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href="#Visual,_auditory_and_ancillary_methods_(non-electrical)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Visual, auditory and ancillary methods (non-electrical)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual,_auditory_and_ancillary_methods_(non-electrical)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_electrical_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_electrical_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Basic electrical signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_electrical_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_electrical_and_electronic_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_electrical_and_electronic_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Advanced electrical and electronic signals</span> </div> 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id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of telecommunication</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تاريخ الاتصالات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الاتصالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekommunikasiya_tarixi" title="Telekommunikasiya tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Telekommunikasiya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="টেলিযোগাযোগের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিযোগাযোগের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_las_telecomunicaciones" title="Historia de las telecomunicaciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de las telecomunicaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikazioen_historia" title="Telekomunikazioen historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telekomunikazioen historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Histoire des télécommunications – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des télécommunications" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="दूरसंचार का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूरसंचार का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Историја на телекомуникациите – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на телекомуникациите" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="通信技術の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="通信技術の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د مخابراتو تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مخابراتو تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="ڏور ربطيات جي تاريخ – 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/OptischerTelegraf.jpg/440px-OptischerTelegraf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A replica of one of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore line">semaphore</a> towers (optical <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Nalbach" title="Nalbach">Nalbach</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of telecommunication</b> began with the use of <a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">smoke signals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (communication)">drums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. In the 1790s, the first fixed <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore line">semaphore systems</a> emerged in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. However, it was not until the 1830s that electrical <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> systems started to appear. This article details the history of telecommunication and the individuals who helped make telecommunication systems what they are today. The history of telecommunication is an important part of the larger <a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">history of communication</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_systems_and_optical_telegraphy">Ancient systems and optical telegraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient systems and optical telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums in communication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></div> <p>Early telecommunications included <a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">smoke signals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (communication)">drums</a>. <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Talking drums</a> were used by natives in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and smoke signals in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. These systems were often used to do more than announce the presence of a military camp.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Azazel#Rabbinical_Judaism" title="Azazel">Rabbinical Judaism</a> a signal was given by means of kerchiefs or flags at intervals along the way back to the high priest to indicate the goat "for Azazel" had been pushed from the cliff. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon">Homing pigeons</a> have occasionally been used throughout history by different cultures. <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">Pigeon post</a> had <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> roots, and was later used by the Romans to aid their military.<sup id="cite_ref-Levi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">hydraulic semaphore systems</a> were used as early as the 4th century BC. The hydraulic semaphores, which worked with water filled vessels and visual signals, functioned as <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore line">optical telegraphs</a>. However, they could only utilize a very limited range of pre-determined messages, and as with all such optical telegraphs could only be deployed during good visibility conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahanas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahanas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rees%27s_Cyclopaedia_Chappe_telegraph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rees%27s_Cyclopaedia_Chappe_telegraph.png/220px-Rees%27s_Cyclopaedia_Chappe_telegraph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rees%27s_Cyclopaedia_Chappe_telegraph.png/330px-Rees%27s_Cyclopaedia_Chappe_telegraph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rees%27s_Cyclopaedia_Chappe_telegraph.png/440px-Rees%27s_Cyclopaedia_Chappe_telegraph.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Code of letters and symbols for Chappe telegraph (<i>Rees's Cyclopaedia</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Middle Ages, chains of <a href="/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">beacons</a> were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> to London that signaled the arrival of the Spanish warships.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1774, the Swiss physicist Georges Lesage built an electrostatic telegraph consisting of a set of 24 conductive wires a few meters long connected to 24 elder balls suspended from a silk thread (each wire corresponds to a letter). The electrification of a wire by means of an electrostatic generator causes the corresponding elder ball to deflect and designate a letter to the operator located at the end of the line. The sequence of selected letters leads to the writing and transmission of a message.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French engineer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a> began working on visual telegraphy in 1790, using pairs of "clocks" whose hands pointed at different symbols. These did not prove quite viable at long distances, and Chappe revised his model to use two sets of jointed wooden beams. Operators moved the beams using cranks and wires.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built his first <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore line">telegraph line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, followed by a line from <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> to Paris. In 1794, a Swedish engineer, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Niclas_Edelcrantz" title="Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz">Abraham Edelcrantz</a> built a quite different system from <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> to <a href="/wiki/Drottningholm" title="Drottningholm">Drottningholm</a>. As opposed to Chappe's system which involved pulleys rotating beams of wood, Edelcrantz's system relied only upon shutters and was therefore faster.