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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Use abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bokeh_and_lens_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bokeh_and_lens_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bokeh and lens design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bokeh_and_lens_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Emulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bokeh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بوكيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوكيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Боке (фотография) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Боке (фотография)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeo" title="Bokeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bokeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%87" title="بوکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boke" title="Boke – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boke" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%BC%80" title="보케 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보케" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A5" title="Բոկե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոկե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D)" title="בוקה (צילום) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוקה (צילום)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok%C4%93" title="Bokē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bokē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boke" title="Boke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86" title="ബൊക്കെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൊക്കെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B1_(%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F)" title="ボケ (写真) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボケ (写真)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Боке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boke" title="Boke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Боке (фотографија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боке (фотографија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boke" title="Boke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="போக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89" title="โบเก้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบเก้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Боке (фотографія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боке (фотографія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bokeh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%99%AF" title="散景 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="散景" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Aesthetic quality of blur in the out-of-focus parts of an image</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bokeh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bokeh (disambiguation)">Bokeh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josefina_with_Bokeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josefina_with_Bokeh.jpg/220px-Josefina_with_Bokeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josefina_with_Bokeh.jpg/330px-Josefina_with_Bokeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josefina_with_Bokeh.jpg/440px-Josefina_with_Bokeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Coarse bokeh on a photo shot with an 85 mm lens and 70 mm <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a> diameter, which corresponds to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>1.2</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katherine_Maher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/220px-Katherine_Maher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/330px-Katherine_Maher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/440px-Katherine_Maher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption>An example of a portrait photo (of <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a>). Note the 'swirly' bokeh.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aperture_and_bokeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aperture_and_bokeh.jpg/220px-Aperture_and_bokeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aperture_and_bokeh.jpg/330px-Aperture_and_bokeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aperture_and_bokeh.jpg/440px-Aperture_and_bokeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>How the bokeh varies with the aperture.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <b>bokeh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BOH</span>-kə</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BOH</span>-kay</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Japanese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[boke]</a></span>) is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in <a href="/wiki/Defocus_aberration" title="Defocus aberration">out-of-focus</a> parts of an image, whether foreground or background or both. It is created by using a wide aperture lens. </p><p>Some photographers incorrectly restrict use of the term bokeh to the appearance of bright spots in the out-of-focus area caused by <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">circles of confusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerry_Kopelow_1998_118–119_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerry_Kopelow_1998_118–119-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bokeh has also been defined as "the way the <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lens</a> renders out-of-focus points of light".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences in <a href="/wiki/Optical_aberration" title="Optical aberration">lens aberrations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> shape cause very different bokeh effects.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some lens designs blur the image in a way that is pleasing to the eye, while others produce distracting or unpleasant blurring ("good" and "bad" bokeh, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-davis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photographers may deliberately use a <a href="/wiki/Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">shallow focus</a> technique to create images with prominent out-of-focus regions, accentuating their lens's bokeh. </p><p>Bokeh is often most visible around small background <a href="/wiki/Point_source#Light" title="Point source">highlights</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular reflections</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">light sources</a>, which is why it is often associated with such areas.