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href="#For_defensive_communications_(historical)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>For defensive communications (historical)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_defensive_communications_(historical)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_use_(20th–21st_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_use_(20th–21st_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military use (20th–21st century)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_use_(20th–21st_century)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military use (20th–21st century) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_use_(20th–21st_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrared_marker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_marker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Infrared marker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_marker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>On vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In retail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrared_beacon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_beacon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Infrared beacon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_beacon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonar_beacon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonar_beacon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sonar beacon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonar_beacon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beacon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="مرشد لاسلكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرشد لاسلكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baken" title="Baken – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baken" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бакен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бакен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balisa" title="Balisa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balisa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bake_(Seezeichen)" title="Bake (Seezeichen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bake (Seezeichen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliza" title="Baliza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baliza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliza" title="Baliza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baliza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balise_(transport)" title="Balise (transport) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balise (transport)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%BD%98" title="비콘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비콘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Խութանշան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խութանշան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="ध्यानाकर्षक बत्ती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ध्यानाकर्षक बत्ती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal_pandu" title="Sinyal pandu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinyal pandu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegviti" title="Vegviti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vegviti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="משואה (איתות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משואה (איתות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бакен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бакен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baken" title="Baken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaken" title="Boaken – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boaken" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3" title="ビーコン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビーコン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baken" title="Baken – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baken" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliza" title="Baliza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baliza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бакен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бакен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalanordning" title="Signalanordning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Signalanordning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бакен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бакен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7321258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device used to attract attention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beacon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beacon (disambiguation)">Beacon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>beacon</b> is an intentionally conspicuous device designed to attract attention to a <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">specific location</a>. A common example is the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a>, which draws attention to a fixed point that can be used to navigate around obstacles or into port. More modern examples include a variety of <a href="/wiki/Radio_beacon" title="Radio beacon">radio beacons</a> that can be read on <a href="/wiki/Radio_direction_finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio direction finder">radio direction finders</a> in all weather, and <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">radar transponders</a> that appear on <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> displays. </p><p>Beacons can also be combined with semaphoric or other indicators to provide important <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, such as the status of an airport, by the colour and rotational pattern of its <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome_beacon" title="Aerodrome beacon">airport beacon</a>, or of pending weather as indicated on a <a href="/wiki/Weather_beacon" title="Weather beacon">weather beacon</a> mounted at the top of a tall building or similar site. When used in such fashion, beacons can be considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Telegraph#Optical_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">optical telegraphy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_navigation">For navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: For navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beacon_at_Orontes_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Beacon_at_Orontes_Bank.jpg/220px-Beacon_at_Orontes_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Beacon_at_Orontes_Bank.jpg/330px-Beacon_at_Orontes_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Beacon_at_Orontes_Bank.jpg/440px-Beacon_at_Orontes_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>A navigational beacon denoting the presence of Orontes Bank off <a href="/wiki/Port_Vincent,_South_Australia" title="Port Vincent, South Australia">Port Vincent, South Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beacons