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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relationship with Soviet Intelligence Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Soviet_Intelligence_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personnel_and_recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel_and_recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Personnel and recruitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel_and_recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infiltration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infiltration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Infiltration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infiltration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zersetzung_(Decomposition)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zersetzung_(Decomposition)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Zersetzung</i> (Decomposition)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zersetzung_(Decomposition)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fall of the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_of_Stasi_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_of_Stasi_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recovery of Stasi files</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recovery_of_Stasi_files-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recovery of Stasi files subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recovery_of_Stasi_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storming_the_Stasi_headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storming_the_Stasi_headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Storming the Stasi headquarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storming_the_Stasi_headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stasi_file_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stasi_file_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Stasi file controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stasi_file_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_down_former_Stasi_informers_with_recovered_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_down_former_Stasi_informers_with_recovered_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Tracking down former Stasi informers with recovered files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_down_former_Stasi_informers_with_recovered_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reassembling_destroyed_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reassembling_destroyed_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Reassembling destroyed files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reassembling_destroyed_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Museums-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Museums subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Berlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erfurt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erfurt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Erfurt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erfurt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dresden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dresden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Dresden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dresden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frankfurt-an-der-Oder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankfurt-an-der-Oder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Frankfurt-an-der-Oder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frankfurt-an-der-Oder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Gera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halle_(Saale)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halle_(Saale)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Halle (Saale)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halle_(Saale)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leipzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leipzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Leipzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leipzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magdeburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magdeburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Magdeburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magdeburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potsdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potsdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Potsdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potsdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rostock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rostock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.10</span> <span>Rostock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rostock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stasi_officers_after_the_reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stasi_officers_after_the_reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Stasi officers after the reunification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stasi_officers_after_the_reunification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stasi officers after the reunification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stasi_officers_after_the_reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruitment_by_Russian_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_by_Russian_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Recruitment by Russian companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_by_Russian_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Lobbying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stasi_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stasi_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Stasi agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stasi_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_informants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_informants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Alleged informants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_informants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stasi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="شتازي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شتازي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Etazi" title="Ştazi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ştazi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%94%D0%A0" title="Міністэрства дзяржаўнай бяспекі ГДР – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міністэрства дзяржаўнай бяспекі ГДР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A0" title="Міністэрства дзяржаўнай бясьпекі НДР – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міністэрства дзяржаўнай бясьпекі НДР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Щази – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Щази" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerium_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit" title="Ministerium für Staatssicherheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ministerium für Staatssicherheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Στάζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στάζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اشتازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشتازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Ministère de la Sécurité d'État – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ministère de la Sécurité d'État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88%EB%B6%80_(%EB%8F%99%EB%8F%85)" title="국가보안부 (동독) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가보안부 (동독)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi_(Jerman_Timur)" title="Stasi (Jerman Timur) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stasi (Jerman Timur)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99" title="שטאזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שטאזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="სახელმწიფო უშიშროების სამინისტრო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელმწიფო უშიშროების სამინისტრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llambiztons%C3%A1gi_Miniszt%C3%A9rium_(NDK)" title="Állambiztonsági Minisztérium (NDK) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állambiztonsági Minisztérium (NDK)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്റ്റാസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റാസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="シュタージ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュタージ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Pa%C5%84stwowego_NRD" title="Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Państwowego NRD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Państwowego NRD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%94%D0%A0" title="Министерство государственной безопасности ГДР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Министерство государственной безопасности ГДР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerium_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit" title="Ministerium für Staatssicherheit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ministerium für Staatssicherheit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Штази – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Штази" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministeriet_f%C3%B6r_statss%C3%A4kerhet" title="Ministeriet för statssäkerhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ministeriet för statssäkerhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ชตาซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชตาซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Штазі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штазі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stasis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Stasis (disambiguation)">Stasis</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Ministry for State Security</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ministerium für Staatssicherheit</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg/85px-Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg/128px-Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stasi-Museum_front_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stasi-Museum_front_view.png/220px-Stasi-Museum_front_view.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stasi-Museum_front_view.png/330px-Stasi-Museum_front_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stasi-Museum_front_view.png/440px-Stasi-Museum_front_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Stasi_Museum" title="Stasi Museum">Stasi Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1950<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1950-02-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">13 January 1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1990-01-13</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">Secret police</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lichtenberg_(locality)" title="Lichtenberg (locality)">Lichtenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schild und Schwert der Partei (shield and sword of the party)</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>91,015 regular</li> <li>174,000 informal<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mielke" title="Erich Mielke">Erich Mielke</a>, Longest Serving Director</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ministry for State Security</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ministerium für Staatssicherheit</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[minɪsˈteːʁiʊm<span class="wrap"> </span>fyːɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃtaːtsˌzɪçɐhaɪ̯t]</a></span>; abbreviated <b>MfS</b>), commonly known as the <b><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Stasi</span></span></b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃtaːziː]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/96\/De-Stasi.ogg\/De-Stasi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Stasi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/De-Stasi.ogg/De-Stasi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Stasi.ogg" title="File:De-Stasi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, an abbreviation of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatssicherheit</i></span>), was the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">state security service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> from 1950 to 1990. It was one of the most repressive police organisations in the world, infiltrating almost every aspect of life in East Germany, using torture, intimidation and a vast network of informants to crush dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The function of the Stasi in East Germany (the GDR) resembled that of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>,⁠ in that it served to maintain state authority and the position of the ruling party, in this case the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED). This was accomplished primarily through the use of a network of civilian informants who contributed to the arrest of approximately 250,000 people in East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also had a large elite paramilitary force, the <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky_Guards_Regiment" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment">Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment</a>, that served as its armed wing. Known as "the shield and the sword of the party," the Stasi locked up opponents of the regime. Officers tortured prisoners by isolating them, depriving them of sleep and using psychological tricks such as threatening to arrest relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stasi also conducted <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> and other clandestine operations outside the GDR through its subordinate foreign-intelligence service, the <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Reconnaissance" title="Main Directorate for Reconnaissance">Office of Reconnaissance</a>, or Head Office A (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung</i> or HVA). Its operatives also maintained contacts and occasionally cooperated with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stasi had its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>, with an extensive complex in <a href="/wiki/Lichtenberg_(locality)" title="Lichtenberg (locality)">Berlin-Lichtenberg</a> and several smaller facilities throughout the city. <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mielke" title="Erich Mielke">Erich Mielke</a>, the Stasi's longest-serving chief, controlled the organisation from 1957 to 1989 — 32 of the 40 years of the GDR's existence. The HVA, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf">Markus Wolf</a> from 1952 to 1986, gained a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> of 1989–1991, some former Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the surveillance files that the Stasi had maintained on millions of East Germans were <a href="/wiki/Declassified" class="mw-redirect" title="Declassified">declassified</a> so that all citizens could inspect their personal files on request. The <a href="/wiki/Stasi_Records_Agency" title="Stasi Records Agency">Stasi Records Agency</a> maintained the files until June 2021, when they became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" title="German Federal Archives">German Federal Archives</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MFS_Wappen_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MFS_Wappen_1.svg/180px-MFS_Wappen_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MFS_Wappen_1.svg/270px-MFS_Wappen_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MFS_Wappen_1.svg/360px-MFS_Wappen_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>First version</figcaption></figure><p>The Stasi was founded on 8 February 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Glees1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glees1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Zaisser" title="Wilhelm Zaisser">Wilhelm Zaisser</a> was the first Minister of State Security of the GDR, and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mielke" title="Erich Mielke">Erich Mielke</a> was his deputy. Zaisser tried to depose <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany">June 1953 uprising</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was instead removed by Ulbricht and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wollweber" title="Ernst Wollweber">Ernst Wollweber</a> thereafter. Following the June 1953 uprising, the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politbüro</a> decided to downgrade the apparatus to a State Secretariat and incorporate it under the Ministry of the Interior under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a>. The Minister of State Security simultaneously became a State Secretary of State Security. The Stasi held this status until November 1955, when it was restored to a ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollweber resigned in 1957 after clashes with Ulbricht and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>, and was succeeded by his deputy, Erich Mielke. </p><p>In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf">Markus Wolf</a> became head of the <a href="/wiki/General_Reconnaissance_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="General Reconnaissance Administration">Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung</a> (HVA) (Main Reconnaissance Administration), the foreign-intelligence section of the Stasi. As intelligence chief, Wolf achieved great success in penetrating the government, political and business circles of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> with spies. The most influential case was that of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume" title="Günter Guillaume">Günter Guillaume</a>, which led to the downfall of West German <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> in May 1974. In 1986, Wolf retired and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Grossmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Grossmann">Werner Grossmann</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Soviet_Intelligence_Services">Relationship with Soviet Intelligence Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship with Soviet Intelligence Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_information_dissemination" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc information dissemination">Eastern Bloc information dissemination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png/220px-Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png/330px-Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png/440px-Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>The Stasi identity card of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, who worked in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> as a KGB liaison officer to the Stasi<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although Mielke's Stasi was superficially granted independence in 1957, the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> continued to maintain liaison officers in all eight main Stasi directorates at the Stasi headquarters and in each of the fifteen district headquarters around the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a>. The Stasi had also been invited by the KGB to establish operational bases in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> to monitor visiting East German tourists. Due to their close ties with Soviet intelligence services, Mielke referred to the Stasi officers as "<a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Chekists</a>". The KGB used 'low-visibility harassment'<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to control the population, and repress politically incorrect people and dissidents. This could involve causing unemployment, social isolation, and inducing mental and emotional health problems. Such methods formed the basis of the Stasi's use of <i>Zersetzung</i> (trans. decomposition) which has been considered to be a perfected version.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, Mielke formally granted KGB officers in East Germany the same rights and powers that they enjoyed in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-koehler74_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler74-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> noted that KGB officer (and future <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a>) <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> worked in Dresden, from 1985 to 1989, as a liaison officer to the Stasi from the KGB.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Peskov" title="Dmitry Peskov">Dmitry Peskov</a> responded to the reports by stating that 'The KGB and the Stasi were partner intelligence agencies'.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_East_Germany" title="Censorship in East Germany">Censorship in East Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel_and_recruitment">Personnel and recruitment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personnel and recruitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Informal_collaborator" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal collaborator">Informal collaborator</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The ratio for the Stasi was one secret policeman per 166 East Germans. When the regular informers are added, these ratios become much higher: In the Stasi's case, there would have been at least one spy watching every 66 citizens! When one adds in the estimated numbers of part-time snoops, the result is nothing short of monstrous: one informer per 6.5 citizens. It would not have been unreasonable to assume that at least one Stasi informer was present in any party of ten or twelve dinner guests. Like a giant octopus, the Stasi's tentacles probed every aspect of life. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Jack_Koehler" title="Jack Koehler">John O. Koehler</a>, German-born American journalist<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-koehler8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_228_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_2005_228-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 people full-time, including 2,000 fully employed <a href="/wiki/Unofficial_collaborator" title="Unofficial collaborator">unofficial collaborators</a>, 13,073 soldiers and 2,232 officers of the GDR army,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with 173,081 unofficial informants inside the GDR<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,553 informants in West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regular commissioned Stasi officers were recruited from conscripts who had been honourably discharged from their 18 months' compulsory military service, had been members of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a>, had had a high level of participation in <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">the Party's youth wing's</a> activities and had been Stasi informers during their service in the Military. The candidates would then have to be recommended by their military unit <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political officers</a> and Stasi agents, the local chiefs of the District (<a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a>) Stasi and <a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">Volkspolizei</a> office, of the district in which they were permanently resident, and the District Secretary of the SED. These candidates were then made to sit through several tests and exams, which identified their intellectual capacity to be an officer, and their political reliability. University graduates who had completed their military service did not need to take these tests and exams. They then attended a two-year officer training programme at the Stasi college (<i><a href="/wiki/Hochschule" title="Hochschule">Hochschule</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>. Less mentally and academically endowed candidates were made ordinary technicians and attended a one-year technology-intensive course for non-commissioned officers. </p><p>By 1995, some 174,000 <a href="/wiki/Informal_collaborator" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal collaborator"><i>inoffizielle Mitarbeiter</i> (IMs)</a> Stasi informants had been identified, almost 2.5% of East Germany's population between the ages of 18 and 60.<sup id="cite_ref-koehler8_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Stasi#Using_John_Koehler_as_a_source" title="Talk:Stasi">discuss</a></i>]</sup> 10,000 IMs were under 18 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-koehler8_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an interview with <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a>, there could have been as many as 500,000 informers.<sup id="cite_ref-koehler8_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former Stasi Colonel who served in the counterintelligence directorate estimated that the figure could be as high as 2 million if occasional informants were included.<sup id="cite_ref-koehler8_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Stasi#Using_John_Koehler_as_a_source" title="Talk:Stasi">discuss</a></i>]</sup> There is significant debate about how many IMs were actually employed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infiltration">Infiltration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Infiltration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_entrance_to_the_Stasi_Museum_October_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Main_entrance_to_the_Stasi_Museum_October_2015.jpg/220px-Main_entrance_to_the_Stasi_Museum_October_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Main_entrance_to_the_Stasi_Museum_October_2015.jpg/330px-Main_entrance_to_the_Stasi_Museum_October_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Main_entrance_to_the_Stasi_Museum_October_2015.jpg/440px-Main_entrance_to_the_Stasi_Museum_October_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4410" data-file-height="3309" /></a><figcaption>The main entrance to the Stasi headquarters in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Full-time officers were posted to all major industrial plants (the extent of any surveillance largely depended on how valuable a product was to the economy)<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_228_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_2005_228-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one tenant in every apartment building was designated as a watchdog reporting to an area representative of the <a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">Volkspolizei</a> (Vopo). Spies reported every relative or friend who stayed the night at another's apartment. Tiny holes were drilled in apartment and hotel room walls through which Stasi agents filmed citizens with special video cameras. Schools, universities, and hospitals were extensively infiltrated,<sup id="cite_ref-koehler9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_club_(user_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer club (user group)">computer clubs</a> where teenagers exchanged Western video games.<sup id="cite_ref-gießler20181121_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gießler20181121-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stasi had formal categorizations of each type of informant, and had official guidelines on how to extract information from, and control, those with whom they came into contact.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roles of informants ranged from those already in some way involved in state security (such as the police and the armed services) to those in the dissident movements (such as in the arts and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church">Protestant Church</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_242–243_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_2005_242–243-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information gathered about the latter groups was frequently used to divide or discredit members.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Informants were made to feel important, given material or social incentives, and were imbued with a sense of adventure, and only around 7.7%, according to official figures, were coerced into cooperating. A significant proportion of those informing were members of the SED. Use of some form of blackmail was not uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_242–243_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_2005_242–243-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Stasi informants were tram conductors, janitors, doctors, nurses and teachers. Mielke believed that the best informants were those whose jobs entailed frequent contact with the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stasi's ranks swelled considerably after <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries signed the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki accords">Helsinki accords</a>, which GDR leader <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a> viewed as a grave threat to his regime because they contained language binding signatories to respect "human and basic rights, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and conviction".<sup id="cite_ref-koehler142_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler142-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of IMs peaked at around 180,000 in that year, having slowly risen from 20,000 to 30,000 in the early 1950s, and reaching 100,000 for the first time in 1968, in response to <i><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">protests worldwide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Stasi also acted as a proxy for the KGB to conduct activities in other Eastern Bloc countries, such as <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a>, where the Soviets were despised.<sup id="cite_ref-koehler76_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koehler76-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stasi infiltrated almost every aspect of GDR life. In the mid-1980s, a network of IMs began growing in both German states. By the time that East Germany collapsed in 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 employees and 173,081 informants.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one out of every 63 East Germans collaborated with the Stasi. By at least one estimate, the Stasi maintained greater surveillance over its own people than any secret police force in history.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Stasi employed one secret policeman for every 166 East Germans. By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> deployed one secret policeman per 2,000 people. As ubiquitous as this was, the ratios swelled when informers were factored in: counting part-time informers, the Stasi had one agent per 6.5 people. This comparison led Nazi hunter <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a> to call the Stasi even more oppressive than the Gestapo.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stasi agents infiltrated and undermined West Germany's government and spy agencies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some cases, spouses even spied on each other. A high-profile example of this was peace activist <a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Vera Lengsfeld</a>, whose husband, Knud Wollenberger, was a Stasi informant.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zersetzung_(Decomposition)"><span id="Zersetzung_.28Decomposition.29"></span><i>Zersetzung</i> (Decomposition)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zersetzung (Decomposition)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a></div> <p>The Stasi perfected the technique of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_harassment" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological harassment">psychological harassment</a> of perceived enemies known as <i>Zersetzung</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʦɛɐ̯ˈzɛtsʊŋ]</a></span>) – a term borrowed from chemistry which literally means "<a href="/wiki/Chemical_decomposition" title="Chemical decomposition">decomposition</a>". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The goal was to destroy secretly the self-confidence of people, for example by damaging their reputation, by organizing failures in their work, and by destroying their personal relationships. Considering this, East Germany was a very modern dictatorship. The Stasi didn't try to arrest every dissident. It preferred to paralyze them, and it could do so because it had access to so much personal information and to so many institutions. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Hubertus Knabe, German historian<sup id="cite_ref-ted.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ted.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>By the 1970s, the Stasi had decided that the methods of overt persecution that had been employed up to that time, such as arrest and torture, were too crude and obvious. Such forms of oppression were drawing significant international condemnation. It was realised that psychological harassment was far less likely to be recognised for what it was, so its victims, and their supporters, were less likely to be provoked into active resistance, given that they would often not be aware of the source of their problems, or even their exact nature. International condemnation could also be avoided. <i>Zersetzung</i> was designed to side-track and "switch off" perceived enemies so that they would lose the will to continue any "inappropriate" activities.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone who was judged to display politically, culturally, or religiously incorrect attitudes could be viewed as a "hostile-negative"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> force and targeted with <i>Zersetzung</i> methods. For this reason members of the Church, writers, artists, and members of youth sub-cultures were often the victims. Zersetzung methods were applied and further developed in a "creative and differentiated"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manner based upon the specific person being targeted i.e. they were tailored based upon the target's psychology and life situation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tactics employed under <i>Zersetzung</i> usually involved the disruption of the victim's private or family life. This often included psychological attacks, such as breaking into their home and subtly manipulating the contents, in a form of <a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">gaslighting</a> i.e. moving furniture around, altering the timing of an alarm, removing pictures from walls, or replacing one variety of tea with another etc. Other practices included property damage, sabotage of cars, travel bans, career sabotage, administering purposely incorrect medical treatment, <a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">smear campaigns</a> which could include sending falsified, compromising photos or documents to the victim's family, <a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">denunciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">provocation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_subversion" title="Psychological subversion">psychological subversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">wiretapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">bugging</a>, mysterious phone calls or unnecessary deliveries, even including sending a <a href="/wiki/Vibrator_(sex_toy)" title="Vibrator (sex toy)">vibrator</a> to a target's wife. Increasing degrees of unemployment and social isolation could and frequently did occur due to the negative psychological, physical, and social ramifications of being targeted.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, victims had no idea that the Stasi were responsible. Many thought that they were losing their minds, and mental breakdowns and suicide were sometimes the result. Direct physical attacks were not part of the process, even covertly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2000, the research group <i>Projektgruppe Strahlen</i> disputed claims that the Stasi had used <a href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">X-ray projection</a> against victims.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claims persisted, however, and in 2001 the Gauck Commission, a modern government agency investigating the activities of the Stasi, claimed that 'unusual non-medical X-ray machines'<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in political prisons could have been weapons and used to irradiate inmates. It was suspected that such exposure resulted in the deaths from cancer of a number of prominent dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One great advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> perpetrated under <i>Zersetzung</i> was that its relatively subtle nature meant that it was able to be <a href="/wiki/Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">plausibly denied</a>, including in diplomatic circles. This was important given that the GDR was trying to improve its international standing during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in conjunction with the <i>Ostpolitik</i> of West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> massively improving relations between the two German states. For these political and operational reasons <i>Zersetzung</i> became the primary method of repression in the GDR.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Stasi had more than 100,000 employees, 11,000 of which were in the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment, and the rest in the agency's various departments. The MfS was organized into more than 40 different departments and branches, known as <i>Hauptabteilungen</i> (Main Departments), each covering a different aspect of its work:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>HA I (<a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">NVA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Border_Troops_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic">Grenztruppen</a> internal security)</li> <li>HA II (Counterespionage, control of foreign embassies, internal MfS security, special events)</li> <li>HA III (Electronic suveillance)</li> <li>HA VI (Passport and border control, tourism security)</li> <li>HA VII (<a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">Volkspolizei</a> internal security)</li> <li>HA VIII (Investigations and surveillance, control of transit routes)</li> <li>HA IX (Internal investigations)</li> <li>HA XVIII (Economic, industrial and agricultural security)</li> <li>HA XIX (Traffic and communications )</li> <li>HA XX (Government internal security, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Germany" title="Politics of East Germany">political parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Germany" title="Christianity in East Germany">churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany#Sport" title="East Germany">sports</a>, youth groups, dissident movements)</li> <li>HA XXII (Counter-terrorist intelligence and riot control)</li> <li>HA Cadre (Training, personnel management and discipline)</li> <li>HA Personal (Party leadership protection)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Reconnaissance" title="Main Directorate for Reconnaissance">HVA</a> (Foreign intelligence and espionage)</li></ul> <ul><li>Abteilung X (Eastern European security collaboration)</li> <li>Abteilung XI (Central cipher service)</li> <li>Abteilung XIII (Central computer center)</li> <li>Abteilung XIV (Prisons and labor camps)</li> <li>Abteilung XVII (Border crossing permit offices in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>)</li> <li>Abteilung 26 (Telephone control and <a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">wiretapping</a>)</li> <li>MfS Legal Department</li> <li>Juristische Hochschule des MfS (College of Justice, MfS officer's school)</li> <li>Fachschule Gransee (Special School Gransee, MfS basic training)</li> <li>Zentraler Medizinischer Dienst in MfS (Central MfS medical service)</li> <li>Institute fuer Fremdsprachenausbildung (Foreign language training)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi_Arbeitsgruppe_des_Ministers_S" title="Stasi Arbeitsgruppe des Ministers S">Arbeitsgruppe des Ministers</a> (AGM, Ministerial Working Group, Internment and Special Forces)</li> <li>Arbeitsgruppe des Ministers 5 (AGM 5, Rangers, diversion operatives, and sharpshooters)</li> <li>Abteilung M (Postal control)</li> <li>Abteilung Finanzen (Finance department)</li> <li>Zentrale Koordinierungsgruppe (ZKG, Central Coordinating Group, combatting defections)</li> <li>Verwaltung Rueckwaertige Dienste (support services, construction of MfS buildings)</li> <li>Zentraler Operationsstab (Central Operations Staff, planning and directing central MfS operations)</li> <li>Abteilung E (Passport and document forgery)</li> <li>Abteilung Bewaffnung, Chemische Dienste (Armaments and chemical warfare)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Zaisser" title="Wilhelm Zaisser">Wilhelm Zaisser</a> (8 February 1950 – 18 July 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wollweber" title="Ernst Wollweber">Ernst Wollweber</a> (18 July 1953 – 24 November 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mielke" title="Erich Mielke">Erich Mielke</a> (11 December 1957 – 7 November 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schwanitz" title="Wolfgang Schwanitz">Wolfgang Schwanitz</a> (18 November 1989 – 11 January 1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_operations">International operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Reconnaissance" title="Main Directorate for Reconnaissance">Main Directorate for Reconnaissance</a></div> <p>After German reunification, revelations of the Stasi's international activities were publicized, such as its military training of the West German <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stasi experts sent consultants to the government of <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s government in Cuba was particularly interested in receiving training from the Stasi. Stasi instructors worked in Cuba and Cuban communists received training in East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stasi chief Markus Wolf described how he modelled the Cuban system based on the East German one.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stasi officers helped in initial training and indoctrination of Egyptian <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Investigations_Service" title="State Security Investigations Service">State Security organizations</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser government</a> from 1957 to 58 onwards. This was discontinued by <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> in 1976.</li> <li>The Stasi's experts worked to help create secret police forces in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">People's Republic of Angola</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Yemen">People's Republic of Yemen</a> (South Yemen). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Stasi organized and extensively trained the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syrian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Mukhabarat</a></i> (secret police) under the government of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> from 1966 onwards and especially from 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Stasi sent agents to the West as sleeper agents. For instance, sleeper agent <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume" title="Günter Guillaume">Günter Guillaume</a> became a senior aide to social democratic chancellor Willy Brandt, and reported about his politics and private life.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Stasi operated at least one <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothel</a>. Agents were used against both men and women working in Western governments. "Entrapment" was used against married men and homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schlaff" title="Martin Schlaff">Martin Schlaff</a> – According to the German parliament's investigations, the Austrian billionaire's Stasi codename was "Landgraf" and registration number "3886-86". He made money by supplying embargoed goods to East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Schlaff_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Schlaff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokratis_Kokkalis" title="Sokratis Kokkalis">Sokratis Kokkalis</a> – Stasi documents suggest that the Greek businessman was a Stasi agent, whose operations included delivering Western technological secrets and bribing Greek officials to buy outdated East German telecom equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Group) – The terrorist organization which killed dozens of West Germans and others received financial and logistical support from the Stasi, as well as shelter and new identities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Stasi ordered a campaign in which cemeteries and other Jewish sites in West Germany were smeared with swastikas and other Nazi symbols. Funds were channelled to a small West German group for it to defend <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paulbogdanor.