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, semaphore as a communication system suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers often at intervals of only ten to thirty kilometers (six to nineteen miles). As a result, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical_telegraph">Electrical telegraph</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electrical telegraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">Transatlantic telegraph cable</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_Stock_Telegraph_Ticker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edison_Stock_Telegraph_Ticker.jpg/220px-Edison_Stock_Telegraph_Ticker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edison_Stock_Telegraph_Ticker.jpg/330px-Edison_Stock_Telegraph_Ticker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edison_Stock_Telegraph_Ticker.jpg/440px-Edison_Stock_Telegraph_Ticker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> Stock <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> ticker machine by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Experiments on <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">communication with electricity</a>, initially unsuccessful, started in about 1726. Scientists including <a href="/wiki/Laplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplace">Laplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauss">Gauss</a> were involved. </p><p>An early experiment in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraphy</a> was an 'electrochemical' telegraph created by the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> physician, anatomist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmerring" title="Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring">Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring</a> in 1809, based on an earlier, less robust design of 1804 by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and scientist <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Salva_Campillo" title="Francisco Salva Campillo">Francisco Salva Campillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) in order to visually represent almost all Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Sömmerring's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. An electric current was sequentially applied by the sender through the various wires representing each digit of a message; at the recipient's end the currents electrolysed the acid in the tubes in sequence, releasing streams of hydrogen bubbles next to each associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would visually observe the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message, albeit at a very low <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal disadvantage to the system was its prohibitive cost, due to having to manufacture and string-up the multiple wire circuits it employed, as opposed to the single wire (with ground return) used by later telegraphs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#First_working_systems" title="Electrical telegraph">first working telegraph</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ronalds" title="Francis Ronalds">Francis Ronalds</a> in 1816 and used static electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke" title="William Fothergill Cooke">William Fothergill Cooke</a> patented a five-needle, six-wire system, which entered commercial use in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-calvert_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calvert-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used the deflection of needles to represent messages and started operating over twenty-one kilometres (thirteen miles) of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> on 9 April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device. </p><p>On the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> developed a version of the electrical telegraph which he demonstrated on 2 September 1837. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a> saw this demonstration and joined Morse to develop the register—a telegraph terminal that integrated a logging device for recording messages to paper tape. This was demonstrated successfully over three miles (five kilometres) on 6 January 1838 and eventually over forty miles (sixty-four kilometres) between <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> on 24 May 1844. The patented invention proved lucrative and by 1851 telegraph lines in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> spanned over 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometres).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morse's most important technical contribution to this telegraph was the simple and highly efficient <a href="/wiki/Morse_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Morse Code">Morse Code</a>, co-developed with Vail, which was an important advance over Wheatstone's more complicated and expensive system, and required just two wires. The communications efficiency of the Morse Code preceded that of the <a href="/wiki/Huffman_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffman code">Huffman code</a> in <a href="/wiki/Digital_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital communications">digital communications</a> by over 100 years, but Morse and Vail developed the code purely <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirically</a>, with shorter codes for more frequent letters. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cable</a> across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, wire coated in <a href="/wiki/Gutta_percha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutta percha">gutta percha</a>, was laid in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transatlantic cables installed in 1857 and 1858 only operated for a few days or weeks (carried messages of greeting back and forth between <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>) before they failed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project to lay a replacement line was delayed for five years by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The first successful <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic telegraph cable</a> was completed on 27 July 1866, allowing continuous transatlantic telecommunication for the first time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telephone">Telephone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Telephone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">Invention of the telephone</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">History of the telephone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg/220px-USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg/330px-USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The master telephone patent, 174465, granted to Bell, March 7, 1876</figcaption></figure> <p>The electric telephone was invented in the 1870s, based on earlier work with <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_telegraphy" title="Acoustic telegraphy">harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs</a>. The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> held the master patent for the telephone that was needed for such services in both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed from this master patent. Credit for the invention of the electric telephone has been frequently disputed, and new controversies over the issue have arisen from time-to-time. As with other great inventions such as radio, television, the light bulb, and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a>, there were several inventors who did pioneering experimental work on <i>voice transmission over a wire</i>, who then improved on each other's ideas. However, the key innovators were Alexander Graham Bell and <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a>, who created the first telephone company, the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a> in the United States, which later evolved into <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a> (AT&T), at times the world's largest phone company. </p><p>Telephone technology grew quickly after the first commercial services emerged, with inter-city lines being built and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a> in every major city of the United States by the mid-1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_telephone_call" title="First transcontinental telephone call">first transcontinental telephone call</a> occurred on January 25, 1915. Despite this, transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927, when a connection was established using radio.