help guide <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigators</a> to their destinations. Types of navigational beacons include <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> reflectors, <a href="/wiki/Radio_beacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio beacons">radio beacons</a>, sonic and visual signals. Visual beacons range from small, single-pile structures to large <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a> or light stations and can be located on land or on water. Lighted beacons are called <i>lights</i>; unlighted beacons are called <i><a href="/wiki/Day_beacon" title="Day beacon">daybeacons</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome_beacon" title="Aerodrome beacon">Aerodrome beacons</a> are used to indicate locations of airports and helipads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, a series of beacons were constructed across the country in the 1920s and 1930s to help guide pilots delivering <a href="/wiki/Air_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Air mail">air mail</a>. They were placed about 25 miles apart from each other, and included large concrete arrows with accompanying lights to illuminate them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handheld beacons are also employed in <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_marshalling" title="Aircraft marshalling">aircraft marshalling</a>, and are used by the marshal to deliver instructions to the crew of aircraft as they move around an active airport, heliport or aircraft carrier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_defensive_communications_(historical)"><span id="For_defensive_communications_.28historical.29"></span>For defensive communications (historical)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: For defensive communications (historical)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culmstock,_Culmstock_Beacon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_213525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Culmstock%2C_Culmstock_Beacon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_213525.jpg/220px-Culmstock%2C_Culmstock_Beacon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_213525.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Culmstock%2C_Culmstock_Beacon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_213525.jpg/330px-Culmstock%2C_Culmstock_Beacon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_213525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Culmstock%2C_Culmstock_Beacon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_213525.jpg/440px-Culmstock%2C_Culmstock_Beacon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_213525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>16th-century beacon hut in <a href="/wiki/Culmstock" title="Culmstock">Culmstock</a>, Devon, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, beacons were fires lit at well-known locations on hills or high places, used either as <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a> for <a href="/wiki/Navigational_aid" title="Navigational aid">navigation at sea</a>, or for signalling over land that enemy troops were approaching, in order to alert defenses. As signals, beacons are an ancient form of <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraph</a> and were part of a <a href="/wiki/Relay_league" title="Relay league">relay league</a>. </p><p>Systems of this kind have existed for centuries over much of the world. The ancient Greeks called them <i><a href="/wiki/Phryctoriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phryctoriae">phryctoriae</a></i>, while beacons figure on several occasions on the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Column of Trajan">column of Trajan</a>. </p><p>In imperial China, sentinels on and near the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall">Great Wall of China</a> used a sophisticated system of daytime smoke and nighttime flame to send signals along long chains of beacon towers.<sup id="cite_ref-travelchinaguide.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travelchinaguide.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legend has it that <a href="/wiki/King_You_of_Zhou" title="King You of Zhou">King You of Zhou</a> played a trick multiple times in order to amuse his often melancholy concubine, ordering beacon towers lit to fool his vassals and soldiers. But when enemies, led by the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Shen_(King_Ping%27s_grandfather)" title="Marquess of Shen (King Ping's grandfather)">Marquess of Shen</a> really arrived at the wall, although the towers were lit, no defenders came, leading to King Yōu's death and the collapse of the Western Zhou dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-travelchinaguide.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travelchinaguide.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's system of beacon towers was not extant prior to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> wrote that during the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesians</a> who were in <a href="/wiki/Corcyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcyra">Corcyra</a> were informed by night-time beacon signals of the approach of sixty Athenian vessels from <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 10th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> used a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">beacon system</a> to transmit messages from the border with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, across <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">imperial palace</a> in the Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. It was devised by <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Mathematician" title="Leo the Mathematician">Leo the Mathematician</a> for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a>, but either abolished or radically curtailed by Theophilos' son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beacons were later used in Greece as well, while the surviving parts of the beacon system in Anatolia seem to have been reactivated in the 12th century by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scandinavia many <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill forts</a> were part of beacon networks to warn against invading pillagers. In Finland, these beacons were called <i>vainovalkeat</i>, "persecution fires", or <i>vartiotulet</i>, "guard fires", and were used to warn Finn settlements of imminent raids by the Vikings. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a> were named for beacons used to warn of approaching English raiders. In England, the most famous examples are the beacons used in <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan England">Elizabethan England</a> to warn of the approaching <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>. Many hills in England were named Beacon Hill after such beacons. In England the authority to erect beacons originally lay with the King and later was delegated to the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a>. The money due for the maintenance of beacons was called <i>Beaconagium</i> and was levied by the sheriff of each county.