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<li id="toc-Reforms_of_Edward_Gierek_(1970–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_of_Edward_Gierek_(1970–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reforms of Edward Gierek (1970–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_of_Edward_Gierek_(1970–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis;_debt,_rationing_and_shortages_(1976–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis;_debt,_rationing_and_shortages_(1976–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crisis; debt, rationing and shortages (1976–1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis;_debt,_rationing_and_shortages_(1976–1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction,_restrictions,_patrols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction,_restrictions,_patrols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Introduction, restrictions, patrols</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Introduction,_restrictions,_patrols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Introduction, restrictions, patrols subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Introduction,_restrictions,_patrols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secret_preparations_and_provocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_preparations_and_provocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Secret preparations and provocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_preparations_and_provocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12–13_December_1981;_Operations_Fir_and_Azalea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12–13_December_1981;_Operations_Fir_and_Azalea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>12–13 December 1981; Operations Fir and Azalea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12–13_December_1981;_Operations_Fir_and_Azalea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16_December_1981;_Wujek_Coal_Mine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_December_1981;_Wujek_Coal_Mine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>16 December 1981; Wujek Coal Mine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_December_1981;_Wujek_Coal_Mine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gdańsk,_Kraków,_Lublin_and_continuing_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gdańsk,_Kraków,_Lublin_and_continuing_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin and continuing protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gdańsk,_Kraków,_Lublin_and_continuing_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law,_rules_and_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law,_rules_and_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Law, rules and censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law,_rules_and_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruling_of_unconstitutionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_of_unconstitutionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ruling of unconstitutionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_of_unconstitutionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_intervention_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_intervention_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Soviet intervention debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_intervention_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Declaration script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martial law in Poland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الأحكام العرفية في بولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأحكام العرفية في بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B_(1981%E2%80%941983)" title="Ваеннае становішча ў Польшчы (1981—1983) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваеннае становішча ў Польшчы (1981—1983)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B_(1981%E2%80%941983)" title="Ваеннае становішча ў Польшчы (1981—1983) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ваеннае становішча ў Польшчы (1981—1983)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Военно положение в Полша – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военно положение в Полша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1le%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_stav_v_Polsku_(1981%E2%80%931983)" title="Válečný stav v Polsku (1981–1983) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válečný stav v Polsku (1981–1983)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsrecht_in_Polen_1981%E2%80%931983" title="Kriegsrecht in Polen 1981–1983 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriegsrecht in Polen 1981–1983" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jaseisukord_Poolas" title="Sõjaseisukord Poolas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjaseisukord Poolas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Στρατιωτικός νόμος στην Πολωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατιωτικός νόμος στην Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_marcial_en_Polonia" title="Ley marcial en Polonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley marcial en Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milita_stato_en_Pollando" title="Milita stato en Pollando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milita stato en Pollando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حکومت نظامی در لهستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت نظامی در لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_si%C3%A8ge_en_Pologne_de_1981_%C3%A0_1983" title="État de siège en Pologne de 1981 à 1983 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État de siège en Pologne de 1981 à 1983" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_marziale_in_Polonia" title="Legge marziale in Polonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge marziale in Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="המשטר הצבאי בפולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשטר הצבאי בפולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%C4%97_pad%C4%97tis_Lenkijoje_1981%E2%80%931983_m." title="Karinė padėtis Lenkijoje 1981–1983 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karinė padėtis Lenkijoje 1981–1983 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi%C3%A1llapot_Lengyelorsz%C3%A1gban_(1981%E2%80%931983)" title="Hadiállapot Lengyelországban (1981–1983) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadiállapot Lengyelországban (1981–1983)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E6%88%92%E5%8E%B3%E4%BB%A4" title="ポーランドの戒厳令 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランドの戒厳令" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_(1981%E2%80%931983)" title="Stan wojenny w Polsce (1981–1983) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan wojenny w Polsce (1981–1983)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_marcial_na_Pol%C3%B4nia" title="Lei marcial na Polônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei marcial na Polônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_mar%C8%9Bial%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Polonia" title="Legea marțială în Polonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea marțială în Polonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_(1981%E2%80%941983)" title="Военное положение в Польше (1981—1983) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военное положение в Польше (1981—1983)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan_sotatila" title="Puolan sotatila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolan sotatila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="กฎอัยการศึกในประเทศโปแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎอัยการศึกในประเทศโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D1%96_(1981%E2%80%941983)" title="Воєнний стан у Польщі (1981—1983) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Воєнний стан у Польщі 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(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Martial law in Poland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Polish crisis of 1980–1981</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg/280px-T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg/420px-T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg/560px-T-55A_Martial_law_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tanks enter the town of <a href="/wiki/Zb%C4%85szy%C5%84" title="Zbąszyń">Zbąszyń</a> while moving east towards <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, 13 December 1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 December 1981 – 22 July 1983 (1 year, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish government</a> victory </p> <ul><li>Crackdown on opposition</li> <li>Protests suppressed</li> <li>Deepened economic crisis</li> <li>Continued resistance until 1989</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic"><img alt="Polish People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Citizens' Militia (MO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> squads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Bezpieczeństwa">Security Service (SB)</a></li> <li>Pro-Government Protesters</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Supported by:</b> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">Intelligence support and military equipment</span>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity Movement</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a><br /><small>(from 1982)</small></li> <li>Anti-Government Protesters</li> <li>Government Defectors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Catholic Church in Poland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Supported by:</b> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile"><img alt="Polish government-in-exile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">Financial support</span>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">Financial support</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic"><img alt="Polish People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile"><img alt="Polish government-in-exile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>Initial strength</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-auto17_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>80,000 soldiers</li> <li>30,000 policemen</li> <li>1,750 tanks</li> <li>1,900 combat vehicles</li> <li>9,000 cars</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 23,000 members of Solidarity, protesters, governmental defectors and other unprivileged belligerents armed mostly with small arms</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li>1 killed</li> <li>over 20 injured</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <li>91 killed</li> <li>Thousands arrested</li></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martial law in Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Stan wojenny w Polsce</i>) existed between 13 December 1981 and 22 July 1983. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> drastically restricted everyday life by introducing <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> in an attempt to counter political opposition, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a>. </p><p>Since the late 1970s, communist Poland had been in a deep <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recession</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a>, First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (PZPR), had obtained a series of large loans from foreign creditors to achieve better economic output, but they instead resulted in a domestic crisis. Essential goods were heavily <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationed</a>, which acted as a stimulus to establishing the first anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Communist Bloc</a>, known as Solidarity, in 1980. Gierek, who permitted the trade union to appear per the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a>, was dismissed from his post less than a month later and confined to <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>. Following countless strikes and demonstrations by employees of chief industrial regions, Poland was heading towards bankruptcy. The new First Secretary, General <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>, was determined to put an end to the demonstrations by force if necessary. </p><p>On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski announced the imposition of martial law in a televised speech, following the vote of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Council of State">Council of State</a> the previous day which formally authorised its introduction. An extraconstitutional <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a> (WRON), was formed to rule Poland during the time. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Citizens' Militia</a> (MO), <a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> special paramilitary units, and tanks were deployed on the streets to demoralize demonstrators, begin regular patrols, control strategic enterprises, and maintain <a href="/wiki/Militsiya_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Militsiya hour">curfew</a>. Intercity travelling without a permit was forbidden, food shortages intensified, and censorship was placed on all media and correspondence. The <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Bezpieczeństwa">secret services</a> (SB) <a href="/wiki/Wiretapped" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretapped">wiretapped</a> phones in public booths and state institutions. Thousands of opposition activists were <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">imprisoned</a> without trial,<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although martial law was lifted in 1983, many <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> were not released until a general <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> in 1986. The crackdown on the opposition led the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a> to introduce economic sanctions against Poland and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, further worsening the former's economy. </p><p>Some protests appeared in response to the introduction of martial law. On 16 December, the ZOMO squads <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Wujek" title="Pacification of Wujek">pacified</a> the pro-Solidarity miners' strike in the <a href="/wiki/Wujek_Coal_Mine" title="Wujek Coal Mine">Wujek Coal Mine</a> in the industrial city of <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, killing nine demonstrators. Other <a href="/wiki/1982_demonstrations_in_Poland" title="1982 demonstrations in Poland">demonstrations across Poland</a> were dispersed by the military or paramilitary units, which utilized <a href="/wiki/Water_cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Water cannons">water cannons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">batons</a>, truncheons, and clubs, killing 91 people in total, though this figure is uncertain and is still debated among historians.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martial law succeeded in marginalising the Solidarity movement, which would largely remain on the sidelines until the late 1980s. As fewer people engaged in anti-government demonstrations, martial law was suspended on 31 December 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on a resolution adopted on 19th of December<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was formally lifted by a resolution of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="State Council of the Polish People's Republic">Council of State</a> on 22 July 1983, a <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_the_Rebirth_of_Poland" title="National Day of the Rebirth of Poland">state holiday</a>, following an appeal of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">History of Poland (1945–1989)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_of_Edward_Gierek_(1970–1975)"><span id="Reforms_of_Edward_Gierek_.281970.