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class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Bob Taylor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bob_Taylor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larry_Roberts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larry_Roberts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Larry Roberts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larry_Roberts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leonard_Kleinrock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leonard_Kleinrock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Leonard Kleinrock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leonard_Kleinrock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frank_Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frank_Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Frank Heart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frank_Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bob_Kahn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bob_Kahn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bob Kahn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bob_Kahn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Walden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Walden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 David Walden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Walden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ray_Tomlinson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ray_Tomlinson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Ray Tomlinson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ray_Tomlinson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steve_Crocker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steve_Crocker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Steve Crocker </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steve_Crocker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jon_Postel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jon_Postel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Jon Postel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jon_Postel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vint_Cerf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vint_Cerf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Vint Cerf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vint_Cerf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Douglas_Engelbart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Douglas_Engelbart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Douglas Engelbart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Douglas_Engelbart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Klensin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Klensin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 John Klensin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Klensin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elizabeth_Feinler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elizabeth_Feinler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Elizabeth Feinler </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elizabeth_Feinler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louis_Pouzin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_Pouzin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Louis Pouzin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_Pouzin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubert_Zimmermann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubert_Zimmermann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Hubert Zimmermann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubert_Zimmermann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gérard_Le_Lann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gérard_Le_Lann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Gérard Le Lann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gérard_Le_Lann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bob_Metcalfe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bob_Metcalfe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Bob Metcalfe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bob_Metcalfe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Shoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Shoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 John Shoch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Shoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yogen_Dalal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yogen_Dalal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 Yogen Dalal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yogen_Dalal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carl_Sunshine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carl_Sunshine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 Carl Sunshine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carl_Sunshine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peter_Kirstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peter_Kirstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 Peter Kirstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peter_Kirstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adrian_Stokes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adrian_Stokes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 Adrian Stokes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adrian_Stokes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judith_Estrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judith_Estrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27 Judith Estrin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judith_Estrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danny_Cohen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danny_Cohen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 28 Danny Cohen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danny_Cohen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_J._Farber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_J._Farber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 29 David J. Farber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_J._Farber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Mockapetris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Mockapetris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30 Paul Mockapetris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Mockapetris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Clark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Clark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31 David Clark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Clark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dave_Crocker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dave_Crocker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32 Dave Crocker </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dave_Crocker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susan_Estrada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susan_Estrada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 33 Susan Estrada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susan_Estrada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dave_Mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dave_Mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 34 Dave Mills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dave_Mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radia_Perlman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radia_Perlman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 35 Radia Perlman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radia_Perlman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dennis_M._Jennings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dennis_M._Jennings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 36 Dennis M. Jennings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dennis_M._Jennings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steve_Wolff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steve_Wolff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 37 Steve Wolff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steve_Wolff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sally_Floyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sally_Floyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 38 Sally Floyd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sally_Floyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Van_Jacobson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Van_Jacobson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 39 Van Jacobson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Van_Jacobson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tim_Berners-Lee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tim_Berners-Lee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 40 Tim Berners-Lee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tim_Berners-Lee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Cailliau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Cailliau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 41 Robert Cailliau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Cailliau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simon_S._Lam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simon_S._Lam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 42 Simon S. Lam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simon_S._Lam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marc_Andreessen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marc_Andreessen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 43 Marc Andreessen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marc_Andreessen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eric_Bina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eric_Bina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 44 Eric Bina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eric_Bina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noel_Chiappa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noel_Chiappa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 45 Noel Chiappa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noel_Chiappa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stephen_Kent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stephen_Kent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 46 Stephen Kent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stephen_Kent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Reed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Reed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 47 David Reed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Reed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yngvar_Lundh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yngvar_Lundh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 48 Yngvar Lundh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yngvar_Lundh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pål_Spilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pål_Spilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 49 Pål Spilling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pål_Spilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bob_Braden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bob_Braden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 50 Bob Braden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bob_Braden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scott_Shenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scott_Shenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 