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, bokeh is not limited to highlights; blur occurs in all regions of an image which are outside the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>. </p><p>The opposite of bokeh—an image in which multiple distances are visible and all are in focus—is <a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">deep focus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokeh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term comes from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> word <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">boke</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9A%88%E3%81%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:暈け">暈け</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ボケ">ボケ</a></span></span>)</span>, which means <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bokeh" class="extiw" title="wikt:bokeh">"blur"</a> or "haze", resulting in <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">boke-aji</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ボケ味</span></span>)</span>, the "blur quality". This is derived as a noun form of the verb <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">bokeru</i></span>, which is written in several ways,<sup id="cite_ref-wwwjdic-bokeru_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwwjdic-bokeru-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with additional meanings and nuances: <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">暈ける</span></span></span> refers to being blurry, hazy or out-of-focus, whereas the <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">惚ける</span></span></span> and <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">呆ける</span></span></span> spellings refer to being mentally hazy, befuddled, childish, senile, or playing stupid. <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jisaboke</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">時差ボケ</span></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (literally, "time difference fog") is the term for jet lag. <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nebokeru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寝ぼける</span></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a verb denoting the actions or condition of someone who is half-asleep, or nodding off. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tobokeru</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means playing dumb, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">toboketa kao</i></span> refers to a poker face. The related term <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bokashi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bokashi (disambiguation)">bokashi</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">暈かし</span></span>)</span> means intentional blurring or gradation; that is a noun form of the transitive verb <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bokasu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">暈す</span></span>)</span>, which means to make something blurry, rather than to be blurry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_abroad">Use abroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokeh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English spelling <i>bokeh</i> was popularized in 1997 in <i>Photo Techniques</i> magazine, when Mike Johnston, the editor at the time, commissioned three papers on the topic for the May/June 1997 issue; he altered the spelling to suggest the correct pronunciation to English speakers, saying "it is properly pronounced with bo as in bone and ke as in Kenneth, with equal stress on either syllable".<sup id="cite_ref-johnston_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spellings <i>bokeh</i> and <i>boke</i> have both been in use since at least 1996, when Merklinger had suggested "or Bokeh if you prefer."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>bokeh</i> has appeared in photography books as early as 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerry_Kopelow_1998_118–119_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerry_Kopelow_1998_118–119-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BOH</span>-kə</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wes_McDermott_2009_198_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wes_McDermott_2009_198-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bokeh_and_lens_design">Bokeh and lens design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokeh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bokeh and lens design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circles_of_confusion_lens_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Circles_of_confusion_lens_diagram.svg/280px-Circles_of_confusion_lens_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Circles_of_confusion_lens_diagram.svg/420px-Circles_of_confusion_lens_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Circles_of_confusion_lens_diagram.svg/560px-Circles_of_confusion_lens_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> is the region where the size of the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">circle of confusion</a> is less than the resolution of the human eye.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though difficult to quantify, some lenses have subjectively more pleasing out-of-focus areas. "Good" bokeh is especially important for <a href="/wiki/Macro_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro lens">macro lenses</a> and long <a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto lenses</a>, because they are typically used in situations that produce shallow <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>. Good bokeh is also important for medium telephoto lenses (typically 85–150 mm on 35 mm format). When used in portrait photography (for their "natural" perspective), the photographer usually wants a shallow depth of field, so that the subject stands out sharply against a blurred background. </p><p>Bokeh characteristics may be quantified by examining the image's <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">circle of confusion</a>. In out-of-focus areas, each point of light becomes an image of the aperture, generally a more or less round disc. Depending on how a lens is corrected for <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a>, the disc may be uniformly illuminated, brighter near the edge, or brighter near the center. A well-known lens that exhibited the latter "soap-bubble" characteristic was that produced by Hugo Meyer & Co., more recently revived by <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Optik_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Meyer Optik Görlitz">Meyer Optik Görlitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lenses that are poorly corrected for spherical aberration will show one kind of disc for out-of-focus points in front of the plane of focus, and a different kind for points behind.