC"><i>Students' Britannica India</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpd9lLY_0-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref88muliq-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref88muliq_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref88muliq_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamchandani,_Indu2000" class="citation book cs1">Ramchandani, Indu (2000). Hoiberg, Dale (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC"><i>Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5</i></a>. Popular Prakashan, 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112555/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>. <q>Bhut also spelt bhoot, in Hindu mythology, a restless ghost. Bhoots are believed to be malignant if they have died a violent of premature death or have been denied funerary rites.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan%2C+2000&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.au=Ramchandani%2C+Indu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpd9lLY_0-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Museums of India - National Handicrafts and Handilooms Museum, New Delhi" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944142-23-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-944142-23-0">0-944142-23-0</a>) by Jyontindra Jain and Aarti Aggarwala.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke,_William1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Crooke" title="William Crooke">Crooke, William</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/introductiontopo00croorich#page/69/mode/1up"><i>An Introduction to the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India</i></a>. p. 69 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Popular+Religion+and+Folklore+of+Northern+India&rft.pages=69&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Crooke%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fintroductiontopo00croorich%23page%2F69%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firth, Shirley. <i>End of Life: A Hindu View</i>. The Lancet 2005, 366:682-86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jose Vidamor B. Yu <i>Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality</i> Gregorian Biblical BookShop, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-848-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-848-4">978-88-7652-848-4</a> p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quodlibet.net-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quodlibet.net_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quodlibet.net_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116162056/http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/ozumba-africa.shtml">"G. O. Ozumba : African Traditional Metaphysics - Quodlibet Journal"</a>. <i>www.quodlibet.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/ozumba-africa.shtml">the original</a> on 2010-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.quodlibet.net&rft.atitle=G.+O.+Ozumba+%3A+African+Traditional+Metaphysics+-+Quodlibet+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quodlibet.net%2Farticles%2Fozumba-africa.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudgley, Richard <i>The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances</i>, pub. Abacus 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B349%2B11127%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/0+349+11127+8">0 349 11127 8</a> pps. 20-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Cunnison1958" class="citation journal cs1">Ian Cunnison (1958). "Giraffe hunting among the Humr tribe". <i>Sudan Notes and Records</i>. <b>39</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Notes+and+Records&rft.atitle=Giraffe+hunting+among+the+Humr+tribe&rft.volume=39&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Ian+Cunnison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215131307/http://www.cracked.com/article/81_6-animals-that-can-get-you-high/">"6 Animals That Can Get You High"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracked.com/article/81_6-animals-that-can-get-you-high/">the original</a> on 15 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6+Animals+That+Can+Get+You+High&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cracked.com%2Farticle%2F81_6-animals-that-can-get-you-high%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2020" class="citation web cs1">Biswas, Ankit (2020-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karwaanheritage.in/post/the-practice-of-shamanism-and-indigenous-art-of-india">"The Practice of Shamanism and Indigenous Art of India"</a>. <i>Karwaan: The Heritag</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Karwaan%3A+The+Heritag&rft.atitle=The+Practice+of+Shamanism+and+Indigenous+Art+of+India&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Ankit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karwaanheritage.in%2Fpost%2Fthe-practice-of-shamanism-and-indigenous-art-of-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://board.postjung.com/m/514876.html">Ghosts of Thai folklore</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101181521/http://board.postjung.com/m/514876.html">Archived</a> 2013-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Board.postjung.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaighosts.net/ghost/phi-krahang?page=2">Phi Krahang</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Thaighosts.net. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i268.photobucket.com/albums/jj21/panyathai143/DSC01886_resize.jpg">Movie poster showing Thai ghosts Krahang and Krasue with Count Dracula</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111155111/http://i268.photobucket.com/albums/jj21/panyathai143/DSC01886_resize.jpg">Archived</a> 2012-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. photobucket.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Ghosts and Spirits of Lan Na (Northern Thailand', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i> Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaiworldview.com/bouddha/animism5.htm">Spirits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307192747/http://www.thaiworldview.com/bouddha/animism5.htm">Archived</a> 2023-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Thaiworldview.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConze1993" class="citation book cs1">Conze, Edward (1993). <i>A Short History of Buddhism</i> (2 ed.). Oxford: Oneworld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Conze&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestervelt1985" class="citation book cs1">Westervelt, William Drake (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVd46sXgkSAC"><i>Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-Gods</i></a>. Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-964-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-964-7"><bdi>978-1-60506-964-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024085409/https://books.google.com/books?id=hVd46sXgkSAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Legends+of+Ghosts+and+Ghost-Gods&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-60506-964-7&rft.aulast=Westervelt&rft.aufirst=William+Drake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVd46sXgkSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mincul-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mincul_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711183047/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2004-03/17/content_46337.htm">"Chinese Ghost Culture"</a>. Ministry of Culture, P.R.China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2004-03/17/content_46337.htm">the original</a> on 2010-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Ghost+Culture&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture%2C+P.R.China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.chinaculture.org%2Fgb%2Fen_chinaway%2F2004-03%2F17%2Fcontent_46337.