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulbogdanor.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Stasi channelled large amounts of money to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">Neo-Nazi</a> groups in West, with the purpose of discrediting the West.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Stasi allowed the wanted West German Neo-Nazi Odfried Hepp to hide in East Germany and then provided him with a new identity so that he could live in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Stasi worked in a campaign to create extensive material and propaganda against Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-paulbogdanor.com_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulbogdanor.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Murder of <a href="/wiki/Benno_Ohnesorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Benno Ohnesorg">Benno Ohnesorg</a> – A Stasi informant in the West Berlin police, <a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Kurras" title="Karl-Heinz Kurras">Karl-Heinz Kurras</a>, fatally shot an unarmed demonstrator, which stirred a whole movement of Marxist radicalism, protest, and terrorist violence.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Economist</i> describes it as "the gunshot that hoaxed a generation".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving Stasi Records contain no evidence that Kurras was acting under their orders when he shot Ohnesorg.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infektion" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Infektion">Operation Infektion</a>—The Stasi helped the KGB to spread HIV/AIDS disinformation that the United States had created the disease. Millions of people around the world still believe these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-John._O._Koehler_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John._O._Koehler-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infektion_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infektion-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandoz_chemical_spill" title="Sandoz chemical spill">Sandoz chemical spill</a>—A German television documentary reported that the KGB ordered the Stasi to sabotage the chemical factory to distract attention from the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> six months earlier in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sandozirishtimes_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandozirishtimes-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Investigators have found evidence of a death squad that carried out a number of assassinations (including assassination of Swedish journalist <a href="/wiki/Cats_Falck" title="Cats Falck">Cats Falck</a>) on orders from the East German government from 1976 to 1987. Attempts to prosecute members failed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Stasi attempted to assassinate Wolfgang Welsch, a famous critic of the East German government. Stasi collaborator Peter Haack (Stasi codename "Alfons") befriended Welsch and then fed him hamburgers poisoned with <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>. It took weeks for doctors to find out why Welsch had suddenly lost his hair.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Documents in the Stasi archives state that the KGB ordered Bulgarian agents to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II assassination attempt">assassinate Pope John Paul II</a>, who was known for his criticism of human rights in the Eastern Bloc, and the Stasi was asked to help with covering up traces.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, a special unit of the Stasi assisted Romanian intelligence in kidnapping Romanian dissident Oliviu Beldeanu from West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Stasi in 1972 made plans to assist the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)">Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)</a> in improving its intelligence work during the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1975, the Stasi recorded a conversation between senior West German CDU politicians <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf" title="Kurt Biedenkopf">Kurt Biedenkopf</a>. It was then "leaked" to <i><a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a></i> magazine as a transcript recorded by American intelligence. The magazine then claimed that Americans were wiretapping West Germans and the public believed the story.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union">Fall of the Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fall of the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recruitment of informants became increasingly difficult towards unification, and after 1986 there was a negative turnover rate of IMs. This had a significant impact on the Stasi's ability to survey the populace in a period of growing unrest, and knowledge of the Stasi's activities became more widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stasi had been tasked during this period with preventing the country's economic difficulties becoming a political problem, through suppression of the very worst problems the state faced, but it failed to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_228_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_2005_228-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 November 1989, in response to the rapidly changing political and social situation in the GDR in late 1989, Erich Mielke resigned. On 17 November 1989, the Council of Ministers <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ministerrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerrat">Ministerrat</a> der DDR)</i> renamed the Stasi the <b>Office for National Security</b> <i>(Amt für Nationale Sicherheit</i> – AfNS), which was headed by <i><a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a></i> Wolfgang Schwanitz. On 8 December 1989, GDR <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Modrow" title="Hans Modrow">Hans Modrow</a> directed the dissolution of the AfNS, which was confirmed by a decision of the <i>Ministerrat</i> on 14 December 1989. </p><p>As part of this decision, the <i>Ministerrat</i> originally called for the evolution of the AfNS into two separate organizations: a new foreign intelligence service <i>(Nachrichtendienst der DDR)</i> and an "Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the GDR" <i>(Verfassungsschutz der DDR)</i>, along the lines of the West German <i><a href="/wiki/Bundesamt_f%C3%BCr_Verfassungsschutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz">Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz</a></i>. However, the public reaction was extremely negative, and under pressure from the "Round Table" <i>(Runder Tisch)</i>, the government dropped the creation of the <i>Verfassungsschutz der DDR</i> and directed the immediate dissolution of the AfNS on 13 January 1990. Certain functions of the AfNS reasonably related to law enforcement were handed over to the GDR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The same ministry also took guardianship of remaining AfNS facilities. </p><p>When the parliament of Germany investigated public funds that disappeared after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a>, it found out that East Germany had transferred large amounts of money to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schlaff" title="Martin Schlaff">Martin Schlaff</a> through accounts in <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, in return for goods "under Western embargo". </p><p>Moreover, high-ranking Stasi officers continued their post-GDR careers in management positions in Schlaff's group of companies. For example, in 1990, Herbert Kohler, Stasi commander in Dresden, transferred 170 million marks to Schlaff for "harddisks" and months later went to work for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Schlaff_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Schlaff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigations concluded that "Schlaff's empire of companies played a crucial role" in the Stasi attempts to secure the financial future of Stasi agents and keep the intelligence network alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Schlaff_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Schlaff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recovery_of_Stasi_files">Recovery of Stasi files</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recovery of Stasi files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution_(German)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful Revolution (German)">Peaceful Revolution</a> of 1989, Stasi offices and prisons throughout the country were occupied by citizens, but not before the Stasi destroyed a number of documents (approximately 5%)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of, by one calculation, 1 billion sheets of paper.<sup id="cite_ref-godsjury_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godsjury-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storming_the_Stasi_headquarters">Storming the Stasi headquarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Storming the Stasi headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0116-013,_Berlin,_St%C3%BCrmung_Stasi-Zentrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0116-013%2C_Berlin%2C_St%C3%BCrmung_Stasi-Zentrale.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0116-013%2C_Berlin%2C_St%C3%BCrmung_Stasi-Zentrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0116-013%2C_Berlin%2C_St%C3%BCrmung_Stasi-Zentrale.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0116-013%2C_Berlin%2C_St%C3%BCrmung_Stasi-Zentrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0116-013%2C_Berlin%2C_St%C3%BCrmung_Stasi-Zentrale.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0116-013%2C_Berlin%2C_St%C3%BCrmung_Stasi-Zentrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Citizens protesting and entering the Stasi building in Berlin; the sign accuses the Stasi and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> of being Nazi-like dictators (1990).</figcaption></figure> <p>With the fall of the GDR, the Stasi was dissolved. Stasi employees began to destroy the extensive files and documents they held, either by hand or by using incineration or shredders. When these activities became known, a protest began in front of the Stasi headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evening of 15 January 1990 saw a large crowd form outside the gates calling for a stop to the destruction of sensitive files. The building contained vast records of personal files, many of which would form important evidence in convicting those who had committed crimes for the Stasi. The protesters continued to grow in number until they were able to overcome the police and gain entry into the complex. Once inside, specific targets of the protesters' anger were portraits of Erich Honecker and Erich Mielke, which were torn down, trampled upon or burnt. Some Stasi employees were thrown out of upper floor windows and beaten after falling to the streets below, but there were no deaths or serious injuries. Among the protesters were former Stasi collaborators seeking to destroy incriminating documents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stasi_file_controversy">Stasi file controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stasi file controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> on 3 October 1990, a new government agency was founded, called the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Commissioner_for_the_Stasi_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records">Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Der Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik</i>), officially abbreviated "BStU".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a debate about what should happen to the files, whether they should be opened to the people or kept sealed. </p><p>Those who opposed opening the files cited privacy as a reason.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They felt that the information in the files would lead to negative feelings about former Stasi members, and, in turn, cause violence. Pastor <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Eppelmann" title="Rainer Eppelmann">Rainer Eppelmann</a>, who became Minister of Defense and Disarmament after March 1990, felt that new political freedoms for former Stasi members would be jeopardized by acts of revenge. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">Lothar de Maizière</a> even went so far as to predict murder. They also argued against the use of the files to capture former Stasi members and prosecute them, arguing that not all former members were criminals and should not be punished solely for being a member. There were also some who believed that everyone was guilty of something. <a href="/wiki/Peter-Michael_Diestel" title="Peter-Michael Diestel">Peter-Michael Diestel</a>, the Minister of Interior, opined that these files could not be used to determine innocence and guilt, claiming that "there were only two types of individuals who were truly innocent in this system, the newborn and the alcoholic". Others, such as West German Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a>, believed in putting the Stasi past behind them and working on German reunification. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>But why did the Stasi collect all this information in its archives? The main purpose was to control the society. In nearly every speech, the Stasi minister gave the order to find out who is who, which meant who thinks what. He didn't want to wait until somebody tried to act against the regime. He wanted to know in advance what people were thinking and planning. The East Germans knew, of course, that they were surrounded by informers, in a totalitarian regime that created mistrust and a state of widespread fear, the most important tools to oppress people in any dictatorship. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Hubertus Knabe, German historian<sup id="cite_ref-ted.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ted.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Those on the other side of the debate argued that everyone should have the right to see their own file, and that the files should be opened to investigate former Stasi members and prosecute them, as well as prevent them from holding office. Opening the files would also help clear up some of the rumors circulating at the time. Some believed that politicians involved with the Stasi should be investigated. </p><p>The fate of the files was finally decided under the Unification Treaty between the GDR and West Germany. This treaty took the Volkskammer law further and allowed more access and greater use of the files. Along with the decision to keep the files in a central location in the East, they also decided who could see and use the files, allowing people to see their own files. </p><p>In 1992, following a declassification ruling by the German government, the Stasi files were opened, leading people to gain access to their files. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a>, an English historian, after reading his file, wrote <i>The File: A Personal History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1991 and 2011, around 2.75 million individuals, mostly GDR citizens, requested to see their own files.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling also gave people the ability to make duplicates of their documents. Another significant question was how the media could use and benefit from the documents. It was decided that the media could obtain files as long as they were depersonalized and did not contain information about individuals under the age of 18 or former Stasi members. This ruling not only granted file access to the media, but also to schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_down_former_Stasi_informers_with_recovered_files">Tracking down former Stasi informers with recovered files</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tracking down former Stasi informers with recovered files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some groups within the former Stasi community used threats of violence to scare off Stasi hunters, who were actively tracking down ex-members. Though these hunters succeeded in identifying many ex-Stasi, charges could not be brought against anyone merely for being a registered Stasi member. The person in question had to have participated in an illegal act. Among the high-profile individuals arrested and tried were Erich Mielke, Third Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Honecker, GDR head of state. Mielke was sentenced to six years' prison for the 1931 murder of two policemen. Honecker was charged with authorizing <a href="/wiki/Schie%C3%9Fbefehl" title="Schießbefehl">the killing of would-be escapees</a> along the east–west border and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. During his trial, he underwent cancer treatment. Nearing death, Honecker was allowed to spend his final years a free man. He died in Chile in May 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reassembling_destroyed_files">Reassembling destroyed files</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reassembling destroyed files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reassembling the destroyed files has been relatively easy due to the number of archives and the failure of shredding machines (in some cases, "shredding" meant tearing pages in two by hand, making the documents easily recoverable). In 1995, the BStU began reassembling the shredded documents; 13 years later, the three dozen archivists commissioned to the projects had reassembled only 327 bags. <a href="/wiki/Paper_shredder#Unshredding_and_forensics" title="Paper shredder">Computer-assisted data recovery</a> is now being used to reassemble the remaining 16,000 bags – representing approximately 45 million pages. It is estimated that the task may require 30 million dollars to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> acquired some Stasi records during the looting of the Stasi's archives. Germany asked for their return and received some in April 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Rosenholz_files" title="Rosenholz files">Rosenholz files</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stasi-Museum_front_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stasi-Museum_front_view.png/220px-Stasi-Museum_front_view.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stasi-Museum_front_view.png/330px-Stasi-Museum_front_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stasi-Museum_front_view.png/440px-Stasi-Museum_front_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Part of the former Stasi compound in Berlin, with "Haus 1" in the centre</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of memorial sites and museums relating to the Stasi in former Stasi prisons and administration buildings. In addition, offices of the <a href="/wiki/Stasi_Records_Agency" title="Stasi Records Agency">Stasi Records Agency</a> in Berlin, Dresden, Erfurt, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder and Halle (Saale) all have permanent and changing exhibitions relating to the activities of the Stasi in their region.<sup id="cite_ref-history_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin">Berlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stasi_Museum" title="Stasi Museum">Stasi Museum</a> (Berlin) - This is located at Ruschestraße 103, in "Haus 1" on the former Stasi headquarters compound. The office of Erich Mielke, the head of the Stasi, was in this building and it has been preserved along with a number of other rooms. The building was occupied by protesters on 15 January 1990. On 7 November 1990, a Research Centre and Memorial was opened, which now called the Stasi Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin-Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen_Memorial" title="Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial">Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial</a> - A memorial to repression during both the Soviet occupation and GDR era in a former prison that was used by both regimes. The building was a Soviet prison from 1946, and from 1951 until 1989 it was a Stasi remand centre. It officially closed on 3 October 1990, the day of German reunification. The museum and memorial site opened in 1994. It is in <a href="/wiki/Alt-Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen" title="Alt-Hohenschönhausen">Alt-Hohenschönhausen</a>, in Lichtenberg in north-east Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erfurt">Erfurt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Erfurt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Stasi_Prison,_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Former_Stasi_Prison%2C_Erfurt.jpg/220px-Former_Stasi_Prison%2C_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Former_Stasi_Prison%2C_Erfurt.jpg/330px-Former_Stasi_Prison%2C_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Former_Stasi_Prison%2C_Erfurt.jpg/440px-Former_Stasi_Prison%2C_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Stasi_Prison_(Erfurt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stasi Prison (Erfurt)">Stasi Prison</a>, Erfurt</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Memorial_and_Education_Centre_Andreasstra%C3%9Fe" title="Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstraße">Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstraße</a> - a museum in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> which is housed in a former Stasi remand prison. From 1952 until 1989, over 5000 political prisoners were held on remand and interrogated in the Andreasstrasse prison, which was one of 17 Stasi remand prisons in the GDR.