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may actually be desirable, as blur circles that are dimmer near the edges produce less-defined shapes which blend smoothly with the surrounding image. The shape of the aperture has an influence on the subjective quality of bokeh as well. For conventional lens designs (with bladed apertures), when a lens is stopped down smaller than its maximum <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> size (minimum <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a>), out-of-focus points are blurred into the <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygonal</a> shape formed by the aperture blades. This is most apparent when a lens produces hard-edged bokeh. For this reason, some lenses have many aperture blades and/or blades with curved edges to make the aperture more closely approximate a circle rather than a polygon. Minolta has been on the forefront of promoting and introducing lenses with near-ideal circular apertures since 1987, but most other manufacturers now offer lenses with shape-optimized diaphragms, at least for the domain of portraiture photography. In contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Catadioptric_system" title="Catadioptric system">catadioptric</a> <a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto lens</a> renders bokehs resembling doughnuts, because its <a href="/wiki/Secondary_mirror" title="Secondary mirror">secondary mirror</a> blocks the central part of the aperture opening. Recently, photographers have exploited the shape of the bokeh by creating a simple mask out of card with shapes such as hearts or stars, that the photographer wishes the bokeh to be, and placing it over the lens.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lenses with 11, 12, or 15 blade iris diaphragms are often claimed to excel in bokeh quality. Because of this, the lenses do not need to reach wide apertures to get better circles (instead of polygons). In the past, wide aperture lenses (f/2, f/2.8) were very expensive, due to the complex mathematical design and manufacturing know-how required, at a time when all computations and glass making were done by hand. Leica could reach a good bokeh at f/4.5. Today it is much easier to make an f/1.8 lens, and a 9-bladed lens at f/1.8 is enough for an 85 mm lens to achieve great bokeh. </p><p>Some lens manufacturers including <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minolta_AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta AF">Minolta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Alpha">Sony</a> make lenses designed with specific controls to change the rendering of the out-of-focus areas. </p><p>The Nikon 105 mm DC-Nikkor<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 135 mm DC-Nikkor<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lenses (DC stands for "Defocus Control") have a control ring that permits the overcorrection or undercorrection of <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a> to change the bokeh in front of and behind the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_point_(optics)" title="Cardinal point (optics)">focal plane</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minolta_STF_135mm_f/2.8_T4.5_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta STF 135mm f/2.8 T4.5 lens">Minolta/Sony STF 135 mm f/2.8 [T4.5]</a> (with STF standing for <i>smooth trans focus</i>) is a lens specifically designed to produce pleasing bokeh. It is possible to choose between two diaphragms: one with 9 and another with 10 blades. An <a href="/wiki/Apodization" title="Apodization">apodization</a> filter is used to soften the aperture edges which results in a smooth defocused area with gradually fading circles. Those qualities made it the only lens of this kind on the market from its introduction in 1999 to 2014. In 2014 <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> announced a lens utilizing a similar apodization filter in the <a href="/wiki/Fujinon_XF_56mm_F1.2_R_APD_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujinon XF 56mm F1.2 R APD lens">Fujinon XF 56mm F1.2 R APD lens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony added the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sony_FE_100_mm_F2.8_STF_GM_OSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sony FE 100 mm F2.8 STF GM OSS (page does not exist)">Sony FE 100 mm F2.8 STF GM OSS</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 'Sigma YS System Focusing' 135 mm f/2.8 also has an extra manually-moved component, intended to compensate for aberration at close-focus distances. It can be re-purposed for defocus control. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Optik_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Meyer Optik Görlitz">Meyer Optik USA Inc.</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> campaign to produce the Trioplan f2.9/50, a new lens based on one originally produced by Hugo Meyer & Co.; both lenses exhibit a characteristic "soap-bubble" bokeh.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic">anamorphic</a> lenses will cause bokeh to appear differently along the horizontal and vertical axes of the lens, becoming ellipsoidal compared to those in a spherical lens. </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> released the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_7_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 7 Plus">iPhone 7 Plus</a> which can take pictures with "Portrait Mode" (a bokeh like effect).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samsung's <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 8">Galaxy Note 8</a> has a similar effect available. Both of these phones use dual cameras to detect edges and create a "depth map" of the image, which the phone uses to blur the out-of-focus portions of the photo. Other phones, like the <a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Google Pixel</a>, only use a single camera and machine learning to create the depth map.<sup id="cite_ref-How_Portrait_Mode_Works_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_Portrait_Mode_Works-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Vivo_(smartphone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivo (smartphone)">Vivo</a> released a smartphone with dual front lenses for <a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">selfies</a> with bokeh. The first, a 20 MP lens, uses a 1/2.78" sensor with f/2.0 aperture, while the second, an 8 MP f/2.0 lens, captures depth information. Bokeh can be made with a combination of both lenses, and shots can be refocused even after they are captured, adding bokeh effects with different depths.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Honor</a> 9 Lite smartphone was released with quad cameras (two dual-lens). Both the front and back cameras have a 13 MP main lens and a 2 MP lens for capturing bokeh depth information.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An extremely shallow depth of field, a common effect in macrophotography, emphasizes bokeh."><img alt="An extremely shallow depth of field, a common effect in macrophotography, emphasizes bokeh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg/220px-DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg/330px-DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg/440px-DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An extremely shallow <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>, a common effect in <a href="/wiki/Macrophotography" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophotography">macrophotography</a>, emphasizes bokeh.