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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Baptist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Evangelical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>African traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-African_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle African traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-African_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Central Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Democratic Republic of the Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Horn of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_diasporic_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_diasporic_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>African diasporic traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-African_diasporic_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle African diasporic traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-African_diasporic_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haitian_Vodou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitian_Vodou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Haitian Vodou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitian_Vodou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umbanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umbanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Umbanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umbanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoodoo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoodoo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hoodoo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoodoo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mardi_Gras_Indians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mardi_Gras_Indians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mardi Gras Indians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mardi_Gras_Indians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asian traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asian_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asian traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yahwism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yahwism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Yahwism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yahwism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.3</span> <span>Shaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yin-yang_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yin-yang_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.4</span> <span>Yin-yang theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yin-yang_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ayurveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayurveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Ayurveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayurveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rajasthan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajasthan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Rajasthan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajasthan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_Nadu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_Nadu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Tamil Nadu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_Nadu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas_and_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas_and_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Americas and Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Americas_and_Caribbean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Americas and Caribbean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Americas_and_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-Caribbean_Shaktism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Caribbean_Shaktism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Indo-Caribbean Shaktism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Caribbean_Shaktism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanic_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Oceanic traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceanic_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceanic traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Melanesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melanesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Melanesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melanesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micronesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micronesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Micronesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micronesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>European traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_folk_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_folk_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Italian folk magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_folk_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shamanic_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shamanic_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Shamanic traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shamanic_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>New religious movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_religious_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New religious movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Scientific views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cultural anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Physical anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine_and_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine_and_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Medicine and psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine_and_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purported_demonic_possessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purported_demonic_possessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Purported demonic possessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purported_demonic_possessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besessenheit" title="Besessenheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Besessenheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δαιμονοληψία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαιμονοληψία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posesi%C3%B3n_espiritual" title="Posesión espiritual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Posesión espiritual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(anthropologie)" title="Possession (anthropologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Possession (anthropologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geastlike_besetting" title="Geastlike besetting – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Geastlike besetting" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%99%EC%9D%98" title="빙의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빙의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsjednu%C4%87e" title="Opsjednuće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opsjednuće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerasukan" title="Kerasukan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerasukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessione" title="Possessione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Possessione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96" title="איחוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איחוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megsz%C3%A1llotts%C3%A1g_(vall%C3%A1s)" title="Megszállottság (vallás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Megszállottság (vallás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerasukan" title="Kerasukan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerasukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa 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data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C4%99tanie" title="Opętanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opętanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possess%C3%A3o_espiritual" title="Possessão espiritual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Possessão espiritual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Одержимость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одержимость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posednutost" title="Posednutost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Posednutost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riivaus" title="Riivaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riivaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsapi_ng_demonyo" title="Pagsapi ng demonyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsapi ng demonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posesyon" title="Posesyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Posesyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Одержимість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одержимість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%ADp_h%E1%BB%93n" title="Nhập 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonic_possession&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">Demonic possession</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Purported control of a human body by spirits, ghosts, demons, or gods</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Obsession (Spiritism)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spirit possession</b> is an unusual or an <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered state of consciousness</a> and associated behaviors which are purportedly caused by the control of a human body and its functions by <a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">spirits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20058687_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20058687-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of spirit possession exists in many cultures and religions, including <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-new1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA" title="Dominican Vudú">Dominican Vudú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> traditions. Depending on the cultural context in which it is found, possession may be thought of as voluntary or involuntary and may be considered to have beneficial or detrimental effects on the host.<sup id="cite_ref-HAU_2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAU_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experience of spirit possession sometimes serves as evidence in support of belief in the existence of spirits, deities or demons.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1969 study funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a>, spirit-possession beliefs were found to exist in 74% of a sample of 488 societies in all parts of the world, with the highest numbers of believing societies in Pacific cultures and the lowest incidence among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_north_america" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of north america">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20058687_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20058687-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourguignonUcko1969_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourguignonUcko1969-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_church_(denomination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church (denomination)">Christian churches</a> move into both African and Oceanic areas, a merger of belief can take place, with demons becoming representative of the "old" indigenous religions, which Christian ministers attempt to <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2004a117–143_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2004a117–143-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organized_religions">Organized religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organized religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_laughter" title="Holy laughter">Holy laughter</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Exorcism in Christianity">Exorcism in Christianity</a></div> <p>From the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, adherents have held that possession derives from the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>) and demons. In the battle between Satan and <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>, Satan is believed to engage in "spiritual attacks", including <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a>, against human beings by the use of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> powers to harm them physically or psychologically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20058687_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20058687-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a> for deliverance, <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessings</a> upon the man or woman's house or body, <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exorcisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcisms">exorcisms</a> are generally used to drive the demon out. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Ángel Manuel Rodríguez">Ángel Manuel Rodríguez</a>, say that <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediums</a>, like the ones mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus 20">Leviticus 20</a>:27, were possessed by demons. Another possible case of demonic possession in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">false prophets</a> that King <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> relied upon before re-capturing <a href="/wiki/Ramoth-Gilead" title="Ramoth-Gilead">Ramoth-Gilead</a> in <a href="/wiki/1_Kings_22" title="1 Kings 22">1 Kings 22</a>. They were described as being empowered by a deceiving spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez19985–7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez19985–7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="New_Testament"></span> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> mentions several episodes in which <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus#Exorcisms" title="Miracles of Jesus">Jesus drove out demons from persons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst most Christians believe that demonic possession is an involuntary affliction,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalachi1976462_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalachi1976462-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some biblical verses have been interpreted as indicating that possession can be voluntary. For example, Alfred Plummer writes that when Devil entered into <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> in <a href="/wiki/John_13" title="John 13">John 13</a>:27, this was because Judas had continually agreed to Satan's suggestions to betray <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and had wholly submitted to him.