51 Scott Shenker </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scott_Shenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lixia_Zhang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lixia_Zhang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 52 Lixia Zhang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lixia_Zhang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stephen_Deering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stephen_Deering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 53 Stephen Deering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stephen_Deering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jun_Murai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jun_Murai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 54 Jun Murai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jun_Murai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mark_Handley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark_Handley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 55 Mark Handley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark_Handley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 56 David Mills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jon_Crowcroft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jon_Crowcroft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 57 Jon Crowcroft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jon_Crowcroft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KC_Claffy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KC_Claffy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 58 KC Claffy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KC_Claffy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vern_Paxson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vern_Paxson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 59 Vern Paxson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vern_Paxson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henning_Schulzrinne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henning_Schulzrinne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 60 Henning Schulzrinne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henning_Schulzrinne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deborah_Estrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deborah_Estrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 61 Deborah Estrin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deborah_Estrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramesh_Govindan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramesh_Govindan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 62 Ramesh Govindan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramesh_Govindan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jennifer_Rexford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jennifer_Rexford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 63 Jennifer Rexford </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jennifer_Rexford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eve_Schooler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eve_Schooler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 64 Eve Schooler </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eve_Schooler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ian_Foster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ian_Foster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 65 Ian Foster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ian_Foster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carl_Kesselman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carl_Kesselman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 66 Carl Kesselman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carl_Kesselman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_Internet_plaque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_Internet_plaque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 67 Birth of the Internet plaque </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_Internet_plaque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Internet_pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Internet_pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68 Other Internet pioneers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_Internet_pioneers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other Internet pioneers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_Internet_pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wesley_Clark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wesley_Clark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68.1 Wesley Clark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wesley_Clark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severo_Ornstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severo_Ornstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68.2 Severo Ornstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severo_Ornstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Crowther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Crowther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68.3 William Crowther </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Crowther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Boggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Boggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68.4 David Boggs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Boggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sylvia_Wilbur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sylvia_Wilbur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68.5 Sylvia Wilbur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sylvia_Wilbur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joyce_K._Reynolds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joyce_K._Reynolds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68.6 Joyce K. Reynolds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joyce_K._Reynolds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mark_P._McCahill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark_P._McCahill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68.7 Mark P. McCahill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark_P._McCahill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicola_Pellow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicola_Pellow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68.8 Nicola Pellow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicola_Pellow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 69 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 70 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 71 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 72 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 73 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 73.1 Oral histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of Internet pioneers</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Number_Resource_Organization" title="Regional Internet registry">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">ISOC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/16px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/24px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/32px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet" title="Template:Internet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Instead of having a single inventor, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> was developed by many people over many years. The following people are Internet pioneers who have been recognized for their contribution to its early and ongoing development. These contributions include theoretical foundations, building early networks, specifying protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment. This list includes people who were: <ul><li>acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> in their seminal 1974 paper on <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication;<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> or</li> <li>received the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">IEEE Internet Award</a>; or have been</li> <li>inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a>; or are</li> <li>included on the Stanford University "Birth of the Internet" plaque.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-note1-3">[nb 1]</a></li></ul> Among the pioneers, along with Cerf and Kahn, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Metcalfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Metcalfe">Bob Metcalfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a> meet three out of the four criteria above; as well as <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a>, considering the 2003 IEEE Internet award on which he is cited. Davies and Kahn are featured in the 1972 documentary film <a href="/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharing" title="Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing">Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing</a> along with several early pioneers. Other Internet pioneers, who have made notable contributions to the development of the Internet but do not meet any of the four criteria above, are listed in the <a href="#Other_Internet_pioneers">final section of the article</a>. This article is in chronological order mirroring the development process for the Internet. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J._C._R._Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: J. C. R. Licklider">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></div> Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (1915–1990) was a faculty member of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), and researcher at <a href="/wiki/Bolt,_Beranek_and_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt, Beranek and Newman">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a>. He developed the idea of a universal <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">Information Processing Techniques Office</a> (IPTO) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA).<a href="#cite_note-iHist-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-5">[4]</a> He headed the IPTO from 1962 to 1963, and again from 1974 to 1975. His 1960 paper "<a href="/wiki/Man-Computer_Symbiosis" title="Man-Computer Symbiosis">Man-Computer Symbiosis</a>" envisions that mutually-interdependent, "living together", tightly coupled human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each other's strengths.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> In 2013, Licklider was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> "pioneers" award by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paul_Baran">Paul Baran</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paul Baran">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></div> Paul Baran (1926–2011) developed the field of redundant distributed networks while conducting research at <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> starting in 1960 when Baran began investigating the development of large-scale survivable communication networks.<a href="#cite_note-:17-7">[6]</a> This led to a series of papers titled "On Distributed Communications" that in 1964 described a detailed architecture for distributed adaptive message block switching. The proposal was composed of three key ideas: use of a <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a> network with multiple paths between any two points; dividing user messages into message blocks; and delivery of these messages by <a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> switching.