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Reforms of Edward Gierek (1970–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reforms of Edward Gierek (1970–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford,_First_Secretary_Edward_Gierek_of_Poland,_and_Mrs._Stanislawa_Gierek_Waving_from_the_Blue_Room_Balcony_during_a_State_Arrival_Ceremony_-_NARA_-_7462054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_First_Secretary_Edward_Gierek_of_Poland%2C_and_Mrs._Stanislawa_Gierek_Waving_from_the_Blue_Room_Balcony_during_a_State_Arrival_Ceremony_-_NARA_-_7462054.jpg/230px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_First_Secretary_Edward_Gierek_of_Poland%2C_and_Mrs._Stanislawa_Gierek_Waving_from_the_Blue_Room_Balcony_during_a_State_Arrival_Ceremony_-_NARA_-_7462054.jpg/345px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_First_Secretary_Edward_Gierek_of_Poland%2C_and_Mrs._Stanislawa_Gierek_Waving_from_the_Blue_Room_Balcony_during_a_State_Arrival_Ceremony_-_NARA_-_7462054.jpg/460px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="3250" /></a><figcaption>Gierek in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> with President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Gomułka</a> as the head of state in 1970, he took decisive measures to boost economic growth and develop modern infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gierek, a more <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> figure than his predecessor, was determined to make <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> the wealthiest and most economically significant communist country of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these ideas prompted resistance from hardline communist leadership as the reform would effectively abandon the fundamental principles of a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">centrally planned</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> economy. The grip and emphasis on state-owned enterprises and state-controlled prices or trade were eventually loosened. Small private businesses began to appear and Poland recorded temporary growth in <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and an improvement in living conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto20_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gierek maintained close ties with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, which he subsequently used for diplomatic and economic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto20_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to continue with the reforms, large sums of money were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Creditors" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors">creditors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sequential and uninterrupted loans were primarily targeted at establishing heavy industry, mines or manufacturing facilities that would produce goods for <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto19_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The projected income from the exports would then be used to pay off the <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>. Apart from financing the economic sector, the money was spent on <a href="/wiki/Social_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social housing">social housing</a> and on expanding road connections, for example the first fully operational <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> linking Warsaw with industrial <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> was opened for traffic in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, over 1.8 million <a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">plattenbau</a> flats were constructed to house the growing population. Agricultural output rose by nearly 22% between 1971 and 1975, and industrial production by 10.5% annually.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gierek also initiated the construction of <a href="/wiki/Warszawa_Centralna" class="mw-redirect" title="Warszawa Centralna">Warszawa Centralna</a>, Europe's most modern railway station at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis;_debt,_rationing_and_shortages_(1976–1981)"><span id="Crisis.3B_debt.2C_rationing_and_shortages_.281976.E2.80.931981.29"></span>Crisis; debt, rationing and shortages (1976–1981)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crisis; debt, rationing and shortages (1976–1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartka_cukier_1kg_07-76.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kartka_cukier_1kg_07-76.jpg/140px-Kartka_cukier_1kg_07-76.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kartka_cukier_1kg_07-76.jpg/210px-Kartka_cukier_1kg_07-76.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kartka_cukier_1kg_07-76.jpg/280px-Kartka_cukier_1kg_07-76.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A ration card for sugar, 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>As expenditures increased and debts accumulated, foreign creditors refrained from granting Poland loans. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973</a>, <a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crises</a> affected the fragile economy. Due to previous GDP growth, higher income and expanded industries, the demand for certain goods and <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> surged.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New factories and state enterprises required imported fuel, materials and a workforce to operate production lines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, the country started exporting locally-produced stock designated for the Polish populace, thus resulting in widespread <a href="/wiki/Shortages" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortages">shortages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the remaining assets were directed at production, exports and debt repayment, the state also reduced imports to minimize expenses. </p><p>In 1976, the communist government introduced <a href="/wiki/Ration_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration cards">ration cards</a> for sugar,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meat, processed food and dairy followed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confectionery, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, coffee, rice, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and other goods not produced in Poland were so heavily rationed that they were almost permanently unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto10_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the constant lack of tobacco, ordinary cigarettes became a form of new currency on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The living standards began to sharply decline; the supply of imported goods was kept to a low minimum and the country was forced to export everything it could, including coal necessary for basic heating and power plants. <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outages</a> were commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1980, the debt accounted to over US$23 billion, then almost half of Poland's <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_and_Edward_Gierek_First_Secretary_of_Poland_-_NARA_-_177308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jimmy_Carter_and_Edward_Gierek_First_Secretary_of_Poland_-_NARA_-_177308.jpg/230px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Edward_Gierek_First_Secretary_of_Poland_-_NARA_-_177308.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jimmy_Carter_and_Edward_Gierek_First_Secretary_of_Poland_-_NARA_-_177308.jpg/345px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Edward_Gierek_First_Secretary_of_Poland_-_NARA_-_177308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jimmy_Carter_and_Edward_Gierek_First_Secretary_of_Poland_-_NARA_-_177308.jpg/460px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Edward_Gierek_First_Secretary_of_Poland_-_NARA_-_177308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a> (right) with President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (left) during his state visit to Warsaw, 1977. The loans were among the chief topics discussed</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, the newly-founded <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a> encouraged farmers to refrain from selling agricultural products (wheat, grain, fruit and others) to the state as a sign of protest. The shortage of goods on the market and in stores was worsened by production being occasionally halted due to the strikes organized by Solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, the national income fell by 6% compared to the previous year, and in 1981 by 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of exports declined by 4.2%. Mismanagement and wastefulness were abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 September 1980, Gierek was dismissed from his office, expelled from the Polish United Workers' Party (possibly under the pressure from the Soviet Union) and falsely charged with <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, on 10 September 1981, the Soviet authorities informed the Polish government that in connection with the prevailing situation in Poland the USSR would cut oil supply to Poland by 64% and gas by 47%.<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The import of <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> from the Soviet Union was terminated immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action was intended to force the Polish communist authorities to suppress the demonstrations and dissolve Solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation was already dire and gradually worsened, which only fueled anti-communist sentiment. A <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> was hanging by a thread.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, Poland notified <a href="/wiki/Club_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de Paris">Club de Paris</a> (a group of Western-European central banks) about its <a href="/wiki/Insolvency" title="Insolvency">insolvency</a>, which caught the attention of the entire world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction,_restrictions,_patrols"><span id="Introduction.2C_restrictions.2C_patrols"></span>Introduction, restrictions, patrols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Introduction, restrictions, patrols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_preparations_and_provocation">Secret preparations and provocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secret preparations and provocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wojciech_Jaruzelski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wojciech_Jaruzelski.jpg/150px-Wojciech_Jaruzelski.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wojciech_Jaruzelski.jpg/225px-Wojciech_Jaruzelski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wojciech_Jaruzelski.jpg/300px-Wojciech_Jaruzelski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a> was determined to suppress any opposition along with the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity Movement</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the short tenure of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a>, General and Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> was chosen as the new first secretary. Before assuming office, Jaruzelski ordered the Polish General Staff to update plans for nationwide martial law on 22 October 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Poland)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> planned to potentially facilitate thousands of oppositionists in state prisons and places of internment.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 December 1980, Kania spoke of the preparations relating to martial law at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presented his own view of how to weaken Solidarity and insisted that a "psychological-operational method" would be most appropriate to prevent violence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto16_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method entailed strong <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto16_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the movement and deploying <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Bezpieczeństwa">secret services (SB)</a> to go undercover and infiltrate Solidarity headquarters in the hope of creating internal conflicts within the opposition. General Jaruzelski was not fully satisfied with the plan, and, in case of failure, already planned radical actions involving the army. Stanisław Kania warned <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a> that an armed intervention from the Soviet side to aid Jaruzelski would be met "with a violent reaction, or even with a national uprising"<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that would shake the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, chief security advisor to US president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, stated that if the Soviet Union undertook an armed intervention in Poland, the US would strike back in a <a href="/wiki/Riposte" title="Riposte">riposte</a> manner.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian and publicist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kengor" title="Paul Kengor">Paul Kengor</a>, then-US president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> considered sending American troops to Poland to scare off the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim was not supported by Brzezinski nor by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kengor then elaborated that Reagan eventually abandoned the plan after he was convinced by his own advisors that the US army stationed across Europe was less capable and much weaker than the Soviet forces.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States eventually struck back with economic sanctions against Poland and the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg/240px-WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg/360px-WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg/480px-WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>A censored regional newspaper that reported about the <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_events" title="Bydgoszcz events">Bydgoszcz events</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">militia</a> abused Solidarity members. The censorship was to prevent the slander of state services</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Poland)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Poland)">Ministry of National Defence</a> and Ministry of the Internal Affairs carried out a training scenario, the purpose of which was to explore how martial law would be introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ministries agreed that martial law should be preceded by appropriate propaganda calling for its support, and the decision itself should be based on a pretext that it would bring social stability and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also highlighted that martial law must occur before the fully mobilized <a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a> and its allies organize a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> that would paralyze the entire country.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March, the situation escalated after the <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_events" title="Bydgoszcz events">Bydgoszcz events</a>, in which local Solidarity delegates invited for a <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Poland)" title="National Council (Poland)">regional national council</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> to discuss potential strikes were beaten and abused by the <a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">citizens' militia</a> (MO).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event, which was to feature in newspapers as a <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocation</a>, was concealed by <a href="/wiki/Censors" class="mw-redirect" title="Censors">censors</a>. On 27 March, Solidarity organized a warning strike directed at the government, but, on 30 March, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> met with <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a> and a compromise was achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general strike was called off and the situation stabilized for a short period.