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<li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ابن قيم الجوزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن قيم الجوزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Q%C9%99yyim_%C9%99l-C%C3%B6vziyy%C9%99" title="İbn Qəyyim əl-Cövziyyə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Qəyyim əl-Cövziyyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="ইবনে কাইয়িম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে কাইয়িম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qaiyim_al-Dschauz%C4%ABya" title="Ibn Qaiyim al-Dschauzīya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ibn Qaiyim al-Dschauzīya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Qayyim_al-%C5%B6awziyyah" title="Ibn al-Qayyim al-Ŷawziyyah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ibn al-Qayyim al-Ŷawziyyah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ابن قیم الجوزیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن قیم الجوزیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim_al-Jauziyyah" title="Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="אבן קיים אלג'וזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן קיים אלג'וזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Qayyim_Al-Jauziyyah" title="Ibnu Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibnu Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%94%D0%B6%D3%99%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ибн әл-Қаийм әл-Джәузия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибн әл-Қаийм әл-Джәузия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ഇബ്‌നുൽ ഖയ്യിം അൽ ജൗസിയ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്‌നുൽ ഖയ്യിം അൽ ജൗസിയ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ابن قيم الجوزيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن قيم الجوزيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyyah" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qoyyim_al-Javziya" title="Ibn Qoyyim al-Javziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibn Qoyyim al-Javziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ابن قیم الجوزیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن قیم الجوزیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="ابن قيم الجوزي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن قيم الجوزي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Qayyim" title="Ibn al-Qayyim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibn al-Qayyim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ибн Каййим аль-Джаузия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Каййим аль-Джаузия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kajim_el-Xheuzije" title="Ibn Kajim el-Xheuzije – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibn Kajim el-Xheuzije" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnuqayim_aljoozi" title="Ibnuqayim aljoozi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ibnuqayim aljoozi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ئیبن قەییم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن قەییم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Kayyim_el-Cevziyye" title="İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ابن قیم جوزیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن قیم جوزیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%87%D9%84%D9%82%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%85" title="ئىبنۇلقەييىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىبنۇلقەييىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q119679#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim">Ibn Qayyim</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian (1292–1350)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar">ٱبْن ٱلْقَيِّم الجوزية</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">29 January 1292 CE / 7 Saffar 691 AH<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Mamluk Sultanate <span style="font-size:85%;">(present day Syria)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1350 CE (aged 58) / 13 Rajab 751 AH<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Damascus, Mamluk Sultanate <span style="font-size:85%;">(present day Syria)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Saghir_Cemetery" title="Bab al-Saghir Cemetery">Bab al-Saghir Cemetery</a>, Damascus, Syria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Sham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunni_/_Salafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunni / Salafi (page does not exist)">Sunni / Salafi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisprudence</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creed</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Islam" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Al-Madrasa al-Jawziyya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurist</a></li> <li>theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">traditionist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Ism_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ism (name)">Personal<br /><small>(<i>Ism</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Muḥammad<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Nasab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasab">Patronymic<br /><small>(<i>Nasab</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ibn Abī Bakr ibn Ayyūb ibn Saʿd<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱبْن أَبِي بَكْر بْن أَيُّوب بْن سَعْد</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Teknonymic<br /><small>(<i>Kunya</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Abū ʿAbd Allāh<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">Epithet<br /><small>(<i>Laqab</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya<br />Ibn al-Qayyim<br />Shams al-Dīn<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar">ٱبْن قَيِّم ٱلْجَوْزِيَّة<br />ٱبْن ٱلْقَيِّم<br />شَمْس ٱلدِّين</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">Toponymic<br /><small>(<i>Nisba</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Al-Dimashqī<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلدِّمَشْقِيّ</span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced by</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Abu Isma'il al-Harawi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Slitine4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slitine4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qudama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qudama">Ibn Qudama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rajab" title="Ibn Rajab">Ibn Rajab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shams ad-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr ibn Ayyūb az-Zurʿī d-Dimashqī l-Ḥanbalī </b> (29 January 1292–15 September 1350 CE / 691 AH–751 AH), commonly known as <b>Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</b> ("The son of the principal of [the school of] Jawziyyah") or <b>Ibn al-Qayyim</b> ("Son of the principal"; ابن القيّم) for short, or reverentially as <b>Imam Ibn al-Qayyim</b> in <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>, was