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-10">[9]</a> Baran's network design was never built; it was intended for voice communication using low-cost electronics and did not feature software switches.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey6.1a2-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5a-13">[12]</a> He provided input to the ARPANET project on distributed communications and dynamic routing.<a href="#cite_note-Abbate20003-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Baran received the inaugural <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award</a> in 1989, the inaugural <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">Internet Award</a> in 2000 and the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> "pioneers" award from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Donald_Davies">Donald Davies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Donald Davies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></div> Donald Davies (1924–2000) independently invented and named the concept of <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> for <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">data communications</a> in 1965 at the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> (NPL).<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post2-18">[17]</a> In the same year, he proposed a national commercial data network in the UK employing high-speed switching nodes.<a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> He refined his ideas in a paper written in 1966, which included the first description of an "interface computer" to act as a <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Later that year, he established a team which produced a design for a local-area network to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching while developing a more formal design proposal for a national network based on a high-level network connected to local networks.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Davies gave the first public presentation on packet switching in 1968. He built the local-area <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a>, the first implementation of packet switching in early 1969 and the first to use high-speed links.<a href="#cite_note-:12-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> His work influenced the ARPANET and research in Europe and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Abbate20002-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey2-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-frs-30">[29]</a> He carried out <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> work on <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagram</a> networks on a scale to provide data communication to much of the United Kingdom and designed an adaptive method of <a href="/wiki/Congestion_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestion control">congestion control</a>, which he called isarithmic.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-MCK-33">[32]</a> In the 1970s, Davies worked on <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">secure communication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frs-30">[29]</a> He was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Davies received the inaugural <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">Internet Award</a> in 2000 and the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> "pioneers" award from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roger_Scantlebury">Roger Scantlebury</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roger Scantlebury">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scantlebury" title="Roger Scantlebury">Roger Scantlebury</a></div> Roger Scantlebury (born 1936) led the pioneering work to implement packet switching and associated <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a> at the NPL in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-:7-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Scantlebury and his colleague Keith Bartlett were the first to describe the term protocol in a modern data-communications context in an April 1967 memorandum entitled A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network.<a href="#cite_note-:12-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> He proposed the use of packet switching in the ARPANET at the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a> in October 1967 and convinced Larry Roberts the economics were favorable to <a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">message switching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5b-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> During the 1970s, he was a major figure in the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> (INWG) through which he was an early contributor to concepts used in the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> which became part of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:182-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bob_Taylor">Bob Taylor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bob Taylor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor (computer scientist)</a></div> Robert W. Taylor (1932–2017) was director of <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">Information Processing Techniques Office</a> (IPTO) from 1966 through 1969, where he convinced ARPA to fund a computer network.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The 1968 paper, "The Computer as a Communication Device", that he wrote together with J.C.R. Licklider starts out: "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face."<a href="#cite_note-com68-47">[46]</a> And while their vision would take more than "a few years", the paper lays out the future of what the Internet would eventually become. From 1970 to 1983, he managed the Computer Science Laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Palo_Alto_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Palo Alto Research Center">Xerox Palo Alto Research Center</a> (PARC), where technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> were developed.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> He was the founder and manager of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Systems_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Research Center">Systems Research Center</a> until 1996.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Larry_Roberts">Larry Roberts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Larry Roberts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)" title="Larry Roberts (computer scientist)">Larry Roberts (computer scientist)</a></div> Lawrence G. "Larry" Roberts (1937–2018) was an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAE_2001-50">[49]</a> After earning his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> from <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> in 1963, Roberts continued to work at MIT's <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> where in 1965 he connected Lincoln Lab's <a href="/wiki/TX-2" title="TX-2">TX-2</a> computer to the <a href="/wiki/System_Development_Corporation" title="System Development Corporation">SDC</a> <a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-32" title="AN/FSQ-32">Q-32</a> computer in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wired_2001_05-51">[50]</a> In 1967, he became a program manager in the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">Information Processing Techniques Office</a> (IPTO), where he managed the development of the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, the first wide area <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> network. Roberts applied Donald Davies' concepts of packet switching in the ARPANET, and sought input from Paul Baran and other researchers on network design.<a href="#cite_note-Abbate20003-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abbate20002-27">[26]</a> After Robert Taylor left ARPA in 1969, Roberts became director of the IPTO. In 1973, he left ARPA to commercialize the nascent technology in the form of <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a>, which became one of the first <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a> in the world, and served as its <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> from 1973 to 1980.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 2012, Roberts was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leonard_Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leonard Kleinrock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></div> Leonard Kleinrock (born 1934) became involved in the ARPANET project in early 1967.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isaacson2014-54">[53]</a> He had studied the optimization of message delays in communication networks using <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing theory</a> in his Ph.D. thesis, Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage, at MIT in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:83-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-57">[56]</a> After this, he moved to <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>. In 1969, under his supervision, a team at UCLA connected a computer to an <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processor</a> (IMP), becoming the first node on the ARPANET.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, during the 1970s, Kleinrock carried out theoretical work to measure and mathematically model the performance of the ARPANET,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> which underpinned the development of the network and the Transmission Control Program.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> His theoretical work on <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_routing" title="Hierarchical routing">hierarchical routing</a> in the late 1970s with student <a href="/wiki/Farouk_Kamoun" title="Farouk Kamoun">Farouk Kamoun</a> remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.<a href="#cite_note-:52-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> In 2012, Kleinrock was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frank_Heart">Frank Heart</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Frank Heart">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Heart" title="Frank Heart">Frank Heart</a></div> Frank Heart (1929–2018) worked for <a href="/wiki/Bolt,_Beranek_and_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt, Beranek and Newman">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN) from 1966 to 1994, during which time he managed the team that designed and implemented the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processors</a> (IMPs), the <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> computers for the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bob_Kahn">Bob Kahn</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bob Kahn">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Kahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bob_Kahn.jpg/150px-Bob_Kahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bob_Kahn.jpg/225px-Bob_Kahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bob_Kahn.jpg/300px-Bob_Kahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption>Bob Kahn</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></div> Robert E. "Bob" Kahn (born 1938) is an American <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>. After earning a <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1964, he worked for <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Laboratories">AT&T Bell Laboratories</a>, as an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a> at MIT. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Bolt_Beranek_%26_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt Beranek & Newman">Bolt Beranek & Newman</a> (BBN) where he was the principal designer of the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">IMP subnetwork</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor#BBN_Report_1822" title="Interface Message Processor">IMP-Host protocol</a> for the ARPANET.<a href="#cite_note-Hafner1-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey6.1b-68">[67]</a> In 1972, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">IPTO</a> within <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a>, where he worked on both satellite packet networks (which led to <a href="/wiki/SATNET" title="SATNET">SATNET</a>) and ground-based radio packet networks (which led to <a href="/wiki/PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a>), and recognized the value of being able to communicate across heterogenous networks. Along with Vint Cerf, he authored the seminal paper on <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Kahn left ARPA in 1986 to found the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_National_Research_Initiatives" title="Corporation for National Research Initiatives">Corporation for National Research Initiatives</a> (CNRI), a nonprofit organization providing leadership and funding for research and development of the National Information Infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="David_Walden">David Walden</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: David Walden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_Walden" title="David Walden">David Walden</a></div> David Walden (1942–2022) worked for BBN where he implemented the packet switching and routing software for the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processor</a> (IMP) of the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:232-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-F.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent2-74">[73]</a> He proposed what became known as the Walden message switching protocol,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[42]</a> and was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ray_Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ray Tomlinson">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a></div> Ray Tomlinson (1941–2016) worked for BBN. He carried out the first experimental message transfer between separate computer systems on the ARPANET in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-thvv-77">[76]</a> His message was sent from one <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> computer to another PDP-10, placed next to each other.<a href="#cite_note-firstnetworkemail-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Tomlinson initiated the use of the "<a href="/wiki/@" class="mw-redirect" title="@">@</a>" sign to separate the names of the user and the user's machine.<a href="#cite_note-:53-80">[79]</a> Tomlinson's idea for "network mail" was adopted on the ARPANET, which significantly increased network traffic.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> As a result, he has been called "the inventor of modern email".<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-chm-email-innovation-timeline-83">[82]</a> The use of the <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP) for network mail on the ARPANET was proposed in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc469">469</a> in March 1973.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Through <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc561">561</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc680">680</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc724">724</a>, and finally <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc733">733</a> in November 1977, a standardized framework was developed for "electronic mail" using FTP mail servers on the ARPANET.<a href="#cite_note-:16-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Tomlinson discussed a network mail protocol among the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> in INWG Protocol note 2, in September 1974, although it was never adopted.<a href="#cite_note-:03-87">[86]</a> Furthermore, he participated in the initial design of TCP during 1973-74,<a href="#cite_note-:10-88">[87]</a> was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 2 in March 1977,<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> and version 3 in January 1978, which says that many of the changes introduced in that version were first described by Tomlinson the previous year when he put forward a "Proposal for TCP 3".<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-92">[91]</a> Tomlinson received the IEEE Internet Award in 2004, with <a href="/wiki/David_H._Crocker" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Crocker">David H. Crocker</a>, for networked email. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steve_Crocker">Steve Crocker</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Steve Crocker">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SteveCrockerJI1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/SteveCrockerJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-SteveCrockerJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/SteveCrockerJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-SteveCrockerJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/SteveCrockerJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-SteveCrockerJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption>Steve Crocker</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a></div> Steve Crocker (born 1944) has worked in the ARPANET and Internet communities since their inception. As a UCLA graduate student in the 1960s, he led the creation of the ARPANET host-to-host protocol, the <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">Network Control Protocol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> He also created the <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFC) series,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> authoring the very first RFC and many more.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> He was instrumental in creating the ARPA Network Working Group, the forerunner of the modern <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. In 1972, Crocker moved to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to become a program manager. He formed the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> (INWG),<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey8.3-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hafnerp222-97">[96]</a> then his research interests shifted to <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> He was a senior researcher at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">USC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> (ISI) where he contributed to discussions on the Transmission Control Program in August 1977.<a href="#cite_note-:15-98">[97]</a> He was a founder and director of the Computer Science Laboratory at <a href="/wiki/The_Aerospace_Corporation" title="The Aerospace Corporation">The Aerospace Corporation</a> and a vice president at <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Information_Systems" title="Trusted Information Systems">Trusted Information Systems</a>. In 1994, Crocker was one of the founders and chief technology officer of <a href="/wiki/CyberCash" title="CyberCash">CyberCash</a>, Inc. He has also been an <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> security area director, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a>, chair of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN) Security and Stability Advisory Committee, a board member of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> and numerous other Internet-related volunteer positions. Crocker is chair of the board of ICANN.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> For this work, Crocker was awarded the 2002 <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">Internet Award</a> "for leadership in creation of key elements in open evolution of Internet protocols". In 2012, Crocker was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jon_Postel">Jon Postel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jon Postel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jon_Postel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jon_Postel.jpg/150px-Jon_Postel.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jon_Postel.jpg/225px-Jon_Postel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jon_Postel.jpg/300px-Jon_Postel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Jon Postel, c. 1994</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a></div> Jon Postel (1943–1998) was a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California's</a> (USC's) <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> (ISI). He was editor of much of the early the <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> series as well as versions 3 and 4 of <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> in January 1978 and February 1979, and the final version of TCP and Internet Protocol, which were published in January 1980 by DARPA on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Communications_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Communications Agency">Defense Communication Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-88">[87]</a> He was the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP) and the co-creator and longtime administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA). His beard and sandals made him "the most recognizable archetype of an Internet pioneer".<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> (INWG) discussed protocols for electronic mail in 1979,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> which was referenced by Postel in his early work on Internet email. Postel first proposed an Internet Message Protocol in 1979 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Experiment_Note" title="Internet Experiment Note">Internet Experiment Note</a> (IEN) series.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In September 1980, Postel and Suzanne Sluizer published <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc772">772</a> which proposed the Mail Transfer Protocol to enable servers to transmit "computer mail" on the ARPANET as a replacement for FTP. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc780">780</a> of May 1981 removed all references to FTP. In November 1981, Postel published <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc788">788</a> describing the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP) protocol, which was updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc821">821</a> in August 1982. Addresses were extended to <var style="padding-right: 1px;">username</var><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>@<var style="padding-right: 1px;">host</var><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">.<var style="padding-right: 1px;">domain</var> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc805">805</a> in February 1982. RFC 822, written by <a href="/wiki/David_H._Crocker" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Crocker">David H. Crocker</a>, defined the format for messages. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Postel_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Postel Award">Postel Award</a> is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at the Information Sciences Institute. His obituary was written by <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> and published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work. In 2012, Postel was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the Internet Society.