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July, the Soviets increased their military presence in the military base at <a href="/wiki/Borne_Sulinowo" title="Borne Sulinowo">Borne Sulinowo</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was stationed per <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> agreement as in all other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryszard_Kukliński._Życie_ściśle_tajne_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryszard_Kukliński._Życie_ściśle_tajne-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without notifying the Polish authorities, the Soviets unexpectedly sent over 600 tanks to Borne Sulinowo. A month later, commander-in-chief of the Warsaw Pact, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kulikov" title="Viktor Kulikov">Viktor Kulikov</a>, requested that Soviet military advisors be placed in the Polish General Staff and assigned to nearly all Polish regiments. It is suspected that Kulikov, acting on behalf of the Soviet Union, was tasked with sending undercover <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> agents to monitor the situation in Poland from the Polish military's perspective. His request, however, was immediately denied by the Polish government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryszard_Kukliński._Życie_ściśle_tajne_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryszard_Kukliński._Życie_ściśle_tajne-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 25,000 posters announcing martial law were secretly printed in the Soviet Union, transported to Poland by airplane and hidden in the large building housing the Ministry of Internal Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full extent of the actions undertaken by Jaruzelski to instigate martial law was not known by even some of the highest notables in the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> or the Polish <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12–13_December_1981;_Operations_Fir_and_Azalea"><span id="12.E2.80.9313_December_1981.3B_Operations_Fir_and_Azalea"></span>12–13 December 1981; Operations Fir and Azalea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 12–13 December 1981; Operations Fir and Azalea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGAD_Posiedzenie_Wojskowej_Rady_Ocalenia_Narodowego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AGAD_Posiedzenie_Wojskowej_Rady_Ocalenia_Narodowego.jpg/230px-AGAD_Posiedzenie_Wojskowej_Rady_Ocalenia_Narodowego.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AGAD_Posiedzenie_Wojskowej_Rady_Ocalenia_Narodowego.jpg/345px-AGAD_Posiedzenie_Wojskowej_Rady_Ocalenia_Narodowego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AGAD_Posiedzenie_Wojskowej_Rady_Ocalenia_Narodowego.jpg/460px-AGAD_Posiedzenie_Wojskowej_Rady_Ocalenia_Narodowego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a> (WRON), which was founded on 13 December and presided over the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>. Its Polish <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> "WRONa" means a <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a> bird, and members of the council were known to the opposition as evil "Crows"</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 December 1981, shortly before <a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">midnight</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Council of State">Polish Council of State</a> gathered in Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Belweder_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Belweder Palace">Belweder Palace</a> and approved nationwide martial law. Simultaneously, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a> (WRON – <i>Wrona</i> is translated as "Crow") was founded and its members were high-ranking generals or military officers in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a>, who were in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>. The generals and officers later became known to the public as evil "<a href="/wiki/Crows" class="mw-redirect" title="Crows">Crows</a>", in relation to the Polish name of the council. </p><p>At precisely 00:00 (12:00 a.m.), the <a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">Motorized Reserves of the Citizens' Militia</a> (ZOMO) began "Akcja Jodła" (English: Operation Fir) and arrested the first members of Solidarity who were at close reach.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto21_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto21-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were then placed in previously-prepared detention facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-auto21_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto21-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, between 70,000 and 80,000 soldiers of the People's Army and 30,000 functionaries of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (including SB, ZOMO and the militia) were deployed for action. Around 1,750 tanks, 1,900 armoured combat vehicles, 500 militarized transport units, 9,000 cars and several <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadrons</a> were in service.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto17_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-five per cent of all units concentrated in the capital, Warsaw, or in surrounding localities. </p><p>Preceding Jodła was "Akcja Azalia" (English: Operation <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">Azalea</a>), which began at around 22:30 (10:30 p.m.) on 12 December.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto13_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per Azalea, the SB secret services, paramilitary troops, the Militia, ZOMO and <a href="/wiki/Border_Protection_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Protection Troops">Border Protection Troops</a> stormed 451 <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telecommunications exchange facilities</a> and cut telephone lines to allegedly prevent the spread of misinformation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto13_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the operation's true purpose was preventing Solidarity from contacting its branches in other cities to mobilize protesters. Radio and television stations were also besieged.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any volunteers wishing to assist in the arrests were drafted into <a href="/wiki/ORMO" title="ORMO">ORMO</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">Polish Radio</a> offered information about martial law being imposed in a 06:00 (6:00 a.m.) broadcast, and transmitted the speech made by General Jaruzelski.<sup id="cite_ref-polskieradio_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polskieradio-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">Telewizja Polska</a> network and its chief news program <i><a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Telewizyjny" title="Dziennik Telewizyjny">Dziennik</a></i> (English: Journal) aired the speech in a slightly modified version.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferfecki_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferfecki-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="#Declaration_script">declaration</a> was watched by millions of Polish citizens despite the early hour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16_December_1981;_Wujek_Coal_Mine"><span id="16_December_1981.3B_Wujek_Coal_Mine"></span>16 December 1981; Wujek Coal Mine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 16 December 1981; Wujek Coal Mine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Wujek" title="Pacification of Wujek">Pacification of Wujek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wujek_Coal_Mine" title="Wujek Coal Mine">Wujek Coal Mine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08a.JPG/230px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08a.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08a.JPG/345px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08a.JPG/460px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_08a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6366" data-file-height="4259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> squads with <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">police batons</a> preparing to disperse and beat protesters. The <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcastic</a> caption reads "outstretched hands of understanding" or "outstretched hands for agreement", with batons ironically symbolizing hands</figcaption></figure> <p>Three days after restrictions were imposed, miners at the <a href="/wiki/Wujek_Coal_Mine" title="Wujek Coal Mine">Wujek Coal Mine</a> in the industrial city of <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> began striking against the declaration of martial law by General Jaruzelski.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the miners and workers at Wujek were allied with the Solidarity Movement, with its leaders boycotting the state industries. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> was a precious fuel source that was used for generating electricity and heat, but also a major export material.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By selling and exporting coal, the communist government obtained enough money to gradually pay off the outstanding debt.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Solidarity boycotted the mines in Silesia and demonstrations became more frequent, the production level dropped considerably along with revenue. </p><p>Jaruzelski perceived this as a threat to both state security and the economy. The forces used in the thrust consisted of eight ZOMO squads supported by ORMO, seven water cannons, three regiments with infantry combat vehicles and one tank regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was decided that the situation was far too serious for adopting the principles of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> to appropriately deal with the miners. Instead, the well-equipped ZOMO and army troops fired at the protesters with a "shoot to kill" technique.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21 were wounded, 8 were killed on the spot and 1 died in hospital, with the youngest victim being only 19 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining crowd was violently dispersed. The miners repeatedly fought back with their work tools and, in retaliation, wounded dozens of soldiers and militiamen.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the deadliest single incidents during the martial law period.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gdańsk,_Kraków,_Lublin_and_continuing_protests"><span id="Gda.C5.84sk.2C_Krak.C3.B3w.2C_Lublin_and_continuing_protests"></span>Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin and continuing protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin and continuing protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1982_demonstrations_in_Poland" title="1982 demonstrations in Poland">1982 demonstrations in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-07-08-gdansk-by-RalfR-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2010-07-08-gdansk-by-RalfR-05.jpg/221px-2010-07-08-gdansk-by-RalfR-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2010-07-08-gdansk-by-RalfR-05.jpg/332px-2010-07-08-gdansk-by-RalfR-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2010-07-08-gdansk-by-RalfR-05.jpg/442px-2010-07-08-gdansk-by-RalfR-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">PZPR</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (right). ZOMO machine-gunned demonstrators from the rooftop</figcaption></figure> <p>On the same day as Wujek was pacified, a 30,000-strong<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstration was held in the northern port city of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>. Clashes with ZOMO continued until 17 December and over 324 individuals were injured. The Militia used firearms and <a href="/wiki/Machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine guns">machine guns</a> when the crowd approached the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> headquarters in Gdańsk.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short and presumably cautionary <a href="/wiki/Salvo" title="Salvo">gun salvo</a> from the building's roof hit several people and wounded four. One participant was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern city of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> was also witnessing heavy demonstrations, with thousands marching on the street demanding an end to the martial law and communist rule.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 29–30 April 1982, local miners in <a href="/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Wodzisław Śląski</a> planted a bomb and blew up a monument dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> soldiers who took control of Poland from the Nazis in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-auto18_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto18-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the only incident involving explosives and the caught perpetrators became subsequently known as "Bombers from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>" (Polish: "Bombowcy ze Śląska").<sup id="cite_ref-auto18_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto18-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation was a success as the monument was never reconstructed, though the bombers were sentenced and jailed soon after. Other suspects and hundreds of other miners across Silesia were sacked, which further weakened the economy. </p><p>In May 1982, the protests convened by Solidarity were receiving less attention and the struggle against the government was evidently weakening. However, by August, social unrest had again surged. On 31 August 1982, demonstrations took place in around 66<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> towns and cities, with at least 18 in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">province of Lower Silesia</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, one of the main centers of Fighting Solidarity, several thousand people for many hours clashed with ZOMO units.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One demonstrator was killed by a bullet. On August 14, 1982, in an even known as "Bloody Saturday", the most brutal pacification of the ZOMO took place in the <a href="/wiki/Kwidzyn" title="Kwidzyn">Kwidzyn</a> internment camp located in the territory of the city's prison. For five hours, the riot police beat the prisoners. Some had 50 blows from the batons reflected on their backs. A selection was taking place in the recreation room. The selected internees were herded through the "health path" - a line of beating riot police. 80 prisoners were severely beaten, 20 were taken to hospital, 3 were crippled. Several victims of beatings died after being released. On September 6, 1982, "in the majesty of martial law" 6 beaten prisoners were arrested and sentenced to prison terms ranging from one and a half to two years.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The copper-mining town of <a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lubin</a> also became a hotspot for Solidarity-led rallies.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that day, the gathered people sang the Polish national anthem and chanted slurs and slogans against the communist regime, against the military junta with Jaruzelski as its head and against the Soviets. After approximately 30 minutes, the rally of 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was surrounded by the Militia, armed with <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> assault rifles. In response, agitated protesters shouted slurs such as "pigs", "bandits", "<a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>", "murderers" and "servants of <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unsuccessful attempt was made at building a <a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">barricade</a>, but the government units were able to pass through and dispersed the first group with <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a>. When the demonstrators regrouped and formed a second wave, ZOMO opened fire and wittingly murdered 2 men. The now infuriated crowd began continuous attacks and the Militia shot several more times, injuring one more man at the back of his head. He died in the hospital a few days later. Reinforcements were sent from <a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the new deployees were organized into so-called "raid groups" in <a href="/wiki/ZSD_Nysa" title="ZSD Nysa">Nysa vans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups roamed the streets, often attacking casual passers-by.