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Esler, Joshua (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24772270">"Chinese Ghosts and Tibetan Buddhism: Negotiating between Mythological and "Rational" Narratives"</a>. <i>Modern China</i>. <b>42</b> (5): 505–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700415604425">10.1177/0097700415604425</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-7004">0097-7004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24772270">24772270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Chinese+Ghosts+and+Tibetan+Buddhism%3A+Negotiating+between+Mythological+and+%22Rational%22+Narratives&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=505-534&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0097-7004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24772270%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700415604425&rft.aulast=Esler&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24772270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newport F, Strausberg M. 2001. "Americans' belief in psychic and paranormal phenomena is up over last decade", Gallup Poll News Service. 8 June<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l5">"Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding-Public Knowledge About S&T: Belief in Pseudoscience"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412093007/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l5">Archived</a> April 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chapter 7 of <i>Science and Engineering Indicators 2004</i>, National Science Board, National Science Foundation; <i>Science and Engineering Indicators 2006</i>, National Science Board, National Science Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallup-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gallup_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2005" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Linda (July 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/17275/onethird-americans-believe-dearly-may-departed.aspx">"One-Third of Americans Believe Dearly May Not Have Departed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization#Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup Polls</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100830223749/http://www.gallup.com/poll/17275/OneThird-Americans-Believe-Dearly-May-Departed.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One-Third+of+Americans+Believe+Dearly+May+Not+Have+Departed&rft.pub=Gallup+Polls&rft.date=2005-07-12&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F17275%2Fonethird-americans-believe-dearly-may-departed.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrell_Schweitzer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Schweitzer" title="Darrell Schweitzer">Darrell Schweitzer</a> (2005). <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp. 338–340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=338-340&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Darrell+Schweitzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarrell_Schweitzer2005338-340_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarrell_Schweitzer2005">Darrell Schweitzer 2005</a>, p. 338-340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Jones & Peter Stallybrass, <i>Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2005" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Peter (2005). <i>Shakespeare Survey: Volume 58, Writing about Shakespeare</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+Survey%3A+Volume+58%2C+Writing+about+Shakespeare&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, M. R. "Some Remarks on Ghost Stories", The Bookman, December 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30313775">"The Castle of Otranto: The creepy tale that launched gothic fiction"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703063419/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30313775">Archived</a> 2019-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. Retrieved October 7, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman,_pg._135-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_pg._135_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_pg._135_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_pg._135_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_pg._135_145-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Kim (ed.) <i>BFI Companion to Horror</i>, Cassell: London, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33216-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-33216-X">0-304-33216-X</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanko1993" class="citation web cs1">Chanko, Kenneth M. (August 8, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE3DE1339F93BA3575BC0A965958260">"FILM; When It Comes to the Hereafter, Romance and Sentiment Rule"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=FILM%3B+When+It+Comes+to+the+Hereafter%2C+Romance+and+Sentiment+Rule&rft.date=1993-08-08&rft.aulast=Chanko&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE3DE1339F93BA3575BC0A965958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafferty2003" class="citation web cs1">Rafferty, Terence (June 8, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E1D61330F93BA35755C0A9659C8B63">"Why Asian Ghost Stories Are the Best"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507205425/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E1D61330F93BA35755C0A9659C8B63">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Asian+Ghost+Stories+Are+the+Best&rft.date=2003-06-08&rft.aulast=Rafferty&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E01E1D61330F93BA35755C0A9659C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-behind-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-behind_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed,_Shoaib2007" class="citation web cs1">Mohamed, Shoaib (September 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-06/24-09-07-rajini.html">"The Bus Conductor Turned Superstar Who Took the Right Bus to Demi"</a>. <i>Behindwoods</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731165513/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-06/24-09-07-rajini.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Behindwoods&rft.atitle=The+Bus+Conductor+Turned+Superstar+Who+Took+the+Right+Bus+to+Demi&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.au=Mohamed%2C+Shoaib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindwoods.com%2Ftamil-movie-articles%2Fmovies-06%2F24-09-07-rajini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Gary Gutting ed., <i>The Cambridge Companion to Foucault</i> (2003) p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. G. Jung, <i>Two Essays on Analytical Psychology</i> (London 1953) p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Harkaway, <i>The Gone-Away World</i> (2008) p. 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Parsons, <i>The Dove that Returns, the Dove that Vanishes</i> (2000) p. 83-4</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li>Finucane, R. C., <i>Appearances of the Dead: A Cultural History of Ghosts</i>, Prometheus Books, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-238-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-238-6">0-87975-238-6</a>.</li> <li>Hervey, Sheila, <i>Some Canadian Ghosts</i>, in series, <i>Original Canadian Pocket Book[s],</i> Richmond Hill, Ont.: Pocket Books, 1973, SBN 671-78629-6</li> <li>Hole, Christina, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_LWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Haunted England</i></a>, Batsford: London, 1950.