an important <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam#Mamluk_Sultanate" title="History of Islam">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">Islamic jurisconsult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">theologian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">spiritual writer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"> Salafi</a>, of which he is regarded as "one of the most important thinkers,"<sup id="cite_ref-livingston-IQlJ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingston-IQlJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Qayyim was also the foremost disciple and student of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with whom he was imprisoned in 1326 for dissenting against established tradition during Ibn Taymiyya's famous incarceration in the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of humble origin, Ibn al-Qayyim's father was the <a href="/wiki/Principal_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal (education)">principal</a> (<i>qayyim</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">School of Jawziyya</a>, which also served as a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of law">court of law</a> for the Hanbali <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">judge</a> of Damascus during the time period.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Qayyim went on to become a prolific scholar, producing a rich corpus of "doctrinal and literary" works.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, numerous important Muslim scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> <a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">period</a> were among Ibn al-Qayyim's students or, at least, greatly influenced by him, including, amongst others, the <a href="/wiki/Shafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi">Shafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (d. 774/1373), the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rajab" title="Ibn Rajab">Ibn Rajab</a> (d. 795/1397) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al Dhahabi</a> (d. 1348).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the present day, Ibn al-Qayyim's name has become a controversial one in certain quarters of the Islamic world due to his popularity amongst many adherents of the salafi ,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who see in his criticisms of such widespread sufi practices of the medieval period associated with <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">veneration of saints</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tabarruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarruk">veneration of their graves and relics</a> a classical precursor to their own perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad Ibn Abī Bakr Ibn Ayyub Ibn Sa'd Ibn Harīz Ibn Makkī Zayn ad-Dīn az-Zur'ī (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد بن أبي بكر بن أيوب بن سعد بن حريز بن مكي زين الدين الزُّرعي</span>), al-Dimashqi (الدمشقي), with <a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">kunya</a> of Abu Abdullah (أبو عبد الله), called Shams ad-Dīn ( شمس الدین). He is usually known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, after his father Abu Bakr Ibn Sa'd az-Zur'ī who was the superintendent (<i>qayyim</i>) of the Jawziyyah Madrasah, the Hanbali law college in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtzman208_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtzman208-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachers">Teachers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the main teacher Ibn al-Qayyim studied from was the scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>, he also studied under a number of other scholars including his father, Abu Bakr ibn Ayoub, Ibn 'Abd ad-Da'im, <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabī</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safi_al-Din_al-Hindi" title="Safi al-Din al-Hindi">Safi Al-Din Al-Hindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Qayyim began studying under Ibn Taymiyyah at the age of 21 (1313-1328), after the latter moved back to Damascus from Cairo, and he stayed studying with him and being a close companion of his until Ibn Taymiyyah died in 1328 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this 16-year union, he shared many of his teacher's views on various issues, though his approach in dealing with other scholars has been seen as being less polemic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn al-Qayyim was imprisoned with his teacher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> from 1326 until 1328, when Ibn Taymiyyah died and Ibn al-Qayyim was released.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a>, two reasons led to his arrest: the first was a sermon Ibn al-Qayyim had delivered in Jerusalem in which he decried the visitation of graves, including Muhammad's grave in Medina, the second was his agreement with Ibn Taymiyyah's view on the matter of divorce, which contradicted the view of the majority of scholars in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-livnat=211_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livnat=211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign to have Ibn al-Qayyim imprisoned was led by <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> scholars, and was also joined by the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> judges.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst in prison Ibn al-Qayyim busied himself with the Qur'an. According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rajab" title="Ibn Rajab">Ibn Rajab</a>, Ibn al-Qayyim made the most of his time of imprisonment: the immediate result of his delving into the Qur'an while in prison was a series of mystical experiences (described as <a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">dhawq</a>, direct experience of the divine mysteries, and mawjud, ecstasy occasioned by direct encounter with the Divine Reality).<sup id="cite_ref-livnat-212_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livnat-212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_life">Spiritual life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spiritual life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya wrote a lengthy spiritual commentary on a treatise written by the Hanbali Sufi <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> entitled <i>Madarij al-Salikin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-holtzman-219_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtzman-219-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He expressed his love and appreciation for Ansari in this commentary with his statement <i>"Certainly I love the Sheikh, but I love the truth more!'</i>. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya refers to Ansari with the honorific title "<i>Sheikh al-Islam</i>" in his work <i>Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyab</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slitine4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slitine4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anjum_164_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anjum_164-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn al-Qayyim died at the age of 60 years, 5 months, and 5 days, on the 13th night of <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a>, 751 AH (September 15, 1350 CE), and was buried besides his father at the <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Sagh%C4%ABr_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab al-Saghīr Cemetery">Bab al-Saghīr Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-madainsaghir_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainsaghir-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements"><span style="color:blue">a series</span></a> on:</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>, Qatar</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Theology">Theology and Influences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Founders and key figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jibrin" title="Ibn Jibrin">Ibn Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafis" title="Salafi movement">List of Salafi scholars</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">Notable universities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Faisalabad" title="Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad">Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Varanasi" title="Jamia Salafia, Varanasi">Jamia Salafia, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University" title="International Islamic University">International Islamic University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">List of Salafi Islamic universities</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Related ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhaj" title="Manhaj">Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi-Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi-Salafi relations">Sufi-Salafi relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Associated organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salafi" title="Template:Salafi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salafi" title="Template talk:Salafi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like his teacher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, Ibn Qayyim, supported broad powers for the state and prosecution. He argued, for example, "that it was often right to punish someone of lowly status" who alleged improper behavior by someone "more respectable."<sup id="cite_ref-johansen-188_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansen-188-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kadri-140_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadri-140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Qayyim "formulated evidential theories" that made judges "less reliant than ever before on the oral testimony." One example was the establishment of a child's paternity by experts scrutinizing the faces of "a child and its alleged father for similarities".<sup id="cite_ref-johansen-188_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansen-188-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kadri-140_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadri-140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was in determining impotence. If a woman sought a divorce on the grounds of her husband's impotence and her husband contested the claim, a judge might obtain a sample of the husband's ejaculate. According to Ibn Qayyim "only genuine semen left a white residue when boiled".<sup id="cite_ref-johansen-188_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansen-188-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kadri-140_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadri-140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In interrogating the accused, Ibn Qayyim believed that testimony could be beaten out of suspects if they were "disreputable".<sup id="cite_ref-johansen-191-2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansen-191-2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reza-24-5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reza-24-5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in contrast to the majority of Islamic jurists who had always acknowledged "that alleged sinners were entitled to remain silent if accused."<sup id="cite_ref-johansen-170-1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansen-170-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attorney and author <a href="/wiki/Sadakat_Kadri" title="Sadakat Kadri">Sadakat Kadri</a> states that, "as a matter of straightforward history, torture had originally been forbidden by Islamic jurisprudence."<sup id="cite_ref-kadri-140_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadri-140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Qayyim however, believed that "the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly Guided Caliphs</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Companions</a>" would have supported his position.<sup id="cite_ref-kadri-140_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadri-140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johansen-191-2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansen-191-2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reza-24-5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reza-24-5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrology_and_alchemy">Astrology and alchemy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Astrology and alchemy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah opposed <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> and divination of all varieties, but was particularly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astrology">astrology</a>, whose practitioners dared to "think they could know secrets locked within the mystery of God's supreme and all-embracing wisdom."<sup id="cite_ref-livingston-IQlJ_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingston-IQlJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, those who believed that human personalities and events were influenced by heavenly bodies, were "the most ignorant of people, the most in error and the furthest from humanity ... the most ignorant of people concerning his soul and its creator".<sup id="cite_ref-livingston-IQlJ_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingston-IQlJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>Miftah Dar al-Sa'adah</i>, in addition to denouncing the astrologers as worse than infidels, he uses <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> arguments to refute the practice of alchemy and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> along with the theories associated with them, such as <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">transmutation of metals</a>, for example arguing: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And if you astrologers answer that it is precisely because of this distance and smallness that their influences are negligible, then why is it that you claim a great influence for the smallest heavenly body, Mercury? Why is it that you have given an influence to al-Ra's and al-Dhanab, which are two imaginary points [ascending and descending nodes]?"