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vint_Cerf">Vint Cerf</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vint Cerf">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vint_Cerf_-_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vint_Cerf_-_2010.jpg/150px-Vint_Cerf_-_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vint_Cerf_-_2010.jpg/225px-Vint_Cerf_-_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vint_Cerf_-_2010.jpg/300px-Vint_Cerf_-_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>Vint Cerf, September 2010</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></div> Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf (born 1943) is an American computer scientist.<a href="#cite_note-vita-105">[104]</a> He is recognized as one of "<a href="/wiki/People_known_as_the_father_or_mother_of_something#Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="People known as the father or mother of something">the fathers of the Internet</a>",<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> sharing this title with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> He earned his <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> from <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> in 1972. At UCLA he worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANET and contributed to the ARPANET host-to-host protocol, the <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Program_(ARPANET)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Control Program (ARPANET)">Network Control Program</a>. Cerf was an <a href="/wiki/Professor#Assistant_professor" title="Professor">assistant professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> from 1972 to 1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite. He authored the seminal paper on <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, in May 1974 with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a>; the first specification of TCP with Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December that year; and edited the second version of TCP in March 1977.<a href="#cite_note-:10-88">[87]</a> He was a program manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) from 1976 to 1982 overseeing the first internetworking experiments with <a href="/wiki/SATNET" title="SATNET">SATNET</a> and <a href="/wiki/PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a>. Cerf was instrumental in the formation of both the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN), serving as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995 and in 1999 as chairman of the board and as ICANN Chairman from 2000 to 2007.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> His many awards include the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-vita-105">[104]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-turing-111">[110]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-112">[111]</a> and membership in the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Society's Internet Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Douglas_Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Douglas Engelbart">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Engelbart_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Douglas_Engelbart_in_2008.jpg/150px-Douglas_Engelbart_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Douglas_Engelbart_in_2008.jpg/225px-Douglas_Engelbart_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Douglas_Engelbart_in_2008.jpg/300px-Douglas_Engelbart_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Douglas Engelbart</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></div> Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013) was an early researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">Augmentation Research Center</a> laboratory became the second node on the ARPANET in October 1969, and SRI became the early Network Information Center, which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">domain name registry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isoc-113">[112]</a> Engelbart was a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> to help cope with the world's increasingly urgent and complex problems.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> He is best known for his work on the challenges of <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a>, resulting in the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, networked computers, and precursors to <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-acm-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="John_Klensin">John Klensin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: John Klensin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a></div> John Klensin's involvement with Internet began in 1969, when he worked on the <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Klensin was involved in the early procedural and definitional work for DNS administration and top-level domain definitions and was part of the committee that worked out the transition of DNS-related responsibilities between USC-ISI and what became ICANN.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> His career includes 30 years as a principal research scientist at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, a stint as INFOODS Project Coordinator for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a>, Distinguished Engineering Fellow at <a href="/wiki/MCI_WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="MCI WorldCom">MCI WorldCom</a>, and Internet Architecture Vice President at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>; he is now an independent consultant.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> In 1992 Randy Bush and John Klensin created the Network Startup Resource Center,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> helping dozens of countries to establish connections with <a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a>, <a href="/wiki/UseNet" class="mw-redirect" title="UseNet">UseNet</a>, and when possible the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. In 2003, he received an <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">International Committee for Information Technology Standards Merit Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> for contributions to networking standards and Internet applications.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In 2012, Klensin was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elizabeth_Feinler">Elizabeth Feinler</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Elizabeth Feinler">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElizabethFeinler-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ElizabethFeinler-2011.jpg/150px-ElizabethFeinler-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ElizabethFeinler-2011.jpg/225px-ElizabethFeinler-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/ElizabethFeinler-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Jake Feinler</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler" title="Elizabeth J. Feinler">Elizabeth J. Feinler</a></div> Elizabeth J. "Jake" Feinler (born 1931) was a staff member of Doug Engelbart's <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">Augmentation Research Center</a> (ARC) at <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">PI</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Network_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Information Center">Network Information Center</a> (NIC) for the ARPANET and the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Data_Network" title="Defense Data Network">Defense Data Network</a> (DDN) from 1972 until 1989.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FeinlerSRIBio-124">[123]</a> In 2012, Feinler was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Louis_Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Louis Pouzin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a></div> Louis Pouzin (born 1931) is a French computer scientist. He built the first implementation of a wide-area <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagram</a> packet-communications network, <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a>, that demonstrated the feasibility of <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>, which he called a "catenet".<a href="#cite_note-:9-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Concepts from his work were reflected in the development of TCP/IP.<a href="#cite_note-:72-128">[127]</a> He was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> In 1997, Pouzin received the ACM <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award</a> for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".<a href="#cite_note-SIGCOM-1997-129">[128]</a> He was named a <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_of_the_Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevalier of the Legion of Honor">Chevalier of the Legion of Honor</a> by the French government on 19 March 2003. In 2012, Pouzin was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hubert_Zimmermann">Hubert Zimmermann</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hubert Zimmermann">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Zimmermann" title="Hubert Zimmermann">Hubert Zimmermann</a></div> Hubert Zimmerman (1941–2012) was a French software engineer who pioneered internetworking with Louis Pouzin.<a href="#cite_note-ieee201703-130">[129]</a> He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program,<a href="#cite_note-:9-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[42]</a> and was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gérard_Le_Lann">Gérard Le Lann</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gérard Le Lann">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Le_Lann" title="Gérard Le Lann">Gérard Le Lann</a></div> Gérard Le Lann proposed the <a href="/wiki/Sliding_window_protocol" title="Sliding window protocol">sliding window scheme</a> for achieving reliable error and flow control on end-to-end connections.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> He joined Vint Cerf's research team at Stanford University during 1973-4 and Cerf incorporated his sliding window scheme into the research work for the Transmission Control Program (TCP).<a href="#cite_note-:18-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-135">[134]</a> Le Lann is included on the Stanford University "Birth of the Internet" plaque and mentioned in the Stanford TCP project completion report.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bob_Metcalfe">Bob Metcalfe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bob Metcalfe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></div>Bob Metcalfe (born 1946) produced a design for <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> for internetworking while studying for his PhD at Harvard University and working at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Parc" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Parc">Xerox Parc</a>. He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program in June 1973,<a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[42]</a> and participated in the initial design of TCP, worked out at Stanford during 1973-74.<a href="#cite_note-:11-136">[135]</a> He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> In addition, along with Yogen Dalal, he contributed to discussions leading up to the splitting of TCP into TCP/IP.<a href="#cite_note-Panzaris-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="John_Shoch">John Shoch</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: John Shoch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Shoch" title="John Shoch">John Shoch</a></div> John Shoch worked on internetworking at Xerox Parc. He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program in June 1973,<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> August 1977,<a href="#cite_note-:15-98">[97]</a> and was acknowledged in an early version of TCP version v4 in September 1978.