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 December 1989, local citizens occupied the prison and the neighbouring Stasi district headquarters to stop the mass destruction of Stasi files. It was the first time East Germans had undertaken such resistance against the Stasi and it instigated the take over of Stasi buildings throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-local_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dresden">Dresden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dresden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden_-_Zellentrakt_der_Haftanstalt_(ii).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden_-_Zellentrakt_der_Haftanstalt_%28ii%29.jpg/220px-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden_-_Zellentrakt_der_Haftanstalt_%28ii%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden_-_Zellentrakt_der_Haftanstalt_%28ii%29.jpg/330px-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden_-_Zellentrakt_der_Haftanstalt_%28ii%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden_-_Zellentrakt_der_Haftanstalt_%28ii%29.jpg/440px-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden_-_Zellentrakt_der_Haftanstalt_%28ii%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8029" data-file-height="5178" /></a><figcaption>Cells in Bautzner Strasse Memorial, Dresden</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedenkstätte Bautzner Straße Dresden (page does not exist)">Gedenkstätte Bautzner Straße Dresden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Bautzner_Stra%C3%9Fe_Dresden" class="extiw" title="de:Gedenkstätte Bautzner Straße Dresden">de</a>]</span> (The Bautzner Strasse Memorial in Dresden) - A Stasi remand prison and the Stasi's regional head office in Dresden. It was used as a prison by the Soviet occupying forces from 1945 to 1953, and from 1953 to 1989 by the Stasi. The Stasi held and interrogated between 12,000 and 15,000 people during the time they used the prison. The building was originally a 19th-century paper mill. It was converted into a block of flats in 1933 before being confiscated by the Soviet army in 1945. The Stasi prison and offices were occupied by local citizens on 5 December 1989, during a wave of such takeovers across the country. The museum and memorial site was opened to the public in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankfurt-an-der-Oder">Frankfurt-an-der-Oder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Frankfurt-an-der-Oder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remembrance_and_Documentation_Centre_for_%22Victims_of_political_tyranny%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remembrance and Documentation Centre for "Victims of political tyranny" (page does not exist)">Remembrance and Documentation Centre for "Victims of political tyranny"</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4dtische_Museen_Junge_Kunst_und_Viadrina#Ausstellungsort_Gedenk-_und_Dokumentationsstätte_„Opfer_politischer_Gewaltherrschaft“" class="extiw" title="de:Städtische Museen Junge Kunst und Viadrina">de</a>]</span> - A memorial and museum at Collegienstraße 10 in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-an-der-Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-an-der-Oder">Frankfurt-an-der-Oder</a>, in a building that was used as a detention centre by the Gestapo, the Soviet occupying forces and the Stasi. The building was the Stasi district offices and a remand prison from 1950 until 1969, after which the Volkspolizei used the prison. From 1950 to 1952 it was an execution site where 12 people sentenced to death were executed. The prison closed in 1990. It has been a cultural centre and a memorial to the victims of political tyranny since June 1994, managed by the Museum Viadrina.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gera">Gera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Amthordurchgang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedenkstätte Amthordurchgang (page does not exist)">Gedenkstätte Amthordurchgang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Amthordurchgang" class="extiw" title="de:Gedenkstätte Amthordurchgang">de</a>]</span>, a memorial and 'centre of encounter' in <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> in a former remand prison, originally opened in 1874, that was used by the Gestapo from 1933 to 1945, the Soviet occupying forces from 1945 to 1949, and from 1952 to 1989 by the Stasi. The building was also the district offices of the Stasi administration. Between 1952 and 1989 over 2,800 people were held in the prison on political grounds. The memorial site opened with the official name <i>"Die Gedenk- und Begegnungsstätte im Torhaus der politischen Haftanstalt von 1933 bis 1945 und 1945 bis 1989"</i> in November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halle_(Saale)"><span id="Halle_.28Saale.29"></span>Halle (Saale)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Halle (Saale)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roter_Ochse" title="Roter Ochse">Roter Ochse</a> (Red Ox) is a museum and memorial site at the prison at Am Kirchtor 20, <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a>. Part of the prison, built 1842, was used by the Stasi from 1950 until 1989, during with time over 9,000 political prisoners were held in the prison. From 1954 it was mainly used for women prisoners. The name "Roter Ochse" is the informal name of the prison, possibly originating in the 19th century from the colour of the external walls. It still operates as a prison for young people. Since 1996, the building which was used as an interrogation centre by the Stasi and an execution site by the Nazis has been a museum and memorial centre for victims of political persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leipzig">Leipzig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Leipzig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eingang_Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eingang_Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg/220px-Eingang_Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eingang_Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg/330px-Eingang_Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eingang_Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg/440px-Eingang_Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the "Runde Ecke" museum, Leipzig, 2009</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Museum_in_der_%E2%80%9ERunden_Ecke%E2%80%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedenkstätte Museum in der „Runden Ecke“ (page does not exist)">Gedenkstätte Museum in der „Runden Ecke“</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Museum_in_der_%E2%80%9ERunden_Ecke%E2%80%9C" class="extiw" title="de:Gedenkstätte Museum in der „Runden Ecke“">de</a>]</span> (Memorial Museum in the "Round Corner") - The former Stasi district headquarters on <i>am Dittrichring</i> is now a museum focusing on the history and activities of the organisation. It is named after the curved shape of the front of the building. The Stasi used the building from 1950 until 1989. On the evening of 4 December 1989, it was occupied by protesters in order to stop the destruction of Stasi files. There has been a permanent exhibition on the site since 1990. The building also houses the Leipzig branch of the Stasi Records Agency, which holds about 10 km of files on its shelves.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbsch%C3%BCtzer_Teiche_Stasi_Bunker" title="Lübschützer Teiche Stasi Bunker">Lübschützer Teiche Stasi Bunker</a> - The Stasi Bunker Museum is in <a href="/wiki/Machern" title="Machern">Machern</a>, a village about 30 km from Leipzig. It is managed by the Runde Ecke Museum administration. The bunker was built from 1968 to 1972, as a <a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">fallout shelter</a> for the staff of the Stasi's Leipzig administration in case of a nuclear attack. It could accommodate about 120 people. The bunker, which was disguised as a holiday resort on 5.2 hectares of land, was only discovered in December in 1989. "The emergency command centre was a secretly-created complex, designed to maintain the Stasi leadership's hold on power, even in exceptional circumstances." The whole grounds are classified as a historic monument and are open to the public on the last weekend of every month, and for pre-arranged group tours at other times.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GDR Execution site - The execution site at Alfred-Kästner-Straße in south Leipzig, was the central site in East Germany where the death penalty was carried out from 1960 until 1981. It remains in its original condition. The management of the "Runde Ecke" Museum opens the site once a year on "Museum night" and on special state-wide days when historic buildings and sites that are not normally accessible to the public are opened.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Magdeburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Moritzplatz_Magdeburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedenkstätte Moritzplatz Magdeburg (page does not exist)">Gedenkstätte Moritzplatz Magdeburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Moritzplatz_Magdeburg" class="extiw" title="de:Gedenkstätte Moritzplatz Magdeburg">de</a>]</span> - The memorial site at Moritzplatz in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> is a museum on the site of a former prison, built from 1873 to 1876, that was used by the Soviet administration from 1945 to 1949 and the Stasi from 1958 until 1989 to hold political prisoners. Between 1950 and 1958 the Stasi shared another prison with the civil police. The prison at Moritzplatz was used by the Volkspolizei from 1952 until 1958. Between 1945 and 1989, more than 10,000 political prisoners were held in the prison. The memorial site and museum was founded in December 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potsdam">Potsdam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Potsdam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_Jahre_Frauenwahlrecht_Potsdam-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100_Jahre_Frauenwahlrecht_Potsdam-8.jpg/220px-100_Jahre_Frauenwahlrecht_Potsdam-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100_Jahre_Frauenwahlrecht_Potsdam-8.jpg/330px-100_Jahre_Frauenwahlrecht_Potsdam-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/100_Jahre_Frauenwahlrecht_Potsdam-8.jpg/440px-100_Jahre_Frauenwahlrecht_Potsdam-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Façade of the Memorial Site, Lindenstrasse, Potsdam</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Lindenstra%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedenkstätte Lindenstraße (page does not exist)">Gedenkstätte Lindenstraße</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Lindenstra%C3%9Fe_54/55" class="extiw" title="de:Gedenkstätte Lindenstraße 54/55">de</a>]</span> The memorial site and museum at Lindenstraße 54/55 in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, examines political persecution in the Nazi, Soviet occupation and GDR eras. The original building was built 1733-1737 as a baroque palace; it became a court and prison in 1820. From 1933, the Nazi regime held political prisoners there, many of whom were arrested for racial reasons, for example Jews who refused to wear the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow star</a> on their clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-lindenstrasse_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindenstrasse-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Soviet administration took over the prison in 1945, also using it as a prison for holding political prisoners on remand. The Stasi then used it as a remand prison, mainly for political prisoners from 1952 until 1989. Over 6,000 people were held in the prison by the Stasi during that time. On 27 October 1989, the prison freed all political prisoners due to a nationwide amnesty. On 5 December 1989, the Stasi Headquarters in Potsdam and the Lindenstrasse Prison were occupied by protesters. From January 1990 the building was used as offices for various citizens initiatives and new political groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">Neue Forum</a>. The building was opened to the public from 20 January 1990 and people were taken on tours of the site. It officially became a Memorial site in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-lindenstrasse_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindenstrasse-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rostock">Rostock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rostock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentation_Centre_and_Memorial_site,_former_Stasi_remand_prison,_Rostock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Documentation Centre and Memorial site, former Stasi remand prison, Rostock (page does not exist)">Documentation Centre and Memorial site, former Stasi remand prison, Rostock</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentations-_und_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_des_BStU_in_der_ehemaligen_U-Haft_der_Stasi_in_Rostock" class="extiw" title="de:Dokumentations- und Gedenkstätte des BStU in der ehemaligen U-Haft der Stasi in Rostock">de</a>]</span> - The memorial site is in a former Stasi remand prison at Hermanstrasse 34b. It is on what was part of a Stasi compound in <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, where its district headquarters were also located. Most of the site is now used by the Rostock county court and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a>. The complex was built 1958–1960. The remand prison was used by the Stasi from 1960 until 1989. About 4,900 people were held in the prison during that time, most of them were political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-ddrmuseum_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ddrmuseum-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of prisoners were released after an amnesty issued on 27 October 1989. The Stasi prison in the Rostock compound was occupied by protesters on 4 December 1989 following a wave of such occupation across East Germany starting in Erfurt on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The prison closed in the early 1990s. The state of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> took ownership of it in 1998, and the memorial site and museum were established in 1999. An extensive restoration of the site began in December 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stasi_officers_after_the_reunification">Stasi officers after the reunification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Stasi officers after the reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment_by_Russian_companies">Recruitment by Russian companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Recruitment by Russian companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former Stasi agent <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Warnig" title="Matthias Warnig">Matthias Warnig</a> (codename "Arthur") is currently the head of <a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_AG" title="Nord Stream AG">Nord Stream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kupchinsky_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kupchinsky-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigations have revealed that some key <a href="/wiki/Securing_Energy_for_Europe" title="Securing Energy for Europe">Gazprom Germania</a> managers are former Stasi agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Stasi_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stasi-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying">Lobbying</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Lobbying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former Stasi officers continue to be politically active via the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Rechtlichen_und_Humanit%C3%A4ren_Unterst%C3%BCtzung" title="Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung">Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung</a></i> (GRH, Society for Legal and Humanitarian Support). Former high-ranking officers and employees of the Stasi, including the last Stasi director, Wolfgang Schwanitz, make up the majority of the organization's members, and it receives support from the <a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">German Communist Party</a>, among others. </p><p>The impetus for the establishment of the GRH was provided by the criminal charges filed against the Stasi in the early 1990s. The GRH, decrying the charges as "victor's justice", called for them to be dropped. Today the group provides an alternative if a somewhat utopian voice in the public debate on the GDR's legacy. It calls for the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen_Memorial" title="Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial">Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial</a> and can be a vocal presence at memorial services and public events. In March 2006 in Berlin, GRH members disrupted a museum event; a political scandal ensued when the Berlin Senator (Minister) of Culture refused to confront them.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behind the scenes, the GRH also lobbies people and institutions promoting opposing viewpoints. For example, in March 2006, the Berlin Senator for Education received a letter from a GRH member and former Stasi officer attacking the Museum for promoting "falsehoods, anti-communist agitation and psychological terror against minors".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar letters have also been received by schools organizing field trips to the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stasi_agents">Stasi agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Stasi agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christel_Boom" title="Christel Boom">Christel Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_B%C3%A4r" title="Erich Bär">Erich Bär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Gast" title="Gabriele Gast">Gabriele Gast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume" title="Günter Guillaume">Günter Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Kurras" title="Karl-Heinz Kurras">Karl-Heinz Kurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilli_P%C3%B6ttrich" title="Lilli Pöttrich">Lilli Pöttrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Rupp" title="Rainer Rupp">Rainer Rupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sommer_(SS_officer)" title="Hans Sommer (SS officer)">Hans Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Stiller" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Stiller">Werner Stiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Teske" title="Werner Teske">Werner Teske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Warnig" title="Matthias Warnig">Matthias Warnig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf">Markus Wolf</a> who was often referred to as <i>the man without a face</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_informants">Alleged informants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Alleged informants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Allen" title="Vic Allen">Vic Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> professor.<sup id="cite_ref-I_regret_nothing,_says_Stasi_spy_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I_regret_nothing,_says_Stasi_spy-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Aris" title="Helmut Aris">Helmut Aris</a>, co-founder of the Association of Jewish Communities in the GDR.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Bartel" title="Horst Bartel">Horst Bartel</a>, Marxist–Leninist historian.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almuth_Beck" title="Almuth Beck">Almuth Beck</a>, SED/<a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">PDS</a> politician.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutta_Braband" title="Jutta Braband">Jutta Braband</a>, civil rights activist and PDS politician.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Brietzke" title="Siegfried Brietzke">Siegfried Brietzke</a>, three-time gold medal-winning Olympic rower.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Buschner" title="Georg Buschner">Georg Buschner</a>, football coach at <a href="/wiki/FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena" title="FC Carl Zeiss Jena">FC Carl Zeiss Jena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_national_football_team" title="East Germany national football team">East Germany national football team</a>. Buschner was listed as an informant under the codename ”Georg”.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Czudaj" title="Harald Czudaj">Harald Czudaj</a>, bobsledder.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clements_(journalist)" title="Richard Clements (journalist)">Richard Clements</a>, adviser to <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-I_regret_nothing,_says_Stasi_spy_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I_regret_nothing,_says_Stasi_spy-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diether_Dehm" title="Diether Dehm">Diether Dehm</a>, singer-songwriter, music producer and politician (<a href="/wiki/Partei_des_Demokratischen_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus">PDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_Party_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Party (Germany)">Left Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Sahra_Wagenknecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht">Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht</a>)</li> <li>18 of the 72 players (every fourth player) who played at least once for football team <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Dresden" title="Dynamo Dresden">Dynamo Dresden</a> between 1972 and 1989 were listed as unofficial collaborators (IM).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included players such as <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kirsten" title="Ulf Kirsten">Ulf Kirsten</a>, who was listed under the codename "Knut Krüger".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gwyneth Edwards<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Faas" title="Horst Faas">Horst Faas</a>, journalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Felgner" title="Uta Felgner">Uta Felgner</a>, hotel manager.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Geyer" title="Eduard Geyer">Eduard Geyer</a>, former football coach at Dynamo Dresden<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eduard Geyer was listed as an informant for more than ten years under the codeame "Jahn".