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the protest was pacified, security forces began the destruction of any evidence to conceal the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-auto14_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto14-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the night of 31 August – 1 September, the streets were cleared, with all shells and bullets taken for analysis. On 2 September, authorities ordered the repairs of damaged buildings; broken windows were replaced and traces of bullets on the walls were covered with plaster.<sup id="cite_ref-auto14_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto14-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation, despite consistent statements made by witnesses of the massacre, was closed. </p><p>To avoid further escalation, on 14 November, Lech Wałęsa was released from custody in a detention camp. Following his release, no major demonstration took place.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law,_rules_and_censorship"><span id="Law.2C_rules_and_censorship"></span>Law, rules and censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Law, rules and censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Poland" title="Censorship in Communist Poland">Censorship in Communist Poland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Przepustka-stan_wojenny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Przepustka-stan_wojenny.jpg/230px-Przepustka-stan_wojenny.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Przepustka-stan_wojenny.jpg/345px-Przepustka-stan_wojenny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Przepustka-stan_wojenny.jpg/460px-Przepustka-stan_wojenny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>An intercity travel pass, 1981</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Censored_Telegram_Poland_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Censored_Telegram_Poland_1982.jpg/230px-Censored_Telegram_Poland_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Censored_Telegram_Poland_1982.jpg/345px-Censored_Telegram_Poland_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Censored_Telegram_Poland_1982.jpg/460px-Censored_Telegram_Poland_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>A censored telegram, 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>From the very beginning in December 1981, a <a href="/wiki/Militsiya_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Militsiya hour">strict curfew</a> was imposed from 19:00 (7:00 p.m.) until 6 in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time of curfew was later adjusted to 22:00 (10:00 p.m.)–06:00.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Night walks or escapades were forbidden and street patrols were commonplace. The <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">WRON Military Council</a> sealed off the <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Poland" title="Borders of Poland">country's borders</a>, closed all airports<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and road access to main cities was restricted. Special permission passes were issued for individuals in extraordinary cases.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telephone lines were disconnected, mail was subjected to renewed <a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">postal censorship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all independent political organizations were criminalized and lessons in schools and universities temporarily suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government imposed a six-day workweek while the mass media, public services, healthcare services, power stations, coal mines, seaports, railway stations, and most key factories were placed under military management, with employees having to follow military orders or face a <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a>. As part of the crackdown, media and educational institutions underwent "verification", a process that tested each employee's attitude towards the regime and to the Solidarity movement; as a result, thousands of journalists, teachers and professors were banned from their professions. <a href="/wiki/Military_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Military court">Military courts</a> were established to bypass the normal court system, to imprison those spreading <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to crush resistance, civilian phone lines were routinely tapped and monitored by government agents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the initial imposition of martial law, several dozen people were killed. Official reports during the crackdown claimed about a dozen fatalities, while a <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">parliamentary</a> commission in the years 1989–1991 arrived at a figure of over 90.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were also killed and wounded during a massive second wave of demonstrations on <a href="/wiki/August_31,_1982_demonstrations_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="August 31, 1982 demonstrations in Poland">31 August 1982</a>. </p><p>At the invitation of Jaruzelski, a delegation of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a> visited Poland between 27 and 29 December. The Hungarians shared with their Polish colleagues their experiences on crushing the <a href="/wiki/1956_Hungarian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Hungarian revolution">"counterrevolution" of 1956</a>. Earlier in the autumn of 1981, Polish television had broadcast a special film on the events of 1956 in Hungary, showing scenes of rebels hanging security officers etc.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AGAD_Gen._Wojciech_jaruzelski_13_grudnia_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jaruzelski in a TV studio announcing the introduction of martial law"><img alt="Jaruzelski in a TV studio announcing the introduction of martial law" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AGAD_Gen._Wojciech_jaruzelski_13_grudnia_1981.jpg/200px-AGAD_Gen._Wojciech_jaruzelski_13_grudnia_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AGAD_Gen._Wojciech_jaruzelski_13_grudnia_1981.jpg/300px-AGAD_Gen._Wojciech_jaruzelski_13_grudnia_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AGAD_Gen._Wojciech_jaruzelski_13_grudnia_1981.jpg/400px-AGAD_Gen._Wojciech_jaruzelski_13_grudnia_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jaruzelski in a TV studio announcing the introduction of martial law</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obwieszczenie_o_wprowadzeniu_stanu_wojennego_(Polska,_1981).pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="The proclamation of martial law by the State Council"><img alt="The proclamation of martial law by the State Council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obwieszczenie_o_wprowadzeniu_stanu_wojennego_%28Polska%2C_1981%29.pdf/page1-143px-Obwieszczenie_o_wprowadzeniu_stanu_wojennego_%28Polska%2C_1981%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obwieszczenie_o_wprowadzeniu_stanu_wojennego_%28Polska%2C_1981%29.pdf/page1-215px-Obwieszczenie_o_wprowadzeniu_stanu_wojennego_%28Polska%2C_1981%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obwieszczenie_o_wprowadzeniu_stanu_wojennego_%28Polska%2C_1981%29.pdf/page1-287px-Obwieszczenie_o_wprowadzeniu_stanu_wojennego_%28Polska%2C_1981%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The proclamation of martial law by the State Council</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_12a.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Units of the Citizens' Militia and ZOMO race to disperse crowds of protesters"><img alt="Units of the Citizens' Militia and ZOMO race to disperse crowds of protesters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_12a.JPG/200px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_12a.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_12a.JPG/300px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_12a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_12a.JPG/400px-Stan_wojenny_w_Polsce_-_1981-1983_-_12a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="3943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Units of the <a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Citizens' Militia</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> race to disperse crowds of protesters</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartka_P3_11-83.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kartka_P3_11-83.jpeg/220px-Kartka_P3_11-83.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kartka_P3_11-83.jpeg/330px-Kartka_P3_11-83.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kartka_P3_11-83.jpeg/440px-Kartka_P3_11-83.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Food, alcohol, and cigarettes <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> card</figcaption></figure> <p>Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> of the citizenry. It also led to severe economic consequences. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> instituted major price rises (dubbed "economic reforms"), which resulted in a fall in real wages. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis">economic crisis</a> led to even more <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> of most basic products and materials. </p><p>As a consequence of the economic hardships and political repressions, an exodus of Poles saw 700,000 migrate to the West between 1981 and 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of international flights were even hijacked in attempts to flee the country and its economic problems. Between December 1980 and October 1983, 11 Polish flights were hijacked to <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Berlin Tempelhof Airport</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time, a group calling themselves the "Polish Revolutionary Home Army" seized the Polish Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> on 6 September 1982, taking several diplomats as hostages. However, this turned out to be an apparent provocation by the communist Polish secret services aiming to discredit the Solidarity movement.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_response">International response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidarity_petition,_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/220px-Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/330px-Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/440px-Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Students in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> collecting signatures for a petition in support of Solidarity in 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>After the "Wujek" Coal Mine incident in Katowice on 23 December 1981, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> against the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>. In 1982, the United States suspended <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation">most favored nation</a> trade status until 1987 and vetoed Poland's application for membership in the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>January 30, 1982, the first anniversary of the introduction of martial law in Poland, was declared by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">administration of American President Ronald Reagan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Solidarity_with_Poland" title="Day of Solidarity with Poland">Day of Solidarity with Poland</a></i>. The next day, January 31, 1982, television stations in many countries, as well as the radio stations <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a> broadcast a joint program entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Let_Poland_be_Poland_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Let Poland be Poland (TV)">Let Poland be Poland</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) transferred around $2 million yearly in cash to Solidarity, for a total of $10 million over five years. There were no direct links between the CIA and Solidarność, and all money was channeled through third parties.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CIA officers were barred from meeting Solidarity leaders, and the CIA's contacts with Solidarność activists were weaker than those of the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>, which raised $300,000 from its members, which were used to provide material and cash directly to Solidarity, with no control of Solidarity's use of it. The U.S. Congress authorized the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a> to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Henry Hyde</a>, U.S. House intelligence committee member, stated that the USA provided "supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda, money, organizational help and advice".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> wrote a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/29/world/pope-calls-for-justice-and-peace-in-polish-quest-for-a-settlement.html">letter</a> to the Primate of Poland, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a>, in which he called for peace talks between the state and the workers, supporting the Poles' "undeniable right to resolve their problems by themselves". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_of_unconstitutionality">Ruling of unconstitutionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ruling of unconstitutionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism in Poland">fall of Communism in Poland</a> in 1989, members of a parliamentary commission determined that martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>). However, the Sejm had been in session at the time when martial law was instituted. In 1992 the Sejm declared the 1981 imposition of martial law to be unlawful and unconstitutional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_intervention_debate">Soviet intervention debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Soviet intervention debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981</a></div> <p>The instigators of the martial law, such as <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>, argue that the army crackdown rescued Poland from a possibly disastrous <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention">military intervention</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries (similar to the earlier interventions in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary in 1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Czechoslovakia in 1968</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public figures who supported the introduction of martial law (including some of the right-wing figures like <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Giertych" title="Jędrzej Giertych">Jędrzej Giertych</a>) would also refer to that threat. </p><p>In 2009, archive documents hinted that in a conversation Jaruzelski had with <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kulikov" title="Viktor Kulikov">Viktor Kulikov</a>, a Soviet military leader, Jaruzelski himself begged for Soviet intervention as his domestic control was deteriorating.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaruzelski responded by claiming the document was 'just another falsification' and denied all charges.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declaration_script">Declaration script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Declaration script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Led by <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="General of the Army">General of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a> (<i>Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego</i>, WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> before the declaration in March 1981. </p><p>Appearing on Polish television at 6:00 a.m. on 13 December 1981, General Jaruzelski said:<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins. State structures are ceasing to function. Each day delivers new blows to the waning economy./.../<br />The atmosphere of conflicts, misunderstanding, hatred causes moral degradation, surpasses the limits of toleration. Strikes, the readiness to strike, actions of protest have become a norm of life. Even school youth are being drawn into this. Yesterday evening, many public buildings remained seized. The cries are voiced to physical reprisals with the 'reds', with people who have different opinions. <br />The cases of terror, threats and moral vendetta, of even direct violence are on the rise. A wave of impudent crimes, robberies and burglaries is running across the country. The underground business sharks' fortunes, already reaching millions, are growing. Chaos and demoralization have reached the magnitude of a catastrophe. People have reached the limit of psychological toleration. Many people are struck by despair. Not only days, but hours as well are bringing forth the all-national disaster./.../<br />Citizens!