<sup id="cite_ref-livingston-IQlJ_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingston-IQlJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysticism">Mysticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mysticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Ibn al-Qayyim is sometimes characterized today as an unabashed enemy of Islamic mysticism, it is historically known that he actually had a “great interest in <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>,” which arose out of his vast exposure to the practice given Sufism's widespread practice among Muslims at his time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawziyya_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his major works, such as <i>Madārij, Ṭarīq al-hijratayn</i> (<i>Path of the Two Migrations</i>) and <i>Miftāḥ dār al-saʿāda</i> (<i>Key to the Joyous Dwelling</i>), "are devoted almost entirely to Sufi themes," yet allusions to such "themes are found in nearly all his writings,"<sup id="cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawziyya_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including in such influential works of spiritual devotion such as <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Wabil_al-Sayyib" title="Al-Wabil al-Sayyib">al-Wābil al-Ṣayyib</a></i>, a highly important treatise detailing the importance of the practice of <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a>, and his revered <i>magnum opus</i>, <i>Madārij al-sālikīn</i> (<i>The Wayfarers' Stages</i>), which is an extended commentary on a work written by the eleventh-century <a href="/wiki/Hanbalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalite">Hanbalite</a> <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">saint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">mystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Abdullah Ansari</a>, whom Ibn al-Qayyim referred to reverentially as "<a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawziyya_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all such writings, it is evident Ibn al-Qayyim wrote to address "those interested in Sufism in particular and ... 'the matters of the heart' ... in general,"<sup id="cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawziyya_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proof of this lies in the fact that he states, in the introduction to his short book <i>Patience and Gratitude</i>, "This is a book to benefit kings and princes, the wealthy and the indigent, Sufis and religious scholars; (a book) to inspire the sedentary to set out, accompany the wayfarer on the Way (<i>al-sā'ir fī l-ṭariq</i>) and inform the one journeying towards the Goal." Some scholars have compared Ibn al-Qayyim's role to that of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazali</a> two-hundred years prior, in that he tried "rediscover and restate the orthodox roots of Islam's interior dimension."<sup id="cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawziyya_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also true, however, that Ibn al-Qayyim did indeed share some of his teacher Ibn Taymiyyah's more negative sentiments towards what he perceived to be excesses in mystical practice.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, he felt that the pervasive and powerful influence the works of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> had begun to wield over the entire Sunni world was leading to errors in doctrine. As a result, he rejected Ibn Arabi's concept of <a href="/wiki/Wahdat_al-wajud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahdat al-wajud">wahdat al-wajud</a> or the "oneness of being,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> " and opposed, moreover, some of the more extreme "forms of Sufism that had gained currency particularly in the new seat of Muslim power, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, he never condemned Sufism outright, and his many works bear witness, as it has been noted above, to the immense reverence in which he held the vast majority of Sufi tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawziyya_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this connection, it is also significant that Ibn al-Qayyim followed Ibn Taymiyyah in "consistently praising" the early spiritual master <a href="/wiki/Al-Junayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Junayd">al-Junayd</a>, one of the most famous saints in the Sufi tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-Oriente_Moderno_2010_p._165_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oriente_Moderno_2010_p._165-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as "other early spiritual masters of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> who later became known as 'sober' Sufis." As a matter of fact, Ibn al-Qayyim did not condemn the ecstatic Sufis either, regarding their mystical outbursts as signs of spiritual "weakness" rather than <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oriente_Moderno_2010_p._165_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oriente_Moderno_2010_p._165-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Qayyim's highly nuanced position on this matter led to his composing apologies for the ecstatic outbursts of several early Sufis, just as many Sufis had done so before him.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Ibn Qayyim was respected by a number of scholars during and after his life. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> stated that Ibn al-Qayyim, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i> was the most affectionate person. He was never envious of anyone, nor did he hurt anyone. He never disgraced anyone, nor did he hate anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtzman208_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtzman208-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ... I do not know in this world in our time someone who is more dedicated to acts of devotion</i> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rajab" title="Ibn Rajab">Ibn Rajab</a>, one of Ibn Qayyim's students, stated that, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Although, he was by no means infallible, no one could compete with him in the understanding of the texts.