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish border">Scottish borders</a> country, a system of beacon fires was at one time established to warn of incursions by the English. <a href="/wiki/Hume_Castle" title="Hume Castle">Hume</a> and Eggerstone castles and Soltra Edge were part of this network.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, the border of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> had a complex beacon network to warn against Moorish raiders and military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the progressive advance of the borders throughout the process of the Reconquista, the entire Spanish geography is full of defensive lines of castles, towers and fortifications, visually connected to each other, which served as fortified beacons. Some examples are the Route of the Vinalopó castles or the distribution of the castles in Jaén. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_use_(20th–21st_century)"><span id="Military_use_.2820th.E2.80.9321st_century.29"></span>Military use (20th–21st century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military use (20th–21st century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_marker">Infrared marker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infrared marker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_strobe_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/IR_strobe_closeup.jpg/220px-IR_strobe_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/IR_strobe_closeup.jpg/330px-IR_strobe_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/IR_strobe_closeup.jpg/440px-IR_strobe_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>A CORE Survival HEL-STAR 6 IR strobe mounted atop this marine's helmet</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> strobes and other infrared beacons have increasingly been used in modern combat when operating at night as they can only be seen through <a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">night vision goggles</a>. As a result, they are often used to mark friendly positions as a form of <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">IFF</a> to prevent friendly fire and improve coordination. Soldiers will typically affix them to their <a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">helmets</a> or other gear so they are easily visible to others using night vision including other infantry, ground vehicles, and aerial platforms (drones, helicopters, planes, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-light_discipline_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light_discipline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passive markers include IR patches, which reflect infrared light, and <a href="/wiki/Chemlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemlight">chemlights</a>. The earliest such beacons were often IR chemlights taped to helmets. </p><p>As time went on, more sophisticated options began to emerge with electronically powered infrared strobes with specific mounting solutions for attaching to helmets or load bearing equipment. These strobes may have settings which allow constant on or strobes of IR light, hence the name.<sup id="cite_ref-hardhead_vet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardhead_vet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advancements in near-peer technology, however, present risk since if friendly units can see the strobe with night vision so could enemies with night vision capabilities. As a result, some in the American military have stressed that efforts should be made to improve training regarding light discipline (IR and visible) and other means of reducing a unit's visible signature.<sup id="cite_ref-light_discipline_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light_discipline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_vehicles">On vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: On vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_vehicle_lighting" title="Emergency vehicle lighting">Emergency vehicle lighting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beacon_positions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Beacon_positions.jpg/220px-Beacon_positions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Beacon_positions.jpg/330px-Beacon_positions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Beacon_positions.jpg/440px-Beacon_positions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption>Beacon positions on police car</figcaption></figure> <p>Vehicular beacons are rotating or flashing lights affixed to the top of a vehicle to attract the attention of surrounding vehicles and pedestrians. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_vehicle" title="Emergency vehicle">Emergency vehicles</a> such as fire engines, ambulances, police cars, tow trucks, construction vehicles, and snow-removal vehicles carry beacon lights. </p><p>The color of the lamps varies by jurisdiction; typical colors are blue and/or red for police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles; amber for hazards (slow-moving vehicles, wide loads, tow trucks, security personnel, construction vehicles, etc.); green for volunteer firefighters or for medical personnel, and violet for funerary vehicles. Beacons may be constructed with <a href="/wiki/Automotive_lamp_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive lamp types">halogen bulbs</a> similar to those used in vehicle <a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">headlamps</a>, xenon <a href="/wiki/Flashtube" title="Flashtube">flashtubes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incandescent and xenon light sources require the vehicle's engine to continue running to ensure that the battery is not depleted when the lights are used for a prolonged period. The low power consumption of LEDs allows the vehicle's engine to remain turned off while the lights operate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beacons and <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> are also used to mark occasions and celebrate events. </p><p>Beacons have also allegedly been abused by <a href="/wiki/Wrecking_(shipwreck)" title="Wrecking (shipwreck)">shipwreckers</a>. An illicit fire at a wrong position would be used to direct a ship against <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a>, so that its cargo could be looted after the ship sank or ran aground. There are, however, no historically substantiated occurrences of such intentional shipwrecking. </p><p>In wireless networks, a <a href="/wiki/Electric_beacon#IEEE_802.11_Wi-Fi_beacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric beacon">beacon</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Frame_(networking)" title="Frame (networking)">frame</a> which is sent by the access point (or WiFi router) to indicate that it is on. </p><p>Bluetooth based beacons periodically send out a data packet and this could be used by software to identify the beacon location. This is typically used by <a href="/wiki/Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">indoor navigation