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However no cable connection existed until <a href="/wiki/TAT-1" title="TAT-1">TAT-1</a> was inaugurated on September 25, 1956, providing 36 telephone circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880, Bell and co-inventor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a> conducted the world's first wireless telephone call via modulated lightbeams projected by <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophones</a>. The scientific principles of their invention would not be utilized for several decades, when they were first deployed in military and <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communications</a>. </p><p>The first transatlantic <i>telephone</i> cable (which incorporated hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic amplifier">electronic amplifiers</a>) was not operational until 1956, only six years before the first commercial telecommunications satellite, <a href="/wiki/Telstar" title="Telstar">Telstar</a>, was launched into space.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_and_television">Radio and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radio and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">History of broadcasting</a></div> <p>Over several years starting in 1894, the Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> worked on adapting the newly discovered phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> to telecommunication, building the first wireless telegraphy system using them.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1901, he established wireless communication between <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's, Newfoundland">St. John's, Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poldhu" title="Poldhu">Poldhu, Cornwall</a> (England), earning him a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (which he shared with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Braun</a>) in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> was able to wirelessly transmit a human voice. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Millimetre_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimetre wave">Millimetre wave</a> communication was first investigated by <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> during 1894–1896, when he reached an <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">extremely high frequency</a> of up to 60<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a> in his experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also introduced the use of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> junctions to detect radio waves,<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> the <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_detector" title="Crystal detector">crystal detector</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-timeline_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-timeline-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-1901_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-1901-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Kenjiro_Takayanagi" title="Kenjiro Takayanagi">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a> began a research program on <a href="/wiki/Electronic_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic television">electronic television</a>. In 1925, he demonstrated a <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">CRT</a> <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> with thermal electron emission.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, he demonstrated a CRT television with 40-line <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">resolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nhk.or.jp_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhk.or.jp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first working example of a fully <a href="/wiki/History_of_television#Electronic_television" title="History of television">electronic television</a> receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, he increased the television resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on television, influencing the later work of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abramson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abramson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 25, 1925, Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> publicly demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (telecommunications)">transmission</a> of moving silhouette pictures at the London department store <a href="/wiki/Selfridge%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Selfridge's">Selfridge's</a>. Baird's system relied upon the fast-rotating <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a>, and thus it became known as the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical television</a>. In October 1925, Baird was successful in obtaining moving pictures with <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> shades, which were by most accounts the first true television pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Baird_Television_Website_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Baird_Television_Website-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a public demonstration of the improved device on 26 January 1926 again at <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a>. His invention formed the basis of semi-experimental broadcasts done by the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> beginning September 30, 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the twentieth century televisions used the <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tube</a> (CRT) invented by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Braun</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_television#Electronic_television" title="History of television">Such a television</a> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a>, who demonstrated crude silhouette images to his family in Idaho on September 7, 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farnsworth's device would compete with the concurrent work of <a href="/wiki/Kalman_Tihanyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalman Tihanyi">Kalman Tihanyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a>. Though the execution of the device was not yet what everyone hoped it could be, it earned Farnsworth a small production company. In 1934, he gave the first public demonstration of the television at Philadelphia's Franklin Institute and opened his own broadcasting station.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zworykin's camera, based on Tihanyi's Radioskop, which later would be known as the <a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a>, had the backing of the influential <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA). In the United States, court action between Farnsworth and RCA would resolve in Farnsworth's favour.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> switched from mechanical television and became a pioneer of colour television using cathode-ray tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Baird_Television_Website_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Baird_Television_Website-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After mid-century the spread of coaxial cable and <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radio_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radio relay">microwave radio relay</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television networks</a> to spread across even large countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semiconductor_era">Semiconductor era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Semiconductor era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern period of telecommunication history from 1950 onwards is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> era, due to the wide adoption of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor devices">semiconductor devices</a> in telecommunication technology. The development of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> technology and the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">semiconductor industry</a> enabled significant advances in telecommunication technology, led to the price of telecommunications services declining significantly, and led to a transition away from state-owned <a href="/wiki/Narrowband" title="Narrowband">narrowband</a> <a