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> indicates that people can be possessed by demons, but that the demons respond and submit to Jesus Christ's authority: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, there was a man possessed by a demon, an evil spirit. He cried out at the top of his voice, "Ha! What do you want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God!" "Be quiet!" Jesus said sternly. "Come out of him!" Then the demon threw the man down before them all and came out without injuring him. All the people were amazed and said to each other, "What is this teaching? With authority and power he gives orders to evil spirits and they come out!" And the news about him spread throughout the surrounding area</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luke 4:33–35<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>It also indicates that demons can possess animals as in the <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Gerasene_demoniac" title="Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac">exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Catholicism"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism in the Catholic Church</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic doctrine">Roman Catholic doctrine</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> are <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">non-corporeal</a>, spiritual beings<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with intelligence and <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, are able to "demonically possess" individuals without the victim's knowledge or consent, leaving them morally blameless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmorth199933_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmorth199933-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Old_Testament"></span> The <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> says that there is only one apparent case of demonic possession in the Old Testament, of King <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> being tormented by an "evil spirit" (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel#1_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1 Samuel</a> 16:14), but this depends on interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word "<i>rûah</i>" as implying a personal influence which it may not; as a result, even this example is described as "not very certain". In addition, Saul was only described to be tormented, rather than possessed, and he was relieved from these torments by having <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> play the <a href="/wiki/Kinnor" title="Kinnor">lyre</a> to him.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottheinrich_Folio018v_Mt8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ottheinrich_Folio018v_Mt8F.jpg/260px-Ottheinrich_Folio018v_Mt8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ottheinrich_Folio018v_Mt8F.jpg/390px-Ottheinrich_Folio018v_Mt8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ottheinrich_Folio018v_Mt8F.jpg/520px-Ottheinrich_Folio018v_Mt8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2462" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>Exorcism of the Gerasene Demonaic</figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic exorcists differentiate between "ordinary" Satanic/demonic activity or influence (mundane everyday <i>temptations</i>) and "extraordinary" Satanic/demonic activity, which can take six different forms, ranging from complete control by Satan or demons to voluntary submission:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmorth199933_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmorth199933-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Possession, in which Satan or demons take full possession of a person's body without their consent. This possession usually comes as a result of a person's actions; actions that lead to an increased susceptibility to Satan's influence.</li> <li>Obsession, which typically influences dreams. It includes sudden attacks of irrationally <a href="/wiki/Obsessive_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive thought">obsessive thoughts</a>, usually culminating in <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal ideation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a>, in which there is no loss of consciousness or involuntary action, such as in the biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> was tormented by Satan through a series of misfortunes in business, material possessions, family, and health.</li> <li>External physical pain caused by Satan or demons.</li> <li>Infestation, which affects houses, objects/things, or animals; and</li> <li>Subjection, in which a person voluntarily submits to Satan or demons.</li></ol> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a>, true demonic or Satanic possession has been characterized since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, by the following four typical characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200725_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200725-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaglio2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaglio2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Superhuman_strength" title="Superhuman strength">superhuman strength</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a> or languages that the victim cannot know.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, distant or hidden, that the victim cannot know.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">Blasphemous</a> rage, <a href="/wiki/Obscene_gesture" title="Obscene gesture">obscene hand gestures</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a> and an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/aversion" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/aversion">aversion</a> to holy symbols, names, <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> or places.</li></ol> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> states, "<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_authorities" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ecclesiastical authorities">Ecclesiastical authorities</a> are reluctant to admit diabolical possession in most cases, because many can be explained by physical or mental illness alone. Therefore, medical and psychological examinations are necessary before the performance of major <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>. The standard that must be met is that of moral certitude (<i>De exorcismis</i>, 16). For an exorcist to be morally certain, or beyond reasonable doubt, that he is dealing with a genuine case of demonic possession, there must be no other reasonable explanation for the phenomena in question".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> doctrine affirms that demonic possession can occur as distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetzley2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetzley2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but stresses that cases of mental illness should not be misdiagnosed as demonic influence. Catholic exorcisms can occur only under the authority of a <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishop</a> and in accordance with strict rules; a simple exorcism also occurs during <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20058687_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20058687-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Reformed"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglican">Anglican</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anglican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infliction of demonic torment upon an individual has been chronicled in premodern <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> literature. In 1597, <a href="/wiki/King_James_VI_and_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King James VI and I">King James</a> discussed four methods of daemonic influence upon an individual in his book <a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren201969_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201969-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Spectra, being the haunting and troubling of certain houses or solitary places.</li> <li>Obsession, the following and outwardly torment of an individual at diverse hours to either weaken or cast diseases upon the body, as in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>.</li> <li>Possession, the entrance inwardly into an individual to beget uncontrollable fits, induce blasphemies,</li> <li>Faerie, being the influence those who voluntarily submit to consort, prophesy, or servitude.</li></ol> <p>King James attested that the symptoms derived from demonic possession could be discernible from natural diseases. He rejected the symptoms and signs prescribed by the Catholic church as vain (e.g. rage begotten from <a href="/wiki/Holy_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Water">Holy Water</a>, fear of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Cross</a>, etc.) and found the <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> rites to be troublesome and ineffective to recite. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites of the Catholic Church</a> to remedy the torment of demonic spirits were rejected as counterfeit since few possessed could be cured by them. In James' view: "It is easy then to understand that the casting out of Devils, is by virtue of fasting and prayer, and in-calling of the name of God, suppose many imperfections be in the person that is the instrument, as CHRIST himself teaches us (Mat. 7) of the power that false <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophets</a> all have cast out devils".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren201984–86_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201984–86-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the Christian church had offered suggestions on safeguarding one's home. Suggestions ranged from dousing a household with <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>, placing wax and herbs on thresholds to "ward off <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a> <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>", and avoiding certain areas of townships known to be frequented by witches and Devil worshippers after dark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200332–33_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200332–33-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afflicted persons were restricted from entering the church, but might share the shelter of the <a href="/wiki/Church_porch" title="Church porch">porch</a> with <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">lepers</a> and persons of offensive life. After the prayers, if quiet, they might come in to receive the bishop's blessing and listen to the <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>. They were fed daily and prayed over by the exorcists and, in case of recovery, after a fast of from 20 to 40 days, were admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, and their names and cures entered in the church records.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1603, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> forbade its clergy from performing exorcisms because of numerous fraudulent cases of demonic possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetzley2002_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetzley2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Baptist"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptist">Baptist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Baptist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2021, the Baptist Deliverance Study Group of the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Great Britain">Baptist Union of Great Britain</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a>, issued a "warning against occult spirituality following the rise in people trying to communicate with the dead". The commission reported that "becoming involved in activities such as Spiritualism can open up a doorway to great spiritual oppression which requires a Christian rite to set that person free".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowalter2021_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, Pastor Rick Morrow of Beulah Church in <a href="/wiki/Richland,_Missouri" title="Richland, Missouri">Richland, Missouri</a> gave a sermon in which he presented the cause of <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism</a> as, "the devil's attacked them, he's brought this infirmity upon them, he's got them where he wants them". He asserted that the cure for the <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental disorder</a> was prayer by claiming to "know a minister who has seen lots of kids that are autistic, that he cast that demon out, and they were healed, and then he had to pray and their brain was rewired and they were fixed."<sup id="cite_ref-FA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the pastor's community found his comment to be "derogatory toward individuals with certain disabilities." Their public outcry led to Morrow's resignation from the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_education" title="Board of education">school board</a> on which he was a member.<sup id="cite_ref-KY3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KY3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Evangelical"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evangelical">Evangelical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evangelical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In both <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">charismatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Christianity, exorcisms of demons are often carried out by individuals or groups belong to the <a href="/wiki/Deliverance_ministry" title="Deliverance ministry">deliverance ministries</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuneo1999_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuneo1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to these groups, symptoms of such possessions can include <a href="/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">chronic fatigue syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, addiction to <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETennant2001_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETennant2001-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Testament's description of people who had evil spirits includes a knowledge of future events (Acts 16:16) and great strength (Act 19:13–16),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others, and shows that those with evil spirits can speak of Christ (Mark 3:7–11).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Evangelical denominations believe that demonic possession is not possible if one has already professed their faith in Christ, because the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> already occupies the body and a demon cannot enter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various types of creatures, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">shayatin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">ʻafarit</a></i>, found within <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> culture, are often held to be responsible for spirit possession. Spirit possession appears in both <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a> and wider cultural tradition. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ifrit"></span><span class="anchor" id="Afarit"></span> Although opposed by some Muslim scholars, sleeping near a graveyard or a tomb is believed to enable contact with the <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a> of the dead, who visit the sleeper in dreams and provide hidden knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiemSchöller2004144_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiemSchöller2004144-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possession by <i>ʻafarit</i> (a vengeful ghost) are said to grant the possessed some supernatural powers, but it drives them insane as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermarck2014263–264_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermarck2014263–264-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Jinn"></span><span class="anchor" id="Geni"></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> are much more physical than spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChodkiewicz2012_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChodkiewicz2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle bodies</a>, which are composed of fire and air (<i>marijin min nar</i>), they are purported to be able to possess the bodies of humans. Such physical intrusion of the jinn is conceptually different from the whisperings of the devils.<sup id="cite_ref-Böttcher–2021_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Böttcher–2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> Since <i>jinn</i> are not necessarily evil, they are distinguished from cultural concepts of possession by devils/demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-KrenawiGraham1997211_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-KrenawiGraham1997211-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since such <i>jinn</i> are said to have <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam#Qadar_and_free_will" title="Predestination in Islam">free will</a>, they can have their own reasons to possess humans and are not necessarily harmful. There are various reasons given as to why a <i>jinn</i> might seek to possess an individual, such as falling in love with them, taking revenge for hurting them or their relatives, or other undefined reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERassool2015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERassool2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulkeleyAdamsDavis2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulkeleyAdamsDavis2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an intended possession, the covenant with the <i>jinn</i> must be renewed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaʻrūf20072_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaʻrūf20072-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soothsayers (<i>kāhin</i> pl. <i>kuhhān</i>), would use such possession to gain hidden knowledge. Inspirations from jinn by poets requires neither possession nor obedience to the jinn. Their relationship is rather described as mutual.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of jinn-possession is alien to the Quran and derives from pagan notions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widespread among Muslims and also accepted by most Islamic scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDein2013290–293_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDein2013290–293-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Aqida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqida">aqida</a></i> (theological doctrines) in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Ashari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashari">Ashari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Böttcher–2021_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Böttcher–2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharis</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taimiyya">ibn Taimiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim">ibn Qayyim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Böttcher–2021_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Böttcher–2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Maturidites" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidites">Maturidites</a> it is debated, as some accept it, but it has been challenged since the early years by Maturidite scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Rustughfan%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rustughfanī (page does not exist)">al-Rustughfanī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> are associated with substituting jinn-possession by devilish-whisperings, denying bodily possession altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Shaitan"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shayatin"></span> In contrast to <i>jinn</i>, the devils (<i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">shayatin</a></i>) are inherently evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeldon1908123–146_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeldon1908123–146-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a>, the father of the devils, dwells in the fires of hell, although not suffering wherein, he and his children try to draw people into damnation of hell.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devils don't physically possess people, they only tempt humans into sin by following their lower <i><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESells1996143_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESells1996143-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffel2005103_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffel2005103-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a> suggest that the devils whisper from within the human body, within or next to the <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">heart</a>, and so "devilish whisperings" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">waswās</i> <big>وَسْوَاس</big>) are sometimes thought of as a kind of possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzombathy2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzombathy2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike possession by <i>jinn</i>, the whispering of devils affects the soul instead of the body. </p><p>Demons (also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Div_(mythology)" title="Div (mythology)">div</a></i>), though part of the human conception, get stronger through acts of sin.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By acts of obedience (to God), they get weaker. Although a human might find pleasure in obeying the demons first, according to Islamic thought, the human soul can only be free if the demons are bound by the spirit (ruh).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufi literature, as in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar of Nishapur</a>, pay a lot of attention to how to bind the inner demons. Attar of Nishapur writes: "If you bind the <i>div</i>, you will set out for the royal pavilion with Solomon" and "You have no command over your self's kingdom [body and mind], for in your case the <i>div</i> is in the place of Solomon".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further links the demons to the story alluded in the Quran (38:34) that a demon replaced the prophet Solomon: one must behave like a triumphant 'Solomon' and chain the demons of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a></i> or lower self, locking the demon-prince into a 'rock', before the <i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">rūḥ</a></i> (soul) can make the first steps to the Divine.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Shedim"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dybbuk"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">Shedim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Shade (mythology)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></div> <p>Although forbidden in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, magic was widely practiced in the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a> and well documented in the period following the destruction of the Temple into the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries C.E.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohak2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohak2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWahlen200419_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWahlen200419-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_magical_papyri" title="Jewish magical papyri">Jewish magical papyri</a> were inscriptions on <a href="/wiki/Amulets" class="mw-redirect" title="Amulets">amulets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostraca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostraca">ostraca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Incantation bowls">incantation bowls</a> used in Jewish magical practices against <i>shedim</i> and other <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">unclean spirits</a>. According to the <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, Jewish methods of exorcism were described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy|wstitle=Exorcism_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy|wstitle=Exorcism-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>, a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>, wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_of_a_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration of a soul">transmigration of souls</a> seeking perfection. His disciples took his idea a step further, creating the idea of a <i>dybbuk</i>, a soul inhabiting a victim until it had accomplished its task or atoned for its sin.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>dybbuk</i> appears in Jewish folklore and literature, as well as in chronicles of Jewish life.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a>, a <i>dybbuk</i> is a disembodied spirit that wanders restlessly until it inhabits the body of a living person. The <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Baal Shem</a> could expel a harmful <i>dybbuk</i> through <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possession-trance and <a href="/wiki/Adorcism" title="Adorcism">adorcism</a> are also engaged with by some Jews. Notably, Ethiopian Jewish women may participate in <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">zār</a>, and Tuisinian Jewish women have a practice called Stambali.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stambali uses incense, music (traditionally performed by Black musicians from fraternal orders), dance, animal sacrifice, and large spreads of food to induce trance and to appease jinn which may be afflicting someone, and ceremonies may be regularly repeated by that person. Stambali is also sometimes done preventatively as part of wedding, bnei mitzvah, and housewarming festivities to ward away the evil eye. The afflictions of jinn may simply be buildups of emotional stress or more serious illness. During trance, the jinn enter the body, and the participants do not remember what occurred during trance afterwards. If a particular person has needed a Stambali ceremony organized, the jinn afflicting them will be asked what it wants as it possesses them. Usually requests involve clothes and an animal for sacrifice. The atmosphere is festive, and participants wear bright clothes and henna. Aside from musicians, the participants are all women. The dances and lyrics are improvised. Those seen as particularly susceptible to jinn affliction are the victims and perpetrators of aggression, those who are frightened, and those who may have the evil eye directed at them. Showers are also seen as particularly vulnerable places where a jinn may attach themselves to a person.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_traditions">African traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: African traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Africa">Central Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Congo"></span><span class="anchor" id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of the Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zebola" title="Zebola">Zebola</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a women's spirit possession dance ritual practised by certain ethnic groups of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. It is believed to have therapeutic qualities and has been noted in the West as a traditional form of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>. </p><p>It originated among the <a href="/wiki/Mongo_people" title="Mongo people">Mongo people</a> but is also practised among various ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage people</a> of Ethiopia, spirit possession is a common belief. William A. Shack postulated that it is caused by Gurage cultural attitudes about food and hunger, while they have a plentiful food supply, cultural pressures that force the Gurage to either share it to meet social obligations, or hoard it and eat it secretly cause feelings of anxiety. Distinctions are drawn between spirits that strictly possess men, spirits that possess women, and spirits that possess victims of either sex. A ritual illness that only affects men is believed to be caused by a spirit called <i>awre</i>. This affliction presents itself by loss of appetite, nausea, and attacks from severe stomach pains. If it persists, the victim may enter a trance-like stupor, in which he sometimes regains consciousness long enough to take food and water. Breathing is often labored. Seizures and trembling overcome the patient, and in extreme cases, partial paralysis of the extremities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShack197140–43_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShack197140–43-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the victim does not recover naturally, a traditional healer, or <i>sagwara</i>, is summoned. Once the <i>sagwara</i> has determined the spirit's name through the use of divination, he prescribes a routine formula to exorcise the spirit. This is not a permanent cure, it merely allows the victim to form a relationship with the spirit while subject to chronic repossession, which is treated by repeating the formula. This formula involves the preparation and consumption of a dish of <i><a href="/wiki/Ensete" title="Ensete">ensete</a></i>, butter, and red pepper. During this ritual, the victim's head is covered with a drape, and he eats the <i>ensete</i> ravenously while other ritual participants participate by chanting. The ritual ends when the possessing spirit announces that it is satisfied. Shack notes that the victims are overwhelmingly poor men, and that women are not as food-deprived as men, due to ritual activities that involve food redistribution and consumption. Shack postulates that the <i>awre</i> serves to bring the possessed man to the center of social attention, and to relieve his anxieties over his inability to gain prestige from redistributing food, which is the primary way in which Gurage men gain status in their society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShack197140–43_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShack197140–43-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The belief in spirit possession is part of the native culture of the <a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama people</a> of southwest <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologists</a> Irene and John Hamer postulated that it is a form of compensation for being deprived within Sidama society, although they do not draw from I.M. Lewis (see Cultural anthropology section under Scientific views). The majority of the possessed are women whose spirits demand luxury goods to alleviate their condition, but men can be possessed as well. Possessed individuals of both sexes can become healers due to their condition. Hamer and Hamer suggest that this is a form of compensation among deprived men in the deeply competitive society of the Sidama, for if a man cannot gain prestige as an <a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a>, warrior, or farmer, he may still gain prestige as a spirit healer. Women are sometimes accused of faking possession, but men never are.