<a href="#cite_note-:13-91">[90]</a> He published several Internet Experiment Notes in the late 1970s and 1980,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> and his work was referenced in the final <a href="/wiki/IP_version_4" class="mw-redirect" title="IP version 4">IP version 4</a> that would be standardized in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc760">760</a> (1980) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791">791</a> (1981). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yogen_Dalal">Yogen Dalal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Yogen Dalal">edit</a>]</div> Yogen K. Dalal,<a href="#cite_note-Dalal-140">[139]</a> also known as Yogin Dalal,<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-6.9-141">[140]</a> is an Indian electrical engineer and computer scientist.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal-140">[139]</a> He was an ARPANET pioneer,<a href="#cite_note-Panzaris-137">[136]</a> and a key contributor to the development of <a href="/wiki/Internetworking_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Internetworking Protocol">internetworking protocols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-Dalal-142">[141]</a> Dalal co-authored the first <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification, with Vint Cerf and Carl Sunshine between 1973 and 1974.<a href="#cite_note-:18-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> It was published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc675">675</a> (Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program) in December 1974.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> It first used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking, and later <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFCs</a> repeated this use.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Dalal later proposed splitting Transmission Control Program into <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> between 1976 and 1977, leading to the development of TCP/IP.<a href="#cite_note-Panzaris-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-Dalal-142">[141]</a> He also worked at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-Dalal-142">[141]</a> where he contributed to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dalal-140">[139]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Network_Systems" title="Xerox Network Systems">Xerox Network Systems</a> (XNS),<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-Dalal-142">[141]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal-140">[139]</a> After receiving a <a href="/wiki/B.Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="B.Tech">B.Tech</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Bombay">Indian Institute of Technology Bombay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dalal-140">[139]</a> he went to the United States to study for a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1972 and then a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-interview-146">[145]</a> His interest in <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">data communication</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Graduate_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate student">graduate student</a> led him to working with new professor Vint Cerf as a teaching assistant in 1972, and then as a research assistant while studying for his PhD. In Summer 1973, while Cerf and Bob Kahn were attempting to formulate an internetworking protocol, Dalal joined their research team to assist them on developing what eventually became Transmission Control Program.<a href="#cite_note-interview-146">[145]</a> After co-authoring the first internet protocol with Cerf and Sunshine in 1974, Dalal received his PhD in Electrical Engineering and <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dalal-140">[139]</a> and remained active in the development of TCP/IP at Stanford for several years.<a href="#cite_note-interview-146">[145]</a> Between 1976 and 1977, Dalal proposed separating Transmission Control Program's <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> and transmission control functions into two discrete layers,<a href="#cite_note-Panzaris-137">[136]</a> which led to the splitting of Transmission Control Program into the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-Dalal-142">[141]</a> Due to his experience in <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a>, several key researchers were greatly interested in recruiting him, including Bob Kahn's ARPANET team at <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a> at BBN, Bob Taylor's team at Xerox PARC, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> (ISI).<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-6.9-141">[140]</a> In early 1977, Dalal joined <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a>'s team at Xerox PARC, where he worked on the development of the Xerox Network Systems.<a href="#cite_note-interview-146">[145]</a> He also worked on the 10 <a href="/wiki/Mbps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbps">Mbps</a> Ethernet Specification at Xerox PARC, along with <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a> <a href="/wiki/LAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN">LAN</a> standard.<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-Dalal-142">[141]</a> He later left Xerox, and became a founding member of the startup <a href="/wiki/Tech_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech companies">tech companies</a> <a href="/wiki/Claris" title="Claris">Claris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor_Computer_Systems" title="Metaphor Computer Systems">Metaphor Computer Systems</a> in the early 1980s. He later became a managing partner of <a href="/wiki/Mayfield_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayfield Fund">Mayfield</a>, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Directors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Directors">Board of Directors</a> at several tech companies including <a href="/wiki/Narus_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narus (company)">Narus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal-140">[139]</a> In 2005, he was recognized by Stanford as one of the pioneers of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carl_Sunshine">Carl Sunshine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Carl Sunshine">edit</a>]</div> Carl Sunshine completed his PhD under Vint Cerf at the Digital Systems Laboratory, Stanford University. He worked on the first full TCP specification in December 1974 with Cerf and Yogen Dalal.<a href="#cite_note-:10-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-134">[133]</a> He later worked for <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Aerospace_Corporation" title="The Aerospace Corporation">The Aerospace Corporation</a>. Sunshine published a notable paper on internetworking in 1977,<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-149">[148]</a> among many papers on networking.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> During the 1980s, he chaired the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> and edited two books on communication protocols.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-:34-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peter_Kirstein">Peter Kirstein</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Peter Kirstein">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a></div> Peter T. Kirstein (1933–2020) was a British <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> and a leader in the international development of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> In 1973, he established one of the first two international nodes of the ARPANET.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packet-network interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one of the early technical papers on the internet concept.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> His research group at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> adopted TCP/IP in 1982, ahead of ARPANET, and played a significant role in the very earliest experimental Internet work.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-158">[157]</a> Starting in 1983 he chaired the International Collaboration Board, which involved six NATO countries, served on the Networking Panel of the NATO Science Committee (serving as chair in 2001), and on Advisory Committees for the Australian Research Council, the Canadian Department of Communications, the German GMD, and the Indian Education and Research Network (ERNET) Project. He leads the Silk Project, which provides satellite-based Internet access to the <a href="/wiki/Newly_Independent_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly Independent States">Newly Independent States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Caucasus">Southern Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. In 2012, Kirstein was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adrian_Stokes">Adrian Stokes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Adrian Stokes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adrian_V._Stokes" title="Adrian V. Stokes">Adrian V. Stokes</a></div> Adrian Stokes (1945–2020) was a researcher at UCL's <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Computer_Science" title="Institute of Computer Science">Institute of Computer Science</a> working for Peter Kirstein in 1973. He worked on the first implementation of email in the United Kingdom in 1974 as well as the early monitoring software for the interconnection of the ARPANET with <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom#Early_years" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">British academic networks</a>, the first international heterogenous computer network.<a href="#cite_note-:62-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Implementation_of_email_in_the_UK-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-abbate-160">[159]</a> He contributed to a number of books on communication protocols and computer networking from the late 1970s to the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judith_Estrin">Judith Estrin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Judith Estrin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judith_Estrin" title="Judith Estrin">Judith Estrin</a></div> Judith Estrin worked with <a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> project at Stanford University in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-:18-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karp_Interview-164">[163]</a> Her role within the research team was to help with the initial implementation tests of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> with University College London.<a href="#cite_note-:02-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Danny_Cohen">Danny Cohen</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Danny Cohen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Danny_Cohen_(computer_scientist)" title="Danny Cohen (computer scientist)">Danny Cohen (computer scientist)</a></div> Danny Cohen (1937–2019) led several projects on real-time interactive applications over the <a href="/wiki/ARPANet" class="mw-redirect" title="ARPANet">ARPANet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> starting in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> After serving on the computer science faculty at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (1969–1973) and <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> (1976), he joined the <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> (ISI) at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> (USC). At ISI (1973–1993) he started many network related projects including, one to allow interactive, real-time speech over the ARPANet, packet-voice, packet-video, and Internet Concepts.