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thumbs_up_for_bokeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="200 mm lens at f/2."><img alt="200 mm lens at f/2." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thumbs_up_for_bokeh.JPG/107px-Thumbs_up_for_bokeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thumbs_up_for_bokeh.JPG/160px-Thumbs_up_for_bokeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thumbs_up_for_bokeh.JPG/213px-Thumbs_up_for_bokeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">200 mm lens at <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f/2</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm/220px--Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm/Catadioptric_lens_bokeh_etc_-_2018_12_08.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Catadioptric_system" title="Catadioptric system">Catadioptric lens</a> bokeh in motion.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Dortmund_Brackel_Spiegeltele_DSC02359_smial_wp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The bokeh produced by a catadioptric lens (also called a mirror lens)."><img alt="The bokeh produced by a catadioptric lens (also called a mirror lens)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bahnhof_Dortmund_Brackel_Spiegeltele_DSC02359_smial_wp.jpg/220px-Bahnhof_Dortmund_Brackel_Spiegeltele_DSC02359_smial_wp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bahnhof_Dortmund_Brackel_Spiegeltele_DSC02359_smial_wp.jpg/330px-Bahnhof_Dortmund_Brackel_Spiegeltele_DSC02359_smial_wp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bahnhof_Dortmund_Brackel_Spiegeltele_DSC02359_smial_wp.jpg/440px-Bahnhof_Dortmund_Brackel_Spiegeltele_DSC02359_smial_wp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The bokeh produced by a <a href="/wiki/Catadioptric_system" title="Catadioptric system">catadioptric lens</a> (also called a mirror lens).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bokeh_Example.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon 85 mm prime f/1.8 lens. The polygonal shapes are due to the 8-bladed aperture diaphragm being slightly closed. At its full aperture (f/1.8) these shapes would be smooth and not polygonal."><img alt="An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon 85 mm prime f/1.8 lens. The polygonal shapes are due to the 8-bladed aperture diaphragm being slightly closed. At its full aperture (f/1.8) these shapes would be smooth and not polygonal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bokeh_Example.jpg/220px-Bokeh_Example.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bokeh_Example.jpg/330px-Bokeh_Example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bokeh_Example.jpg/440px-Bokeh_Example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon 85 mm prime f/1.8 lens. The polygonal shapes are due to the 8-bladed aperture diaphragm being slightly closed. At its full aperture (<a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f/1.8</a>) these shapes would be smooth and not polygonal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donut_bokeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catadioptric lens bokeh seen in more detail."><img alt="Catadioptric lens bokeh seen in more detail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Donut_bokeh.jpg/185px-Donut_bokeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Donut_bokeh.jpg/277px-Donut_bokeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Donut_bokeh.jpg/369px-Donut_bokeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Catadioptric_system" title="Catadioptric system">Catadioptric lens</a> bokeh seen in more detail.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_Tree_Lights_Bokeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of the creative application of bokeh."><img alt="An example of the creative application of bokeh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Christmas_Tree_Lights_Bokeh.jpg/105px-Christmas_Tree_Lights_Bokeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Christmas_Tree_Lights_Bokeh.jpg/158px-Christmas_Tree_Lights_Bokeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Christmas_Tree_Lights_Bokeh.jpg/211px-Christmas_Tree_Lights_Bokeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of the creative application of bokeh.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bokeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 IS II lens."><img alt="An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 IS II lens." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bokeh.JPG/220px-Bokeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bokeh.JPG/330px-Bokeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bokeh.JPG/440px-Bokeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5103" data-file-height="3191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 IS II lens.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bokeh1_DSC_0959.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bokeh created with Nikon D3300 Camera 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 G VR II Lens."><img alt="A bokeh created with Nikon D3300 Camera 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 G VR II Lens." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bokeh1_DSC_0959.jpg/220px-Bokeh1_DSC_0959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bokeh1_DSC_0959.jpg/330px-Bokeh1_DSC_0959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bokeh1_DSC_0959.jpg/440px-Bokeh1_DSC_0959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bokeh created with Nikon D3300 Camera 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 G VR II Lens.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_(1919-2017)_000172050002_(37159721864).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subtle swirly bokeh in the background"><img alt="Subtle swirly bokeh in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_000172050002_%2837159721864%29.jpg/162px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_000172050002_%2837159721864%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_000172050002_%2837159721864%29.jpg/244px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_000172050002_%2837159721864%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_000172050002_%2837159721864%29.jpg/325px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_000172050002_%2837159721864%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4832" data-file-height="4760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subtle swirly bokeh in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_Tree_out_of_focus_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swirly bokeh"><img alt="Swirly bokeh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Christmas_Tree_out_of_focus_copy.jpg/220px-Christmas_Tree_out_of_focus_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Christmas_Tree_out_of_focus_copy.jpg/330px-Christmas_Tree_out_of_focus_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Christmas_Tree_out_of_focus_copy.jpg/440px-Christmas_Tree_out_of_focus_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swirly bokeh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_Bokeh_Background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Picture of Forsythia with doughnut-shaped background bokeh, due to the use of a catadioptric system. Focus on foreground."