href="/wiki/Circuit-switched_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit-switched network">circuit-switched networks</a> to private <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> <a href="/wiki/Packet-switched_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet-switched network">packet-switched networks</a>. In turn, this led to a significant increase in the total number of telephone subscribers, reaching nearly 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion users worldwide by the end of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale integration">large-scale integration</a> (LSI) technology, <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networking</a> led to the development of affordable <a href="/wiki/Mobile_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile communications">mobile communications</a>. There was a rapid growth of the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">telecommunications industry</a> towards the end of the 20th century, primarily due to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communications">wireless communications</a>, driven by the development of low-cost, <a href="/wiki/Very_large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very large-scale integration">very large-scale integration</a> (VLSI) <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> (radio-frequency <a href="/wiki/Complementary_MOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary MOS">complementary MOS</a>) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Videotelephony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">History of videotelephony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg/220px-AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg/330px-AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg/440px-AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The 1969 AT&T Mod II <a href="/wiki/Videophone#AT.26T_Picturephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">Picturephone</a>, the result of decades long R&D at a cost of over $500M.</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a> involved the historical development of several technologies which enabled the use of <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">live video</a> in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">video telephone</a>, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical telegraphy">electrical telegraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. </p><p>The development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">AT&T's Bell Labs</a>. This occurred in part, at least by AT&T, to serve as an adjunct supplementing the use of the telephone. A number of organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications. However, video technology was to be deployed in <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television broadcasting</a> long before it could become practical—or popular—for videophones. </p><p>Videotelephony developed in parallel with conventional <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">voice telephone systems</a> from the mid-to-late 20th century. Only in the late 20th century with the advent of powerful <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video codecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">high-speed broadband</a> did it become a practical technology for regular use. With the rapid improvements and popularity of the Internet, it became widespread through the use of <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a>, which frequently utilize <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Internet telephony</a>, and in business, where <a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence technology</a> has helped reduce the need to travel. </p><p>Practical digital videotelephony was only made possible with advances in <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a>, due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a>. To achieve <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a> (VGA) quality video (<a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a> resolution and <a href="/wiki/256_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="256 colors">256 colors</a>) with raw uncompressed video, it would require a bandwidth of over 92<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mbps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbps">Mbps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belmudez_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belmudez-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite">Satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></div> <p>The first U.S. satellite to relay communications was <a href="/wiki/Project_SCORE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project SCORE">Project SCORE</a> in 1958, which used a tape recorder to <a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> voice messages. It was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. In 1960 <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/Echo_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo satellite">Echo satellite</a>; the 100-foot (30 m) aluminized <a href="/wiki/PET_film_(biaxially_oriented)" class="mw-redirect" title="PET film (biaxially oriented)">PET film</a> balloon served as a passive reflector for radio communications. <a href="/wiki/Courier_1B" title="Courier 1B">Courier 1B</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a>, also launched in 1960, was the world's first active repeater satellite. Satellites these days are used for many applications such as GPS, television, internet and telephone. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telstar" title="Telstar">Telstar</a> was the first active, direct relay commercial <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a>. Belonging to <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph Company">AT&T</a> as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a>, NASA, the British <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Orange S.A.">French National PTT</a> (Post Office) to develop satellite communications, it was launched by NASA from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a> on July 10, 1962, the first privately sponsored space launch. <a href="/wiki/Relay_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Relay 1">Relay 1</a> was launched on December 13, 1962, and became the first satellite to broadcast across the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> on November 22, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-SP-93_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-SP-93-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance telephony">long-distance telephony</a>. The fixed <a href="/wiki/Public_Switched_Telephone_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Switched Telephone Network">Public Switched Telephone Network</a> relays <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">telephone calls</a> from <a href="/wiki/Land_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Land line">land line</a> telephones to an <a href="/wiki/Earth_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth station">earth station</a>, where they are then transmitted a receiving <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary satellite">geostationary satellite</a> in Earth orbit. Improvements in <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cables</a>, through the use of <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optics">fiber-optics</a>, caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century, but they still exclusively service remote islands such as <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, where no submarine cables are in service. There are also some continents and some regions of countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent, for example <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, plus large regions of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. </p><p>After commercial long-distance telephone service was established via communication satellites, a host of other commercial telecommunications were also adapted to similar satellites starting in 1979, including <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">mobile satellite phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">satellite Internet access</a>. The earliest adaption for most such services occurred in the 1990s as the pricing for commercial <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">satellite transponder channels</a> continued to drop significantly. </p><p>Realization and demonstration, on October 29, 2001, of the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a> transmission by <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">satellite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a> by Bernard Pauchon,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alain Lorentz, Raymond Melwig<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Philippe Binant.