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamerHamer1966_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamerHamer1966-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Kenya"></span><b>Kenya</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ufufunyane" title="Ufufunyane">Saka</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Digo_people" title="Digo people">Digo people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> refer to the spirits that supposedly possess them as <i>shaitani</i>. These <i>shaitani</i> typically demand luxury items to make the patient well again. Despite the fact that men sometimes accuse women of faking the possessions in order to get luxury items, attention, and sympathy, they do generally regard spirit possession as a genuine condition and view victims of it as being ill through no fault of their own. Other men suspect women of actively colluding with spirits in order to be possessed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomm1975_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomm1975-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Giriama_people" title="Giriama people">Giriama people</a> of coastal Kenya believe in spirit possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Mayotte"></span><b>Mayote</b> </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, approximately 25% of the adult population, and five times as many women as men, enter trance states in which they are supposedly possessed by certain identifiable spirits who maintain stable and coherent identities from one possession to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambek1988710–731_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambek1988710–731-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Mozambique"></span><b>Mozambique</b> </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, a new belief in spirit possession appeared after the <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a>. These spirits, called <i>gamba</i>, are said to be identified as dead soldiers, and allegedly overwhelmingly possess women. Prior to the war, spirit possession was limited to certain families and was less common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIgrejaDias-LambrancaRichters2008353–371_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgrejaDias-LambrancaRichters2008353–371-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Uganda"></span><b>Uganda</b> </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, a woman named <a href="/wiki/Alice_Auma" title="Alice Auma">Alice Auma</a> was reportedly possessed by the spirit of a male Italian soldier named Lakwena ('messenger'). She ultimately led a failed insurrection against governmental forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1991370–399_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1991370–399-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Tanzania"></span><b>Tanzania</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_people" title="Sukuma people">Sukuma people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> believe in spirit possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner1955274–279_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner1955274–279-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A now-extinct spirit possession cult existed among the <a href="/wiki/Hadimu" title="Hadimu">Hadimu</a> women of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, revering a spirit called <i>kitimiri</i>. This cult was described in an 1869 account by a French missionary. The cult faded by the 1920s and was virtually unknown by the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpers1984677–702_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpers1984677–702-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amafufunyana" title="Amafufunyana">Amafufunyana</a></div> <ul><li>A belief in spirit possession appears among the <a href="/wiki/Xesibe" class="mw-redirect" title="Xesibe">Xesibe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>-speaking people from <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The majority of the supposedly possessed are married women. The condition of spirit possession among them is called <i>intwaso</i>. Those who develop the condition of <i>intwaso</i> are regarded as having a special calling to divine the future. They are first treated with sympathy, and then with respect as they allegedly develop their abilities to foretell the future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198221–37_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198221–37-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>One religion among <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a> of West Africa is that of <a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa animism</a>, in which belief in spirit possession is prevalent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_diasporic_traditions">African diasporic traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: African diasporic traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a> possessing spirits are not necessarily harmful or evil, but are rather seeking to rebuke misconduct in the living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerter1999187_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerter1999187-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possession by a spirit in the African diaspora and traditional African religions can result in healing for the person possessed and information gained from possession as the spirit provides knowledge to the one they possessed.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia_Press_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia_Press-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haitian_Vodou">Haitian Vodou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Haitian Vodou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> and related African diaspora religions, one way that those who participate or practice can have a spiritual experience is by being possessed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">Loa</a></i> (or <i>lwa</i>). When the <i>Loa</i> descends upon a practitioner, the practitioner's body is being used by the spirit, according to the tradition. Some spirits are believed to be able to give prophecies of upcoming events or situations pertaining to the possessed one, also called a <i>Chwal</i> or the "Horse of the Spirit". Practitioners describe this as a beautiful but very tiring experience. Most people who are possessed by the spirit describe the onset as a feeling of blackness or energy flowing through their body.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umbanda">Umbanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Umbanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of spirit possession is also found in <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> that has origins in <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a>. According to tradition, there is some guiding spirits that possess a voluntary person, this normally are made when there is a person that wants to ask for some guidance, when the person are possessed by a guiding spirit, the possessed person the give guidance to people that ask for consultation, they answer questions and sometimes explain rituals to help the consulting person to achieve their goals or solve problems in their life, exemples of such spirits are <a href="/wiki/Pomba_Gira" title="Pomba Gira">Pomba Gira</a> (female guardian spirit) or <a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Exú">Exu</a> (male guardian spirit), who possesses both women and males. According to the tradition everyone has a Pomba Gira and a Exu to can call for help and protection even if they don’t possess the person asking for help, and they can be called always the person feels necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes20081–21_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20081–21-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoodoo">Hoodoo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hoodoo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The culture of <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a> was created by African-Americans. There are regional styles to this tradition, and as African-Americans traveled, the tradition of Hoodoo changed according to African-Americans' environment. Hoodoo includes <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">reverence to ancestral spirits</a>, African-American <a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">quilt making</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal healing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Bakongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Igbo burial practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a> shouting, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jenkins_Community_Praise_House" title="Mary Jenkins Community Praise House">praise houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">snake reverence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">African-American churches</a>, spirit possession, some <a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_church_movement" title="Spiritual church movement">Black Spiritual churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">ring shout</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_cosmogram" title="Kongo cosmogram">Kongo cosmogram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a> water spirits, graveyard <a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">conjuring</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_spirit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossroads spirit (page does not exist)">crossroads spirit</a>, making <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conjure_cane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conjure cane (page does not exist)">conjure canes</a>, incorporating animal parts, pouring of <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libations</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_conjuring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bible conjuring (page does not exist)">Bible conjuring</a>, and conjuring in the African-American tradition. In Hoodoo, people become possessed by the Holy Ghost. Spirit possession in Hoodoo was influenced by <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">West African Vodun</a> spirit possession. As Africans were enslaved in the United States, the Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost) replaced the African gods during possession.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Spirit possession was reinterpreted in Christian terms."<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Georgia_Press_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Georgia_Press-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In African-American churches this is called being filled with the <a href="/wiki/Shout_(Black_gospel_music)" title="Shout (Black gospel music)">Holy Ghost</a>. "Walter Pitts (1993) has demonstrated the modern importance of 'possession' within African- American Baptist ritual, tracing the origins of the ecstatic state (often referred to as 'getting the spirit') to African possessions."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church members in Black Spiritual churches become possessed by spirits of deceased family members, the Holy Spirit, Christian saints, and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">biblical figures</a> from the Old and New Testament of the Bible. It is believed when people become possessed by these spirits they gain knowledge and wisdom and act as intercessors between people and God.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">William Edward Burghardt Du Bois</a> (W. E. B. Du Bois) studied African-American churches in the early twentieth century. Du Bois asserts that the early years of the Black church during slavery on plantations was influenced by Voodooism.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yowa_(b8b4e9d1-581f-4325-bc6b-e9ef5739ff33).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Yowa_%28b8b4e9d1-581f-4325-bc6b-e9ef5739ff33%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption>The Kongo cosmogram inspired the ring shout, a sacred dance in Hoodoo performed to become possessed by the Holy Spirit or ancestral spirits.</figcaption></figure> <p>Through counterclockwise circle dancing, ring shouters built up spiritual energy that resulted in the communication with ancestral spirits, and led to spirit possession. Enslaved African Americans performed the counterclockwise circle dance until someone was pulled into the center of the ring by the spiritual vortex at the center. The spiritual vortex at the center of the ring shout was a sacred spiritual realm. The center of the ring shout is where the ancestors and the Holy Spirit reside at the center.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ring Shout (a sacred dance in Hoodoo) in Black churches results in spirit possession. The Ring Shout is a counterclockwise circle dance with singing and clapping that results in possession by the Holy Spirit. It is believed when people become possessed by the Holy Spirit their hearts become filled with the Holy Ghost which purifies their heart and soul from evil and replace it with joy.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ring Shout in Hoodoo was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_cosmogram" title="Kongo cosmogram">Kongo cosmogram</a> a sacred symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Bantu-Kongo</a> people in Central Africa. It symbolizes the cyclical nature of life of birth, life, death, and rebirth (reincarnation of the soul). The Kongo cosmogram also symbolizes the rising and setting of the sun, the sun rising in the east and setting in the west that is counterclockwise, which is why ring shouters dance in a circle counterclockwise to invoke the spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mardi_Gras_Indians">Mardi Gras Indians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mardi Gras Indians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> the practice of spirit possession continues in the cultural traditions of <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_Indians" title="Mardi Gras Indians">Mardi Gras Indians</a>. Mardi Gras Indians are <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> that practice a masking creole tradition that combines Native American traditions from Louisiana, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_masks" title="Traditional African masks">West African masking</a> traditions, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_carnivals_around_the_world" title="List of Caribbean carnivals around the world">Afro-Caribbean carnival</a> practices. During Mardi Gras, some Black maskers wear masks and suits (regalia) to invite the spirits and gods to possess them. This is a continued African tradition of spirit communication and possession.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masking Indian "Big Chief" <a href="/wiki/Allison_Montana" title="Allison Montana">Allison Montana</a> said: "...You're dancing with a spirit, with a feeling. If there are five or six chiefs in my practice, I'll out dance all of them until they short-winded and they have to run outside looking for air. I'll still be on the dance floor soaking wet. Look like I can't stop. My duty was to out dance every one of them. I'm just dancing with a spirit. I'm not just dancing to be dancing."