><img alt="Picture of Forsythia with doughnut-shaped background bokeh, due to the use of a catadioptric system. Focus on foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bad_Bokeh_Background.jpg/220px-Bad_Bokeh_Background.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bad_Bokeh_Background.jpg/330px-Bad_Bokeh_Background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bad_Bokeh_Background.jpg/440px-Bad_Bokeh_Background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Picture of <i><a href="/wiki/Forsythia" title="Forsythia">Forsythia</a></i> with doughnut-shaped background bokeh, due to the use of a catadioptric system. Focus on foreground.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_Bokeh_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Picture of Forsythia with doughnut-shaped foreground bokeh, due to the use of a catadioptric system. Focus on background"><img alt="Picture of Forsythia with doughnut-shaped foreground bokeh, due to the use of a catadioptric system. Focus on background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bad_Bokeh_02.jpg/220px-Bad_Bokeh_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bad_Bokeh_02.jpg/330px-Bad_Bokeh_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bad_Bokeh_02.jpg/440px-Bad_Bokeh_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Picture of <i><a href="/wiki/Forsythia" title="Forsythia">Forsythia</a></i> with doughnut-shaped foreground bokeh, due to the use of a catadioptric system. Focus on background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_Valley_background_Samsung_Galaxy_S22_Ultra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silicon Valley background/bokeh shot with Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra smartphone"><img alt="Silicon Valley background/bokeh shot with Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra smartphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Silicon_Valley_background_Samsung_Galaxy_S22_Ultra.jpg/213px-Silicon_Valley_background_Samsung_Galaxy_S22_Ultra.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Silicon_Valley_background_Samsung_Galaxy_S22_Ultra.jpg/320px-Silicon_Valley_background_Samsung_Galaxy_S22_Ultra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Silicon_Valley_background_Samsung_Galaxy_S22_Ultra.jpg/427px-Silicon_Valley_background_Samsung_Galaxy_S22_Ultra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> background/bokeh shot with <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S22" title="Samsung Galaxy S22">Samsung Galaxy S22</a> Ultra smartphone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Out_of_focus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bokeh created by the Samsung Galaxy A54's main camera"><img alt="Bokeh on a cherry tree's leaves created by the Samsung Galaxy A54's main camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Out_of_focus.png/120px-Out_of_focus.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Out_of_focus.png/180px-Out_of_focus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Out_of_focus.png/240px-Out_of_focus.png 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="4080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bokeh created by the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_A54_5G" title="Samsung Galaxy A54 5G">Samsung Galaxy A54</a>'s main camera</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulation">Emulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokeh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faux-bokeh-comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Faux-bokeh-comparison.jpg/310px-Faux-bokeh-comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Faux-bokeh-comparison.jpg/465px-Faux-bokeh-comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Faux-bokeh-comparison.jpg/620px-Faux-bokeh-comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: an original photo with no bokeh or blur; the same photo with synthetic bokeh effect applied to its background; the same photo with <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_blur" title="Gaussian blur">Gaussian blur</a> applied to its background</figcaption></figure> <p>Bokeh can be simulated by <a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">convolving</a> the image with a <a href="/wiki/Integral_transform" title="Integral transform">kernel</a> that corresponds to the image of an out-of-focus point source taken with a real camera. Unlike conventional convolution, this convolution has a kernel that depends on the distance of each image point and – at least in principle – has to include image points that are occluded by objects in the foreground.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, bokeh is not just any blur. To a first approximation, defocus blur is convolution by a uniform <a href="/wiki/Disk_(mathematics)" title="Disk (mathematics)">disk</a>, a more computationally intensive operation than the "standard" <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_blur" title="Gaussian blur">Gaussian blur</a>; the former produces sharp circles around highlights whereas the latter is a much softer effect. <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">Diffraction</a> may alter the effective shape of the blur. Some graphics editors have a filter to do this, usually called "Lens Blur".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accurate bokeh simulation requires running the blur in linear, HDR space. For low dynamic range images, an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a> may be used to reconstruct the HDR light.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative mechanical mechanism has been proposed for generating bokeh in small aperture cameras such as compacts or cellphone cameras, called image destabilisation,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which both the lens and sensor are moved in order to maintain focus at one focal plane, while defocusing nearby ones. This effect currently generates blur in only one axis. </p><p>Some advanced digital cameras have bokeh features which take several images with different apertures and focuses and then manually compose them afterward to one image. More advanced systems of bokeh use a hardware system of 2 sensors, one sensor to take photo as usual while other ones record depth information. Bokeh effect and refocusing can then be applied to an image after the photo is taken.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokeh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a research group at <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> showed that the bokeh effect can be used to make imperceptibly small barcodes, or <a href="/wiki/Bokode" title="Bokode">bokodes</a>. By using barcodes as small as 3 mm with a small lens over them, if the barcode is viewed out of focus through an ordinary camera focused at infinity, the resulting image is large enough to scan the information in the barcode.