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Giese" title="Horst Giese">Horst Giese</a>, actor.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gratzik" title="Paul Gratzik">Paul Gratzik</a>, communist writer.<sup id="cite_ref-film_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-film-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hass" title="Gerhart Hass">Gerhart Hass</a>, Marxist historian.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Heinrich" title="Brigitte Heinrich">Brigitte Heinrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> politician.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Anetta Kahane</a>, journalist, activist and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kahlau" title="Heinz Kahlau">Heinz Kahlau</a>, socialist writer.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kamnitzer" title="Heinz Kamnitzer">Heinz Kamnitzer</a>, Marxist–Leninist academic.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokratis_Kokkalis" title="Sokratis Kokkalis">Sokratis Kokkalis</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Kurras" title="Karl-Heinz Kurras">Karl-Heinz Kurras</a>, policeman and shooter of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benno_Ohnesorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Benno Ohnesorg">Benno Ohnesorg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Luft" title="Christa Luft">Christa Luft</a>, left-wing politician.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">Lothar de Maizière</a>, last prime minister of East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nord" title="Thomas Nord">Thomas Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left Party</a> politician.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_M._Novak" title="Helga M. Novak">Helga M. Novak</a>, writer.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Robin Pearson (Lecturer at the University of Hull)<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Radler" title="Aleksander Radler">Aleksander Radler</a>, Lutheran theologian.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bernd Runge, CEO of Phillips de Pury auction house<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schlaff" title="Martin Schlaff">Martin Schlaff</a>, billionaire businessman.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holm_Singer" title="Holm Singer">Holm Singer</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Steuer" title="Ingo Steuer">Ingo Steuer</a>, figure skater and now trainer<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Thalheim" title="Barbara Thalheim">Barbara Thalheim</a>, popular singer and songwriter.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a>, socialist writer.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:East_Germany" title="Portal:East Germany">East Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkas_(van_manufacturer)" title="Barkas (van manufacturer)">Barkas (van manufacturer)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_83" title="Deutschland 83">Deutschland 83</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_86" title="Deutschland 86">Deutschland 86</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_89" title="Deutschland 89">Deutschland 89</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Braun" title="Edgar Braun">Edgar Braun</a>, a former Stasi officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky_Guards_Regiment" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment">Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Reconnaissance" title="Main Directorate for Reconnaissance">Main Directorate for Reconnaissance</a> (Foreign intelligence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army#Military_Intelligence" title="National People's Army">Military Intelligence of the National People's Army</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Others" title="The Lives of Others">The Lives of Others</a></i>, movie centered on the Stasi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi_Records_Agency" title="Stasi Records Agency">Stasi Records Agency</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stasiland" title="Stasiland">Stasiland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weissensee_(TV_series)" title="Weissensee (TV series)">Weissensee</a></i>, TV series</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The MfS dictionary summarised the goal of operational decomposition as 'splitting up, paralysing, disorganising and isolating hostile-negative forces in order, thorough preventive action, to foil, considerably reduce or stop completely hostile-negative actions and their consequences or, in a varying degree, to win them back both politically and ideologically.' <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition". <i>The Stasi: Myth and Reality</i>. Pearson Education Limited. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582414229" title="Special:BookSources/0582414229"><bdi>0582414229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tackling+the+enemy%3A+quiet+repression+and+preventive+decomposition&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0582414229&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'In the age of detente, the Stasi's main method of combating subversive activity was 'operational decomposition' (<i>operative Zersetzung</i>) which was the central element in what Hubertus Knabe has called a system of 'quiet repression' (<i>lautlose Unterdrukung</i>). This was not a new departure as 'dirty tricks' had been widely used in the 1950s and 1960s. The distinctive feature was the primacy of operational decomposition over other methods of repression in a system to which historians have attached labels such as post-totalitarianism and modern dictatorship.' <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition". <i>The Stasi: Myth and Reality</i>. Pearson Education Limited. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582414229" title="Special:BookSources/0582414229"><bdi>0582414229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tackling+the+enemy%3A+quiet+repression+and+preventive+decomposition&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0582414229&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilasi2015" class="citation book cs1">Vilasi, Antonella Colonna (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIRGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT124"><i>The History of the Stasi</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781504937054" title="Special:BookSources/9781504937054"><bdi>9781504937054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Stasi&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.isbn=9781504937054&rft.aulast=Vilasi&rft.aufirst=Antonella+Colonna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIRGCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hinsey, Ellen (2010). "Eternal Return: Berlin Journal, 1989–2009". <i>New England Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 124–134. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25699473">25699473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Review&rft.atitle=Eternal+Return%3A+Berlin+Journal%2C+1989%E2%80%932009&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-134&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25699473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hinsey&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2009" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Sarah (29 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/world/stasi-files-still-cast-shadow-for-germans-idUSTRE59S13E/">"Stasi files still cast shadow for Germans"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Founded in 1950, the Stasi was one of the most repressive police organisations in the world. It infiltrated almost every aspect of life in East Germany, using torture, intimidation and a vast network of informants to crush dissent. Millions of Germans worked for the Stasi and provided reports on friends, family, colleagues or lovers. The files, which would stretch for 112 km (70 miles) if laid out flat, were opened up to the public in 1992, exposing a web of betrayals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Stasi+files+still+cast+shadow+for+Germans&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fstasi-files-still-cast-shadow-for-germans-idUSTRE59S13E%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-42890464.amp">Germans campaign for memorial to victims of communism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510155538/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-42890464.amp">Archived</a> 10 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 31 January 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2009" class="citation web cs1">Chambers, Madeline (4 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/world/no-remorse-from-stasi-as-berlin-marks-fall-of-wall-idUSL1184870/">"No remorse from Stasi as Berlin marks fall of Wall"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Known as "the shield and the sword of the party," the Stasi locked up opponents of the regime. Officers tortured prisoners by isolating them, depriving them of sleep and using psychological tricks such as threatening to arrest relatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=No+remorse+from+Stasi+as+Berlin+marks+fall+of+Wall&rft.date=2009-11-04&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fno-remorse-from-stasi-as-berlin-marks-fall-of-wall-idUSL1184870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenau2018" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenau, Bernhard (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2018.1471969">"Unholy Alliance: The Connection between the East German Stasi and the Right-Wing Terrorist Odfried Hepp"</a>. <i>Studies in Conflict & Terrorism</i>. <b>43</b>: 47–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2018.1471969">10.1080/1057610X.2018.1471969</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F19035">10023/19035</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+%26+Terrorism&rft.atitle=Unholy+Alliance%3A+The+Connection+between+the+East+German+Stasi+and+the+Right-Wing+Terrorist+Odfried+Hepp&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=47-68&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F19035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1057610X.2018.1471969&rft.aulast=Blumenau&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F1057610X.2018.1471969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenau2014" class="citation book cs1">Blumenau, Bernhard (2 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IT1vBAAAQBAJ"><i>The United Nations and Terrorism: Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s</i></a>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 29–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39196-4"><bdi>978-1-137-39196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+and+Terrorism%3A+Germany%2C+Multilateralism%2C+and+Antiterrorism+Efforts+in+the+1970s&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-137-39196-4&rft.aulast=Blumenau&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIT1vBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolodarsky2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Volodarsky" title="Boris Volodarsky">Volodarsky, Boris Borisovich</a> (30 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMzKEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Murder of Alexander Litvinenko: To Kill a Mockingbird</i></a>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: White Owl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781399060196" title="Special:BookSources/9781399060196"><bdi>9781399060196</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718052827/https://books.google.com/books?id=XMzKEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>Suddenly, the East German Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MFS), better known as the Stasi, came to light, and specifically its Chief Directorate 'A' (Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, HVA) under Markus 'Misha' Wolf. It was one of the most effective spy agencies of the Cold War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Murder+of+Alexander+Litvinenko%3A+To+Kill+a+Mockingbird&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=White+Owl&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft.isbn=9781399060196&rft.aulast=Volodarsky&rft.aufirst=Boris+Borisovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMzKEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2013" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Jim (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-I99V70m0sC"><i>Daily Life behind the Iron Curtain</i></a>. The Greenwood Press Daily Life through History Series. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313397639" title="Special:BookSources/9780313397639"><bdi>9780313397639</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718052827/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-I99V70m0sC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Stasi destruction of many records, plus the German statute of limitations on crimes, plus the desire by some politicians to leave the divisive past behind have resulted in few prosecutions of former Stasi officials and the actual imprisonment of even fewer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+behind+the+Iron+Curtain&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.series=The+Greenwood+Press+Daily+Life+through+History+Series&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.isbn=9780313397639&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-I99V70m0sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glees1996-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glees1996_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlees1996" class="citation book cs1">Glees, Anthony (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-f-6xq2mvQC&pg=PA213"><i>Reinventing Germany: German political development since 1945</i></a>. Berg. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-185-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-185-7"><bdi>978-1-85973-185-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Germany%3A+German+political+development+since+1945&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-185-7&rft.aulast=Glees&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-f-6xq2mvQC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrieder1999" class="citation book cs1">Grieder, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzmNb84n7sUC"><i>The East German Leadership, 1946-73: Conflict and Crisis</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 53–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719054983" title="Special:BookSources/9780719054983"><bdi>9780719054983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+German+Leadership%2C+1946-73%3A+Conflict+and+Crisis&rft.pages=53-85&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780719054983&rft.aulast=Grieder&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvzmNb84n7sUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGieseke2014" class="citation book cs1">Gieseke, Jens (2014). <i>The History of the Stasi: East Germany's Secret Police, 1945-1990</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-254-6"><bdi>978-1-78238-254-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Stasi%3A+East+Germany%27s+Secret+Police%2C+1945-1990&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=41-42&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-254-6&rft.aulast=Gieseke&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhouas2004" class="citation book cs1">Ghouas, Nessim (2004). <i>The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR; An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>: Cuvillier Verlag. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89873-988-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-89873-988-0"><bdi>3-89873-988-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conditions%2C+Means+and+Methods+of+the+MfS+in+the+GDR%3B+An+Analysis+of+the+Post+and+Telephone+Control&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=80&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cuvillier+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-89873-988-0&rft.aulast=Ghouas&rft.aufirst=Nessim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-46525543">"Putin's Stasi spy ID pass found in Germany"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324084844/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-46525543">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+Stasi+spy+ID+pass+found+in+Germany&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-46525543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuriev,_Sergei;_Treisman,_Daniel2023" class="citation book cs1">Guriev, Sergei; Treisman, Daniel (4 April 2023). <i>Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691224473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691224473"><bdi>978-0691224473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spin+Dictators%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+Tyranny+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.isbn=978-0691224473&rft.au=Guriev%2C+Sergei%3B+Treisman%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuriev,_Sergei;_Treisman,_Daniel2023" class="citation book cs1">Guriev, Sergei; Treisman, Daniel (4 April 2023). <i>Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691224473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691224473"><bdi>978-0691224473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spin+Dictators%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+Tyranny+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.isbn=978-0691224473&rft.au=Guriev%2C+Sergei%3B+Treisman%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koehler74-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koehler74_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehler2000">Koehler 2000</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Koehler1999" class="citation news cs1">O. Koehler, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627022035/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html?_r=1">"Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html?_r=1">the original</a> on 27 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stasi%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+East+German+Secret+Police&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=O.+Koehler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fk%2Fkoehler-stasi.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koehler8-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koehler8_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koehler8_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koehler8_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koehler8_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koehler8_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehler2000">Koehler 2000</a>, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulbrook_2005_228-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_228_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_228_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_228_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulbrook2005">Fulbrook 2005</a>, pp. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://communistcrimes.org/en/political-prisoners-german-democratic-republic">"Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic"</a>. <i>Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic | Communist Crimes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925070547/https://communistcrimes.org/en/political-prisoners-german-democratic-republic">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Political+prisoners+in+the+German+Democratic+Republic+%7C+Communist+Crimes&rft.atitle=Political+prisoners+in+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunistcrimes.org%2Fen%2Fpolitical-prisoners-german-democratic-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gieseke 2001, pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller-Enbergs 1993, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gieseke 2001, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koehler9-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koehler9_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehler2000">Koehler 2000</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gießler20181121-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gießler20181121_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGießler2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gießler, Denis (21 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/digital/games/2018-11/computer-games-gdr-stasi-surveillance-gamer-crowd/komplettansicht">"Video Games in East Germany: The Stasi Played Along"</a>. <i>Die Zeit</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206223049/https://www.zeit.de/digital/games/2018-11/computer-games-gdr-stasi-surveillance-gamer-crowd/komplettansicht">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Video+Games+in+East+Germany%3A+The+Stasi+Played+Along&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft.aulast=Gie%C3%9Fler&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fdigital%2Fgames%2F2018-11%2Fcomputer-games-gdr-stasi-surveillance-gamer-crowd%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulbrook2005">Fulbrook 2005</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulbrook_2005_242–243-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_242–243_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_2005_242–243_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulbrook2005">Fulbrook 2005</a>, pp. 242–243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulbrook2005">Fulbrook 2005</a>, pp. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revolution1989-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebetsyen2009" class="citation book cs1">Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolution1989fa00sebe"><i>Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire</i></a></span>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42532-5"><bdi>978-0-375-42532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+1989%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42532-5&rft.aulast=Sebetsyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolution1989fa00sebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koehler142-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koehler142_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehler2000">Koehler 2000</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulbrook2005">Fulbrook 2005</a>, pp. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koehler76-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koehler76_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehler2000">Koehler 2000</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gieseke 2001, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6692895.stm">Computers to solve stasi puzzle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115173327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6692895.stm">Archived</a> 15 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>-<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, Friday 25 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html">"Stasi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212125706/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fk%2Fkoehler-stasi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ted.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ted.com_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ted.com_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/hubertus_knabe_the_dark_secrets_of_a_surveillance_state/transcript">Hubertus Knabe: The dark secrets of a surveillance state</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815000746/http://www.ted.com/talks/hubertus_knabe_the_dark_secrets_of_a_surveillance_state/transcript">Archived</a> 15 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, TED Salon, Berlin, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition". <i>The Stasi: Myth and Reality</i>. Pearson Education Limited. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582414229" title="Special:BookSources/0582414229"><bdi>0582414229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tackling+the+enemy%3A+quiet+repression+and+preventive+decomposition&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0582414229&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition". <i>The Stasi: Myth and Reality</i>. Pearson Education Limited. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582414229" title="Special:BookSources/0582414229"><bdi>0582414229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tackling+the+enemy%3A+quiet+repression+and+preventive+decomposition&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0582414229&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Mike (2003). "Monitor and firefighter". <i>The Stasi: Myth and Reality</i>. Pearson Education Limited. pp. 109–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582414229" title="Special:BookSources/0582414229"><bdi>0582414229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monitor+and+firefighter&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=109-115&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0582414229&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition". <i>The Stasi: Myth and Reality</i>. Pearson Education Limited. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582414229" title="Special:BookSources/0582414229"><bdi>0582414229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tackling+the+enemy%3A+quiet+repression+and+preventive+decomposition&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0582414229&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrashoff" class="citation journal cs1">Grashoff, Udo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt20krxgs.13">"Zersetzung (GDR) in <i>Global Encyclopaedia of Informality, Volume 2: Understanding Social and Cultural Complexity</i>"</a>. <i>jstor.org</i>. UCL Press: 452–455. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt20krxgs.13">j.ctt20krxgs.13</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822233450/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt20krxgs.13">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=jstor.org&rft.atitle=Zersetzung+%28GDR%29+in+Global+Encyclopaedia+of+Informality%2C+Volume+2%3A+Understanding+Social+and+Cultural+Complexity&rft.pages=452-455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt20krxgs.13%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grashoff&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt20krxgs.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebora_MacKenzie;_Mick_Hamer;_Paul_Marks2001" class="citation journal cs1">Debora MacKenzie; Mick Hamer; Paul Marks (January 2001). "Cold war, hot secret". <i>New Scientist</i>. <b>2272</b>: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Cold+war%2C+hot+secret&rft.volume=2272&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2001-01&rft.au=Debora+MacKenzie%3B+Mick+Hamer%3B+Paul+Marks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebora_MacKenzie;_Mick_Hamer;_Paul_Marks2001" class="citation journal cs1">Debora MacKenzie; Mick Hamer; Paul Marks (January 2001). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spy+Charges+Widen+in+Germany%27s+East&rft.date=1991-03-28&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Fspy-charges-widen-in-germany-s-east.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/9867981">A brave woman seeks justice and historical recognition for past wrongs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135317/https://www.economist.com/node/9867981">Archived</a> 24 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 27 September 2007. <i>The Economist</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World</i>. Kristie Macrakis. P. 166–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Culture of Conflict in Modern Cuba</i>. Nicholas A. Robins. P. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rafiq Hariri and the Fate of Lebanon</i> (2009). Marwān Iskandar. P. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_R._Whitney1995" class="citation news cs1">Craig R. Whitney (12 April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/obituaries/gunter-guillaume-68-is-dead-spy-caused-willy-brandt-s-fall.html">"Gunter Guillaume, 68, Is Dead; Spy Caused Willy Brandt's Fall"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411012916/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/obituaries/gunter-guillaume-68-is-dead-spy-caused-willy-brandt-s-fall.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gunter+Guillaume%2C+68%2C+Is+Dead%3B+Spy+Caused+Willy+Brandt%27s+Fall&rft.date=1995-04-12&rft.au=Craig+R.+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F12%2Fobituaries%2Fgunter-guillaume-68-is-dead-spy-caused-willy-brandt-s-fall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5D6123CF931A2575BC0A966958260&pagewanted=5">Where Have All His Spies Gone?</a>. New York Times. 12 August 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Schlaff-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Schlaff_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Schlaff_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Schlaff_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/special-report-the-schlaff-saga/the-schlaff-saga-laundered-funds-business-ties-to-the-stasi-1.312799">"The Schlaff Saga / Laundered funds & 'business' ties to the Stasi"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. 7 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919020658/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/special-report-the-schlaff-saga/the-schlaff-saga-laundered-funds-business-ties-to-the-stasi-1.312799">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Schlaff+Saga+%2F+Laundered+funds+%26+%27business%27+ties+to+the+Stasi&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fspecial-report-the-schlaff-saga%2Fthe-schlaff-saga-laundered-funds-business-ties-to-the-stasi-1.312799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympiakos-soccer-chief-was-spy-for-stasi-661893.html">Olympiakos soccer chief was 'spy for Stasi'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226172054/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympiakos-soccer-chief-was-spy-for-stasi-661893.html">Archived</a> 26 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 24 February 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koehler (1999), <i>The Stasi</i>, pages 387-401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulbogdanor.com-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulbogdanor.com_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulbogdanor.com_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/eastgermany/nazis1.html">E. Germany Ran Antisemitic Campaign in West in '60s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220033242/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/eastgermany/nazis1.html">Archived</a> 20 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>, 28 February 1993. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neo-Nazism: a threat to Europe? Jillian Becker, Institute for European Defence & Strategic Studies. P. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenau2014" class="citation book cs1">Blumenau, Bernhard (2014). <i>The United Nations and Terrorism: Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39196-4"><bdi>978-1-137-39196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+and+Terrorism%3A+Germany%2C+Multilateralism%2C+and+Antiterrorism+Efforts+in+the+1970s.&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-39196-4&rft.aulast=Blumenau&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,627342,00.html">The Truth about the Gunshot that Changed Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413151116/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,627342,00.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Spiegel</i> Online. 28 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/13745822?story_id=E1_TPSQVRNN">The gunshot that hoaxed a generation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921204348/http://www.economist.com/node/13745822?story_id=E1_TPSQVRNN">Archived</a> 21 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 28 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulish2009" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas (26 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/27/world/europe/27germany.html">"East German Stasi Spy Killed Protester, Ohnesorg, in 1967"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224222744/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/27/world/europe/27germany.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=East+German+Stasi+Spy+Killed+Protester%2C+Ohnesorg%2C+in+1967&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft.aulast=Kulish&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F27germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bild.de/BILD/politik/2009/05/24/karl-heinz-kurras-schiessbefehl/benno-ohnesorg-stasi.html">"Karl-Heinz Kurras: Erschoss er Benno Ohnesorg? Gab Mielke den Schießbefehl?"</a>. 23 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527100942/http://www.bild.de/BILD/politik/2009/05/24/karl-heinz-kurras-schiessbefehl/benno-ohnesorg-stasi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl-Heinz+Kurras%3A+Erschoss+er+Benno+Ohnesorg%3F+Gab+Mielke+den+Schie%C3%9Fbefehl%3F&rft.date=2009-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bild.de%2FBILD%2Fpolitik%2F2009%2F05%2F24%2Fkarl-heinz-kurras-schiessbefehl%2Fbenno-ohnesorg-stasi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John._O._Koehler-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John._O._Koehler_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koehler, John O. (1999) <i>Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3409-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3409-8">0-8133-3409-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infektion-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infektion_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324175920/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no4/soviet-bloc-intelligence-and-its-aids.html">Operation INFEKTION - Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign</a>. Thomas Boghardt. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"KGB ordered Swiss explosion to distract attention from Chernobyl." United Press International. 27 November 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandozirishtimes-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sandozirishtimes_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2000/1123/00112300085.html">Stasi accused of Swiss disaster</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021163921/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2000/1123/00112300085.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 23 November 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sehnsucht Natur: Ökologisierung des Denkens (2009). Johannes Straubinger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hall, Thomas (25 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041216032510/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=147&a=185847">"Svensk tv-reporter mördades av DDR"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=147&a=185847">the original</a> on 16 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Svensk+tv-reporter+m%C3%B6rdades+av+DDR&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2FDNet%2Fjsp%2Fpolopoly.jsp%3Fd%3D147%26a%3D185847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvensson2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Svensson, Leif (26 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041216033953/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=147&a=186255">"Misstänkt mördare från DDR gripen"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tidningarnas_Telegrambyr%C3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå">Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=147&a=186255">the original</a> on 16 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Misst%C3%A4nkt+m%C3%B6rdare+fr%C3%A5n+DDR+gripen&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft.aulast=Svensson&rft.aufirst=Leif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2FDNet%2Fjsp%2Fpolopoly.jsp%3Fd%3D147%26a%3D186255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041217175335/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=148&a=215428">"Misstänkte DDR-mördaren släppt"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tidningarnas_Telegrambyr%C3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå">Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå</a>. 17 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=148&a=215428">the original</a> on 17 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Misst%C3%A4nkte+DDR-m%C3%B6rdaren+sl%C3%A4ppt&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2FDNet%2Fjsp%2Fpolopoly.jsp%3Fd%3D148%26a%3D215428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World</i>. Kristie Macrakis. P. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1538173,00.html">"Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128021436/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1538173,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stasi+Files+Implicate+KGB+in+Pope+Shooting&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1538173%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219342/kremlins-killing-ways-ion-mihai-pacepa">The Kremlin's Killing Ways—A long tradition continues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212034756/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219342/kremlins-killing-ways-ion-mihai-pacepa">Archived</a> 12 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 28 November 2006. National Review.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police">"Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police"</a>. 20 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184423/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stasi+Aid+and+the+Modernization+of+the+Vietnamese+Secret+Police&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fstasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stasi: Shield and Sword of the Party</i> (2008). John C. Schmeidel. P. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulbrook2005">Fulbrook 2005</a>, pp. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/16-02/ff_stasi">"Piecing Together the Dark Legacy of East Germany's Secret Police"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. 18 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320173755/https://www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/16-02/ff_stasi">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Piecing+Together+the+Dark+Legacy+of+East+Germany%27s+Secret+Police&rft.date=2008-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsecurity%2Fmagazine%2F16-02%2Fff_stasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-godsjury-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-godsjury_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Cullen (17 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXywBrmhPTUC&pg=PP1"><i>God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-09156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-09156-0"><bdi>978-0-618-09156-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Jury%3A+The+Inquisition+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.isbn=978-0-618-09156-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Cullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtXywBrmhPTUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stasimuseum.de/en/enindex.htm">The Stasi Headquarters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224220736/https://www.stasimuseum.de/en/enindex.htm">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> now a museum open to the public.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bstu.bund.de/cln_029/nn_710332/EN/Office/office__node.html__nnn=true">Functions of the BStU</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209050838/http://www.bstu.bund.de/cln_029/nn_710332/EN/Office/office__node.html__nnn=true">Archived</a> 9 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the English version of the official BStU website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timothygartonash.com/books.html">The File</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004043945/http://www.timothygartonash.com/books.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Information about "The File"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidd2011" class="citation news cs1">Pidd, Helen (13 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/13/east-germany-stasi-files-zirndorf">"Germans piece together millions of lives spied on by Stasi"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301070207/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/13/east-germany-stasi-files-zirndorf">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Germans+piece+together+millions+of+lives+spied+on+by+Stasi&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft.aulast=Pidd&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmar%2F13%2Feast-germany-stasi-files-zirndorf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/16-02/ff_stasi?currentPage=all">"Piecing Together the Dark Legacy of East Germany's Secret Police"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827163859/http://archive.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/16-02/ff_stasi?currentPage=all">Archived</a> 27 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/703303.stm">"Stasi files return to Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 April 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305215645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/703303.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stasi+files+return+to+Germany&rft.date=2000-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F703303.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bstu.de/assets/bstu/en/Downloads/BStU-Image2018-EN_O.pdf">Stasi Records Agency. History of the Records</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815155520/https://www.bstu.de/assets/bstu/en/Downloads/BStU-Image2018-EN_O.pdf">Archived</a> 15 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stasimuseum.de/en/enindex.htm">Stasi Museum Berlin.