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Holtzman208_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtzman208-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Qayyim was criticized by a number of scholars, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a> (d. 756/1355) accused him of heresy, extreme anthropomorphism and unjust takfir of the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Asharis</a> in his poem <i>al-Kafiya al-Shafiya fi al-Intisar lil-Firqa al-Najiya (<small> </small>'The Sufficient and Healing [Poem] on the Victory of the Saved Sect')</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence Subki wrote a book against him, entitled: "<a href="/wiki/Al-Sayf_al-Saqil_fi_al-Radd_ala_Ibn_Zafil" title="Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil">Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a> (d. 974/1566–7) in his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Fatawa_al-Hadithiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Fatawa al-Hadithiyya (page does not exist)">al-Fatawa al-Hadithiyya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الفتاوى الحديثية">ar</a>]</span></i> declared Ibn al-Qayyim and his teacher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> to be heretics.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described their position on the Divine attributes as <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphist">anthropomorphist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0568_fol_1b-2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0568_fol_1b-2a.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0568_fol_1b-2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0568_fol_1b-2a.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0568_fol_1b-2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0568_fol_1b-2a.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0568_fol_1b-2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>16th century manuscript of <i>Al-Tibb al-Nabawi</i>, a book on <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">prophetic medicine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah's contributions to the Islamic library are extensive, and they particularly deal with the Qur'anic commentaries, and understanding and analysis of the prophetic traditions (<i>Fiqh-us Sunnah</i>). He "wrote about a hundred books",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zad_al-Ma%27ad" title="Zad al-Ma'ad">Zad al-Ma'ad</a> (Provision of the hereafter)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Wabil_al-Sayyib" title="Al-Wabil al-Sayyib">Al-Waabil Sayyib minal kalim tayyib</a></i> – a commentary on hadith about the Islamic prophet Yahya ibn Zakariyya.</li> <li><i>I'laam ul Muwaqqi'een 'an Rabb il 'Aalameen</i> (Information for Those who Write on Behalf of the Lord of the Worlds)</li> <li><i>Tahthib Sunan Abi Da'ud</i></li> <li><i>Madaarij Saalikeen</i> which is an extensive commentary on the book by Shaikh Abu Ismail al-Ansari al-Harawi al-Sufi, <i>Manazil-u Sa'ireen</i> (Stations of the Seekers);</li> <li><i>Tafsir Mu'awwadhatain</i> (Tafsir of Surah Falaq and Nas);</li> <li><i> Tafsir al-Ibn al-Qayyim (BADAA'I AT-TAFSIR).</i></li> <li><i>Badāʾiʿ al-Fawāʾid</i> (بدائع الفوائد): Amazing Points of Benefit</li> <li><i>Ad-Dā'i wa Dawā</i> also known as<i> Al Jawābul kāfi liman sa'ala 'an Dawā'i Shaafi</i></li> <li><i>Haadi Arwah ila biladil Afrah</i></li> <li><i>Uddat as-Sabirin wa Dhakhiratu ash-Shakirin</i> (عدة الصابرين وذخيرة الشاكرين)</li> <li><i>Ighathatu lahfaan min masaa'id ash-shaytan</i> (إغاثة اللهفان من مصائد الشيطان) : Aid for the Yearning One in Resisting the Shayṭān</li> <li><i>Rawdhatul Muhibbīn</i></li> <li><i>Ahkām ahl al-dhimma</i></li> <li>Tuhfatul Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud: A Gift to the Loved One Regarding the Rulings of the Newborn</li> <li>Miftah Dar As-Sa'adah</li> <li>Jala al-afham fi fadhl salati ala khayral anam</li> <li>Al-Manar al-Munif</li> <li>Al-Tibb al-Nabawi – a book on <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a>, available in English as "The Prophetic Medicine", printed by Dar al-Fikr in Beirut (Lebanon), or as "Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet (sal allahu `alayhi wa salim)", printed by Darussalam Publications.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">Al-Furusiyya</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Shifa al-Alil fi masa'il al qada'i wal qadri wal hikmati wa at-ta'leel (Remedy for Those who Question on Matters Concerning Divine Decree, Predestination, Wisdom and Causality)</i></li> <li><i>Mukhtasar al-Sawa'iq</i></li> <li><i>Hadi al-Arwah ila Bilad al-Arfah (Spurring Souls on to the Realms of Joy</i></li> <li>A treatise on <a href="/wiki/Arab_archery" title="Arab archery">Arab archery</a> is by Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr (1292AD-1350AD) and comes from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Slitine4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slitine4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slitine4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSlitineFitzgerald2000" class="citation book cs1">Slitine, Moulay; Fitzgerald, Michael (2000). <i>The Invocation of God</i>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Texts_Society" title="Islamic Texts Society">Islamic Texts Society</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0946621780" title="Special:BookSources/0946621780"><bdi>0946621780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invocation+of+God&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Islamic+Texts+Society&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0946621780&rft.aulast=Slitine&rft.aufirst=Moulay&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjum" class="citation journal cs1">Anjum, Ovamir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2248220">"Sufism Without Mysticism: Ibn al-Qayyim's Objectives in Madarij al-Salikin"</a>. University of Toledo, Ohio: 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sufism+Without+Mysticism%3A+Ibn+al-Qayyim%27s+Objectives+in+Madarij+al-Salikin&rft.pages=164&rft.aulast=Anjum&rft.aufirst=Ovamir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2248220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltzman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Holtzman, Livnat (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1057824">"Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah"</a>. <i>Essays in Arabic Literary Biography</i>. Bar Ilan University: 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+in+Arabic+Literary+Biography&rft.atitle=Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyyah&rft.pages=219&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Holtzman&rft.aufirst=Livnat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1057824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaoust2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Laoust, H. 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(1971). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 96–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F600445">10.2307/600445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/600445">600445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyyah%3A+A+Fourteenth+Century+Defense+against+Astrological+Divination+and+Alchemical+Transmutation&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-103&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F600445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F600445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoover, Jon, "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya", in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, General Editor David Thomas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holtzman208-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holtzman208_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holtzman208_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holtzman208_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltzman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Holtzman, Livnat (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1057824">"Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah"</a>. <i>Essays in Arabic Literary Biography</i>: 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+in+Arabic+Literary+Biography&rft.atitle=Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyyah&rft.pages=208&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Holtzman&rft.aufirst=Livnat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1057824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger M. A. Allen, Joseph Edmund Lowry, Devin J. Stewart, Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1350-1850, p 211. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3447059338" title="Special:BookSources/3447059338">3447059338</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef W. 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University of Toledo, Ohio. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism+without+Mysticism%3A+Ibn+al-Qayyim%27s+Objectives+in+Madarij+al-Salikin&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+of+Toledo%2C+Ohio&rft.aulast=Anjum&rft.aufirst=Ovamir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2248220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainsaghir-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainsaghir_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525072750/https://madainproject.com/bab_al_saghir_cemetery">"Bab al-Saghir Cemetery (Goristan Ghariban)"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Bab+al-Saghir+Cemetery+%28Goristan+Ghariban%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fbab_al_saghir_cemetery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johansen-188-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johansen-188_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johansen-188_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johansen-188_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baber Johansen, "Signs as Evidence: The Doctrine of Ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d.1351) on Proof", <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>, v.9, n.2 (2002), pp.188-90, citing Ibn Qayyim, <i>Turuq al Hikmiya fi al-Siyasa al Sharia</i>, pp.48-9, 92-93, 101, 228-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadri-140-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kadri-140_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadri-140_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadri-140_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadri-140_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadri-140_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law"><i>Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...</i></a> macmillan. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099523277" title="Special:BookSources/9780099523277"><bdi>9780099523277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia+...&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC%26q%3DHeaven%2Bon%2BEarth%253A%2BA%2BJourney%2BThrough%2BShari%2527a%2BLaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johansen-191-2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johansen-191-2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johansen-191-2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baber Johansen, "Signs as Evidence: The Doctrine of Ibn Taymiyya 1263-1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d.1351) on Proof", <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>, v.9, n.2 (2002), pp.191-2, citing Ibn Qayyim, <i>Turuq al Hikmiya fi al-Siyasa al Sharia</i>, pp.7, 13, 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reza-24-5-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reza-24-5_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reza-24-5_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reza, Sadiq, "Torture and Islamic Law", <i>Chicago Journal of International Law</i>, 8 (2007), pp.24-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johansen-170-1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johansen-170-1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baber Johansen, "Signs as Evidence: The Doctrine of Ibn Taymiyya 1263-1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d.1351) on Proof", <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>, v.9, n.2 (2002), pp.170-1, 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jawziyya_2000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jawziyya_2000_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, <i>Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyib</i>, trans. Michael Abdurrahman Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine as <i>The Invocation of God</i> (Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Texts_Society" title="Islamic Texts Society">Islamic Texts Society</a>, 2000), p. x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, <i>Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyib</i>, trans. Michael Abdurrahman Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine as <i>The Invocation of God</i> (Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Texts_Society" title="Islamic Texts Society">Islamic Texts Society</a>, 2000), p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oriente_Moderno_2010_p._165-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oriente_Moderno_2010_p._165_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oriente_Moderno_2010_p._165_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovamir Anjum, “SUFISM WITHOUT MYSTICISM? IBN QAYYIM AL-ǦAWZIYYAH'S OBJECTIVES IN "MADĀRIǦ AL-SĀLIKĪN",” <i>Oriente Moderno</i>, Nuova serie, Anno 90, Nr. 1, <i>A SCHOLAR IN THE SHADOW: ESSAYS IN THE LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT OF IBN QAYYIM AL-ǦAWZIYYAH</i> (2010), p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovamir Anjum, "SUFISM WITHOUT MYSTICISM? IBN QAYYIM AL-ǦAWZIYYAH'S OBJECTIVES IN "MADĀRIǦ AL-SĀLIKĪN"," <i>Oriente Moderno</i>, Nuova serie, Anno 90, Nr. 1, <i>A SCHOLAR IN THE SHADOW: ESSAYS IN THE LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT OF IBN QAYYIM AL-ǦAWZIYYAH</i> (2010), p. 165; see Ibn al-Qayyim, <i>Madārij</i>, vol. 2, pp. 38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrawietz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Krawietz, Birgit (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_X-2_2006-Krawietz.pdf">"Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyah: His Life and works"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mamlūk