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokeh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_disk" title="Airy disk">Airy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-field_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-field camera">Light-field camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandelbaum_effect" title="Mandelbaum effect">Mandelbaum effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb (optics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_focus" title="Soft focus">Soft focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokeh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNikon2017" class="citation cs2">Nikon (2017-03-30), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/bokeh-for-beginners.html"><i>Bokeh for Beginners</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724152154/https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/bokeh-for-beginners.html">archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bokeh+for+Beginners&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.au=Nikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonusa.com%2Fen%2Flearn-and-explore%2Fa%2Ftips-and-techniques%2Fbokeh-for-beginners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerry_Kopelow_1998_118–119-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerry_Kopelow_1998_118–119_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerry_Kopelow_1998_118–119_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerry_Kopelow1998" class="citation book cs1">Gerry Kopelow (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtophotographb0000kope"><i>How to photograph buildings and interiors</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Princeton Architectural Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtophotographb0000kope/page/118">118</a>–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-097-3"><bdi>978-1-56898-097-3</bdi></a>. <q>bokeh focus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+photograph+buildings+and+interiors&rft.pages=118-119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-097-3&rft.au=Gerry+Kopelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtophotographb0000kope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Hicks_and_Christopher_Nisperos2000" class="citation book cs1">Roger Hicks and Christopher Nisperos (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7GfsKp7StwcC&q=bokeh+focus&pg=PA132"><i>Hollywood Portraits: Classic Shots and How to Take Them</i></a>. Amphoto Books. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8174-4020-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8174-4020-6"><bdi>978-0-8174-4020-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Portraits%3A+Classic+Shots+and+How+to+Take+Them&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Amphoto+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8174-4020-6&rft.au=Roger+Hicks+and+Christopher+Nisperos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GfsKp7StwcC%26q%3Dbokeh%2Bfocus%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Ang2002" class="citation book cs1">Tom Ang (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fu3akyrFZEMC&q=bokeh+focus&pg=PA45"><i>Dictionary of Photography and Digital Imaging: The Essential Reference for the Modern Photographer</i></a>. Watson–Guptill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8174-3789-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8174-3789-4"><bdi>0-8174-3789-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Photography+and+Digital+Imaging%3A+The+Essential+Reference+for+the+Modern+Photographer&rft.pub=Watson%E2%80%93Guptill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8174-3789-4&rft.au=Tom+Ang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfu3akyrFZEMC%26q%3Dbokeh%2Bfocus%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photojpn.org/words/len.html">"PhotoWords/Lens"</a>. <i>PhotoGuide Japan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226094251/http://photojpn.org/words/len.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhotoGuide+Japan&rft.atitle=PhotoWords%2FLens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojpn.org%2Fwords%2Flen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Davis2008" class="citation book cs1">Harold Davis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkOYrPiIwFIC&q=bokeh+good+bad&pg=PA62"><i>Practical Artistry: Light & Exposure for Digital Photographers</i></a>. O'Reilly Media. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52988-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52988-8"><bdi>978-0-596-52988-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Artistry%3A+Light+%26+Exposure+for+Digital+Photographers&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52988-8&rft.au=Harold+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkOYrPiIwFIC%26q%3Dbokeh%2Bgood%2Bbad%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwwjdic-bokeru-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wwwjdic-bokeru_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%CA%F2%A4%B1%A4%EB">"wwwjdic: bokeru entry"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308084448/https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%CA%F2%A4%B1%A4%EB">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wwwjdic%3A+bokeru+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edrdg.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwwwjdic%2Fwwwjdic%3F1MDJ%25CA%25F2%25A4%25B1%25A4%25EB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%BB%FE%BA%B9%A5%DC%A5%B1">"wwwjdic: jisaboke entry"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308030352/https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%BB%FE%BA%B9%A5%DC%A5%B1">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wwwjdic%3A+nebokeru+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edrdg.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwwwjdic%2Fwwwjdic%3F1MDJ%25A4%25CD%25A4%25DC%25A4%25B1%25A4%25EB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%A4%C8%A4%DC%A4%B1%A4%EB">"wwwjdic: tobokeru entry"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203738/https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MDJ%A4%C8%A4%DC%A4%B1%A4%EB">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wwwjdic%3A+tobokeru+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edrdg.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwwwjdic%2Fwwwjdic%3F1MDJ%25A4%25C8%25A4%25DC%25A4%25B1%25A4%25EB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnston-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnston_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston,_Mike2004" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Mike (2004-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103180320/http://www.luminous-landscape.com/columns/sm-04-04-04.shtml">"The Sunday Morning Photographer, 2004: Bokeh in Pictures"</a>. luminous-landscape.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-landscape.com/columns/sm-04-04-04.shtml">the original</a> on 2015-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sunday+Morning+Photographer%2C+2004%3A+Bokeh+in+Pictures&rft.pub=luminous-landscape.com&rft.date=2004-04-04&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luminous-landscape.com%2Fcolumns%2Fsm-04-04-04.