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_networks_and_the_Internet">Computer networks and the Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computer networks and the Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></div> <p>On September 11, 1940, <a href="/wiki/George_Stibitz" title="George Stibitz">George Stibitz</a> was able to transmit problems using <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teletype</a> to his Complex Number Calculator in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and receive the computed results back at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This configuration of a centralized computer or <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s. However, it was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> a technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on December 5, 1969, between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. This network would become <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>'s NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ARPANET's development centred on the <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> process and on April 7, 1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET would eventually merge with other networks to form the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and many of the protocols the Internet relies upon today were specified through this process. The first <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) specification, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc675">675</a> (<i>Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program</i>), was written by Vinton Cerf, <a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a>, and Carl Sunshine, and published in December 1974. It coined the term "Internet" as a shorthand for internetworking.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> v4 (IPv4). This established the <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> protocol, which much of the Internet relies upon today. The <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP), a more relaxed transport protocol that, unlike TCP, did not guarantee the orderly delivery of packets, was submitted on 28 August 1980 as RFC 768. An e-mail protocol, <a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a>, was introduced in August 1982 by RFC 821 and [[HTTP|<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://1.0">http://1.0</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>]] a protocol that would make the hyperlinked Internet possible was introduced in May 1996 by RFC 1945. </p><p>However, not all important developments were made through the Request for Comments process. Two popular link protocols for <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> (LANs) also appeared in the 1970s. A patent for the <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a> protocol was filed by Olof Söderblom on October 29, 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And a paper on the <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> protocol was published by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Boggs" title="David Boggs">David Boggs</a> in the July 1976 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethernet protocol had been inspired by the <a href="/wiki/ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHAnet protocol</a> which had been developed by <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> became widespread late in the century, using the old telephone and television networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_telephone_technology">Digital telephone technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital telephone technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital telephony">Digital telephony</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Push-button_telephone" title="Push-button telephone">Push-button telephone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></div> <p>MOS technology was initially overlooked by Bell because they did not find it practical for analog telephone applications.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allstot_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allstot-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOS technology eventually became practical for telephone applications with the MOS <a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">mixed-signal integrated circuit</a>, which combines analog and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> on a single chip, developed by former Bell engineer <a href="/wiki/David_A._Hodges" title="David A. Hodges">David A. Hodges</a> with Paul R. Gray at <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Allstot_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allstot-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, Hodges and Gray worked with R.E. Suarez to develop MOS <a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">switched capacitor</a> (SC) circuit technology, which they used to develop the <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> (DAC) chip, using MOSFETs and <a href="/wiki/MOS_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS capacitor">MOS capacitors</a> for data conversion. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a> (ADC) chip, developed by Gray and J. McCreary in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Allstot_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allstot-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MOS SC circuits led to the development of PCM codec-filter chips in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Allstot_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allstot-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson26_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson26-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Silicon-gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon-gate">silicon-gate</a> <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> (complementary MOS) PCM codec-filter chip, developed by Hodges and W.C. Black in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-Allstot_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allstot-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has since been the industry standard for digital telephony.<sup id="cite_ref-Allstot_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allstot-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson26_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson26-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication network">telecommunication networks</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> (PSTN) had been largely digitized with <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">very-large-scale integration</a> (VLSI) CMOS PCM codec-filters, widely used in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_switching_system" title="Electronic switching system">electronic switching systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone exchanges">telephone exchanges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson26_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson26-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_revolution">Wireless revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wireless revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">wireless revolution</a> began in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-Golio_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golio-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the advent of digital <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networks">wireless networks</a> leading to a social revolution, and a paradigm shift from wired to <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> technology,<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the proliferation of commercial wireless technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phones">cell phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">mobile telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagers">pagers</a>, wireless <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Golio_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golio-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Internet">wireless Internet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handheld_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld computers">handheld computers</a> with wireless connections.