<br />The load of responsibility that falls on me on this dramatic moment in the Polish history is huge. It is my duty to take this responsibility – concerning the future of Poland, that my generation fought for on all the fronts of the war and for which they sacrificed the best years of their life. I declare, that today the Military Council of National Salvation has been formed. In accordance with the Constitution, the State Council has imposed martial law all over the country. I wish that everyone understood the motives of our actions. A military coup, military dictatorship is not our goal./.../<br /> In longer perspective, none of Poland's problems can be solved with the use of violence. The Military Council of National Salvation does not replace constitutional organs of power. Its only purpose is to keep the legal balance of the country, to create guarantees that give a chance to restore order and discipline. This is the ultimate way to bring the country out of the crisis, to save the country from collapse./.../<br />I appeal to all the citizens. A time of heavy trials has arrived. And we have to stand those in order to prove that we are worthy of Poland.<br />Before all the Polish people and the whole world I would like to repeat the immortal words: <br /> </p><dl><dd><dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Poland_Is_Not_Yet_Lost" title="Poland Is Not Yet Lost">Poland has not yet perished, so long as we still live</a>!</b></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/38px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/51px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Wujek" title="Pacification of Wujek">Pacification of Wujek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_Crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish Crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction to the Polish Crisis of 1980–1981</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto17-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto17_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto17_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/the-day-poland-stood-still-memories-from-the-introduction-of-martial-law">"The Day Poland Stood Still: Memories from the Introduction of Martial Law"</a>. <i>Culture.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture.pl&rft.atitle=The+Day+Poland+Stood+Still%3A+Memories+from+the+Introduction+of+Martial+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-day-poland-stood-still-memories-from-the-introduction-of-martial-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6175517.stm">Poland marks communist crackdown</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 13 December 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarcikowski1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barcikowski, Kazimierz (1998). <i>U szczytów władzy</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Projekt. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8387168203" title="Special:BookSources/8387168203"><bdi>8387168203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U+szczyt%C3%B3w+w%C5%82adzy&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Projekt&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=8387168203&rft.aulast=Barcikowski&rft.aufirst=Kazimierz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/30-lat-temu-rada-panstwa-zawiesila-stan-wojenny">"35 lat temu Rada Państwa PRL zawiesiła stan wojenny"</a> (in Polish). dzieje.pl. 19 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=35+lat+temu+Rada+Pa%C5%84stwa+PRL+zawiesi%C5%82a+stan+wojenny&rft.pub=dzieje.pl&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2F30-lat-temu-rada-panstwa-zawiesila-stan-wojenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrala2005" class="citation book cs1">Grala, Dariusz T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGGaAAAAIAAJ&q=reformy+gierka+nowoczesne"><i>Reformy gospodarcze w PRL, 1982–1989: próba uratowania socjalizmu</i></a>. Wydawn. TRIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788374360333" title="Special:BookSources/9788374360333"><bdi>9788374360333</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformy+gospodarcze+w+PRL%2C+1982%E2%80%931989%3A+pr%C3%B3ba+uratowania+socjalizmu&rft.pub=Wydawn.+TRIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788374360333&rft.aulast=Grala&rft.aufirst=Dariusz+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGGaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dreformy%2Bgierka%2Bnowoczesne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nowahistoria.interia.pl/prl/news-edward-gierek-i-jego-koncepcja-drugiej-polski,nId,2354535">"Edward Gierek i jego koncepcja "drugiej Polski"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>nowahistoria.interia.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nowahistoria.interia.pl&rft.atitle=Edward+Gierek+i+jego+koncepcja+%22drugiej+Polski%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnowahistoria.interia.pl%2Fprl%2Fnews-edward-gierek-i-jego-koncepcja-drugiej-polski%2CnId%2C2354535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCFDAQAAIAAJ&q=gierek+jako%C5%9B%C4%87">"Wojsko ludowe"</a>. 1980 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wojsko+ludowe&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCFDAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bjako%25C5%259B%25C4%2587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto20-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto20_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto20_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawickiSawicka-Brockie1982" class="citation book cs1">Sawicki, Stanislaw J.; Sawicka-Brockie, Theresa (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSSauLSn9YMC&q=gierek+marks&pg=PA42"><i>Embattled Poland</i></a>. Victoria University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780705507967" title="Special:BookSources/9780705507967"><bdi>9780705507967</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embattled+Poland&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780705507967&rft.aulast=Sawicki&rft.aufirst=Stanislaw+J.&rft.au=Sawicka-Brockie%2C+Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSSauLSn9YMC%26q%3Dgierek%2Bmarks%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto19_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto19_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler1999" class="citation book cs1">Bühler, Pierre (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vae1AAAAIAAJ&q=gierek+po%C5%BCyczki"><i>Polska droga do wolności, 1939–1945</i></a>. Dialog. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788386483952" title="Special:BookSources/9788386483952"><bdi>9788386483952</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska+droga+do+wolno%C5%9Bci%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Dialog&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788386483952&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVae1AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bpo%25C5%25BCyczki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrozolin-Skowrońska1997" class="citation book cs1">Petrozolin-Skowrońska, Barbara (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POkSAQAAMAAJ&q=gierek+d%C5%82ug+przemysl+%C5%9Bl%C4%85sk"><i>Nowa encyklopedia powszechna PWN</i></a>. Wydawn. Nauk. PWN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301110970" title="Special:BookSources/9788301110970"><bdi>9788301110970</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nowa+encyklopedia+powszechna+PWN&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Nauk.+PWN&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788301110970&rft.aulast=Petrozolin-Skowro%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOkSAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bd%25C5%2582ug%2Bprzemysl%2B%25C5%259Bl%25C4%2585sk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegner1997" class="citation book cs1">Wegner, Jacek (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtcsAAAAMAAJ&q=gierek+warszawa+centralna+gierk%C3%B3wka"><i>Sternicy: opowieść o 10 przywódcach PPR-PZPR od Nowotki do Rakowskiego</i></a>. Arcana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788326225468" title="Special:BookSources/9788326225468"><bdi>9788326225468</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sternicy%3A+opowie%C5%9B%C4%87+o+10+przyw%C3%B3dcach+PPR-PZPR+od+Nowotki+do+Rakowskiego&rft.pub=Arcana&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788326225468&rft.aulast=Wegner&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtcsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bwarszawa%2Bcentralna%2Bgierk%25C3%25B3wka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T00608R000500200020-4.pdf">"Intelligence Report – Poland: The Economy Under Gierek"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. October 1975<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligence+Report+%E2%80%93+Poland%3A+The+Economy+Under+Gierek&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1975-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP86T00608R000500200020-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Harmonijny_rozwoj_czy_droga_ku_p.pdf<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35o8AQAAIAAJ&q=gierek+warszawa+dworzec">"Polityka"</a>. Wydawn. Prasowe "Polityka". 2008 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polityka&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Prasowe+%22Polityka%22&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35o8AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bwarszawa%2Bdworzec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomątowska2015" class="citation book cs1">Chomątowska, Beata (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rk9DwAAQBAJ&q=warszawa+centralna+dworzec+w+europie&pg=PT149"><i>Pałac. Biografia intymna</i></a>. Otwarte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788324040384" title="Special:BookSources/9788324040384"><bdi>9788324040384</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pa%C5%82ac.+Biografia+intymna&rft.pub=Otwarte&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788324040384&rft.aulast=Chom%C4%85towska&rft.aufirst=Beata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rk9DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwarszawa%2Bcentralna%2Bdworzec%2Bw%2Beuropie%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mwkz.pl/archiwum-aktualnosci-lista/1308-dworzec-centralny-wpisany-do-rejestru-zabytkow">"Dworzec Centralny wpisany do rejestru zabytków"</a>. <i>www.mwkz.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mwkz.pl&rft.atitle=Dworzec+Centralny+wpisany+do+rejestru+zabytk%C3%B3w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwkz.pl%2Farchiwum-aktualnosci-lista%2F1308-dworzec-centralny-wpisany-do-rejestru-zabytkow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/miliardy-na-budowe-brtak-powstawal-dworzec-centralny-187645">"Miliardy na budowę. Tak powstawał Dworzec Centralny"</a>. <i>TVN Warszawa</i>. 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVN+Warszawa&rft.atitle=Miliardy+na+budow%C4%99.+Tak+powstawa%C5%82+Dworzec+Centralny&rft.date=2015-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvn24.pl%2Ftvnwarszawa%2Fnajnowsze%2Fmiliardy-na-budowe-brtak-powstawal-dworzec-centralny-187645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wprost.pl/gospodarka/354447/polska-splacila-dlug-gierka-po-40-latach.html">"Polska spłaciła dług Gierka. Po 40 latach"</a>. <i>Wprost</i>. 29 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.atitle=Polska+sp%C5%82aci%C5%82a+d%C5%82ug+Gierka.+Po+40+latach&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Fgospodarka%2F354447%2Fpolska-splacila-dlug-gierka-po-40-latach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.pl/przywodztwo/wyscig-z-dlugiem-jak-ekipa-edward-gierka-zadluzyla-polske/z6vv26r">"Wyścig z długiem"</a>. <i>Forbes.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes.pl&rft.atitle=Wy%C5%9Bcig+z+d%C5%82ugiem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.pl%2Fprzywodztwo%2Fwyscig-z-dlugiem-jak-ekipa-edward-gierka-zadluzyla-polske%2Fz6vv26r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler1999" class="citation book cs1">Bühler, Pierre (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vae1AAAAIAAJ&q=gierek+d%C5%82ug+import"><i>Polska droga do wolności, 1939–1945</i></a>. Dialog. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788386483952" title="Special:BookSources/9788386483952"><bdi>9788386483952</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska+droga+do+wolno%C5%9Bci%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Dialog&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788386483952&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVae1AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bd%25C5%2582ug%2Bimport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalewskaCobel-Tokarska2014" class="citation book cs1">Zalewska, Joanna; Cobel-Tokarska, Marta (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pbFBgAAQBAJ&q=gierek+d%C5%82ug+kartki+braki&pg=PA33"><i>Od obyczaju do mody: Przemiany życia codziennego</i></a>. Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788362828913" title="Special:BookSources/9788362828913"><bdi>9788362828913</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Od+obyczaju+do+mody%3A+Przemiany+%C5%BCycia+codziennego&rft.pub=Akademia+Pedagogiki+Specjalnej&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788362828913&rft.aulast=Zalewska&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.au=Cobel-Tokarska%2C+Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pbFBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bd%25C5%2582ug%2Bkartki%2Bbraki%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrZEAQAAIAAJ&q=gierek+d%C5%82ug+kartki+braki"><i>Rocznik</i></a>. Wydawn. Nauk. PWN. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301137052" title="Special:BookSources/9788301137052"><bdi>9788301137052</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocznik&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Nauk.+PWN&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788301137052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrZEAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bd%25C5%2582ug%2Bkartki%2Bbraki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.wyborcza.biz/szukaj/gospodarka/kwoty+cukru">"Kwoty Cukru –najnowsze wiadomości gospodarcze i finansowe – Gospodarka.gazeta.pl"</a>. <i>gazetapl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gazetapl&rft.atitle=Kwoty+Cukru+%E2%80%93najnowsze+wiadomo%C5%9Bci+gospodarcze+i+finansowe+%E2%80%93+Gospodarka.gazeta.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.wyborcza.biz%2Fszukaj%2Fgospodarka%2Fkwoty%2Bcukru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polskieradio.pl/art156_320244">"Życie na kartki"</a>. <i>PolskieRadio.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolskieRadio.pl&rft.atitle=%C5%BBycie+na+kartki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolskieradio.pl%2Fart156_320244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ippt.pan.pl/Repository/zycie_%20w_ciekawych_czasach_15_10_2012.pdf">http://www.ippt.pan.pl/Repository/zycie_%20w_ciekawych_czasach_15_10_2012.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803184459/http://www.ippt.pan.pl/Repository/zycie_%20w_ciekawych_czasach_15_10_2012.pdf">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernackiGórskaKarolczuk-Kędzierska2009" class="citation book cs1">Bernacki, Włodzimierz; Górska, Aleksandra; Karolczuk-Kędzierska, Monika (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ukkpAQAAIAAJ&q=gierek+wylaczenie+pr%C4%85du"><i>Kronika komunizmu w Polsce</i></a>. Kluszczyński. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788374470872" title="Special:BookSources/9788374470872"><bdi>9788374470872</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronika+komunizmu+w+Polsce&rft.pub=Kluszczy%C5%84ski&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788374470872&rft.aulast=Bernacki&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&rft.au=G%C3%B3rska%2C+Aleksandra&rft.au=Karolczuk-K%C4%99dzierska%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DukkpAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bwylaczenie%2Bpr%25C4%2585du&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tygodnikprzeglad.pl/pawel-bozyk-zaklamywanie-prawdy-o-dlugach-gierka/">"Zakłamywanie prawdy o długach Gierka"</a>. 16 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zak%C5%82amywanie+prawdy+o+d%C5%82ugach+Gierka&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tygodnikprzeglad.pl%2Fpawel-bozyk-zaklamywanie-prawdy-o-dlugach-gierka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muzhp.pl/pl/c/971/gierek-siedzial-na-wulkanie-ktory-w-koncu-eksplodowal">"Gierek siedział na wulkanie, który w końcu eksplodował – Muzeum Historii Polski"</a>. <i>muzhp.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muzhp.pl&rft.atitle=Gierek+siedzia%C5%82+na+wulkanie%2C+kt%C3%B3ry+w+ko%C5%84cu+eksplodowa%C5%82+%E2%80%93+Muzeum+Historii+Polski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuzhp.pl%2Fpl%2Fc%2F971%2Fgierek-siedzial-na-wulkanie-ktory-w-koncu-eksplodowal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/polska-gierka/myj3y">"Polska Gierka"</a>. <i>Onet Wiadomości</i>. 7 February 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onet+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci&rft.atitle=Polska+Gierka&rft.date=2003-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fkiosk%2Fpolska-gierka%2Fmyj3y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemkiewicz2017" class="citation book cs1">Ziemkiewicz, Rafał (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ9NDgAAQBAJ&q=gierek+marnotrawstwo&pg=PT182"><i>Polactwo</i></a>. Fabryka Słów Sp.zo.o. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788375748772" title="Special:BookSources/9788375748772"><bdi>9788375748772</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polactwo&rft.pub=Fabryka+S%C5%82%C3%B3w+Sp.zo.o.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9788375748772&rft.aulast=Ziemkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Rafa%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQ9NDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2Bmarnotrawstwo%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚmierzchalski-Wachocz2007" class="citation book cs1">Śmierzchalski-Wachocz, Dariusz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdAbAQAAMAAJ&q=gierek+6+wrze%C5%9Bnia+1980"><i>Partia komunistyczna wobec Kościoła i przejawów wiary katolickiej w swoich szeregach na przykładzie Środkowego Nadodrza w latach 1945–1989</i></a>. Apostolicum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788370315696" title="Special:BookSources/9788370315696"><bdi>9788370315696</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partia+komunistyczna+wobec+Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a+i+przejaw%C3%B3w+wiary+katolickiej+w+swoich+szeregach+na+przyk%C5%82adzie+%C5%9Arodkowego+Nadodrza+w+latach+1945%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Apostolicum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788370315696&rft.aulast=%C5%9Amierzchalski-Wachocz&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpdAbAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgierek%2B6%2Bwrze%25C5%259Bnia%2B1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Dyskusja-wokol-ksiazki-Rozliczenia-z-ekipa-Gierka-19801984-Warszawa-6-wrzesnia-2.pdf<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto15-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto15_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto15_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrzej Krajewski, „Gazowa pętla”, Dziennik Gazeta Prawna nr 111/2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/nszz">"NSZZ – Wiadomości"</a>. <i>Onet Wiadomości</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onet+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci&rft.atitle=NSZZ+%E2%80%93+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fnszz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskieradio24.pl/80/1492/Artykul/www.polskieradio.pl/13/53/Artykul/254368">"Strona główna – Reportaż – polskieradio24.pl"</a>. <i>www.polskieradio24.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polskieradio24.pl&rft.atitle=Strona+g%C5%82%C3%B3wna+%E2%80%93+Reporta%C5%BC+%E2%80%93+polskieradio24.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio24.pl%2F80%2F1492%2FArtykul%2Fwww.polskieradio.pl%2F13%2F53%2FArtykul%2F254368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clubdeparis.org/en/traitements/poland-27-04-1981/en">"Club de Paris"</a>. <i>www.clubdeparis.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clubdeparis.org&rft.atitle=Club+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clubdeparis.org%2Fen%2Ftraitements%2Fpoland-27-04-1981%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 1980–1981: A Documentary History</i> by Andrzej Paczkowski, Malcolm Byrne. Central European University Press, Budapest 2007. p. xxxiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvn24.pl/polska/13-grudnia-2019-38-rocznica-wprowadzenia-stanu-wojennego-ra992894-2586819">"38 lat temu komunistyczne władze wprowadziły w Polsce stan wojenny"</a>. <i>TVN24</i>. 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVN24&rft.atitle=38+lat+temu+komunistyczne+w%C5%82adze+wprowadzi%C5%82y+w+Polsce+stan+wojenny&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvn24.pl%2Fpolska%2F13-grudnia-2019-38-rocznica-wprowadzenia-stanu-wojennego-ra992894-2586819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/koniec-epoki-brezniewa">"Koniec epoki Breżniewa"</a>. <i>dzieje.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=Koniec+epoki+Bre%C5%BCniewa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fkoniec-epoki-brezniewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/historia/1533463,1,stanislaw-kania---przeciwnik-stanu-wojennego.read">"Stanisław Kania – przeciwnik stanu wojennego"</a>. 11 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+Kania+%E2%80%93+przeciwnik+stanu+wojennego&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polityka.pl%2Ftygodnikpolityka%2Fhistoria%2F1533463%2C1%2Cstanislaw-kania---przeciwnik-stanu-wojennego.read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto16-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto16_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto16_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://przystanekhistoria.pl/pa2/teksty/57519,Czemu-stan-wojenny-wprowadzono-dopiero-w-nocy-z-12-na-13-grudnia-1981-r.html">"Czemu stan wojenny wprowadzono dopiero w nocy z 12 na 13 grudnia 1981 r.?"</a>. <i>Przystanek Historia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Przystanek+Historia&rft.atitle=Czemu+stan+wojenny+wprowadzono+dopiero+w+nocy+z+12+na+13+grudnia+1981+r.%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprzystanekhistoria.pl%2Fpa2%2Fteksty%2F57519%2CCzemu-stan-wojenny-wprowadzono-dopiero-w-nocy-z-12-na-13-grudnia-1981-r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,6976876,Bedziecie_tu_mieli_powstanie__towarzyszu_Brezniew.html?disableRedirects=true">"Wyborcza.pl"</a>. <i>wyborcza.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wyborcza.pl&rft.atitle=Wyborcza.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwyborcza.pl%2F1%2C76842%2C6976876%2CBedziecie_tu_mieli_powstanie__towarzyszu_Brezniew.html%3FdisableRedirects%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dziennikzwiazkowy.com/historia-2/zbigniew-brzezinski-i-jego-strategia-wygrania-zimnej-wojny/">"Zbigniew Brzeziński i jego strategia wygrania Zimnej Wojny"</a>. 23 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zbigniew+Brzezi%C5%84ski+i+jego+strategia+wygrania+Zimnej+Wojny&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdziennikzwiazkowy.com%2Fhistoria-2%2Fzbigniew-brzezinski-i-jego-strategia-wygrania-zimnej-wojny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wyborcza.pl/1,75399,3976852.html?disableRedirects=true">"Wyborcza.pl"</a>. <i>wyborcza.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wyborcza.pl&rft.atitle=Wyborcza.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwyborcza.pl%2F1%2C75399%2C3976852.html%3FdisableRedirects%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPN" class="citation web cs1">IPN, Pamięć pl-portal edukacyjny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pamiec.pl/pa/kalendarium-1/13389,16-lutego-1981-roku-w-Warszawie-przeprowadzono-wspolna-gre-sztabowa-MON-i-MSW-po.html">"16 lutego 1981 roku w Warszawie przeprowadzono wspólną "grę sztabową" MON i MSW, podczas której testowano plany Sztabu Generalnego WP i MSW dotyczące wprowadzenia stanu wojennego"</a>. <i>Pamięć.pl – portal edukacyjny IPN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pami%C4%99%C4%87.pl+%E2%80%93+portal+edukacyjny+IPN&rft.atitle=16+lutego+1981+roku+w+Warszawie+przeprowadzono+wsp%C3%B3ln%C4%85+%22gr%C4%99+sztabow%C4%85%22+MON+i+MSW%2C+podczas+kt%C3%B3rej+testowano+plany+Sztabu+Generalnego+WP+i+MSW+dotycz%C4%85ce+wprowadzenia+stanu+wojennego.&rft.aulast=IPN&rft.aufirst=Pami%C4%99%C4%87+pl-portal+edukacyjny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpamiec.pl%2Fpa%2Fkalendarium-1%2F13389%2C16-lutego-1981-roku-w-Warszawie-przeprowadzono-wspolna-gre-sztabowa-MON-i-MSW-po.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Ruzikowski_Stan_wojenny_w_Warszawie.pdf<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacEachin2010" class="citation book cs1">MacEachin, Douglas J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93eUER87BmsC&q=bydgoszcz+1981&pg=PA119"><i>U. S. Intelligence and the Confrontation in Poland, 1980–1981</i></a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271046525" title="Special:BookSources/9780271046525"><bdi>9780271046525</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Intelligence+and+the+Confrontation+in+Poland%2C+1980%E2%80%931981&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780271046525&rft.aulast=MacEachin&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93eUER87BmsC%26q%3Dbydgoszcz%2B1981%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1989" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Wolfgang (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FCyCDv9QswC&q=bydgoszcz+1981+rakowski+walesa&pg=PA43"><i>Solidarity in Poland, 1980–1981 and the Perspective of Political Revolution</i></a>. Mehring Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780929087306" title="Special:BookSources/9780929087306"><bdi>9780929087306</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solidarity+in+Poland%2C+1980%E2%80%931981+and+the+Perspective+of+Political+Revolution&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780929087306&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FCyCDv9QswC%26q%3Dbydgoszcz%2B1981%2Brakowski%2Bwalesa%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryszard_Kukliński._Życie_ściśle_tajne-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryszard_Kukliński._Życie_ściśle_tajne_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryszard_Kukliński._Życie_ściśle_tajne_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Weiser2005" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Weiser (2005). <i>Ryszard Kukliński. 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Historia aparatu bezpieczeństwa w Polsce 1944–1990</i>, Kraków 2007, pp. 270–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/akt-oskarzenia-S-101-04-Zk_2%20(1).pdf<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamińskiWaligóra2010" class="citation book cs1">Kamiński, Łukasz; Waligóra, Grzegorz (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DC9BAQAAIAAJ&q=12,9+tysiecy+miejsc+internowania+stan+wojenny"><i>NSZZ Solidarność, 1980–1989: Polska Zachodnia</i></a>. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788376291741" title="Special:BookSources/9788376291741"><bdi>9788376291741</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NSZZ+Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C+1980%E2%80%931989%3A+Polska+Zachodnia&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej%2C+Komisja+%C5%9Acigania+Zbrodni+Przeciwko+Narodowi+Polskiemu&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788376291741&rft.aulast=Kami%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&rft.au=Walig%C3%B3ra%2C+Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDC9BAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D12%2C9%2Btysiecy%2Bmiejsc%2Binternowania%2Bstan%2Bwojenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto21-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto21_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto21_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarodowej" class="citation web cs1">Narodowej, Instytut Pamięci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/37976,Grzegorz-Majchrzak-Stan-wojenny-kryptonim-Jodla.html">"Grzegorz Majchrzak – Stan wojenny, kryptonim "Jodła"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Instytut Pamięci Narodowej</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Grzegorz+Majchrzak+%E2%80%93+Stan+wojenny%2C+kryptonim+%22Jod%C5%82a%22&rft.aulast=Narodowej&rft.aufirst=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Faktualnosci%2F37976%2CGrzegorz-Majchrzak-Stan-wojenny-kryptonim-Jodla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudekMarszałkowski1999" class="citation book cs1">Dudek, Antoni; Marszałkowski, Tomasz (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uqm1AAAAIAAJ&q=prl+stan+wojenny+1900"><i>Walki uliczne w PRL 1956–1989</i></a>. Wydawn. Geo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788386124305" title="Special:BookSources/9788386124305"><bdi>9788386124305</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walki+uliczne+w+PRL+1956%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Geo&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788386124305&rft.aulast=Dudek&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rft.au=Marsza%C5%82kowski%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqm1AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dprl%2Bstan%2Bwojenny%2B1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/Sejm9.nsf/wypowiedz.xsp?posiedzenie=2&dzien=1&wyp=190&symbol=RWYSTAPIENIA_WYP&id=351">"Wypowiedzi na posiedzeniach Sejmu"</a>. <i>www.sejm.gov.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Wypowiedzi+na+posiedzeniach+Sejmu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2FSejm9.nsf%2Fwypowiedz.xsp%3Fposiedzenie%3D2%26dzien%3D1%26wyp%3D190%26symbol%3DRWYSTAPIENIA_WYP%26id%3D351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bliskopolski.pl/leksykon/akcja-azalia/">"Akcja Azalia – Blisko Polski"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akcja+Azalia+%E2%80%93+Blisko+Polski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbliskopolski.pl%2Fleksykon%2Fakcja-azalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polskieradio-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polskieradio_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/Artykul/1318087,33-lata-temu-wprowadzono-w-Polsce-stan-wojenny"><i>33 lata temu wprowadzono w Polsce stan wojenny</i></a>, 13 December 2014, p. polskieradio.pl</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=33+lata+temu+wprowadzono+w+Polsce+stan+wojenny&rft.pages=polskieradio.pl&rft.date=2014-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio.pl%2F39%2F156%2FArtykul%2F1318087%2C33-lata-temu-wprowadzono-w-Polsce-stan-wojenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferfecki-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferfecki_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiktor_Ferfecki,_Joanna_Idziak2009" class="citation cs2">Wiktor Ferfecki, Joanna Idziak (13 December 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvp.info/1166664/nieznana-wersja-przemowienia-gen-jaruzelskiego"><i>Nieznana wersja przemówienia gen. Jaruzelskiego</i></a>, p. tvp.info</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nieznana+wersja+przem%C3%B3wienia+gen.