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerklinger,_Harold" class="citation web cs1">Merklinger, Harold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409135024/http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/bokeh.shtml">"Understanding Boke"</a>. luminous-landscape.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/bokeh.shtml">the original</a> on 2013-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Boke&rft.pub=luminous-landscape.com&rft.au=Merklinger%2C+Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luminous-landscape.com%2Fessays%2Fbokeh.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wes_McDermott_2009_198-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wes_McDermott_2009_198_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWes_McDermott2009" class="citation book cs1">Wes McDermott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAlJgUyEs0C&q=bokeh+boke-uh&pg=PA198"><i>Real World Modo: The Authorized Guide: In the Trenches with Modo</i></a>. Focal Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81199-4"><bdi>978-0-240-81199-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+World+Modo%3A+The+Authorized+Guide%3A+In+the+Trenches+with+Modo&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-240-81199-4&rft.au=Wes+McDermott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CAlJgUyEs0C%26q%3Dbokeh%2Bboke-uh%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlog" class="citation web cs1">Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160725193816/http://www.meyer-optik-goerlitz.com/how-to-create-soap-bubble-bokeh/">"How to Create Soap Bubble Bokeh"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meyer-optik-goerlitz.com/how-to-create-soap-bubble-bokeh/">the original</a> on 2016-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Create+Soap+Bubble+Bokeh&rft.au=Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meyer-optik-goerlitz.com%2Fhow-to-create-soap-bubble-bokeh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_Vorenkamp" class="citation web cs1">Todd Vorenkamp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/tips-and-solutions/understanding-bokeh/">"Understanding Bokeh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527165827/http://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/tips-and-solutions/understanding-bokeh">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Bokeh&rft.au=Todd+Vorenkamp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhphotovideo.com%2Fexplora%2Fphotography%2Ftips-and-solutions%2Funderstanding-bokeh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsten_Stroemvig2007" class="citation web cs1">Karsten Stroemvig (2007-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diyphotography.net/diy_create_your_own_bokeh">"DIY — Create your own Bokeh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207203943/http://www.diyphotography.net/diy_create_your_own_bokeh">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIY+%E2%80%94+Create+your+own+Bokeh&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft.au=Karsten+Stroemvig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diyphotography.net%2Fdiy_create_your_own_bokeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe-nikon.com/en_GB/product/nikkor-lenses/auto-focus-lenses/fx/single-focal-length/af-dc-nikkor-135mm-f-2d">"AF DC-Nikkor 135mm f/2D Single Focal Length FX Auto Focus Lenses NIKKOR Lenses"</a>. <i>europe-nikon.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190546/http://www.europe-nikon.com/en_GB/product/nikkor-lenses/auto-focus-lenses/fx/single-focal-length/af-dc-nikkor-135mm-f-2d">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europe-nikon.com&rft.atitle=AF+DC-Nikkor+135mm+f%2F2D+Single+Focal+Length+FX+Auto+Focus+Lenses+NIKKOR+Lenses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe-nikon.com%2Fen_GB%2Fproduct%2Fnikkor-lenses%2Fauto-focus-lenses%2Ffx%2Fsingle-focal-length%2Faf-dc-nikkor-135mm-f-2d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Nikon-Products/Product/Camera-Lenses/1932/af-dc-nikkor-105mm-f%252F2D.html">"AF DC-NIKKOR 105mm f/2D from Nikon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020154937/http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Nikon-Products/Product/Camera-Lenses/1932/AF-DC-NIKKOR-105mm-f/2D.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AF+DC-NIKKOR+105mm+f%2F2D+from+Nikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonusa.com%2Fen%2FNikon-Products%2FProduct%2FCamera-Lenses%2F1932%2Faf-dc-nikkor-105mm-f%25252F2D.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Nikon-Products/Product/Camera-Lenses/1935/AF-DC-Nikkor-135mm-f%252F2D.html">"AF DC-NIKKOR 135 mm f/2D from Nikon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020201703/http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Nikon-Products/Product/Camera-Lenses/1935/af-dc-nikkor-135mm-f/2D.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AF+DC-NIKKOR+135+mm+f%2F2D+from+Nikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonusa.com%2Fen%2FNikon-Products%2FProduct%2FCamera-Lenses%2F1935%2FAF-DC-Nikkor-135mm-f%25252F2D.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpreview.com/articles/4106200256/fujifilm-introduces-xf-56mm-f1-2-r-apd-with-apodization-filter">"Fujifilm introduces XF 56mm F1.2 R APD with apodization filter"</a>. <i>DPReview</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531092545/http://www.dpreview.com/articles/4106200256/fujifilm-introduces-xf-56mm-f1-2-r-apd-with-apodization-filter">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Photoscala&rft.atitle=Neu+von+Sony%3A+E-Mount-Objektive+100+mm+F2.8+STF+GM%2C+FE+85+mm+F1.8%3B+Blitz+HVL-F45RM&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photoscala.de%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Fneu-von-sony-e-mount-objektive-100-mm-f2-8-stf-gm-fe-85-mm-f1-8-blitz-hvl-f45rm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus_Keinath" class="citation web cs1">Markus Keinath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4photos.de/test/Bokeh-Defocus-Control.html">"Cheap DC Nikkor Substitute"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014164035/http://www.4photos.de/test/Bokeh-Defocus-Control.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheap+DC+Nikkor+Substitute&rft.au=Markus+Keinath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4photos.de%2Ftest%2FBokeh-Defocus-Control.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Optik-Görlitz_/_net_SE" class="citation web cs1">Meyer-Optik-Görlitz / net SE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818100516/http://en.globell.com/Meyer-Optik-brings-back-legendary-Trioplan-f2.8-100-soap-bubble-bokeh-lens-with-Kickstarter-campai_detail_968_2236.html">"Meyer Optik brings back legendary Trioplan f2.8/100 'soap bubble' bokeh lens with Kickstarter campaign"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.globell.com/Meyer-Optik-brings-back-legendary-Trioplan-f2.8-100-soap-bubble-bokeh-lens-with-Kickstarter-campai_detail_968_2236.html">the original</a> on 2016-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meyer+Optik+brings+back+legendary+Trioplan+f2.8%2F100+%27soap+bubble%27+bokeh+lens+with+Kickstarter+campaign&rft.au=Meyer-Optik-G%C3%B6rlitz+%2F+net+SE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.globell.com%2FMeyer-Optik-brings-back-legendary-Trioplan-f2.8-100-soap-bubble-bokeh-lens-with-Kickstarter-campai_detail_968_2236.