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asian_traditions">Asian traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Asian traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yahwism">Yahwism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Yahwism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are indications that trance-related practices might have played a role in the prophetic experiences of adherents of <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Martti_Nissinen" title="Martti Nissinen">Martti Nissinen</a>, Yahwist prophets may have received messages from the different gods and goddesses in the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite Religion">Yahwist Pantheon</a> through a state of trance possession. This theory can be reconstructed from <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian Mythology">Sumerian Mythology</a>, a similar theology to that of Yahwism, where the standard prophetic designations in the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a>, muḫḫûm/muḫḫūtum (masc./fem., Old Babylonian) and maḫḫû/maḫḫūtu (masc./fem., Neo-Assyrian), are derived from the Akkadian verb maḫû "to become crazy, to go into a frenzy."<sup id="cite_ref-nissinen_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nissinen-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to bible scholar Simon B. Parker, trance rituals may have occurred such as nudity or a less extreme alternative, a trance where the person to enter trance receives the god or spirit into their body.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further according to Nissinen, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, may contain evidence that trance-related practices may have been the origins of the Jewish traditions of <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism" title="Prophets in Judaism">prophetic messages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nissinen_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nissinen-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these instances may have been limited, with trance instead being a way of confirming divine appointment to a leadership position.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nissinen also recorded that music was an essential part to these trance-ceremonies in the Ancient Near-East and so it can be reconstructed it could have been found in Yahwism.<sup id="cite_ref-nissinen_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nissinen-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instruments such as the tambourine, harps, lyres, and flutes may have been utilized, as those were common instruments in Ancient Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with music, incense may have also been used, either as an offering, or to be used as an <a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">entheogen</a>, or possibly as both. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exorcisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcisms">Exorcisms</a> were also common. They can be reconstructed from both Medieval Jewish texts and texts from neighboring ancient cultures that practiced exorcisms. Exorcists acting almost like shamans would do rituals to exorcise one of a "demon" or evil spirit. According to Gina Konstantopoulos, a figure named an "Āshipu" acted as an exorcist in Mesopotamia and were trained in many fields of occultism, priesthood and herbalism.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As amulets (called teraphim) were also used in Yahwism to ward off evil spirits, it may also be reconstructed that there were people in Ancient Israel who acted as exorcists or shamans who would do specific rituals to ward off evil spirits. As mentioned previously, these may have included music, incense, prayers, and trance-rituals. According to Reimund Leicht, formulae was used ward off the evil, along with ritualistic sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Indian medical literature and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric Buddhist</a> scriptures, most of the "seizers", or those that threaten the lives of young children, appear in animal form: cow, lion, fox, monkey, horse, dog, pig, cat, crow, pheasant, owl, and snake. Apart from these "nightmare shapes", the impersonation or incarnation of animals can in some circumstances also be highly beneficial, according to Michel Strickmann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrickmann2002251_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrickmann2002251-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ch'i Chung-fu, a Chinese gynecologist writing early in the 13th century, wrote that in addition to five sorts of falling frenzy classified according to their causative factors, there were also four types of other frenzies distinguished by the sounds and movements given off by the victim during his seizure: cow, horse, pig, and dog frenzies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrickmann2002251_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrickmann2002251-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha,_resisting_the_demons_of_Mara,_Wellcome_V0046085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Buddha%2C_resisting_the_demons_of_Mara%2C_Wellcome_V0046085.jpg/240px-Buddha%2C_resisting_the_demons_of_Mara%2C_Wellcome_V0046085.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Buddha%2C_resisting_the_demons_of_Mara%2C_Wellcome_V0046085.jpg/360px-Buddha%2C_resisting_the_demons_of_Mara%2C_Wellcome_V0046085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Buddha%2C_resisting_the_demons_of_Mara%2C_Wellcome_V0046085.jpg/480px-Buddha%2C_resisting_the_demons_of_Mara%2C_Wellcome_V0046085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="2233" /></a><figcaption>Buddha, resisting the demons of Mara</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Māra"></span><span class="anchor" id="Mara"></span> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">māra</a></i>, sometimes translated as "demon", can either be a being suffering in the <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">hell realm</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2013_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2013-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a delusion.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Siddhartha became <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, He was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>, the embodiment of temptation, and overcame it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnard2006_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnard2006-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional Buddhism, four forms of <i>māra</i> are enumerated:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Kleśa-māra</i>, or <i> māra</i> as the embodiment of all <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">unskillful emotions</a>, such as greed, hate, and delusion.</li> <li><i>Mṛtyu-māra</i>, or <i>māra</i> as <a href="/wiki/Mrtyu" title="Mrtyu">death</a>.</li> <li><i>Skandha-māra</i>, or <i>māra</i> as <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for the entirety of conditioned existence.</li> <li><i>Devaputra-māra</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">deva</a> of the sensuous realm, who tried to prevent Gautama Buddha from attaining liberation from the <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">cycle of rebirth</a> on the night of the Buddha's enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It is believed that a <i>māra</i> will depart to a different realm once it is appeased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland2013_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland2013-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a></div> <p>Certain sects of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religious movements</a>, and other East Asian religions feature the idea of spirit possession. Some sects feature <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamans</a> who supposedly become possessed; <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediums</a> who allegedly channel beings' supernatural power; or <a href="/wiki/Enchanter_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanter (paranormal)">enchanters</a> are said to imbue or foster spirits within objects, like <a href="/wiki/Samurai_swords" class="mw-redirect" title="Samurai swords">samurai swords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxtobyAmore2010256–319_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxtobyAmore2010256–319-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hong Kong film <i>Super Normal II</i> (<i>大迷信</i>, 1993) shows the true famous story of a young lady in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> who possesses the dead body of a married woman to live her pre-determined remaining life.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is still serving in the Zhen Tian Temple in <a href="/wiki/Yunlin_County" title="Yunlin County">Yunlin County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="China"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_spirit_possession" title="Chinese spirit possession">Chinese spirit possession</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Background">Background</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is a country where 73.56% of the population is defined as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>/unaffiliated (nonreligion). Therefore, the Chinese population's knowledge of spirit possession is not majorly obtained from religion. Instead, the concept is spread through fairy tales/folk tales and literary works of its traditional culture. In essence, the concept of soul possession has penetrated into all aspects of Chinese life, from people's superstitions, folk taboos, and funeral rituals, to various ghost-themed literary works, and has continued to spread to people's lives today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Development">Development</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spirit possession in China was prominent until the Communist takeover in the 1950s and most of the data gathered on this topic will be from the late 18th century. Some Chinese believe that illnesses to man is due to the possession of an evil yin spirit (kuei). These evil spirits become such when the deceased are not worshiped by the family, they have died unexpectedly, or did not follow Confucius's ideals of filial piety and ancestral reverence accordingly. These evil spirits cause unexplainable disasters, agricultural shocks and possessions. Disease is the cause of the supernatural where they do not have control over. Usually in the writings about this, the healers are the ones being described with detail, not so much the patient. Magical practices are sometimes what spirit possession is referred to as. It is very hard to distinguish between the religion, magic and local traditions. This is because many times, all three are fused together, so sometimes trying to distinguish between them is hard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Shaman">Shaman</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Shaman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another type of spirit possession works through a <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a>, a prophet, healer and religious figure with the power to partially control spirits and communicate for them. Messages, remedies and even oracles are delivered through the shaman. This is sometimes used by people who would like to become important figures. Usually, shamans give guidance that reflects the customer's existing values.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Yin-yang_theory">Yin-yang theory</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Yin-yang theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The yin-yang theory is one of the most important bases and components of Chinese traditional culture. The yin-yang theory has penetrated into various traditional Chinese cultural things including calendar, astronomy, meteorology, Chinese medicine, martial arts, calligraphy, architecture, religion, feng shui, divination, etc. The yin-yang theory also applies to spirit possession. In general, one is considered to be "weak", when the yin and yang in the body are imbalanced, especially when the yin is on the dominant side. The spirits, which are categorized as the yin side, will then take control of these individuals with the imbalanced and yin-dominant situation more easily. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_(personator)" title="Shi (personator)">Shi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestor_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestor veneration">Chinese ancestor veneration</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people#Shamanism" title="Solon people">Shamanism of the Solon People</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangki">Tangki</a></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Japan"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misaki#Spirit_possession" title="Misaki">Misaki</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ayurveda"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ayurveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bhūtavidyā</i>, the exorcism of possessing spirits, is traditionally one of the <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda#Eight_components" title="Ayurveda">eight limbs of Ayurveda</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Rajasthan"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rajasthan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of spirit possession exists in the culture of modern <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>. Some of the spirits allegedly possessing Rajasthanis are seen as good and beneficial, while others are seen as malevolent. The good spirits are said to include murdered royalty, the underworld god <a href="/wiki/Bhaironji" title="Bhaironji">Bhaironji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> saints and fakirs. Bad spirits are believed to include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The supposedly possessed individual is referred to as a <i>ghorala</i>, or "mount". Possession, even if by a benign spirit, is regarded as undesirable, as it is seen to entail loss of self-control, and violent emotional outbursts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass200232–64_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass200232–64-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Tamik_Nadu"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil_Nadu">Tamil Nadu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tamil Nadu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> women in India are said to experience possession by <i>peye</i> spirits. According to tradition, these spirits overwhelmingly possess new brides, are usually identified as the ghosts of young men who died while romantically or sexually frustrated, and are ritually exorcised. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabokov1997297–316_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabokov1997297–316-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Sri_Lanka"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coast_Veddas" title="Coast Veddas">Coast Veddas</a>, a social group within the minority group of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil people">Sri Lankan Tamil people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province, Sri Lanka</a>, enter trances during religious festivals in which they are regarded as being possessed by a spirit. Although they speak a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialect">Tamil</a>, during trances they will sometimes use a mixed language that contains words from the <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDart199083_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDart199083-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Indonesia"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bali, the animist traditions of the island include a practice called <i><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang" title="Sanghyang">sanghyang</a></i>, induction of voluntary possession trance states for specific purposes. Roughly similar to voluntary possession in <a href="/wiki/Vaudon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaudon">Vaudon</a> (Voodoo), <i>sanghyang</i> is considered a sacred state in which <a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">hyangs</a> (deities) or helpful spirits temporarily inhabit the bodies of participants. The purpose of sanghyang is believed to be to cleanse people and places of evil influences and restore spiritual balance. Thus, it is often referred to as an exorcism ceremony.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Sulawesi, the women of the <a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> practice a possession-trance ritual in which they smother glowing embers with their bare feet at the climax. The fact that they are not burned in the process is considered proof of the authenticity of the possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroch1985262–282_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroch1985262–282-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influenced by the religion of Islam, among the several spirits in Indonesian belief are demons (<i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">setan</a></i>), composed of fire, prone to anger and passion. They envy humans for their physical body, and try to gain control of it. When they assault a human, they would intrude their mind, trying to displace the human spirit. The human's mind would adapt to the passions of anger, violence, irrationality and greed, the intruding demon is composed of. The demon is believed to alter the person, giving him supernatural attributes, like strength of many men, ability to appear in more than one place, or assume the form of an animal, such as a tiger or a pig, or to kill without touching. Others become lunatics, resembling epilepsy. In extreme cases, the presence of the demon may alter the condition of the body, matching its own spiritual qualities, turning into a <i><a href="/wiki/Raksasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Raksasha">raksasha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Malaysia"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female workers in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> factories have allegedly become possessed by spirits, and factory owners generally regard it as <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a> and an intrusion of irrational and archaic beliefs into a modern setting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOng198828–42_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOng198828–42-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Aihwa_Ong" title="Aihwa Ong">Aihwa Ong</a> noted that spirit possession beliefs in Malaysia were typically held by older, married women, whereas the female factory workers are typically young and unmarried. She connects this to the rapid industrialization and modernization of Malaysia. Ong argued that spirit possession is a traditional way of rebelling against authority without punishment, and suggests that it is a means of protesting the untenable working conditions and sexual harassment that the women were compelled to endure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOng198828–42_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOng198828–42-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Americas_and_Caribbean">The Americas and Caribbean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: The Americas and Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Caribbean_Shaktism">Indo-Caribbean Shaktism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Indo-Caribbean Shaktism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Indo-Caribbean Madrasi Religion</a>, a state of trance-possession known as "Sami Aduthal" in Tamil and as a "manifestation" in English occurs whence a devotee enters a trance state after praying. It is an essential part to Indo-Caribbean Shakti ceremonies, being accompanied by Tappu drumming, the singing of devotional songs, and the drumming of <a href="/wiki/Udukai" title="Udukai">Udukai</a> drums. </p><p>Ceremonies called Pujas often include the drumming of three to five <a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">tappu</a> to invoke the deity to the space.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, the head pujari receives the God or Goddess into their body, acting as a medium. A mixture of water, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> powder, and <a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">neem</a> leaves are poured onto the medium, as it is believed that the God's energy heats up the body while the water and turmeric with the neem leaves cools it down again.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puja services are often held once a week. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanic_traditions">Oceanic traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Oceanic traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melanesia">Melanesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Melanesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Urapmin_people" title="Urapmin people">Urapmin people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a> practice a form of group possession known as the "spirit disco" (<a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tok Pisin language">Tok Pisin</a>: <i lang="tpi">spirit disko</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men and women gather in church buildings, dancing in circles and jumping up and down while women sing Christian songs; this is called "pulling the [Holy] spirit" (Tok Pisin: <i lang="tpi">pulim spirit</i>, <a href="/wiki/Urapmin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urapmin language">Urap</a>: <span title="Urapmin-language text"><i lang="urm">Sinik dagamin</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2004b284_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2004b284-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs' melodies are borrowed from traditional women's songs sung at drum dances (Urap: <span title="Urapmin-language text"><i lang="urm">wat dalamin</i></span>), and the lyrics are typically in Telefol or other <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ok_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Ok languages">Mountain Ok languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2004b284_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2004b284-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If successful, some dancers will "get the spirit" (Tok Pisin: <i lang="tpi">kisim spirit</i>), flailing wildly and careening about the dance floor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an hour or more, those possessed will collapse, the singing will end, and the spirit disco will end with a prayer and, if there is time, a Bible reading and sermon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body is believed to normally be "heavy" (<span title="Urapmin-language text"><i lang="urm">ilum</i></span>) with sin, and possession is the process of the Holy Spirit throwing the sins from one's body, making the person "light" (<span title="Urapmin-language text"><i lang="urm">fong</i></span>) again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a completely new ritual for the Urapmin, who have no indigenous tradition of spirit-possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316_115-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins1998299–316-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micronesia">Micronesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Micronesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of spirit possession appears in <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk State</a>, one of the four states of <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>. Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly Christian society, traditional beliefs in spirit possession by the dead still exist, usually held by women, and "events" are usually brought on by family conflicts. The supposed spirits, speaking through the women, typically admonish family members to treat each other better.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHezel1993_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHezel1993-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_traditions">European traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: European traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_folk_magic">Italian folk magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Italian folk magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In traditional Italian folk magic spirit possessions are not uncommon. It is known in this culture that a person may be possessed by multiple entities at once. The way to be rid of the spirit(s) would be to call for a <i>curatore, guaritore</i> or <i>pratico</i> which all translate to healer or knowledgeable one from Italian. These healers would perform sacred rituals to be rid of the spirits; the rituals are passed down through generations and vary based on the region in Italy. It is said that for many Italian rituals specifically those to be rid of negative spirits, that the information may only be shared on Christmas Eve (specifically for <i>il malocchio</i>). If the family is religious they may even call in a priest to perform a traditional catholic exorcism on the spirit(s).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shamanic_traditions">Shamanic traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Shamanic traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Beliefs" title="Shamanism">Shamanism § Beliefs</a></div> <p>Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner who is believed to interact with a spirit world through <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered states of consciousness</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of this is usually to direct these spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world, for healing or another purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_religious_movements">New religious movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: New religious movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicca">Wicca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a> believe in voluntary possession by the <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a>, connected with the sacred ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(ritual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawing Down the Moon (ritual)">Drawing Down the Moon</a>. The high priestess solicits the Goddess to possess her and speak through her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_views">Scientific views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Scientific views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_anthropology">Cultural anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Cultural anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The works of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rouch" title="Jean Rouch">Jean Rouch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dieterlen" title="Germaine Dieterlen">Germaine Dieterlen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Griaule" title="Marcel Griaule">Marcel Griaule</a> have been extensively cited in research studies on possession in <a href="/wiki/Western_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Africa">Western Africa</a> that extended to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and North America due to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueiroz2012184–211_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueiroz2012184–211-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Heusch2007365–386_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Heusch2007365–386-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anthropologist I.M. Lewis noted that women are more likely to be involved in spirit possession cults than men are, and postulated that such cults act as a means of compensation for their exclusion from other spheres within their respective cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966307–329_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966307–329-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_anthropology">Physical anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Physical anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Alice_Beck_Kehoe" title="Alice Beck Kehoe">Alice B. Kehoe</a> and Dody H. Giletti argued that the reason that women are more commonly seen in <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasian</a> spirit possession cults is because of deficiencies in <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">niacin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>. They argued that a combination of poverty and diet cause this problem, and that it is exacerbated by the strains of pregnancy and lactation. They postulated that the involuntary symptoms of these deficiencies affecting their nervous systems have been institutionalized as spirit possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeGiletti1981549–561_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeGiletti1981549–561-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine_and_psychology">Medicine and psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Medicine and psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">Culture-bound syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_mentality" title="Bicameral mentality">Bicameral mentality</a></div> <p>Spirit possession of any kind, including demonic, is just one <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> or medical diagnosis recognized by the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> or the <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>: "F44.3 Trance and possession disorders".