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> He was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 3 in January 1978.<a href="#cite_note-:13-91">[90]</a> In 1981 he adapted his visual flight simulator to run over the <a href="/wiki/ARPANet" class="mw-redirect" title="ARPANet">ARPANet</a>, the first application of packet switching networks to real-time applications. In 1993, he worked on <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">Distributed Interactive Simulation</a> through several projects funded by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. He is probably best known for his 1980 paper "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace"<a href="#cite_note-HOLY-169">[168]</a> which adopted the terminology of <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endianness</a> for computing. Cohen was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 2006 for contributions to the advanced design, graphics, and real-time network protocols of computer systems<a href="#cite_note-NAE-170">[169]</a> and as an <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Fellow">IEEE Fellow</a> in 2010 for contributions to protocols for packet switching in real-time applications.<a href="#cite_note-IEEE-171">[170]</a> In 1993 he received a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Civilian_Service_Award" title="Meritorious Civilian Service Award">Meritorious Civilian Service Award</a>. And in 2012, Cohen was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="David_J._Farber">David J. Farber</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: David J. Farber">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dave_Farber,_May_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dave_Farber%2C_May_2008.JPG/150px-Dave_Farber%2C_May_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dave_Farber%2C_May_2008.JPG/225px-Dave_Farber%2C_May_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dave_Farber%2C_May_2008.JPG/300px-Dave_Farber%2C_May_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Farber in 2008</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Farber" title="David J. Farber">David J. Farber</a></div> Starting in the 1980s Dave Farber (born 1934) helped conceive and organize the major American research networks <a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">CSNET</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Education_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research and Education Network">National Research and Education Network</a> (NREN). He helped create the NSF/DARPA-funded Gigabit Network Test bed Initiative and served as the chairman of the Gigabit Test bed Coordinating Committee. He also served as chief technologist at the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (2000–2001) and is a founding editor of ICANNWatch.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Farber is an <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Fellow">IEEE Fellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACM_Fellow" title="ACM Fellow">ACM Fellow</a>, recipient of the 1995 <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award</a> for vision and breadth of contributions to and inspiration of others in computer networks, distributed computing, and network infrastructure development,<a href="#cite_note-SIGCOMMlist0-173">[172]</a> and the 1996 <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scott Award">John Scott Award</a> for seminal contributions to the field of computer networks and distributed computer systems. He served on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a> advisory board, the board of trustees of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>, and as a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing and Communications, Information Technology and Next Generation Internet. On 3 August 2013, Farber was inducted into the Pioneers Circle of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> for his key role in many systems that converged into today's Internet.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paul_Mockapetris">Paul Mockapetris</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Paul Mockapetris">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mockapetris" title="Paul Mockapetris">Paul Mockapetris</a></div> Paul V. Mockapetris (born 1948), while working with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> (ISI) in 1983, proposed the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) architecture.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> chair from 1994 to 1996.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Mockapetris received the 1997 <a href="/wiki/John_C._Dvorak" title="John C. Dvorak">John C. Dvorak</a> Telecommunications Excellence Award "Personal Achievement - Network Engineering" for DNS design and implementation, the 2003 <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">IEEE Internet Award</a> for his contributions to DNS, and the Distinguished Alumnus award from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a>. In May 2005, he received the ACM <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">Sigcomm lifetime award</a>. In 2012, Mockapetris was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="David_Clark">David Clark</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: David Clark">edit</a>]</div> <table cellpadding="1" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td>We reject: kings, presidents and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code.     -Dave Clark at IETF 24 <a href="#cite_note-ClarkQuote-178">[177]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David D. Clark</a></div> David D. Clark (born 1944) is an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> He was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 4 in September 1978.<a href="#cite_note-:14-92">[91]</a> During the period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a>. He is currently a senior research scientist at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>. In 1990 Clark was awarded the ACM <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award</a> "in recognition of his major contributions to Internet protocol and architecture."<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> In 1998 he received the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" title="IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal">IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal</a> "for leadership and major contributions to the architecture of the Internet as a universal information medium".<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> In 2001 he was inducted as a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> for "his preeminent role in the development of computer communication and the Internet, including architecture, protocols, security, and telecommunications policy".<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> In 2001, he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado,<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> and in 2011 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford "in recognition of his intellectual and institutional contributions to the advance of the Internet."<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dave_Crocker">Dave Crocker</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dave Crocker">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dave_Crocker_(network_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Crocker (network engineer)">Dave Crocker (network engineer)</a></div> The younger brother of Steve was awarded the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">IEEE Internet Award</a> in 2004, together with <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a> for their work on network messaging – the invention of email. Dave started networking with <a href="/wiki/Arpanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpanet">Arpanet</a> and is still active in development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Susan_Estrada">Susan Estrada</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Susan Estrada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Estrada" title="Susan Estrada">Susan Estrada</a></div> Susan Estrada founded <a href="/wiki/CERFnet" title="CERFnet">CERFnet</a>, one of the original regional IP networks, in 1988. Through her leadership and collaboration with <a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> and <a href="/wiki/UUnet" class="mw-redirect" title="UUnet">UUnet</a>, Estrada helped form the interconnection enabling the first commercial Internet traffic via the Commercial Internet Exchange.<a href="#cite_note-inducted-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-internethalloffame-186">[185]</a> She wrote Connecting to the Internet in 1993 and she was inducted to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014. She is on the board of trustees of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dave_Mills">Dave Mills</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dave Mills">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_L._Mills" title="David L. Mills">David L. Mills</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Network_Time_Protocol_(logo).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Network Time Protocol Public Services Project logo[186]"><img alt="Network Time Protocol Public Services Project logo[186]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Network_Time_Protocol_%28logo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="48" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="48" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">Network Time Protocol</a> Public Services Project logo<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></figcaption></figure> David L. Mills (1938–2024) was an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Mills earned his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in Computer and Communication Sciences from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in 1971. While at Michigan he worked on the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> sponsored Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developed <a href="/wiki/DEC_PDP-8" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC PDP-8">DEC PDP-8</a> based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to an <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Mills was the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/GADS_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="GADS Task Force">Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task Force</a> (GADS) and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force.<a href="#cite_note-Quarterman-191">[190]</a> He invented the <a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">Network Time Protocol</a> (1981),<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> the <a href="/wiki/LSI-11" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI-11">DEC LSI-11</a> based <a href="/wiki/Fuzzball_router" title="Fuzzball router">fuzzball router</a> that was used for the 56 kbit/s <a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a> (1985),<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Exterior_Gateway_Protocol" title="Exterior Gateway Protocol">Exterior Gateway Protocol</a> (1984),<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> and inspired the author of <a href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</a> (1983).<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> He was an emeritus professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a> following his retirement in 2008 after 22 years of teaching for the university.