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wireless revolution has been driven by advances in <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">radio frequency</a> (RF) and <a href="/wiki/Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">microwave engineering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Golio_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golio-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the transition from analog to digital RF technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor">metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) technology, the key component of the RF technology that enables digital wireless networks, has been central to this revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> developed the vertical power MOSFET in 1969, but it was not until Ragle perfected the concept in 1976 that the power MOSFET became practical.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977 Hitachi announce a planar type of DMOS that was practical for audio power output stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan177_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan177-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> (radio frequency <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a>) <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> technology was later developed by <a href="/wiki/Asad_Abidi" title="Asad Abidi">Asad Abidi</a> at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1990s, RF CMOS integrated circuits were widely adopted as <a href="/wiki/RF_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="RF circuit">RF circuits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while discrete MOSFET (power MOSFET and LDMOS) devices were widely adopted as <a href="/wiki/RF_power_amplifier" title="RF power amplifier">RF power amplifiers</a>, which led to the development and proliferation of digital wireless networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asif_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asif-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the essential elements of modern wireless networks are built from MOSFETs, including <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a> modules, <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Asif_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asif-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colinge2016_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colinge2016-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transceiver">radio transceivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MOSFET_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSFET scaling">MOSFET scaling</a> has led to rapidly increasing wireless <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a>, which has been doubling every 18 months (as noted by <a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual,_auditory_and_ancillary_methods_(non-electrical)"><span id="Visual.2C_auditory_and_ancillary_methods_.28non-electrical.29"></span>Visual, auditory and ancillary methods (non-electrical)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Visual, auditory and ancillary methods (non-electrical)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prehistoric: <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">beacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke signals">smoke signals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (communication)">communication drums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_(acoustic)" title="Horn (acoustic)">horns</a></li> <li>6th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a></li> <li>5th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">Pigeon post</a></li> <li>4th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic semaphores</a></li> <li>15th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_flag" title="Maritime flag">Maritime flag semaphores</a></li> <li>1672: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone#Mechanical_devices" title="History of the telephone">First experimental acoustic (mechanical) telephone</a></li> <li>1790: <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore line">Semaphore lines</a> (optical telegraphs)</li> <li>1867: <a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp#Early_history" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamps</a></li> <li>1877: <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Acoustic phonograph</a></li> <li>1900: <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">optical picture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_electrical_signals">Basic electrical signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Basic electrical signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1838: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a>. See: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Telegraph history</a></li> <li>1830s: Beginning of attempts to develop "<a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>", systems using some form of ground, water, air or other media for conduction to eliminate the need for conducting wires.</li> <li>1858: <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable#St._John.27s_to_Nova_Scotia" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable</a></li> <li>1876: <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a>. See: <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">Invention of the telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">History of the telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_telephone" title="Timeline of the telephone">Timeline of the telephone</a></li> <li>1880: <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Telephony via lightbeam photophones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_electrical_and_electronic_signals">Advanced electrical and electronic signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Advanced electrical and electronic signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1896: First practical wireless telegraphy systems based on <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a>. See: <a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a>.</li> <li>1900: first <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> displayed only black and white images. Over the next decades, <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">colour television</a> were invented, showing images that were clearer and in full colour.</li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_calling#History" title="Long-distance calling">First North American transcontinental telephone calling</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a>. See: <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></li> <li>1927: First commercial <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radio-telephone</a> service, U.K.–U.S.</li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">First experimental videophones</a></li> <li>1934: First commercial <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radio-telephone</a> service, U.S.