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kroonen, Guus (2013). <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18340-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18340-7&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir</a> (2003). <i>A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Germanic+Etymology&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12875-0&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford English Dictionary Online">Oxford English Dictionary Online</a></i>. Oxford University Press. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Fairly, John & Welfare, Simon, <i>Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers</i>, Putnam: New York, 1985.</li> <li>Felton, D., <i>Haunted Greece and Rome: Ghost Stories From Classical Antiquity</i>, University of Texas Press, 1999.</li> <li>Johnston, Sarah Iles, <i>Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece</i>, University of California Press, 1999.</li> <li>MacKenzie, Andrew, <i>Apparitions and Ghosts</i>, Arthur Barker, 1971.</li> <li>Moreman, Christopher, <i>Beyond the Threshold: Afterlife Beliefs and Experiences in World Religions</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghosts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ghosts">Ghosts</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ghosts" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Ghosts">Ghosts</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghost" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ghost"><i>ghost</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghosts_and_ghostlore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghosts" title="Template:Ghosts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghosts" title="Template talk:Ghosts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghosts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghosts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghosts_and_ghostlore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghosts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">ghostlore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghosts" title="List of ghosts">List of ghosts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_ghost_lights" title="Atmospheric ghost lights">Ghost lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_highways" title="List of reportedly haunted highways">Haunted highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">Haunted house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_train" title="Ghost train">Haunted trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_ship" title="Ghost ship">Haunted ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape Theory">Residual haunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">Vengeful ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_dead" title="Procession of the dead">Procession of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi" title="Madam Koi Koi">Madam Koi Koi</a></li> <li>South Africa (<a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_South_Africa" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in South Africa">locations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_China" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in China">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Tibetan_culture" title="Ghosts in Tibetan culture">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_in_Filipino_cultures" title="Souls in Filipino cultures">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoota_(ghost)" title="Bhoota (ghost)">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Japan" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Japan">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onry%C5%8D" title="Onryō">Onryō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwisin" title="Gwisin">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Malay_culture" title="Ghosts in Malay culture">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Thai_culture" title="Ghosts in Thai culture">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Thailand" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Thailand">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Vietnamese_culture" title="Ghosts in Vietnamese culture">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_English-speaking_cultures" title="Ghosts in English-speaking cultures">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Scotland" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland">locations in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">locations in United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_France" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in France">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">Slavic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Romania" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Canada" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duppy" title="Duppy">Duppy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Navajo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindi" title="Chindi">Chindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_sickness" title="Ghost sickness">Ghost sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture" title="Ghosts in Mexican culture">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Mexico" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Mexico">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_California" title="Reportedly haunted locations in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_ghostlore" title="Indiana ghostlore">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Oregon" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Pennsylvania" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Colombia" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture" title="Ghosts in Polynesian culture">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_and_spirits_in_M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Ghosts and spirits in Māori culture">Maori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mesopotamian_religions" title="Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Ancient Egyptian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Classical antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Films about ghosts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Stories about ghosts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaidan" title="Kaidan">Kaidan</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Booty_v_Barnaby" title="Booty v Barnaby">Booty v Barnaby</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Ghost_murder_case" title="Hammersmith Ghost murder case">Hammersmith Ghost murder case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophilia" title="Spectrophilia">Spectrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardecist spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ghosts" title="Category:Ghosts">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horror_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_fiction" title="Template talk:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anime" title="List of horror anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror video game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror video games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_erotica" title="Monster erotica">Monster erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">Zombie pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45529#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4071802-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054821">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fantômes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119422988">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fantômes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119422988">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fantasmas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525179">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529284305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost&oldid=1257763707">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost&oldid=1257763707</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghosts" title="Category:Ghosts">Ghosts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afterlife" title="Category:Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal_terminology" title="Category:Paranormal