Studies Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6082%2FM13X84RM">10.6082/M13X84RM</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maml%C5%ABk+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyah%3A+His+Life+and+works&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6082%2FM13X84RM&rft.aulast=Krawietz&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmamluk.uchicago.edu%2FMSR_X-2_2006-Krawietz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvadia2018" class="citation book cs1">Ovadia, Miriam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1037883336"><i>Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and the divine attributes : rationalized traditionalistic theology</i></a>. Leiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37251-1"><bdi>978-90-04-37251-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1037883336">1037883336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya+and+the+divine+attributes+%3A+rationalized+traditionalistic+theology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1037883336&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37251-1&rft.aulast=Ovadia&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1037883336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haddad, Gibril Fouad (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22452%2Fquranica.vol8no2.1">"Ijtihād, synthesis, modernity and renewal: al-Bayḍāwī's "Anwār al-Tanzīl wa-Asrār al-Taʾwīl" in hermeneutical tradition"</a>. <i>International Journal of Quranic Research</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22452%2Fquranica.vol8no2.1">10.22452/quranica.vol8no2.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2590-4167">2590-4167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Quranic+Research&rft.atitle=Ijtih%C4%81d%2C+synthesis%2C+modernity+and+renewal%3A+al-Bay%E1%B8%8D%C4%81w%C4%AB%27s+%22Anw%C4%81r+al-Tanz%C4%ABl+wa-Asr%C4%81r+al-Ta%CA%BEw%C4%ABl%22+in+hermeneutical+tradition&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22452%2Fquranica.vol8no2.1&rft.issn=2590-4167&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Gibril+Fouad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22452%252Fquranica.vol8no2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron_Spevack2014" class="citation book cs1">Aaron Spevack (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ"><i>The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438453712" title="Special:BookSources/9781438453712"><bdi>9781438453712</bdi></a>. <q>In doing so, he also declares Ibn Taymiyya and his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya to be heretics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypal+Sunni+Scholar%3A+Law%2C+Theology%2C+and+Mysticism+in+the+Synthesis+of+al-Bajuri&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781438453712&rft.au=Aaron+Spevack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhtx8BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_El_Shamsy2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_El_Shamsy" title="Ahmed El Shamsy">Ahmed El Shamsy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-f-tDwAAQBAJ"><i>Rediscovering the Islamic Classics: How Editors and Print Culture Transformed an Intellectual Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691174563" title="Special:BookSources/9780691174563"><bdi>9780691174563</bdi></a>. <q>on divine attributes; al-Haytami had described their position as anthropomorphist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+the+Islamic+Classics%3A+How+Editors+and+Print+Culture+Transformed+an+Intellectual+Tradition&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780691174563&rft.au=Ahmed+El+Shamsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-f-tDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a> (ed.), <i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy</i>, Bloomsbury (2015), p. 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ed. Nizam al-Din al-Fatih, Madinah al Munawara: Maktaba Dar al-Turath, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr. kitab ʻuniyat al-ṭullāb fī maʻrifat al-rāmī bil-nushshāb. [Cairo?]: [s.n.], 1932. OCLC: 643468400.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoriHoltzman2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bori, Caterina; Holtzman, Livnat, eds. (2010). <i>A scholar in the shadow : essays in the legal and theological thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Ǧawziyyah</i>. Oriente Moderno. Vol. Nuova serie, Anno 90. Roma : Istituto per l'Oriente C.A. Nallino. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-5472">0030-5472</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23249612">i23249612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+scholar+in+the+shadow+%3A+essays+in+the+legal+and+theological+thought+of+Ibn+Qayyim+al-%C7%A6awziyyah&rft.series=Oriente+Moderno&rft.pub=Roma+%3A+Istituto+per+l%27Oriente+C.A.+Nallino&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi23249612%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0030-5472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Arabic <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="ar" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ar:%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81:%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85" class="extiw" title="s:ar:مؤلف:ابن القيم">Ibn Qayyim</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=80002">Biodata at MuslimScholars.info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630225450/http://hidayaresearch.com/who-is-ibn-qayyim-al-jawziyya/">Who is Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya? - Hidaya Research</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108021235/http://pdfcast.org/pdf/islamic-universalism-ibn-qayyim-al-jawziyya-s-salafi-deliberations-on-the-duration-of-hellfire">"Islamic Universalism : Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's Salafi Deliberations on the Duration of Hellfire"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfcast.org/pdf/islamic-universalism-ibn-qayyim-al-jawziyya-s-salafi-deliberations-on-the-duration-of-hellfire">the original</a> on 8 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Universalism+%3A+Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya%27s+Salafi+Deliberations+on+the+Duration+of+Hellfire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfcast.org%2Fpdf%2Fislamic-universalism-ibn-qayyim-al-jawziyya-s-salafi-deliberations-on-the-duration-of-hellfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bysiness.co.uk/ulemah/bio_jawziyya.htm">"Short Biography of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya"</a>. Bysiness.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+Biography+of+Ibn+Qayyim+Al-Jawziyya&rft.pub=Bysiness.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bysiness.co.uk%2Fulemah%2Fbio_jawziyya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625073541/http://www.sunnah.org/history/Innovators/ibn_al_qayyim_al-jawziyya.htm">"Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah"</a>. Sunnah.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnah.org/history/Innovators/ibn_al_qayyim_al-jawziyya.htm">the original</a> on 25 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Qayyim+Al-Jawziyyah&rft.pub=Sunnah.