–Japan</li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Videophone#World.27s_first_public_videophone_service:_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">World's first public videophone network</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Mobile Telephone Service">Limited capacity Mobile Telephone Service for automobiles</a></li> <li>1947: First working <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">History of the transistor</a></i>)</li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> era begins</li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_communications_cable" title="Transatlantic communications cable">Transatlantic telephone cable</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Telstar" title="Telstar">Commercial telecommunications satellite</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber optical telecommunications</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Videophone#AT.26T_Picturephone:_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">First North American public videophone network</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">First modern-era mobile (cellular) phone</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Internet">History of Internet</a></i>)</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">INMARSAT ship-to-shore satellite communications</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile network">First mobile (cellular) phone network</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP email</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Mobile satellite hand-held phones</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP Internet Telephony</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of communication technology">Timeline of communication technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_telephone" title="Timeline of the telephone">Timeline of the telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_radio" title="Timeline of radio">Timeline of radio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_introduction_of_television_in_countries" title="Timeline of the introduction of television in countries">Timeline of the introduction of television in countries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of telecommunications">History of telecommunications</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_podcasting" title="History of podcasting">History of podcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">History of the telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">History of videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline of telecommunication</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkins2005" class="citation web cs1">Tomkins, William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/native/sign/smoke-signal.htm">"Native American Smoke Signals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+American+Smoke+Signals&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tomkins&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquiry.net%2Foutdoor%2Fnative%2Fsign%2Fsmoke-signal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910172613/http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/pages/tlkdrum_gnrl.html">"Talking Drums"</a>. <i>Instrument Encyclopedia, Cultural Heritage for Community Outreach</i>. 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/pages/tlkdrum_gnrl.html">the original</a> on 2006-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instrument+Encyclopedia%2C+Cultural+Heritage+for+Community+Outreach&rft.atitle=Talking+Drums&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.umich.edu%2Fchico%2Finstrument%2Fpages%2Ftlkdrum_gnrl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levi_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi1977" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Wendell (1977). <i>The Pigeon</i>. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853900132" title="Special:BookSources/0853900132"><bdi>0853900132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pigeon&rft.place=Sumter%2C+S.C.&rft.pub=Levi+Publishing+Co%2C+Inc&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0853900132&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Wendell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahanas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lahanas_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahanas" class="citation web cs1">Lahanas, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102224501/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Communication.htm">"Ancient Greek Communication Methods"</a>. <i>Mlahanas.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Communication.htm">the original</a> on 2014-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mlahanas.de&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+Communication+Methods&rft.aulast=Lahanas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlahanas.de%2FGreeks%2FCommunication.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2008" class="citation web cs1">Ross, David (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/armada.htm">"The Spanish Armada"</a>. <i>Britain Express</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britain+Express&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Armada&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainexpress.com%2FHistory%2Ftudor%2Farmada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitkenFoulc2019" class="citation book cs1">Aitken, Frédéric; Foulc, Jean-Numa (2019). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+invention%3A+the+makers+of+the+modern+world+from+Gutenberg+to+Gates&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780313347436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKuG-VIwID8C%26q%3DBritish%2BHigh%2BCourt%2Bupheld%2Bpatent%2B7777%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVujovic1998" class="citation web cs1">Vujovic, Ljubo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm">"Tesla Biography"</a>. <i>Tesla Memorial Society of New York</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tesla+Memorial+Society+of+New+York&rft.atitle=Tesla+Biography&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Vujovic&rft.aufirst=Ljubo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslasociety.com%2Fbiography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96">"Milestones: First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">List of IEEE milestones</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=List+of+IEEE+milestones&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+First+Millimeter-wave+Communication+Experiments+by+J.C.+Bose%2C+1894-96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FMilestones%3AFirst_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose%2C_1894-96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emerson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emerson_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1997" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, D. T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09Zsv97IH1MC&pg=PA88">"The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research"</a>. <i>1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest</i>. Vol. 45. pp. <span class="nowrap">2267–</span>2273. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997imsd.conf..553E">1997imsd.conf..553E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMWSYM.1997.602853">10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780986488511" title="Special:BookSources/9780986488511"><bdi>9780986488511</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9039614">9039614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+work+of+Jagadis+Chandra+Bose%3A+100+years+of+mm-wave+research&rft.btitle=1997+IEEE+MTT-S+International+Microwave+Symposium+Digest&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2267-%3C%2Fspan%3E2273&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMWSYM.1997.602853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9039614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997imsd.conf..553E&rft.isbn=9780986488511&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09Zsv97IH1MC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory-timeline-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory-timeline_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/timeline/">"Timeline"</a>. <i>The Silicon Engine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Silicon+Engine&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fsiliconengine%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory-1901-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory-1901_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/semiconductor-rectifiers-patented-as-cats-whisker-detectors/">"1901: Semiconductor Rectifiers Patented as "Cat's Whisker" Detectors"</a>. <i>The Silicon Engine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Silicon+Engine&rft.atitle=1901%3A+Semiconductor+Rectifiers+Patented+as+%22Cat%27s+Whisker%22+Detectors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fsiliconengine%2Fsemiconductor-rectifiers-patented-as-cats-whisker-detectors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941">"Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestones%3ADevelopment+of+Electronic+Television%2C+1924-1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3ADevelopment_of_Electronic_Television%2C_1924-1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhk.or.jp-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhk.or.jp_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/">"Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television"</a>. <i>NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)</i>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/">the original</a> on 2016-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHK+%28Japan+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.atitle=Kenjiro+Takayanagi%3A+The+Father+of+Japanese+Television&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Fstrl%2Faboutstrl%2Fevolution-of-tv-en%2Fp05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhlFaxDwrsC&pg=PA220"><i>High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company</i></a>. Springer Science+Business Media. 