terminology">Paranormal terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2020">Articles with dead external links from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017">Articles with dead external links from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_High_German_(ca._750-1050)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text">Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Low_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Low German-language text">Articles containing Low German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_context" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing context">All Wikipedia articles needing context</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_context_from_July_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing context from July 2019">Wikipedia articles needing context from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hindi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text">Articles containing Hindi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Gujarati-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Gujarati-language text">Articles containing Gujarati-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bengali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bengali-language text">Articles containing Bengali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Odia-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Odia-language text">Articles containing Odia-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Standard_Tibetan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text">Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">Lang and lang-xx template errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 14:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bjwd6","wgBackendResponseTime":269,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.685","walltime":"2.101","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12344,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":272274,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7199,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":61,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":419693,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1747.585 1 -total"," 41.86% 731.564 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.61% 272.757 34 Template:Cite_book"," 8.33% 145.576 30 Template:Cite_web"," 6.34% 110.866 9 Template:Lang"," 6.14% 107.347 1 Template:Paranormal"," 6.06% 105.926 17 Template:ISBN"," 5.97% 104.389 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.49% 95.892 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.21% 91.113 1 Template:Commons_category-inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.010","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17659637,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBedir2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiswas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack,_Jeremy_A.Green,_AnthonyRickards,_Tessa1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraude2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritten1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanko1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi_IS2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen,_Daniel1984\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFConze1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrooke,_William1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarrell_Schweitzer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman,_Bart_D.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmissary2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFathers,_Paulist1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoelet1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoiberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Cunnison1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen,_Thorkild1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaehnig1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJalalRomanelliHinton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby,_R.S.1804\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemperer,_Frances1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroonen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagerwey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyLevy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim,_Sue2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Lipka2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner,_Liz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed,_Shoaib2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatale2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdd2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny_the_Younger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProsser,_Eleanor1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadford2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaetsch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafferty2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaford2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamchandani,_Indu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegal,_Brian2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengers2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShure2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrousdell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVieira,_Mark_A.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestervelt1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseman,_R.Watt,_C.Stevens,_P.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuriko_Yamanaka2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 30,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Context inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"Ghosts\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Horror fiction\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 17,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Langx\"] = 12,\n [\"Main article\"] = 14,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 5,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PIE\"] = 2,\n [\"Paranormal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 19,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","19.2"],["?","200","19.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","15.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","9.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","40","3.8"],["is_generic \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1497\u003E","20","1.9"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","20","1.9"],["[others]","160","15.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xz5ct","timestamp":"20241124053117","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ghost","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghost","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45529","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45529","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-30T21:47:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T14:37:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/0\/02\/Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG","headline":"soul or spirit of a dead person or animal that can appear to the living"}</script> </body> </html>