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson1981129–134_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson1981129–134-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In clinical psychiatry, trance and possession disorders are defined as "states involving a temporary loss of the sense of personal identity and full awareness of the surroundings" and generally classed as a type of dissociative disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhavsarVentriglioDinesh2016551–559_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhavsarVentriglioDinesh2016551–559-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People alleged to be possessed by spirits sometimes exhibit symptoms similar to those associated with <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illnesses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">derealization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogen</a> abuse, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">catatonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourette%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourette's syndrome">Tourette's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-How_Exorcism_Works_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_Exorcism_Works-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinHillAttias199094–101_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinHillAttias199094–101-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerracutiSaccoLazzari1996525–539_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerracutiSaccoLazzari1996525–539-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including involuntary, uncensored behavior, and an extra-human, extra-social aspect to the individual's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrickmann200265_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrickmann200265-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not uncommon to ascribe the experience of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a> to demonic possession, although it's not a physical or mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyerstein1995544–552_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyerstein1995544–552-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have found that alleged demonic possessions can be related to trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraitmayerHeckerVan_Duijl2015_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraitmayerHeckerVan_Duijl2015-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In entry article on <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> states, "possession-form identities in dissociative identity disorder typically manifest as behaviors that appear as if a 'spirit,' supernatural being, or outside person has taken control such that the individual begins speaking or acting in a distinctly different manner".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptoms vary across cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhavsarVentriglioDinesh2016551–559_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhavsarVentriglioDinesh2016551–559-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DSM-5 indicates that personality states of dissociative identity disorder may be interpreted as possession in some cultures, and instances of spirit possession are often related to traumatic experiences—suggesting that possession experiences may be caused by mental distress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraitmayerHeckerVan_Duijl2015_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraitmayerHeckerVan_Duijl2015-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases of dissociative identity disorder in which the <a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">alter</a> personality is questioned as to its identity, 29 percent are reported to identify themselves as demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlendsson2003_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlendsson2003-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 19th century term for a mental disorder in which the patient believes that they are possessed by demons or evil spirits is demonomania or cacodemonomanis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2009_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2009-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have expressed concern that belief in demonic possession can limit access to health care for the mentally ill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaranci2014_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaranci2014-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purported_demonic_possessions">Purported demonic possessions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Purported demonic possessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In chronological order: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Brossier" title="Martha Brossier">Martha Brossier</a> (1578)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence_possessions" title="Aix-en-Provence possessions">Aix-en-Provence possessions</a> (1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c.#Demonic_possession" title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Mademoiselle Elizabeth de Ranfaing</a> (1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudun_possessions" title="Loudun possessions">Loudun possessions</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Talbye_trial" title="Dorothy Talbye trial">Dorothy Talbye trial</a> (1639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louviers_possessions" title="Louviers possessions">Louviers possessions</a> (1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Possession_of_Elizabeth_Knapp" class="mw-redirect" title="The Possession of Elizabeth Knapp">The Possession of Elizabeth Knapp</a> (1671)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lukins" title="George Lukins">George Lukins</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Blumhardt" title="Johann Blumhardt">Gottliebin Dittus</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gay" title="Antoine Gay">Antoine Gay</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Blumhardt" title="Johann Blumhardt">Johann Blumhardt</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Germana_Cele" title="Clara Germana Cele">Clara Germana Cele</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_Roland_Doe" title="Exorcism of Roland Doe">Exorcism of Roland Doe</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Michel" title="Anneliese Michel">Anneliese Michel</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Taylor_(demoniac)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Taylor (demoniac)">Michael Taylor</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Cheyenne_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Arne Cheyenne Johnson">Arne Cheyenne Johnson</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacu_exorcism" title="Tanacu exorcism">Tanacu exorcism</a> (2005)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorcism" title="Adorcism">Adorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_hopping" title="Body hopping">Body hopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness" title="Divine madness">Divine madness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_spirit-possession_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Maroon spirit-possession language">Jamaican Maroon spirit-possession language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exorcists" title="List of exorcists">List of exorcists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Sexuality in Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_spouse" title="Spirit spouse">Spirit spouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualist Church">Spiritualist Church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Memoirs_and_Confessions_of_a_Justified_Sinner" title="The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner">The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">Unclean spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk-in_(concept)" title="Walk-in (concept)">Walk-in</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20058687-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20058687_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20058687_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20058687_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20058687_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2005">Jones (2005)</a>, p. 8687.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-new1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark 5:9, Luke 8:30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAU_2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAU_2021_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSantiago2021" class="citation journal cs1">Santiago, Christopher (Autumn 2021). Costa, Luiz; Ferme, Marianne; Kaur, Raminder; Kipnis, Andrew B. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F715812">"Twilight states: Comparing case studies of hysteria and spirit possession"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HAU:_Journal_of_Ethnographic_Theory" title="HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory">HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory</a></i>. <b>11</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 635–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F715812">10.1086/715812</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2049-1115">2049-1115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HAU%3A+Journal+of+Ethnographic+Theory&rft.atitle=Twilight+states%3A+Comparing+case+studies+of+hysteria+and+spirit+possession&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=635-659&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F715812&rft.issn=2049-1115&rft.aulast=Santiago&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F715812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Eyghen2023" class="citation book cs1">Van Eyghen, Hans (14 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDT-EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Epistemology of Spirit Beliefs</i></a>. Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. pp. 118, 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003281139" title="Special:BookSources/9781003281139"><bdi>9781003281139</bdi></a>. <q>Regarding an experience as a possession-experience can serve a psychological need and be veridical at the same time. [...] [...] possession-experiences [...] can [...] provide prima facie justification for a set of beliefs regarding spirits and their natures.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistemology+of+Spirit+Beliefs&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.pages=118%2C+127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft.isbn=9781003281139&rft.aulast=Van+Eyghen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDT-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourguignonUcko1969-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourguignonUcko1969_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourguignonUcko1969">Bourguignon & Ucko (1969)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2004a117–143-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2004a117–143_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobbins2004a">Robbins (2004a)</a>, pp. 117–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez19985–7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez19985–7_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez1998">Rodríguez (1998)</a>, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2019&version=NIV">"The New Testament"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=The+New+Testament&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DActs%252019%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalachi1976462-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalachi1976462_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalachi1976">Malachi (1976)</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/john/13.htm">"John 13:27"</a>. <i>Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</i> – via Bible Hub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Bible+for+Schools+and+Colleges&rft.atitle=John+13%3A27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fcambridge%2Fjohn%2F13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%204:33–35">Luke 4:33–35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, paragraph 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmorth199933-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmorth199933_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmorth199933_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmorth1999">Amorth (1999)</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. 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Lexington Books. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498530361" title="Special:BookSources/9781498530361"><bdi>9781498530361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.+E.+B.+Du+Bois+and+the+Sociology+of+the+Black+Church+and+Religion%2C+1897%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781498530361&rft.aulast=Wortham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopY-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dvoodooism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucks2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hucks (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RYs-Z6AdpQC&pg=PA20">"African-Derived American Religions"</a>. <i>Religion and American Cultures an Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions · Volume 1</i>: 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576072387" title="Special:BookSources/9781576072387"><bdi>9781576072387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+and+American+Cultures+an+Encyclopedia+of+Traditions%2C+Diversity%2C+and+Popular+Expressions+%C2%B7+Volume+1&rft.atitle=African-Derived+American+Religions&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781576072387&rft.au=Hucks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RYs-Z6AdpQC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazzard-Donald2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol4no6/4.6-11HoodooReligion.pdf">"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Pan African Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 203<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pan+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Hoodoo+Religion+and+American+Dance+Traditions%3A+Rethinking+the+Ring+Shout&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=203&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hazzard-Donald&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpanafrican.org%2Fdocs%2Fvol4no6%2F4.6-11HoodooReligion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1990" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, C. Eric (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_oSBFOgzJYC&q=possessed%20by%20the%20Holy%20Ghost"><i>The Black Church in the African American Experience</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 5–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822310730" title="Special:BookSources/9780822310730"><bdi>9780822310730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Church+in+the+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=5-8&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780822310730&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=C.+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_oSBFOgzJYC%26q%3Dpossessed%2520by%2520the%2520Holy%2520Ghost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollitzer2005" class="citation book cs1">Pollitzer, William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2efDSQdNq-cC&q=possession"><i>The Gullah People and Their African Heritage</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 8, 138, 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820327839" title="Special:BookSources/9780820327839"><bdi>9780820327839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gullah+People+and+Their+African+Heritage&rft.pages=8%2C+138%2C+142&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780820327839&rft.aulast=Pollitzer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2efDSQdNq-cC%26q%3Dpossession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuckey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stuckey, Sterling (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20064125">"Reflections on the Scholarship of African Origins and Influence in American Slavery"</a>. <i>The Journal of African American History</i>. <b>91</b> (4): 438–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FJAAHv91n4p425">10.1086/JAAHv91n4p425</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20064125">20064125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140776130">140776130</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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However, the fact that all of these sources are generally dated from the third to fifth centuries and beyond requires us to exercise particular ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+impurity+of+spirits+in+the+Synoptic+Gospels&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wahlen&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2019" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Brett (2019). <i>The Annotated Daemonologie: A Critical Edition</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1532968914" title="Special:BookSources/978-1532968914"><bdi>978-1532968914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Daemonologie%3A+A+Critical+Edition&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1532968914&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestermarck2014" class="citation book cs1">Westermarck, Edward (2014). <i>Ritual and Belief in Morocco</i>. Routledge Revivals. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 263–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317912682" title="Special:BookSources/9781317912682"><bdi>9781317912682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+and+Belief+in+Morocco&rft.series=Routledge+Revivals&rft.pages=263-264&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317912682&rft.aulast=Westermarck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Tracy (2007). <i>The Vatican's Exorcists</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group#Current_imprints" title="Hachette Book Group">Warner Books</a>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vatican%27s+Exorcists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+possession" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template talk:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apport_(paranormal)" title="Apport (paranormal)">Apport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Correspondences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Correspondences">Cross-Correspondences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">Spirit guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">Spiritual healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Spirit obsession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Acorah" title="Derek Acorah">Derek Acorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Altea" title="Rosemary Altea">Rosemary Altea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bailey_(medium)" title="Charles Bailey (medium)">Charles Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangs_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangs Sisters">Bangs Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Besinnet" title="Ada Besinnet">Ada Besinnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Braude" title="Stephen E. Braude">Stephen E. Braude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(spiritualist)" title="Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)">Rosemary Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Browne" title="Sylvia Browne">Sylvia Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Collins" title="Doris Collins">Doris Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Cummins" title="Geraldine Cummins">Geraldine Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Worth" title="Patience Worth">Pearl Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Decker_(medium)" title="Frank Decker (medium)">Frank Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Brothers" title="Eddy Brothers">Eddy Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Edwards_(healer)" title="Harry Edwards (healer)">Harry Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward" title="John Edward">John Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eglinton" title="William Eglinton">William Eglinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Evans_(medium)" title="Colin Evans (medium)">Colin Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_sisters" title="Fox sisters">Fox sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Flint" title="Leslie Flint">Leslie Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ford_(psychic)" title="Arthur Ford (psychic)">Arthur Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Fry" title="Colin Fry">Colin Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_J._Garrett" title="Eileen J. Garrett">Eileen Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Goligher" title="Kathleen Goligher">Kathleen Goligher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Goold" title="Rita Goold">Rita Goold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Guzyk" title="Jan Guzyk">Jan Guzyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hare_(chemist)" title="Robert Hare (chemist)">Robert Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Harris" title="Alec Harris">Alec Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Higginson_(medium)" title="Gordon Higginson (medium)">Gordon Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)" title="Richard Hodgson (parapsychologist)">Richard Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home" title="Daniel Dunglas Home">Daniel Dunglas Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mme._d%27Esperance" title="Mme. d'Esperance">Elizabeth Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_O%27Delia_Diss_Debar" title="Ann O'Delia Diss Debar">Swami Laura Horos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Husk" title="Cecil Husk">Cecil Husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franek_Kluski" title="Franek Kluski">Franek Kluski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Osborne_Leonard" title="Gladys Osborne Leonard">Gladys Osborne Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Melzer" title="Heinrich Melzer">Heinrich Melzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_Mirabelli" title="Carmine Mirabelli">Carmine Mirabelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ward_Monck" title="Francis Ward Monck">Francis Ward Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usborne_Moore" title="William Usborne Moore">William Usborne Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Morgan-Richards" title="Lorin Morgan-Richards">Lorin Morgan-Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stainton_Moses" title="William Stainton Moses">William Stainton Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einer_Nielsen" title="Einer Nielsen">Einer Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Post-Parrish" title="Ethel Post-Parrish">Ethel Post-Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Van_Praagh" title="James Van Praagh">James Van Praagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Reese" title="Bert Reese">Bert Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Roberts" title="Estelle Roberts">Estelle Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy_(medium)" title="William Roy (medium)">William Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Schneider" title="Rudi Schneider">Rudi Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Silbert" title="Maria Silbert">Maria Silbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slade_(medium)" title="Henry Slade (medium)">Henry Slade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stokes" title="Doris Stokes">Doris Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Thompson" title="Rosina Thompson">Rosina Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_Tomczyk" title="Stanisława Tomczyk">Stanisława Tomczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ena_Twigg" title="Ena Twigg">Ena Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Valiantine" title="George Valiantine">George Valiantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Webber" title="Jack Webber">Jack Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Wriedt" title="Etta Wriedt">Etta Wriedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spiritualist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spiritualist organizations">List of Spiritualist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">Spiritualist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritist_centre" title="Spiritist centre">Spiritist centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Spiritualist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="London Spiritualist Alliance">London Spiritualist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritualist_Association_of_Churches" title="National Spiritualist Association of Churches">National Spiritualist Association of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualists%27_National_Union" title="Spiritualists' National Union">Spiritualists' National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_Association_of_Great_Britain" title="Spiritualist Association of Great Britain">Spiritualist Association of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_church_movement" title="Spiritual church movement">Spiritual church movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Findlay_College" title="Arthur Findlay College">Arthur Findlay College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Spiritualist_Federation" title="International Spiritualist Federation">International Spiritualist Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)" title="David Abbott (magician)">David Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_Beard" title="George Miller Beard">George Miller Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Ruth Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._Branson" title="L. H. Branson">Lionel Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Smith_Conklin" title="Edmund Smith Conklin">Edmund Smith Conklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millais_Culpin" title="Millais Culpin">Millais Culpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cumberland" title="Stuart Cumberland">Stuart Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hertz" title="Carl Hertz">Carl Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_LeFevre_Krebs" title="Stanley LeFevre Krebs">Stanley LeFevre Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mackenberg" title="Rose Mackenberg">Rose Mackenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudsley" title="Henry Maudsley">Henry Maudsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">Georgess McHargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Arthur Mercier">Charles Arthur Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">John Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Clephan_Palmer" title="E. Clephan Palmer">E. Clephan Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Ronald Pearsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_J._Proskauer" title="Julien J. Proskauer">Julien J. Proskauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">Donovan Rawcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Rinn" title="Joseph F. Rinn">Joseph F. Rinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. E. Bechhofer Roberts">C. E. Bechhofer Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Lloyd_Tuckett" title="Ivor Lloyd Tuckett">Ivor Lloyd Tuckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Forbes_Winslow" title="L. Forbes Winslow">Lyttelton Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782082#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782082#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782082#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1130054/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006019-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85126747">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932847t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932847t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573511">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX557762">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529399205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Possession (anthropologie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/191207675">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Possession (anthropologie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027243451">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&oldid=1258845975">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_possession&oldid=1258845975</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirit_possession" title="Category:Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Category:Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demonic_possession" title="Category:Demonic possession">Demonic possession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exorcism" title="Category:Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forteana" title="Category:Forteana">Forteana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurotheology" title="Category:Neurotheology">Neurotheology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal_terminology" title="Category:Paranormal terminology">Paranormal terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2019">Use dmy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tok_Pisin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tok Pisin-language text">Articles containing Tok Pisin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urapmin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urapmin-language text">Articles containing Urapmin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from November 2020">Articles with self-published sources from November 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 23:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a 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[\"CITEREFHoffman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHucks2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgrejaDias-LambrancaRichters2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslam,_F.Campbell,_R.A.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaranci2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehoeGiletti1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinnard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstantopoulos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrawietz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambek1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambek1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeicht2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisohn,_L.Shackle,_C.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalachi1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaʻrūf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeldon1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMircea_EliadeVilmos_Diószegi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNabokov1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNetzley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNissinen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpala\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxtobyAmore2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollitzer2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFQueiroz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRassool2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantiago2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSells1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShack1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalinsky,_Audrey_C.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShowalter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnodgrass2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomerSaadon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickmann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuckey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzombathy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennant2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Eyghen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVladimirovna2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahlen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2019\"] = 1,\n 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