+Jaruzelskiego&rft.pages=tvp.info&rft.date=2009-12-13&rft.au=Wiktor+Ferfecki%2C+Joanna+Idziak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvp.info%2F1166664%2Fnieznana-wersja-przemowienia-gen-jaruzelskiego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarodowej" class="citation web cs1">Narodowej, Instytut Pamięci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/38063,Pacyfikacja-kopalni-Wujek-najwieksza-zbrodnia-stanu-wojennego.html">"Pacyfikacja kopalni "Wujek" – największa zbrodnia stanu wojennego"</a>. <i>Instytut Pamięci Narodowej</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Pacyfikacja+kopalni+%22Wujek%22+%E2%80%93+najwi%C4%99ksza+zbrodnia+stanu+wojennego&rft.aulast=Narodowej&rft.aufirst=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Faktualnosci%2F38063%2CPacyfikacja-kopalni-Wujek-najwieksza-zbrodnia-stanu-wojennego.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wpzeOwI67BIC&q=wujek+kopalnia+stan+wojenny+w%C4%99giel">"Polityka"</a>. Wydawn. Prasowe "Polityka". 11 April 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polityka&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Prasowe+%22Polityka%22&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwpzeOwI67BIC%26q%3Dwujek%2Bkopalnia%2Bstan%2Bwojenny%2Bw%25C4%2599giel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silesia.travel/Poi/Pokaz/2781">"Pomnik Dziewięciu z Wujka oraz Muzeum–Izba Pamięci Kopalni Wujek w Katowicach"</a>. <i>silesia.travel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=silesia.travel&rft.atitle=Pomnik+Dziewi%C4%99ciu+z+Wujka+oraz+Muzeum%E2%80%93Izba+Pami%C4%99ci+Kopalni+Wujek+w+Katowicach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilesia.travel%2FPoi%2FPokaz%2F2781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.dziennikzachodni.pl/pacyfikacja-kopalni-wujek-po-30-latach-ujawnil-sie-i-mowi-widzialem-dramat-na-wujku-dlaczego-tyle-lat-milczal/ar/c3-12769448">"Pacyfikacja kopalni Wujek: Po 30 latach ujawnił się i mówi: Widziałem dramat na Wujku... Dlaczego tyle lat milczał?"</a>. <i>plus.dziennikzachodni.pl</i>. 16 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plus.dziennikzachodni.pl&rft.atitle=Pacyfikacja+kopalni+Wujek%3A+Po+30+latach+ujawni%C5%82+si%C4%99+i+m%C3%B3wi%3A+Widzia%C5%82em+dramat+na+Wujku...+Dlaczego+tyle+lat+milcza%C5%82%3F&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.dziennikzachodni.pl%2Fpacyfikacja-kopalni-wujek-po-30-latach-ujawnil-sie-i-mowi-widzialem-dramat-na-wujku-dlaczego-tyle-lat-milczal%2Far%2Fc3-12769448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historiaposzukaj.pl/wiedza,wydarzenia,772,pacyfikacja_kopalni_wujek.html">"pacyfikacja kopalni Wujek"</a>. <i>pacyfikacja kopalni Wujek – pacyfikacja kopalni Wujek – Wydarzenia – Wiedza – Historia: Poszukaj</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pacyfikacja+kopalni+Wujek+%E2%80%93+pacyfikacja+kopalni+Wujek+%E2%80%93+Wydarzenia+%E2%80%93+Wiedza+%E2%80%93+Historia%3A+Poszukaj&rft.atitle=pacyfikacja+kopalni+Wujek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiaposzukaj.pl%2Fwiedza%2Cwydarzenia%2C772%2Cpacyfikacja_kopalni_wujek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/37-lat-temu-zginelo-9-gornikow-kopalni-wujek-najwieksza-tragedia-stanu-wojennego">"37 lat temu zginęło 9 górników Kopalni Wujek – największa tragedia stanu wojennego"</a>. <i>dzieje.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=37+lat+temu+zgin%C4%99%C5%82o+9+g%C3%B3rnik%C3%B3w+Kopalni+Wujek+%E2%80%93+najwi%C4%99ksza+tragedia+stanu+wojennego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2F37-lat-temu-zginelo-9-gornikow-kopalni-wujek-najwieksza-tragedia-stanu-wojennego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://13grudnia81.pl/sw/historia/mapa-regionow-nszz-sol/8390,Region-Gdanski-13-XII-1981-22-VII-1983.html">"Region Gdański 13 XII 1981– 22 VII 1983"</a>. <i>13grudnia81.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=13grudnia81.pl&rft.atitle=Region+Gda%C5%84ski+13+XII+1981%E2%80%93+22+VII+1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F13grudnia81.pl%2Fsw%2Fhistoria%2Fmapa-regionow-nszz-sol%2F8390%2CRegion-Gdanski-13-XII-1981-22-VII-1983.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFgrudnia_20162016" class="citation web cs1">grudnia 2016, przez Marek Kozubal-12 (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regiony.rp.pl/archiwum/3499-stan-wojenny-zaskoczyl-wszystkich">"Stan wojenny zaskoczył wszystkich"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stan+wojenny+zaskoczy%C5%82+wszystkich&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.aulast=grudnia+2016&rft.aufirst=przez+Marek+Kozubal-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregiony.rp.pl%2Farchiwum%2F3499-stan-wojenny-zaskoczyl-wszystkich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdanskstrefa.com/37-rocznica-morderstwa-antoniego-browarczyka/">"37. rocznica morderstwa Antoniego Browarczyka"</a>. <i>Gdańsk Strefa Prestiżu</i>. 16 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gda%C5%84sk+Strefa+Presti%C5%BCu&rft.atitle=37.+rocznica+morderstwa+Antoniego+Browarczyka&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdanskstrefa.com%2F37-rocznica-morderstwa-antoniego-browarczyka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polskatimes.pl/orla-wrona-nie-pokona-stan-wojenny-w-polsce/ar/c15-14652107">"Orła WRON-a nie pokona! Stan wojenny w Polsce"</a>. <i>Portal I.pl</i>. 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portal+I.pl&rft.atitle=Or%C5%82a+WRON-a+nie+pokona%21+Stan+wojenny+w+Polsce&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolskatimes.pl%2Forla-wrona-nie-pokona-stan-wojenny-w-polsce%2Far%2Fc15-14652107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto18-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto18_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto18_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nowiny.pl/79880">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Bombowcy ze "Śląska" – zapomniana historia • Wodzisław Śląski"</a>. <i>www.nowiny.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nowiny.pl&rft.atitle=%22Bombowcy+ze+%22%C5%9Al%C4%85ska%22+%E2%80%93+zapomniana+historia+%E2%80%A2+Wodzis%C5%82aw+%C5%9Al%C4%85ski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowiny.pl%2F79880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/sierpniowe-manifestacje-w-1982-r">"Sierpniowe manifestacje w 1982 r."</a> <i>dzieje.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=Sierpniowe+manifestacje+w+1982+r.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fsierpniowe-manifestacje-w-1982-r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nowahistoria.interia.pl/prl/news-manifestacja-we-wroclawiu-31-sierpnia-1982-roku-kiedy-zomo-u,nId,1067057">"Manifestacja we Wrocławiu 31 sierpnia 1982 roku: Kiedy ZOMO uciekało w panice"</a>. <i>nowahistoria.interia.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nowahistoria.interia.pl&rft.atitle=Manifestacja+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu+31+sierpnia+1982+roku%3A+Kiedy+ZOMO+ucieka%C5%82o+w+panice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnowahistoria.interia.pl%2Fprl%2Fnews-manifestacja-we-wroclawiu-31-sierpnia-1982-roku-kiedy-zomo-u%2CnId%2C1067057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/artykul/2565030,pacyfikacja-protestu-internowanych-w-kwidzynie#:~:text=14%20sierpnia%201982%20roku%20grupa,i%20%22napa%C5%9B%C4%87%22%20na%20funkcjonariuszy.">"Pacyfikacja protestu internowanych w Kwidzynie"</a> (in Polish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacyfikacja+protestu+internowanych+w+Kwidzynie&rft.pub=Polskie+Radio&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio.pl%2F39%2F156%2Fartykul%2F2565030%2Cpacyfikacja-protestu-internowanych-w-kwidzynie%23%3A~%3Atext%3D14%2520sierpnia%25201982%2520roku%2520grupa%2Ci%2520%2522napa%25C5%259B%25C4%2587%2522%2520na%2520funkcjonariuszy.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/wiadomosci/40-lat-temu-wladze-prl-brutalnie-zdlawily-opor-internowanych-w-kwidzynie">"40 lat temu władze PRL brutalnie zdławiły opór internowanych w Kwidzynie"</a> (in Polish). dzieje.pl. 15 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=40+lat+temu+w%C5%82adze+PRL+brutalnie+zd%C5%82awi%C5%82y+op%C3%B3r+internowanych+w+Kwidzynie&rft.pub=dzieje.pl&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2F40-lat-temu-wladze-prl-brutalnie-zdlawily-opor-internowanych-w-kwidzynie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kwidzyn.pl/krwawa-sobota-14-sierpnia-1982-roku-pacyfikacja-internowanych-w-osrodku-odosobnienia-w-kwidzynie-4112/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Krwawa sobota" 14 sierpnia 1982 roku. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Krwawa+sobota%22+14+sierpnia+1982+roku.+Pacyfikacja+internowanych+w+O%C5%9Brodku+Odosobnienia+w+Kwidzynie&rft.pub=kwidzyn.pl&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkwidzyn.pl%2Fkrwawa-sobota-14-sierpnia-1982-roku-pacyfikacja-internowanych-w-osrodku-odosobnienia-w-kwidzynie-4112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polskieradio.pl/art156_2361818">"Wydarzenia lubińskie. Krwawy sierpień '82 w Zagłębiu Miedziowym"</a>. <i>PolskieRadio.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolskieRadio.pl&rft.atitle=Wydarzenia+lubi%C5%84skie.+Krwawy+sierpie%C5%84+%2782+w+Zag%C5%82%C4%99biu+Miedziowym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolskieradio.pl%2Fart156_2361818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fakt.pl/hobby/historia/zbrodnia-lubinska-co-wydarzylo-sie-w-lubinie-31-sierpnia-1982-r/k7jtr26">"Widziałem, jak zrobili mu dziurę w głowie. 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Zbrodnia (nie)ukarana"</a>. <i>dzieje.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=Lubin+1982.+Zbrodnia+%28nie%29ukarana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Fartykuly-historyczne%2Flubin-1982-zbrodnia-nieukarana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto14-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto14_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto14_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPN" class="citation web cs1">IPN, Pamięć pl-portal edukacyjny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pamiec.pl/pa/teksty/artykuly/17117,POLOWANIE-NA-LUDZI-ZBRODNIA-LUBINSKA-31-SIERPNIA-1982-ROKU.html">"POLOWANIE NA LUDZI. ZBRODNIA LUBIŃSKA 31 SIERPNIA 1982 ROKU"</a>. <i>Pamięć.pl – portal edukacyjny IPN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pami%C4%99%C4%87.pl+%E2%80%93+portal+edukacyjny+IPN&rft.atitle=POLOWANIE+NA+LUDZI.+ZBRODNIA+LUBI%C5%83SKA+31+SIERPNIA+1982+ROKU&rft.aulast=IPN&rft.aufirst=Pami%C4%99%C4%87+pl-portal+edukacyjny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpamiec.pl%2Fpa%2Fteksty%2Fartykuly%2F17117%2CPOLOWANIE-NA-LUDZI-ZBRODNIA-LUBINSKA-31-SIERPNIA-1982-ROKU.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fakt.pl/lech-walesa">"Lech Wałęsa"</a>. <i>www.fakt.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fakt.pl&rft.atitle=Lech+Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fakt.pl%2Flech-walesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bliskopolski.pl/historia-polski/stan-wojenny/zycie-codzienne/">"Życie codzienne w czasie stanu wojennego | Blisko Polski"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%BBycie+codzienne+w+czasie+stanu+wojennego+%26%23124%3B+Blisko+Polski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbliskopolski.pl%2Fhistoria-polski%2Fstan-wojenny%2Fzycie-codzienne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciaga.pl/tekst/59147-60-stan_wojenny">"Stan Wojenny"</a>. <i>Sciaga.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sciaga.pl&rft.atitle=Stan+Wojenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciaga.pl%2Ftekst%2F59147-60-stan_wojenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmf24.pl/raporty/raport-rocznica-wprowadzenia-stanu-wojennego/kalendarium-stanu-wojennego">"Kalendarium stanu wojennego – Rocznica wprowadzenia stanu wojennego – raport specjalny – RMF24.pl"</a>. <i>www.rmf24.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rmf24.pl&rft.atitle=Kalendarium+stanu+wojennego+%E2%80%93+Rocznica+wprowadzenia+stanu+wojennego+%E2%80%93+raport+specjalny+%E2%80%93+RMF24.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmf24.pl%2Fraporty%2Fraport-rocznica-wprowadzenia-stanu-wojennego%2Fkalendarium-stanu-wojennego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipn.gov.pl/ftp/13grudnia81/czytelnia/Stan_wojenny_Teka_edukacyjna.pdf">"Stan wojenny"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ipn.gov.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipn.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Stan+wojenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2Fftp%2F13grudnia81%2Fczytelnia%2FStan_wojenny_Teka_edukacyjna.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomaniecka2016" class="citation web cs1">Komaniecka, Monika (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dziennikpolski24.pl/cenzura-w-stanie-wojennym/ar/11567123">"Cenzura w stanie wojennym"</a>. <i>Dziennik Polski</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dziennik+Polski&rft.atitle=Cenzura+w+stanie+wojennym&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.aulast=Komaniecka&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdziennikpolski24.pl%2Fcenzura-w-stanie-wojennym%2Far%2F11567123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/historia/wydarzenia/artykuly/587159,rocznia-wprowadzenie-stan-wojenny-gen-jaruzelski-13-grudnia-1981.html">"38 lat temu wprowadzono stan wojenny. "Ojczyzna nasza znalazła się nad przepaścią"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>wiadomosci.dziennik.pl</i>. 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiadomosci.dziennik.pl&rft.atitle=38+lat+temu+wprowadzono+stan+wojenny.+%22Ojczyzna+nasza+znalaz%C5%82a+si%C4%99+nad+przepa%C5%9Bci%C4%85%22&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.dziennik.pl%2Fhistoria%2Fwydarzenia%2Fartykuly%2F587159%2Crocznia-wprowadzenie-stan-wojenny-gen-jaruzelski-13-grudnia-1981.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/poland_81.stm">1981: Martial law</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wyborcza.pl/1,77062,3787704.html">Ofiary stanu wojennego i lat następnych do 1989</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108144638/http://wyborcza.pl/1,77062,3787704.html">Archived</a> 8 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Piotr Lipiński</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaczkowskiByrneDomberKlotzbach2007" class="citation book cs1">Paczkowski, Andrzej; Byrne, Malcolm; Domber, Gregory F.; Klotzbach, Magdalena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wI9TUaZZeAMC&q=jaruzelski+1981+martial+law&pg=PA499"><i>From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 1980–1981 : a Documentary History</i></a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789637326967" title="Special:BookSources/9789637326967"><bdi>9789637326967</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Solidarity+to+Martial+Law%3A+The+Polish+Crisis+of+1980%E2%80%931981+%3A+a+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789637326967&rft.aulast=Paczkowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Domber%2C+Gregory+F.&rft.au=Klotzbach%2C+Magdalena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwI9TUaZZeAMC%26q%3Djaruzelski%2B1981%2Bmartial%2Blaw%26pg%3DPA499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierzkowskiOkólskiWellisz1993" class="citation book cs1">Kierzkowski, Henryk; Okólski, Marek; Wellisz, Stanislaw (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nypuJ8BARiMC&q=poland+economy+1980s&pg=PA7"><i>Stabilization and Structural Adjustment in Poland</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415100243" title="Special:BookSources/9780415100243"><bdi>9780415100243</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stabilization+and+Structural+Adjustment+in+Poland&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780415100243&rft.aulast=Kierzkowski&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rft.au=Ok%C3%B3lski%2C+Marek&rft.au=Wellisz%2C+Stanislaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnypuJ8BARiMC%26q%3Dpoland%2Beconomy%2B1980s%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707184128/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=673">"A Symbol Of Allied Solidarity Will Disappear. Berlin – The Atlantic Times"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=673">the original</a> on 7 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Symbol+Of+Allied+Solidarity+Will+Disappear.