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818111107/https://www.stasimuseum.de/en/enindex.htm">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stiftung-hsh.de/history/">Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen. History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104011227/https://www.stiftung-hsh.de/history/">Archived</a> 4 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWüstenberg2017" class="citation book cs1">Wüstenberg, Jenny (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA223"><i>Civil Society and Memory in Postwar Germany</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1071-7746-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1071-7746-8"><bdi>978-1-1071-7746-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Society+and+Memory+in+Postwar+Germany&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-1071-7746-8&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCstenberg&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jQyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stiftung-ettersberg.de/en/andreasstrasse/">Stiftung Ettersberg. Andreasstrasse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711083542/https://www.stiftung-ettersberg.de/en/andreasstrasse/">Archived</a> 11 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-local_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20141204/how-ordinary-people-smashed-the-stasi">How ordinary people smashed the Stasi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711084543/https://www.thelocal.de/20141204/how-ordinary-people-smashed-the-stasi">Archived</a> 11 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local.de</a>, 4 December 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bautzner-strasse-dresden.de/">The Bautzner Straße Memorial in Dresden website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728145508/https://www.bautzner-strasse-dresden.de/">Archived</a> 28 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rost, Susanne (25 May 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/frankfurt--oder--baut-sein-altes-gefaengnis-zum-kulturzentrum-um---gedenkstaettenbeirat-entsetzt-der-einstige-hinrichtungsraum-wird-ein-caf%C3%A9-15971560">Frankfurt (Oder) baut sein altes Gefängnis zum Kulturzentrum um / Gedenkstättenbeirat entsetzt Der einstige Hinrichtungsraum wird ein Café </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312081410/http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/frankfurt--oder--baut-sein-altes-gefaengnis-zum-kulturzentrum-um---gedenkstaettenbeirat-entsetzt-der-einstige-hinrichtungsraum-wird-ein-caf%C3%A9-15971560">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum-viadrina.de/museum/gedenkstatte/">Museum Viadrina. Gedenk- und Dokumentationsstätte „Opfer politischer Gewaltherrschaft“</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818130858/http://www.museum-viadrina.de/museum/gedenkstatte/">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torhaus-gera.de/index.php/de/">Torhaus Gera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924112658/http://www.torhaus-gera.de/index.php/de/">Archived</a> 24 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geschichtsverbund-thueringen.de/mitglieder/gedenkstaette-amthordurchgang-gera-e-v/">Geschichtsverbund Thüringen Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur. Gedenkstätte Amthordurchgang Gera e.V. </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818134114/https://geschichtsverbund-thueringen.de/mitglieder/gedenkstaette-amthordurchgang-gera-e-v/">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedenkstaette-halle.sachsen-anhalt.de/">Stiftung Gedenkstätten Sachsen-Anhalt. Gedenkstätte Roter Ochse Halle (Saale)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807111200/https://gedenkstaette-halle.sachsen-anhalt.de/">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php?id=76&L=1">Runde Ecke Leipzig (in English)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818142244/http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php?id=76&L=1">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php?id=253&L=1">Runde Ecke Leipzig. Stasi Bunker Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818152445/http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php%3Fid%3D253%26L%3D1">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php?id=72&L=1">Runde Ecke Leipzig. Execution site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818142255/http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php?id=72&L=1">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedenkstaette-magdeburg.sachsen-anhalt.de/geschichte/gedenkstaette/">Gedenkstätte Moritzplatz Magdeburg. Zur Geschicte der Gedenkstätte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818160533/https://gedenkstaette-magdeburg.sachsen-anhalt.de/geschichte/gedenkstaette/">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lindenstrasse-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lindenstrasse_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lindenstrasse_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gedenkstaette-lindenstrasse.de/">Stiftung Gedenkstaette Lindenstrasse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818162122/https://www.gedenkstaette-lindenstrasse.de/">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ddrmuseum-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ddrmuseum_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ddr-museum.de/de/blog/archive/dokumentations-und-gedenkstaette-der-ehemaligen-u-haft-der-stasi-rostock">DDR Museum. Dokumentations- und Gedenkstätte in der ehemaligen U-Haft der Stasi in Rostock</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818190334/https://www.ddr-museum.de/de/blog/archive/dokumentations-und-gedenkstaette-der-ehemaligen-u-haft-der-stasi-rostock">Archived</a> 18 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 14 October 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vilasi, Antonella Colonna (2015). <i>The History of the Stasi</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbl-mv.de/sanierung-einer-dokumentations-und-gedenkst%C3%A4tte-in-rostock+2400+1024349">BBL-MV. Sanierung einer Dokumentations- und Gedenkstätte in Rostock</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, 3 December 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kupchinsky-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kupchinsky_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35128">Nord Stream, Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") and the Gazprom Lobby</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605020326/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35128">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Eurasia Daily Monitor</i> Volume: 6 Issue: 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stasi-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stasi_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35034">Gazprom's Loyalists in Berlin and Brussels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225183224/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35034">Archived</a> 25 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Eurasia Daily Monitor</i> Volume: 6 Issue: 100. 26 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.de/money/20080507-11753.html">"Police investigate Gazprom executive's Stasi past"</a>. 7 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719093819/http://www.thelocal.de/money/20080507-11753.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+investigate+Gazprom+executive%27s+Stasi+past&rft.date=2008-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2Fmoney%2F20080507-11753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Berliner Morgenpost</i> 16 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article266203/Stasi_Offiziere_leugnen_den_Terror.html">Stasi_Offiziere_leugnen_den_Terror</a><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194624/http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article266203/Stasi_Offiziere_leugnen_den_Terror.html">Archived</a> 2 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackmann2006" class="citation web cs1">Backmann, Christa (25 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710083042/http://morgenpost.berlin1.de/content/2006/03/25/berlin/818994.html">"Stasi-Anhänger schreiben an Bildungssenator Böger"</a> [Stasi supporters write to Education Senator Böger]. <i>Berliner Morgenpost</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morgenpost.berlin1.de/content/2006/03/25/berlin/818994.html">the original</a> on 10 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Morgenpost&rft.atitle=Stasi-Anh%C3%A4nger+schreiben+an+Bildungssenator+B%C3%B6ger&rft.date=2006-03-25&rft.aulast=Backmann&rft.aufirst=Christa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmorgenpost.berlin1.de%2Fcontent%2F2006%2F03%2F25%2Fberlin%2F818994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schomaker, Gilbert. <i>Die Welt</i>, 26 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article205864/Ehemalige_Stasi_Kader_schreiben_Schulen_an.html">Ehemalige Stasi-Kader schreiben Schulen an</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012211053/http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article205864/Ehemalige_Stasi_Kader_schreiben_Schulen_an.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I_regret_nothing,_says_Stasi_spy-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I_regret_nothing,_says_Stasi_spy_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I_regret_nothing,_says_Stasi_spy_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/451366.stm">"I regret nothing, says Stasi spy"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 20 September 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614221147/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/451366.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=I+regret+nothing%2C+says+Stasi+spy&rft.date=1999-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Fbritain_betrayed%2F451366.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernd-Rainer_BarthJan_Wielgohs" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernd-Rainer_Barth" title="Bernd-Rainer Barth">Bernd-Rainer Barth</a>; Jan Wielgohs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=68">"Aris, Helmut * 11.5.1908, † 22.11.1987 Präsident des Verbandes der Jüdischen Gemeinden"</a>. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209181106/http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=68">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aris%2C+Helmut+%2A+11.5.1908%2C+%E2%80%A0+22.11.1987+Pr%C3%A4sident+des+Verbandes+der+J%C3%BCdischen+Gemeinden&rft.pub=Bundesstiftung+zur+Aufarbeitung+der+SED-Diktatur%3A+Biographische+Datenbanken&rft.au=Bernd-Rainer+Barth&rft.au=Jan+Wielgohs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de%2Fwer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%252363%253B-1424.html%3FID%3D68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLothar_Mertens2006" class="citation book cs1">Lothar Mertens (2006). <i>Lexikon der DDR-Historiker. Biographien und Bibliographien zu den Geschichtswissenschaftlern aus der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik</i>. K. G. Saur, München. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-11673-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-11673-X"><bdi>3-598-11673-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+DDR-Historiker.+Biographien+und+Bibliographien+zu+den+Geschichtswissenschaftlern+aus+der+Deutschen+Demokratischen+Republik&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=K.+G.+Saur%2C+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-598-11673-X&rft.au=Lothar+Mertens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043133/http://archiv.rhein-zeitung.de/on/99/04/29/topnews/almupor.html">"Mandatsentzug läßt Beck kalt: "Ich bin ein Schlachtroß"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Rhein-Zeitung. 29 April 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.rhein-zeitung.de/on/99/04/29/topnews/almupor.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandatsentzug+l%C3%A4%C3%9Ft+Beck+kalt%3A+%22Ich+bin+ein+Schlachtro%C3%9F%22&rft.pub=Rhein-Zeitung&rft.date=1999-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiv.rhein-zeitung.de%2Fon%2F99%2F04%2F29%2Ftopnews%2Falmupor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13681063.html">"Neues Maueropfer"</a>. <i>Die SED-Nachfolgepartei PDS nutzt den Freitod eines Genossen für den Versuch, die Stasi-Debatte abzuwürgen. Die SED-Nachfolgepartei PDS nutzt den Freitod eines Genossen für den Versuch, die Stasi-Debatte abzuwürgen</i>. Vol. 9/1992. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (online). 24 February 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415144108/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13681063.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tagesschau&rft.atitle=Perfektes+Dopen+mit+der+Stasi&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Finland%2Fmeldung100924.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3DB1131F932A25751C0A964958260">February 11, 1992 <i>New York Times</i> article on Czudaj's espionage involvement.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105222442/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/sports/albertville-notebook-germany-won-t-ban-sledder-who-informed.html">Archived</a> 5 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - accessed 12 April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/REZENSIO/buecher/2001/SpGi1201.htm">"H-Soz-u-Kult / Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft"</a>. <i>hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818025455/http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/REZENSIO/buecher/2001/SpGi1201.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de&rft.atitle=H-Soz-u-Kult+%2F+Mielke%2C+Macht+und+Meisterschaft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de%2FREZENSIO%2Fbuecher%2F2001%2FSpGi1201.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleil2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pleil, Ingolf (11 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnn.de/Dresden/Lokales/Was-der-Geheimdienst-der-DDR-mit-dem-Sport-zu-tun-hatte">"Was der Geheimdienst der DDR mit dem Sport zu tun hatte"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten">Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten</a></i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>: Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129225335/https://www.dnn.de/Dresden/Lokales/Was-der-Geheimdienst-der-DDR-mit-dem-Sport-zu-tun-hatte">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dresdner+Neueste+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=Was+der+Geheimdienst+der+DDR+mit+dem+Sport+zu+tun+hatte&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft.aulast=Pleil&rft.aufirst=Ingolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnn.de%2FDresden%2FLokales%2FWas-der-Geheimdienst-der-DDR-mit-dem-Sport-zu-tun-hatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJörg_Winterfeldt2000" class="citation news cs1">Jörg Winterfeldt (22 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article508213/Mielkes-Raecher-unbestraft.html">"Mielkes Rächer unbestraft"</a>. <i>Die Welt</i>. welt.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201035344/https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article508213/Mielkes-Raecher-unbestraft.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Mielkes+R%C3%A4cher+unbestraft&rft.date=2000-03-22&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg+Winterfeldt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fprint-welt%2Farticle508213%2FMielkes-Raecher-unbestraft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/452253.stm">"Spying Who's Who"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 22 September 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111182452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/452253.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Spying+Who%27s+Who&rft.date=1999-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Fbritain_betrayed%2F452253.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUwe_Müller2009" class="citation web cs1">Uwe Müller (22 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investigativ.welt.de/2009/11/22/das-stasi-geheimnis-der-hotelchefin-uta-felgner/">"Das Stasi-Geheimnis der Hotelchefin Uta Felgner"</a>. WeltN24 GmbH, Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202051405/http://investigativ.welt.de/2009/11/22/das-stasi-geheimnis-der-hotelchefin-uta-felgner/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Stasi-Geheimnis+der+Hotelchefin+Uta+Felgner&rft.pub=WeltN24+GmbH%2C+Berlin&rft.date=2009-11-22&rft.au=Uwe+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestigativ.welt.de%2F2009%2F11%2F22%2Fdas-stasi-geheimnis-der-hotelchefin-uta-felgner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/details-aus-stasi-akten-cottbus-trainer-geyer-horchte-kirsten-und-sammer-aus-a-90878.html">"Cottbus-Trainer Geyer horchte Kirsten und Sammer aus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)" title="Der Spiegel (website)">Spiegel</a></i> (in German). Hamburg: Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG. 27 August 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120161855/https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/details-aus-stasi-akten-cottbus-trainer-geyer-horchte-kirsten-und-sammer-aus-a-90878.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel&rft.atitle=Cottbus-Trainer+Geyer+horchte+Kirsten+und+Sammer+aus&rft.date=2000-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fsport%2Ffussball%2Fdetails-aus-stasi-akten-cottbus-trainer-geyer-horchte-kirsten-und-sammer-aus-a-90878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/eduard-geyer-dynamo-dresden-vereinslegenden-treten-als-ehrenspielfuehrer-wegen-ex-trainer-zurueck-a-1210749.html">"Dynamo-Vereinslegenden treten als Ehrenspielführer zurück - wegen Ede Geyer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)" title="Der Spiegel (website)">Spiegel</a></i> (in German). Hamburg: Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG. 1 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717232707/https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/eduard-geyer-dynamo-dresden-vereinslegenden-treten-als-ehrenspielfuehrer-wegen-ex-trainer-zurueck-a-1210749.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel&rft.atitle=Dynamo-Vereinslegenden+treten+als+Ehrenspielf%C3%BChrer+zur%C3%BCck+-+wegen+Ede+Geyer&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fsport%2Ffussball%2Feduard-geyer-dynamo-dresden-vereinslegenden-treten-als-ehrenspielfuehrer-wegen-ex-trainer-zurueck-a-1210749.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2003/25/KA-H_9arbuch25">Ich war der Goebbels der Defa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307010431/https://www.zeit.de/2003/25/KA-H_9arbuch25">Archived</a> 7 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>I Was DEFA's Goebbels]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>, 12 March 2003.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-film-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-film_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaterlandsverraeter.com/">"Vaterlandsverräter"</a>. Film homepage. IT WORKS! Medien GmbH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721200623/http://vaterlandsverraeter.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vaterlandsverr%C3%A4ter&rft.pub=Film+homepage.+IT+WORKS%21+Medien+GmbH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaterlandsverraeter.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Sabrow: Das Diktat des Konsenses: Geschichtswissenschaft in der DDR 1949–1969. Oldenbourg, München 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56559-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56559-1">3-486-56559-1</a>, pp. 172-173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkatj6AAB7QC&pg=PA19"><i>Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht: Dokumentation</i></a> (in German). Klaus Marxen, Gerhard Werle (eds.). Berlin; New York: De Gruyter. 2000. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110161346" title="Special:BookSources/3110161346"><bdi>3110161346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strafjustiz+und+DDR-Unrecht%3A+Dokumentation&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3110161346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddkatj6AAB7QC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogalla" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rogalla, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129022015/http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/eine-stasi-debatte--die-nicht-beendet-wurde-16532176">"Eine Stasi-Debatte, die nicht beendet wurde"</a>. <i>Berliner Zeitung</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/eine-stasi-debatte--die-nicht-beendet-wurde-16532176">the original</a> on 29 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Eine+Stasi-Debatte%2C+die+nicht+beendet+wurde&rft.aulast=Rogalla&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Feine-stasi-debatte--die-nicht-beendet-wurde-16532176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2007" class="citation news cs1">Müller, Uwe (25 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article1212415/Birthler-Behoerde-liess-Stasi-Spitzel-einladen.html">"DDR: Birthler-Behörde ließ Stasi-Spitzel einladen - WELT"</a>. <i>DIE WELT</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107213854/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article1212415/Birthler-Behoerde-liess-Stasi-Spitzel-einladen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft.atitle=DDR%3A+Birthler-Beh%C3%B6rde+lie%C3%9F+Stasi-Spitzel+einladen+-+WELT&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Farticle1212415%2FBirthler-Behoerde-liess-Stasi-Spitzel-einladen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/dichter-und-drehbuchautor-heinz-kahlau-ist-tot-a-826435.html">"Heinz Kahlau ist tot"</a>. <i>Dichter und Drehbuchautor .... Er zählte zu den bekanntesten Lyrikern der DDR: Heinz Kahlau ist im Alter von 81 Jahren an Herzschwäche gestorben. Berühmt wurde der Autor unter anderem durch seine Liebesgedichte - doch er verfasste auch kritische Verse</i>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (online). 9 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130122905/https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/dichter-und-drehbuchautor-heinz-kahlau-ist-tot-a-826435.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dichter+und+Drehbuchautor+....+Er+z%C3%A4hlte+zu+den+bekanntesten+Lyrikern+der+DDR%3A+Heinz+Kahlau+ist+im+Alter+von+81+Jahren+an+Herzschw%C3%A4che+gestorben.+Ber%C3%BChmt+wurde+der+Autor+unter+anderem+durch+seine+Liebesgedichte+-+doch+er+verfasste+auch+kritische+Verse.&rft.atitle=Heinz+Kahlau+ist+tot&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fliteratur%2Fdichter-und-drehbuchautor-heinz-kahlau-ist-tot-a-826435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernd-Rainer_Barth" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernd-Rainer_Barth" title="Bernd-Rainer Barth">Bernd-Rainer Barth</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=1632">"Kamnitzer, Heinz * 10.5.1917, † 21.5.2001 Präsident des PEN-Zentrums DDR"</a>. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220124523/http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=1632">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kamnitzer%2C+Heinz+%2A+10.5.1917%2C+%E2%80%A0+21.5.2001+Pr%C3%A4sident+des+PEN-Zentrums+DDR&rft.pub=Bundesstiftung+zur+Aufarbeitung+der+SED-Diktatur%3A+Biographische+Datenbanken&rft.au=Bernd-Rainer+Barth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de%2Fwer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%252363%253B-1424.html%3FID%3D1632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympiakos-soccer-chief-was-spy-for-stasi-9272830.html">"Olympiakos soccer chief was 'spy for Stasi'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. 24 February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympiakos-soccer-chief-was-spy-for-stasi-9272830.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Olympiakos+soccer+chief+was+%27spy+for+Stasi%27&rft.date=2002-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Folympiakos-soccer-chief-was-spy-for-stasi-9272830.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cryptome.org/kokkalis-stasi.htm">"Socrates Kokkalis and the STASI"</a>. <i>cryptome.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005133027/https://cryptome.org/kokkalis-stasi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cryptome.org&rft.atitle=Socrates+Kokkalis+and+the+STASI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcryptome.org%2Fkokkalis-stasi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1832174.stm">"Stasi spy claims hit Greek magnate"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913233937/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1832174.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stasi+spy+claims+hit+Greek+magnate&rft.date=2002-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1832174.