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnah.org%2Fhistory%2FInnovators%2Fibn_al_qayyim_al-jawziyya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002406/http://abdurrahman.org/scholars/IbnAlQayyim.html">Articles and Book Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iquotepics.com/author/ibn-al-qayyim">Quotes by Ibn al-Qayyim</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saaid.net/book/search.php?do=all&u=%C7%E1%CC%E6%D2%ED%C9">Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107120050/http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/h/105.html">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/archive/article.php?lang=E&id=37699">"IslamWeb"</a>. IslamWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IslamWeb&rft.pub=IslamWeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Fver2%2Farchive%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3DE%26id%3D37699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/al/islamicpsychology/ethics/hardness_of_heart.html">"The Hardness of The Heart"</a>. Angelfire.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hardness+of+The+Heart&rft.pub=Angelfire.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fal%2Fislamicpsychology%2Fethics%2Fhardness_of_heart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslim_scholars_of_the_Hanbali_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template talk:Hanbali scholars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanbali scholars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_scholars_of_the_Hanbali_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>by century (<a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd/9th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> (founder of the school; 780–855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Juzajani" title="Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani">Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani</a> (d. 872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dawood">Abu Dawood</a> (d. 889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th/10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Khallal" title="Abu Bakr al-Khallal">Abu Bakr al-Khallal</a> (d. 923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ali_al-Barbahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari">Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari</a> (867–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Ajurri" title="Abu Bakr al-Ajurri">Abu Bakr al-Ajurri</a> (d. 970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battah" title="Ibn Battah">Ibn Battah</a> (d. 997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th/11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fadl_al-Tamimi" title="Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi">Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi</a> (952–1020 CE/341–410 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a> (990–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_al-Banna" title="Abu Ali ibn al-Banna">Abu Ali ibn al-Banna</a> (d. 1079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> (1006–1088)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Saeed_Mubarak_Makhzoomi" title="Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi">Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi</a> (1013–1119)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a> (1040–1119)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th/12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awn_al-Din_ibn_Hubayra" title="Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra">Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra</a> (1105–1165)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a> (1078–1166)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> (1116–1201)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammad_al-Harrani" title="Hammad al-Harrani">Hammad al-Harrani</a> (d. 1202)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Maqdisi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi">Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi</a> (1146–1203)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Razzaq_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Razzaq Gilani">Abdul-Razzaq Gilani</a> (1134–1207)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th/13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qudamah" title="Ibn Qudamah">Ibn Qudamah</a> (1147–1223)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_ad-Din_ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah">Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah</a> (1194–1255)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Abd_al-Halim_ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah">Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah</a> (1230–1284)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Zayn al-Din al-Amidi">Zayn al-Din al-Amidi</a> (d. 1312)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th/14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hamdan" title="Ibn Hamdan">Ibn Hamdan</a> (1206–1295)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yunini" title="Al-Yunini">Al-Yunini</a> (1242-1326)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (1263–1328)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a> (1305–1343)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a> (1292–1350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a> (1310–1362)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rajab" title="Ibn Rajab">Ibn Rajab</a> (1335–1393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Haji Bayram Wali</a> (1352-1430)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th/17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_al-Karmi" title="Mar'i al-Karmi">Mar'i al-Karmi</a> (1580–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buh%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buhūtī">Al-Buhūtī</a> (1592–1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Imad_al-Hanbali" title="Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali">Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali</a> (1623–1679)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th/18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ahmad_al-Saffarini" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini">Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini</a> (1701–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> (1703–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> (1699–1793/94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fudayliya" title="Fatima al-Fudayliya">Fatima al-Fudayliya</a> (d. 1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56722174">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/62805/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhpH7wtCmHdvvk3Dbjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118983547">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80138230">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12538862m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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