+Berlin+%E2%80%93+The+Atlantic+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantic-times.com%2Farchive_detail.php%3FrecordID%3D673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4206">"Terrorist Organization Profile: Polish Revolutionary Home Army"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrorist+Organization+Profile%3A+Polish+Revolutionary+Home+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fstart%2Fdata%2Ftops%2Fterrorist_organization_profile.asp%3Fid%3D4206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/poland/92.htm">"Poland – The United States"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Poland+%E2%80%93+The+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpoland%2F92.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/31/world/day-of-protest-on-the-polish-crisis-gets-modest-response-worldwide.html">Day of Protest on the Polish Crisis Gets Modest Response Worldwide</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 29 December 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_F._Domber2008" class="citation book cs1">Gregory F. Domber (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Grtub61ScTgC&pg=PA199"><i>Supporting the Revolution: America, Democracy, and the End of the Cold War in Poland, 1981—1989</i></a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549385165" title="Special:BookSources/9780549385165"><bdi>9780549385165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supporting+the+Revolution%3A+America%2C+Democracy%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War+in+Poland%2C+1981%E2%80%941989&rft.pages=199&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780549385165&rft.au=Gregory+F.+Domber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrtub61ScTgC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, revised as Domber 2014, p. 110 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlk7BAAAQBAJ&q=%22although+Casey+initiated%22">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomber2014" class="citation cs2">Domber, Gregory F. (28 August 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uncpressblog.com/2014/08/28/gregory-f-domber-what-putin-misunderstands-about-american-power/"><i>What Putin Misunderstands about American Power</i></a>, University of California Press Blog, University of North Carolina Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Putin+Misunderstands+about+American+Power&rft.series=University+of+California+Press+Blog&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.aulast=Domber&rft.aufirst=Gregory+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funcpressblog.com%2F2014%2F08%2F28%2Fgregory-f-domber-what-putin-misunderstands-about-american-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carlbernstein.com/the-holy-alliance-time-magazine-february-24-1992">Cover Story: The Holy Alliance</a> By <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a>, February 24, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussman2010" class="citation book cs1">Sussman, Gerald (2010). <i>Branding Democracy: U.S. Regime Change in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe</i>. Peter Lang. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0531-9"><bdi>978-1-4331-0531-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Branding+Democracy%3A+U.S.+Regime+Change+in+Post-Soviet+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0531-9&rft.aulast=Sussman&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.net/2008/10/02/jaruzelski-says-martial-law-saved-poland/">Jaruzelski says martial law saved Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>, 02/10/08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161848/http://www.newpolandexpress.pl/npe_news_story-1531-jaruzelski_invited_soviet_invasion.php">"Informacje i wydarzenia | Gospodrka, Polityka, Finanse – newpolandexpress.pl"</a>. <i>newpolandexpress.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newpolandexpress.pl/">the original</a> on 9 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newpolandexpress.pl&rft.atitle=Informacje+i+wydarzenia+%26%23124%3B+Gospodrka%2C+Polityka%2C+Finanse+%E2%80%93+newpolandexpress.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpolandexpress.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/Interview_Polands_Jaruzelski_Again_Denies_Seeking_Soviet_Intervention_Against_Solidarity/1902431.html">"Jaruzelski Again Denies Seeking Soviet Aid Against Solidarity"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Jaruzelski+Again+Denies+Seeking+Soviet+Aid+Against+Solidarity&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2FInterview_Polands_Jaruzelski_Again_Denies_Seeking_Soviet_Intervention_Against_Solidarity%2F1902431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/russia/polands-jaruzelski-denies-he-invited-soviet-army-54694.html">"Poland's Jaruzelski denies he invited Soviet army"</a>. 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Jaruzelski+denies+he+invited+Soviet+army&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Farticle%2Fcontent%2Frussia%2Fpolands-jaruzelski-denies-he-invited-soviet-army-54694.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konflikty.pl/a,395,Czasy_najnowsze,Przemowienie_gen._Jaruzelskiego.html">Konflikty.pl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112060937/http://www.konflikty.pl/a,395,Czasy_najnowsze,Przemowienie_gen._Jaruzelskiego.html">Archived</a> 12 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabedz1984" class="citation book cs1">Labedz, Leopold (1984). <i>Poland Under Jaruzelski: A Comprehensive Sourcebook on Poland During and After Martial Law</i>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684181165" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684181165"><bdi>978-0684181165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+Under+Jaruzelski%3A+A+Comprehensive+Sourcebook+on+Poland+During+and+After+Martial+Law&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0684181165&rft.aulast=Labedz&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford1986" class="citation book cs1">Sanford, George (1986). <i>Military Rule in Poland: The Rebuilding of Communist Power, 1981–1983</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312532574" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312532574"><bdi>978-0312532574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Rule+in+Poland%3A+The+Rebuilding+of+Communist+Power%2C+1981%E2%80%931983&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0312532574&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKietliński" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kietliński, Marek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rodm-bialystok.pl/index.php/nasze-dzialania/publikacje/180-publikacja-wydarzenia-stanu-wojennego-w-bialymstoku">"Wydarzenia stanu wojennego w Białymstoku"</a> (in Polish). Ośrodek Debaty Międzynarodowej.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wydarzenia+stanu+wojennego+w+Bia%C5%82ymstoku&rft.pub=O%C5%9Brodek+Debaty+Mi%C4%99dzynarodowej&rft.aulast=Kietli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rodm-bialystok.pl%2Findex.php%2Fnasze-dzialania%2Fpublikacje%2F180-publikacja-wydarzenia-stanu-wojennego-w-bialymstoku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105033603/http://www.tenetour.com/history9.php">Martial Law in Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.videofact.com/english/stanwoj2.htm">Martial Law in Poland 1981</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKhITm9-5TU">Video of Jaruzelski declaring martial law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a>/<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/zyziza/martial_law_in_poland">Photo Gallery by zyziza at pbase.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Template:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Template talk:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Polish_People&#039;s_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–48 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Consolidation_of_communist_power" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Early post-war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Provisional Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup" title="Augustów roundup">Augustów roundup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum" title="1946 Polish people's referendum">1946 Polish people's referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">1947 Polish legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Constitution_of_1947" title="Small Constitution of 1947">Small Constitution of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_of_1947" title="Amnesty of 1947">Amnesty of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_trade" title="Battle for trade">Battle for trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Year_Plan" title="Three-Year Plan">Three-Year Plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948–56 <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bierut</a>'s rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Year_Plan" title="Six-Year Plan">Six-Year Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism_in_Poland" title="Socialist realism in Poland">Socialist realism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w_Prison_executions_of_1951" title="Mokotów Prison executions of 1951">Mokotów Prison executions of 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Constitution of the Polish People's Republic">1952 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_show_trial_of_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Curia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia">Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Generals" title="Trial of the Generals">Trial of the Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX_Association" title="PAX Association">PAX Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_protests_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań protests of 1956">Poznań protests of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1956–70 <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Gomułka</a>'s<br />autarchic communism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1957_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Polish legislative election">1957 Polish legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_the_Polish_State" title="Millennium of the Polish State">Millennium of the Polish State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Reconciliation_of_the_Polish_Bishops_to_the_German_Bishops" title="Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops">Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau" title="Kniefall von Warschau">Kniefall von Warschau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_protests_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish protests of 1970">Polish protests of 1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–81 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Gierek</a>'s <br />international opening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_strikes" title="1971 Łódź strikes">1971 Łódź strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_59" title="Letter of 59">Letter of 59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee" title="Workers' Defence Committee">Workers' Defence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_University" title="Flying University">Flying University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Lublin_strikes" title="1980 Lublin strikes">1980 Lublin strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes">Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity (Polish trade union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Students%27_Association" title="Independent Students' Association">Independent Students' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Solidarity" title="Rural Solidarity">Rural Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_events" title="Bydgoszcz events">Bydgoszcz events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_warning_strike_in_Poland" title="1981 warning strike in Poland">1981 warning strike in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Polish_hunger_demonstrations" title="1981 Polish hunger demonstrations">1981 Polish hunger demonstrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–89 <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a>'s<br />autocratic rule and demise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martial law in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Militsiya hour">Militsiya hour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Wujek" title="Pacification of Wujek">Pacification of Wujek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_demonstrations_in_Poland" title="1982 demonstrations in Poland">1982 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Fighting_Youth" title="Federation of Fighting Youth">Federation of Fighting Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Alternative" title="Orange Alternative">Orange Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Polish_political_and_economic_reforms_referendum" title="1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum">1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_uprisings" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_uprisings" title="Template:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_uprisings" title="Template talk:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_uprisings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_uprisings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Polish uprisings</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">1038 Peasant Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_Union_(medieval)" title="Lizard Union (medieval)">Lizard Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_War" title="Chicken War">Chicken War</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="January Uprising of 1863"><img alt="January Uprising of 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="612" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Uprising of 1944"><img alt="Warsaw Uprising of 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/70px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/105px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/140px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="17th-century" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostka-Napierski_uprising" title="Kostka-Napierski uprising">Kostka-Napierski</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyszowce_Confederation" title="Tyszowce Confederation">Tyszowce Confederation</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubomirski%27s_rebellion" title="Lubomirski's rebellion">Lubomirski</a> (1665–1666)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82uck_Confederation" title="Słuck Confederation">Słuck Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Confederation" title="Radom Confederation">Radom Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targowica_Confederation" title="Targowica Confederation">Targowica Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_(1794)" title="Warsaw Uprising (1794)">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1794)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1794)">1794 Greater Poland uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denisko_uprising" title="Denisko uprising">Denisko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">1806 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1846)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1846)">1846 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_uprising" title="Kraków uprising">Kraków uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_slaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician slaughter">Galician slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">1848 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Polish_political_exiles_in_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia">Baikal insurrection 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection" title="Łódź insurrection">Łódź insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemberg_(1918)" title="Battle of Lemberg (1918)">Battle of Lemberg (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejny_Uprising" title="Sejny Uprising">Sejny Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w_uprising" title="Czortków uprising">Czortków uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_uprising" title="Zamość uprising">Zamość uprising</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ghetto_uprisings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Uprising_(1944)" title="Kraków Uprising (1944)">Kraków Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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