and positioning</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Beaconing</i> is the process that allows a network to self-repair network problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>' tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Agamemnon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a chain of eight beacons staffed by so-called <i>lampadóphoroi</i> inform <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, within a single night's time, that <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> has just fallen under her husband king Agamemnon's control, after a famous <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">ten years siege</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Warning_beacons_of_Gondor" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning beacons of Gondor">series of beacons</a> alerts the entire realm of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> when the kingdom is under attack. These beacon posts were staffed by messengers who would carry word of their lighting to either <a href="/wiki/Rohan_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohan (Middle-earth)">Rohan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Belfalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfalas">Belfalas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TolkienLotR_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TolkienLotR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">film adaptation of the novel</a>, the beacons serve as a connection between the two realms of Rohan and Gondor, alerting one another directly when they require military aid, as opposed to relying on messengers as in the novel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_publishing">In publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beacon_(magazine)" title="The Beacon (magazine)">The Beacon</a></i> was an influential Caribbean magazine published in Trinidad in the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/New_Beacon_Books" title="New Beacon Books">New Beacon Books</a> was the first Caribbean publishing house in England, founded in London in 1966, was named after the <i>Beacon</i> journal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_retail">In retail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In retail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beacons are sometimes used in retail to send digital coupons or invitations to customers passing by.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_beacon">Infrared beacon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Infrared beacon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An infrared beacon (IR beacon) transmits a modulated light beam in the infrared spectrum, which can be identified easily and positively. A line of sight clear of obstacles between the transmitter and the receiver is essential. IR beacons have a number of applications in <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Combat_Identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Identification">Combat Identification</a> (CID). </p><p>Infrared beacons are the key infrastructure for the Universal Traffic Management System (UTMS) in Japan. They perform two-way communication with travelling vehicles based on highly directional infrared communication technology and have a vehicle detecting capability to provide more accurate traffic information.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonar_beacon">Sonar beacon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sonar beacon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A sonar beacon is an underwater device which transmits sonic or ultrasonic signals for the purpose of providing bearing information. The most common type is that of a rugged watertight sonar transmitter attached to a submarine and capable of operating independently of the electrical system of the boat. It can be used in cases of emergencies to guide salvage vessels to the location of a disabled submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome_beacon" title="Aerodrome beacon">Aerodrome beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_mode_service" title="Beacon mode service">Beacon mode service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Status" title="Beacon Status">Beacon School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisha_beacon" title="Belisha beacon">Belisha beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_position-indicating_radiobeacon_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station">Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station</a> (ELTs, PLBs & EPIRBs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBeacon" title="IBeacon">iBeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_lights" title="Leading lights">Leading lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone" title="Milestone">Milestone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilometric_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometric point">Kilometric point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_beacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Strobe beacon">Strobe beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_ball" title="Time ball">Time ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_blazing" title="Trail blazing">Trail blazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_light_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Warning light (disambiguation)">Warning light (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_beacon" title="Weather beacon">Weather beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_beacon" title="Web beacon">Web beacon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStreet2018" class="citation news cs1">Street, Francesca (2018-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/concrete-arrows-america/index.html">"The mysterious giant arrows used by airplanes"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+mysterious+giant+arrows+used+by+airplanes&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fconcrete-arrows-america%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-travelchinaguide.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-travelchinaguide.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-travelchinaguide.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/construction/tower/">"China Great Wall Beacon Towers: Chinese Oldest Telegram System"</a>. <i>www.travelchinaguide.