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmut_Müller-Enbergs" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_M%C3%BCller-Enbergs" title="Helmut Müller-Enbergs">Helmut Müller-Enbergs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2169">"Luft, Christa geb. geb. Hecht * 22.02.1938 Stellv. Vorsitzende des Ministerrats u. Ministerin für Wirtschaft"</a>. <i>Wer war wer in der DDR?</i>. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160955/https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2169">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wer+war+wer+in+der+DDR%3F&rft.atitle=Luft%2C+Christa+geb.+geb.+Hecht+%2A+22.02.1938+Stellv.+Vorsitzende+des+Ministerrats+u.+Ministerin+f%C3%BCr+Wirtschaft&rft.au=Helmut+M%C3%BCller-Enbergs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de%2Fwer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%252363%253B-1424.html%3FID%3D2169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronikderwende.de/english/biography_jsp/key=e_de+maizi%25e8re_lothar.html">"Biography: Lothar de Maizière - Biographies - Chronik der Wende"</a>. <i>www.chronikderwende.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317090115/https://www.chronikderwende.de/english/biography_jsp/key=e_de+maizi%25e8re_lothar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chronikderwende.de&rft.atitle=Biography%3A+Lothar+de+Maizi%C3%A8re+-+Biographies+-+Chronik+der+Wende&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronikderwende.de%2Fenglish%2Fbiography_jsp%2Fkey%3De_de%2Bmaizi%2525e8re_lothar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213218/http://www.thomas-nord.de/fileadmin/nord/Sonstige_Bilder/Fuer_Website/Stellungnahme%20Homepage.pdf">"Stellungnahme Homepage"</a> [Opinion Homepage] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomas-nord.de/fileadmin/nord/Sonstige_Bilder/Fuer_Website/Stellungnahme%20Homepage.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stellungnahme+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomas-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fnord%2FSonstige_Bilder%2FFuer_Website%2FStellungnahme%2520Homepage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2538">"Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412164019/https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundesstiftung+Aufarbeitung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de%2Fwer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%252363%253B-1424.html%3FID%3D2538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/450921.stm">"Respected lecturer's double life"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 September 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111160759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/450921.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Respected+lecturer%27s+double+life&rft.date=1999-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Fbritain_betrayed%2F450921.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141028031210/http://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/startseite/detail/-/specific/Wie-ein-Jenaer-Stasi-Spitzel-Menschen-verriet-die-ihm-eigentlich-vertrauen-1200276943">"Wie ein Jenaer Stasi-Spitzel Menschen verriet, die ihm eigentlich vertrauen"</a> (in German). Thueringer Allgemeine. 27 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/startseite/detail/-/specific/Wie-ein-Jenaer-Stasi-Spitzel-Menschen-verriet-die-ihm-eigentlich-vertrauen-1200276943">the original</a> on 28 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wie+ein+Jenaer+Stasi-Spitzel+Menschen+verriet%2C+die+ihm+eigentlich+vertrauen&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thueringer-allgemeine.de%2Fstartseite%2Fdetail%2F-%2Fspecific%2FWie-ein-Jenaer-Stasi-Spitzel-Menschen-verriet-die-ihm-eigentlich-vertrauen-1200276943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyburn2009" class="citation news cs1">Reyburn, Scott (26 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=abl_Be6_sq6g&refer=muse">"Former Stasi Agent Bernd Runge Gets Phillips Top Job (Update1)"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521131806/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=abl_Be6_sq6g&refer=muse">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Former+Stasi+Agent+Bernd+Runge+Gets+Phillips+Top+Job+%28Update1%29&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft.aulast=Reyburn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3Dabl_Be6_sq6g%26refer%3Dmuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/special-report-the-schlaff-saga/the-schlaff-saga-laundered-funds-business-ties-to-the-stasi-1.312799">"The Schlaff Saga / Laundered funds & 'business' ties to the Stasi"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. 7 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919020658/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/special-report-the-schlaff-saga/the-schlaff-saga-laundered-funds-business-ties-to-the-stasi-1.312799">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Schlaff+Saga+%2F+Laundered+funds+%26+%27business%27+ties+to+the+Stasi&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fspecial-report-the-schlaff-saga%2Fthe-schlaff-saga-laundered-funds-business-ties-to-the-stasi-1.312799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2008" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Carolyn (25 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-stasi-idUSL2587786520080325">"E.German Stasi informant wins battle to conceal past"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908202834/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/03/25/us-germany-stasi-idUSL2587786520080325">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=E.German+Stasi+informant+wins+battle+to+conceal+past&rft.date=2008-03-25&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-germany-stasi-idUSL2587786520080325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1893878,00.html">"Court Decision Paves Olympics Way for Stasi-linked Coach - Germany - DW - 06.02.2006"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312124432/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1893878,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Court+Decision+Paves+Olympics+Way+for+Stasi-linked+Coach+-+Germany+-+DW+-+06.02.2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C1893878%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Schroeder1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Schroeder" title="Klaus Schroeder">Klaus Schroeder</a> (16 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezensionen/2.1715/rezension-sachbuch-projektgruppe-moralische-entsorgung-11310752.html">"Projektgruppe moralische Entsorgung: Linke Gesinnungswächter denunzieren die Gauck-Behörde"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine (Feuilleton section)</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527201532/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezensionen/2.1715/rezension-sachbuch-projektgruppe-moralische-entsorgung-11310752.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+%28Feuilleton+section%29&rft.atitle=Projektgruppe+moralische+Entsorgung%3A+Linke+Gesinnungsw%C3%A4chter+denunzieren+die+Gauck-Beh%C3%B6rde&rft.date=1999-07-16&rft.au=Klaus+Schroeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Ffeuilleton%2Fbuecher%2Frezensionen%2F2.1715%2Frezension-sachbuch-projektgruppe-moralische-entsorgung-11310752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/8929252/Christa-Wolf.html">Christa Wolf obituary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710165322/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/8929252/Christa-Wolf.html">Archived</a> 10 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Telegraph</i>, 2 December 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blumenau, Bernhard. "Unholy Alliance: The Connection between the East German Stasi and the Right-Wing Terrorist Odfried Hepp". <i>Studies in Conflict & Terrorism</i> (2 May 2018): 1–22. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2018.1471969">10.1080/1057610X.2018.1471969</a>.</li> <li>Gary Bruce: <i>The Firm: The Inside Story of Stasi</i>, The Oxford Oral History Series; Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539205-0">978-0-19-539205-0</a>.</li> <li>De La Motte and John Green, <i>Stasi State or Socialist Paradise? The German Democratic Republic and What became of it</i>, Artery Publications. 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunder2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Funder" title="Anna Funder">Funder, Anna</a> (2003). <i>Stasiland: Stories from Behind the Berlin Wall</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Granta" title="Granta">Granta</a>. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-655-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-655-6"><bdi>978-1-86207-655-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55891480">55891480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stasiland%3A+Stories+from+Behind+the+Berlin+Wall&rft.place=London&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Granta&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55891480&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-655-6&rft.aulast=Funder&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook2005" class="citation book cs1">Fulbrook, Mary (2005). <i>The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14424-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14424-6"><bdi>978-0-300-14424-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+State%3A+East+German+Society+from+Hitler+to+Honecker&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14424-6&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGieseke2014" class="citation book cs1">Gieseke, Jens (2014). <i>The History of the Stasi: East Germany's Secret Police 1945–1990</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-254-6"><bdi>978-1-78238-254-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Stasi%3A+East+Germany%27s+Secret+Police+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-254-6&rft.aulast=Gieseke&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span> Translation of 2001 book.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2011" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Luke (2011). <i>Mafia State</i>. London: Guardian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85265-247-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85265-247-3"><bdi>978-0-85265-247-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mafia+State&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guardian+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85265-247-3&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehler2000" class="citation book cs1">Koehler, John O. (2000). <i>Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3744-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stasi%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+East+German+Secret+Police&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3744-9&rft.aulast=Koehler&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Macrakis, Kristie (2008). <i>Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88747-2">978-0-521-88747-2</a>.</li> <li>Pickard, Ralph (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/Stasi_Decorations_and_Memorabilia" title="Stasi Decorations and Memorabilia">STASI Decorations and Memorabilia, A Collector's Guide</a></i>. Frontline Historical Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9797199-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9797199-0-5">978-0-9797199-0-5</a>.</li> <li>Pickard, Ralph (2012). <i>Stasi Decorations and Memorabilia</i> Volume II. Frontline Historical Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9797199-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9797199-2-9">978-0-9797199-2-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasi&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ministerium_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ministerium für Staatssicherheit">Ministerium für Staatssicherheit</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wy8J37X7umY"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Germany's Records of Repression</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> on <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnabe,_Hubertus2014" class="citation web cs1">Knabe, Hubertus (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/hubertus_knabe_the_dark_secrets_of_a_surveillance_state">"The dark secrets of a surveillance state"</a>. <i>TED Salon</i>. Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TED+Salon&rft.atitle=The+dark+secrets+of+a+surveillance+state&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Knabe%2C+Hubertus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Fhubertus_knabe_the_dark_secrets_of_a_surveillance_state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStasi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/">Stasi Mediathek Behörde des Bundesbeauftragten für die Stasi-Unterlagen</a> Archive with records from the Stasi Records Agency (in German)</li> <li>Witness account by a former <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thie.me/stasiprison">political prisoner in the Stasi Prison</a> system.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orte-der-einheit.de/en/ministry-for-state-security"><i>Ministry for State Security: Command Post of the State Authority</i>.</a> In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orte-der-einheit.de/en/">Sites of Unity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haus_der_Geschichte" title="Haus der Geschichte">Haus der Geschichte</a>), 2022.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mass_surveillance_on_citizens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_surveillance" title="Template:Mass surveillance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Mass_surveillance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Mass surveillance (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mass_surveillance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mass surveillance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mass_surveillance_on_citizens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a> on citizens</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disclosures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_global_surveillance" title="Origins of global surveillance">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(1970%E2%80%932013)" title="Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)">Pre-2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">2013–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_global_surveillance_disclosures" title="Reactions to global surveillance disclosures">Reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XKeyscore" title="XKeyscore">XKeyscore</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchelon" title="Frenchelon">Frenchelon</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_(interception_system)" title="Onyx (interception system)">Onyx</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET%C3%96meter" class="mw-redirect" title="FETÖmeter">FETÖmeter</a> (Turkey)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stasi</a> (Germany, 1950–1990)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_of_Julian_Assange" title="Surveillance of Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Five Eyes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(treaty)" title="Lustre (treaty)">Lustre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals: Terrorism</li> <li>Freedoms</li> <li>Human Rights</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secret_police_agencies_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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(OGPU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security (MGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">Committee for State Security (KGB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ministry for State Security (Stasi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">State Protection Authority (ÁVH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_III" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs III">Ministry of Internal Affairs III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Service_(Poland)" title="Security Service (Poland)">Security Service (SB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Department of State Security (Securitate)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OZNA" title="OZNA">Department of National Security (OZNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_for_State_Security_(Yugoslavia)" title="Directorate for State Security (Yugoslavia)">Directorate for State Security (UDBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">Counterintelligence Service (KOS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SV_Dynamo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;;background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SV_Dynamo" title="Template:SV Dynamo"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#C0C0C0">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SV_Dynamo" title="Template talk:SV Dynamo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#C0C0C0">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SV_Dynamo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SV Dynamo"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#C0C0C0">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SV_Dynamo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SV Dynamo</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;;width:1%;background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;">Sports Club</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SV_Dynamo" title="SV Dynamo">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamosport" title="Dynamosport">Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_items_and_badges_of_the_SV_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Award items and badges of the SV Dynamo">Award items and badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi_Decorations_and_Memorabilia" title="Stasi Decorations and Memorabilia">Stasi Decorations and Memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky_Guards_Regiment" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment">Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">Volkspolizei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mielke" title="Erich Mielke">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_national_championships_of_the_SV_Dynamo" title="List of the national championships of the SV Dynamo">GDR championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_winning_SV_Dynamo_sports_club_athletes" title="List of international winning SV Dynamo sports club athletes">Hall of fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Sports_Club" title="Dynamo Sports Club">Soviet brotherorganization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;;width:1%;background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;">District's Organization - Schwerin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#C0C0C0; color:#8b0019;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Schwerin" class="mw-redirect" title="SG Dynamo Schwerin">SG Dynamo Schwerin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;;width:1%;background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;">District's Organization - Frankfurt (Oder)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SG_Dynamo_F%C3%BCrstenwalde" class="mw-redirect" title="SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde">SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;;width:1%;background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;">District's Organization - Berlin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#C0C0C0; color:#8b0019;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SC_Dynamo_Berlin" title="SC Dynamo Berlin">SC Dynamo Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisb%C3%A4ren_Berlin" title="Eisbären Berlin">SC Dynamo Berlin (ice hockey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_FC_Dynamo" title="Berliner FC Dynamo">BFC Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen" title="SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen">SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;;width:1%;background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;">District's Organization - Erfurt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Erfurt" title="SG Dynamo Erfurt">SG Dynamo Erfurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;;width:1%;background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;">District's Organization - Dresden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#C0C0C0; color:#8b0019;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Wei%C3%9Fwasser" class="mw-redirect" title="SG Dynamo Weißwasser">SG Dynamo Weißwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="SG Dynamo Dresden">SG Dynamo Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Heide_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="SG Dynamo Heide Dresden">SG Dynamo Heide Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Zinnwald" title="SG Dynamo Zinnwald">SG Dynamo Zinnwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;;width:1%;background-color:#8b0019; color:#C0C0C0;">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sportforum_Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen" title="Sportforum Hohenschönhausen">Sportforum Hohenschönhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Dresden">Dynamo-Stadium (Dresden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track" title="Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the Republic (Berlin)">Palace of the Republic (Berlin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Steyer-Stadion" title="Heinz-Steyer-Stadion">Heinz-Steyer-Stadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschbergschanze" title="Aschbergschanze">Aschbergschanze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark" title="Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark">Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentralstadion_(1956)" title="Zentralstadion (1956)">Zentralstadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportforum_Chemnitz" title="Sportforum Chemnitz">Karls Marx-Stadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123241104">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137239544">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2065138-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83012175">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12345386c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12345386c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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