28 August 2011. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642120091" title="Special:BookSources/9783642120091"><bdi>9783642120091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Above%3A+The+untold+story+of+Astra%2C+Europe%27s+leading+satellite+company&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft.isbn=9783642120091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQhlFaxDwrsC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abramson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abramson_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson1995" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Albert (1995). <i>Zworykin, Pioneer of Television</i>. University of Illinois Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02104-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02104-5"><bdi>0-252-02104-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zworykin%2C+Pioneer+of+Television&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-252-02104-5&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Baird_Television_Website-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Baird_Television_Website_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Baird_Television_Website_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bairdtelevision.com">"The Baird Television Website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Baird+Television+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bairdtelevision.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070220/http://www.mztv.com/newframe.asp?content=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mztv.com%2Fpioneers.html">"The Pioneers"</a>. <i>MZTV Museum of Television</i>. 2006. 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(1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AE-0e-sAnsC&pg=PA18"><i>Fet Technology and Application</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824780500" title="Special:BookSources/9780824780500"><bdi>9780824780500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fet+Technology+and+Application&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780824780500&rft.aulast=Oxner&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AE-0e-sAnsC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan177-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan177_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1996" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Ben (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highperfomanceau0000dunc/page/177"><i>High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highperfomanceau0000dunc/page/177">177–8, 406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080508047" title="Special:BookSources/9780080508047"><bdi>9780080508047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Performance+Audio+Power+Amplifiers&rft.pages=177-8%2C+406&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780080508047&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighperfomanceau0000dunc%2Fpage%2F177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Neill-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Neill_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Neill_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Neill_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2008" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS". <i>IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FN-SSC.2008.4785694">10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-4232">1098-4232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Solid-State+Circuits+Society+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Asad+Abidi+Recognized+for+Work+in+RF-CMOS&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FN-SSC.2008.4785694&rft.issn=1098-4232&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asif-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asif_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asif_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsif2018" class="citation book cs1">Asif, Saad (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128"><i>5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">128–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429881343" title="Special:BookSources/9780429881343"><bdi>9780429881343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=5G+Mobile+Communications%3A+Concepts+and+Technologies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429881343&rft.aulast=Asif&rft.aufirst=Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyg1mDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colinge2016-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colinge2016_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColingeGreer2016" class="citation book cs1">Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Greer, James C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107052406" title="Special:BookSources/9781107052406"><bdi>9781107052406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanowire+Transistors%3A+Physics+of+Devices+and+Materials+in+One+Dimension&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107052406&rft.aulast=Colinge&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Greer%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvjUCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+telecommunication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wenzlhuemer, Roland. <i>Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World: The Telegraph and Globalization</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107025288" title="Special:BookSources/9781107025288">9781107025288</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hilmes, Michele. <i>Network Nations: A Transnational History of American and British Broadcasting</i> (2011)</li> <li>John, Richard. <i>Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications</i> (Harvard U.P. 2010), emphasis on telephone</li> <li>Noll, Michael. <i>The Evolution of Media</i>, 2007, Rowman & Littlefield</li> <li>Poe, Marshall T. <i>A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet</i> (Cambridge University Press; 2011) 352 pages; Documents how successive forms of communication are embraced and, in turn, foment change in social institutions.</li> <li>Wheen, Andrew. <i>DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet</i> (Springer, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Wu, Tim</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlnpJl7lNKUC"><i>The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires</i></a> (2010)</li> <li>Lundy, Bert. <i>Telegraph, Telephone and Wireless: How Telecom Changed the World</i> (2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_telecommunication&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Katz, Randy H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnrg.eecs.berkeley.edu/~randy/Courses/CS39C.S97/index.html">"History of Communications Infrastructures"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930041641/http://bnrg.eecs.berkeley.edu/~randy/Courses/CS39C.S97/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department (EECS) Department, University of California, Berkeley.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int">International Telecommunication Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924110621/http://aronsson.se/hist.html">Aronsson's Telecom History Timeline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thurn-taxis.com">From the Thurn & Taxis to the Phone Book of the World - 730 years of Telecom History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telcomhistory.org">Telecommunications History Group Virtual Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayern-online.com/v2261/artikelliste.cfm?DID=203&Objectgroup_ID=4982">Telecommunications History Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitepages.fr/history">Telecommunications History France</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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