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.travelchinaguide.com&rft.atitle=China+Great+Wall+Beacon+Towers%3A+Chinese+Oldest+Telegram+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelchinaguide.com%2Fchina_great_wall%2Fconstruction%2Ftower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeweShaughnessy1999" class="citation book cs1">Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). <i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China</i>. pp. 546, 551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308">10.1017/CHOL9780521470308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053709" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053709"><bdi>9781139053709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China&rft.pages=546%2C+551&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308&rft.isbn=9781139053709&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Shaughnessy%2C+Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1912" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Herbert A. (1912). "1". <i>The Civilization of China</i>. Tutis Digital Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8132004485" title="Special:BookSources/8132004485"><bdi>8132004485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+China&rft.pub=Tutis+Digital+Publishing&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=8132004485&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.80">Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 3.80</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Foss, Clive (1991). "Beacon". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. 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Maria Teresa Ferrer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-light_discipline-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-light_discipline_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_discipline_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTishmanSchoen2021" class="citation web cs1">Tishman, Jon; Schoen, Dan (22 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122101518/https://mwi.usma.edu/we-dont-own-the-night-anymore/">"We Don't Own the Night Anymore"</a>. <i>Modern War Institute at West Point</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mwi.usma.edu/we-dont-own-the-night-anymore/">the original</a> on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+War+Institute+at+West+Point&rft.atitle=We+Don%27t+Own+the+Night+Anymore&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft.aulast=Tishman&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Schoen%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmwi.usma.edu%2Fwe-dont-own-the-night-anymore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardhead_vet-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardhead_vet_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027190631/https://www.hardheadveterans.com/blogs/reviews/identification-friend-or-foe-iff-ballistic-helmet-markers">"Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) Ballistic Helmet Markers"</a>. <i>Hard Head Veterans</i>. 19 February 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/LRCBeaconReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lighting+Research+Center+%E2%80%93+Rensselaer+Polytechnic+Institute&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Light-Emitting+Diode+Beacon+Light+Fixtures&rft.date=2009-12&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Nicholas+P+Skinner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.ny.gov%2Fdivisions%2Fengineering%2Ftechnical-services%2Ftrans-r-and-d-repository%2FLRCBeaconReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kontakt.io/beacon-basics/what-is-a-beacon/">"What is a Beacon? - Beacon Basics"</a>. <i>Kontakt.io</i>. 2016-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kontakt.io&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Beacon%3F+-+Beacon+Basics&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkontakt.io%2Fbeacon-basics%2Fwhat-is-a-beacon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">v. 281 <i>et sqq.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TolkienLotR-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TolkienLotR_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tolkien, J. R. R. (2004). <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. 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Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 747–748.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pages=747-748&rft.edition=50th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caryl_Phillips" title="Caryl Phillips">Phillips, Caryl</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eia2VYteDwwC&dq=new+beacon+books+publishing+house&pg=PT111">"John La Rose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Colour_Me_English" title="Colour Me English">Colour Me English</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thinkwithgoogle.com&rft.atitle=How+Beacons+Can+Reshape+Retail+Marketing+%E2%80%93+Think+with+Google&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.au=Peter+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkwithgoogle.com%2Farticles%2Fretail-marketing-beacon-technology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2015" class="citation journal cs1">Moody, Marisa (Spring 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eloncdn.blob.core.windows.net/eu3/sites/153/2017/06/EJSpring15_Full.pdf">"Analysis of Promising Beacon Technology for Consumers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elon+Journal+of+Undergraduate+Research+in+Communications&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Promising+Beacon+Technology+for+Consumers&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feloncdn.blob.core.windows.net%2Feu3%2Fsites%2F153%2F2017%2F06%2FEJSpring15_Full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utms.or.jp/english/beacon/index.html">"Infrared Beacon Overview"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ELAC+SBE+distress+sonar+beacon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elac-nautik.de%2F_uploads%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FL-3%2520ELAC%2520Nautik%2520SBE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeacon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Morse_code" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Morse code"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Morse_code" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">International Morse code</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Transmission methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">On–off keying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_continuous_wave" title="Modulated continuous wave">Modulated continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Notable signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOS" title="SOS">SOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CQD" title="CQD">CQD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_mnemonics" title="Morse code mnemonics">Morse code mnemonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_code" title="Q code">Q code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_code" title="Z code">Z code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Other writing systems<br />in Morse code</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Greek" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Cyrillic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Cyrillic script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Hebrew" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Hebrew script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Arabic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#For_defensive_communications">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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