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petapixel.com/2016/10/24/apple-just-released-fake-bokeh-portrait-mode-everyone/">"Apple Just Released Their Fake Bokeh Portrait Mode to Everyone"</a>. <i>PetaPixel</i>. 2016-10-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212190031/https://petapixel.com/2016/10/24/apple-just-released-fake-bokeh-portrait-mode-everyone/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PetaPixel&rft.atitle=Apple+Just+Released+Their+Fake+Bokeh+Portrait+Mode+to+Everyone&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetapixel.com%2F2016%2F10%2F24%2Fapple-just-released-fake-bokeh-portrait-mode-everyone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_Portrait_Mode_Works-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-How_Portrait_Mode_Works_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2017" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Jayphen (2017-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petapixel.com/2017/12/11/portrait-mode-works-compares-8000-camera/">"How Portrait Mode Works and How It Compares to an $8,000 Camera"</a>. <i>PetaPixel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180604233929/https://petapixel.com/2017/12/11/portrait-mode-works-compares-8000-camera/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PetaPixel&rft.atitle=How+Portrait+Mode+Works+and+How+It+Compares+to+an+%248%2C000+Camera&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jayphen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetapixel.com%2F2017%2F12%2F11%2Fportrait-mode-works-compares-8000-camera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsmarena.com/vivo_v5_plus_becomes_official_with_dual_front_camera_snapdragon_625-news-22831.php">"vivo V5 Plus becomes official with dual front camera, Snapdragon 625"</a>. 2017-01-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208033207/http://www.gsmarena.com/vivo_v5_plus_becomes_official_with_dual_front_camera_snapdragon_625-news-22831.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=vivo+V5+Plus+becomes+official+with+dual+front+camera%2C+Snapdragon+625&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmarena.com%2Fvivo_v5_plus_becomes_official_with_dual_front_camera_snapdragon_625-news-22831.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABHISHEK_BAXI2018" class="citation web cs1">ABHISHEK BAXI (2018-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androidauthority.com/honor-9-lite-review-830795/">"Honor 9 Lite review: four lenses on a budget"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143853/https://www.androidauthority.com/honor-9-lite-review-830795/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop//10.0/help.html?content=WSA75837E3-FE05-4f86-A9DF-3C0DD602CA63.html">the original</a> on 2014-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Add+lens+blur&rft.au=Adobe+Photoshop+CS3+Livedocs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivedocs.adobe.com%2Fen_US%2FPhotoshop%2F%2F10.0%2Fhelp.html%3Fcontent%3DWSA75837E3-FE05-4f86-A9DF-3C0DD602CA63.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangMatzenNguyenYao2019" class="citation arxiv cs1">Zhang, Xuaner; Matzen, Kevin; Nguyen, Vivien; Yao, Dillon; Zhang, You; Ng, Ren (2019-05-21). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist+%28Subscription+required%29&rft.atitle=Next-generation+cameras+bring+photography+tricks+to+the+masses&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20427346.700-nextgeneration-cameras-bring-photography-tricks-to-the-masses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnkit_Mohan_and_Douglas_Lanman_and_Shinsaku_Hiura_and_Ramesh_Raskar" class="citation web cs1">Ankit Mohan and Douglas Lanman and Shinsaku Hiura and Ramesh Raskar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924193620/http://web.media.mit.edu/~ankit/id/">"Image Destabilization: Programmable Defocus using Lens and Sensor Motion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.media.mit.edu/~ankit/id/">the original</a> on 2009-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+Destabilization%3A+Programmable+Defocus+using+Lens+and+Sensor+Motion&rft.au=Ankit+Mohan+and+Douglas+Lanman+and+Shinsaku+Hiura+and+Ramesh+Raskar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.media.mit.edu%2F~ankit%2Fid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Rehm2014" class="citation news cs1">Lars Rehm (2014-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect.dpreview.com/post/9386067747/htc-launches-one-m8">"HTC launches One M8 with new 'Duo Camera'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Dpreview</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003195918/http://connect.dpreview.com/post/9386067747/htc-launches-one-m8">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dpreview&rft.atitle=HTC+launches+One+M8+with+new+%27Duo+Camera%27&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.au=Lars+Rehm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnect.dpreview.com%2Fpost%2F9386067747%2Fhtc-launches-one-m8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFildes2009" class="citation web cs1">Fildes, Jonathan (2009-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8170027.stm">"Barcode replacement shown off"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207051739/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8170027.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Barcode+replacement+shown+off&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft.aulast=Fildes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8170027.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokeh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohan, A., Woo, G, Hiura, S, Smithwick, Q, Raskar, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.media.mit.edu/~ankit/bokode/">Bokode: Imperceptible Visual Tags for Camera Based Interaction from a Distance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730073705/http://web.media.mit.edu/~ankit/bokode/">Archived</a> July 30, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ACM SIGGRAPH 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokeh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bokeh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bokeh">Bokeh</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bokeh" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bokeh">bokeh</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://howmuchblur.com/#lens-1x-50mm-f1.4-vs-1x-85mm-f1.8-on-0.9m-subject">Tool allowing to compare background blur of different lenses and cameras</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729130820/https://www.howmuchblur.com/#lens-1x-50mm-f1.4-vs-1x-85mm-f1.8-on-0.9m-subject">Archived</a> 2020-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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