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> In 1999 he was inducted as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>, and in 2002, as a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (NAE). In 2013 he received the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">IEEE Internet Award</a> "For significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet."<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radia_Perlman">Radia Perlman</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Radia Perlman">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg/150px-Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg/225px-Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg/300px-Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption> Radia Perlman</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></div> Radia Joy Perlman (born 1951) is the software designer and network engineer who developed the <a href="/wiki/Spanning-tree_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanning-tree protocol">spanning-tree protocol</a> which is fundamental to the operation of <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">network bridges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> She also played an important role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Link-state_routing_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Link-state routing protocols">link-state routing protocols</a> such as <a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a> (which had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/OSPF" class="mw-redirect" title="OSPF">OSPF</a>).<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In 2010 she received the <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">ACM SIGCOMM Award</a> "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day."<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dennis_M._Jennings">Dennis M. Jennings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dennis M. Jennings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Jennings_(Internet_pioneer)" title="Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)">Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)</a></div> Dennis M. Jennings is an Irish physicist, academic, Internet pioneer, and venture capitalist. In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF) began construction of several regional <a href="/wiki/Supercomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercomputing">supercomputing</a> centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US research community. In 1985 NSF hired Jennings to lead the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">National Science Foundation Network</a> (NSFNET) to link five of the super-computing centers to enable sharing of resources and information. Jennings made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development of NSFNET:<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <ul><li>that it would be a general-purpose research network, not limited to connection of the supercomputers;</li> <li>it would act as the backbone for connection of regional networks at each supercomputing site; and</li> <li>it would use the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>'s TCP/IP protocols.</li></ul> Jennings was also actively involved in the start-up of research networks in Europe (<a href="/wiki/European_Academic_Research_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="European Academic Research Network">European Academic Research Network</a>, EARN - President; <a href="/wiki/EBONE" title="EBONE">EBONE</a> - Board member) and Ireland (<a href="/wiki/HEAnet" title="HEAnet">HEAnet</a> - initial proposal and later board member). He chaired the Board and General Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_National_Top_Level_Domain_Registries" title="Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries">Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries</a> (CENTR) from 1999 to early 2001 and was actively involved in the start-up of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN). He was a member of the ICANN Board from 2007 to 2010, serving as vice-chair in 2009–2010.<a href="#cite_note-RealNetPioneer-203">[202]</a> In April 2014 Jennings was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steve_Wolff">Steve Wolff</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Steve Wolff">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nsfnet_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nsfnet_logo.jpg/150px-Nsfnet_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Nsfnet_logo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a> logo, c. 1987</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolff" title="Stephen Wolff">Stephen Wolff</a></div> Stephen "Steve" Wolff participated in the development of <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> while working for the U.S. Army.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff1-205">[204]</a> In 1986 he became Division Director for Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure at the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF) where he managed the development of <a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> He also conceived the Gigabit Testbed, a joint NSF-<a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> project to prove the feasibility of IP networking at <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_per_second#Gigabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit per second">gigabit speeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> His work at NSF transformed the fledgling internet from a narrowly focused U.S. government project into the modern <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> with scholarly and commercial interest for the entire world.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> In 1994 he left NSF to join <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a> as a technical manager in Corporate Consulting Engineering.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff1-205">[204]</a> In 2011 he became the CTO at <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> In 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> recognized Wolff with its <a href="/wiki/Postel_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Postel Award">Postel Award</a>. When presenting the award, Internet Society (ISOC) President and CEO Lynn St. Amour said "…Steve helped transform the Internet from an activity that served the specific goals of the research community to a worldwide enterprise which has energized scholarship and commerce throughout the world."<a href="#cite_note-PostelAward-2002-210">[209]</a> The Internet Society also recognized Wolff in 1994 for his courage and leadership in advancing the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-PostelAward-2002-210">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sally_Floyd">Sally Floyd</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sally Floyd">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sally_Floyd" title="Sally Floyd">Sally Floyd</a></div> Sally Floyd (1950–2019) was an American engineer recognized for her extensive contributions to Internet architecture and her work in identifying practical ways to control and stabilize <a href="/wiki/Network_congestion" title="Network congestion">Internet congestion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icsi2007-211">[210]</a> She invented the <a href="/wiki/Random_early_detection" title="Random early detection">random early detection</a> active queue management scheme, which has been implemented in nearly all commercially available <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, and devised the now-common method of adding <a href="/wiki/Delay_jitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Delay jitter">delay jitter</a> to message timers to avoid synchronization collisions.<a href="#cite_note-ieeeghn-212">[211]</a> Floyd, with <a href="/wiki/Vern_Paxson" title="Vern Paxson">Vern Paxson</a>, in 1997 identified the lack of knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">network topology</a> as the major obstacle in understanding how the Internet works.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> This paper, "Why We Don't Know How to Simulate the Internet", was re-published as "Difficulties in Simulating the Internet" in 2001 and won the IEEE Communication Society's William R. Bennett Prize Paper Award. Floyd was also a co-author on the standard for TCP <a href="/wiki/Selective_acknowledgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective acknowledgement">Selective acknowledgement</a> (SACK), <a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">Explicit Congestion Notification</a> (ECN), the <a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">Datagram Congestion Control Protocol</a> (DCCP) and <a href="/wiki/TCP_Friendly_Rate_Control" title="TCP Friendly Rate Control">TCP Friendly Rate Control</a> (TFRC). She received the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">IEEE Internet Award</a> in 2005 and the ACM <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award</a> in 2007 for her contributions to congestion control.<a href="#cite_note-icsi2007-211">[210]</a> She has been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Advisory Board">Internet Advisory Board</a>, and, as of 2007, was one of the top-ten most cited researchers in computer science.<a href="#cite_note-icsi2007-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Van_Jacobson">Van Jacobson</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Van Jacobson">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Jacobson1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Van_Jacobson1.jpg/150px-Van_Jacobson1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Van_Jacobson1.jpg/225px-Van_Jacobson1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Van_Jacobson1.jpg/300px-Van_Jacobson1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Van Jacobson in January 2006</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Van_Jacobson" title="Van Jacobson">Van Jacobson</a></div> Van Jacobson is an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>, best known for his work on TCP/IP network performance and scaling.<a href="#cite_note-SIGCOM-2001-214">[213]</a> His work redesigning TCP/IP's flow control algorithms (<a href="/wiki/TCP_congestion_avoidance_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP congestion avoidance algorithm">Jacobson's algorithm</a>)<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> to better handle congestion is said to have saved the Internet from collapsing in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2002-217">[216]</a> He is also known for the TCP/IP Header Compression protocol described in RFC 1144: Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links, popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Van_Jacobson_TCP/IP_Header_Compression" title="Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression">Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression</a>. He is co-author of several widely used network diagnostic tools, including <a href="/wiki/Traceroute" title="Traceroute">traceroute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tcpdump" title="Tcpdump">tcpdump</a>, and pathchar. He was a leader in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Multicast_backbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicast backbone">multicast backbone</a> (MBone) and the multimedia tools vic,<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> vat,<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> and wb.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> For his work, Jacobson received the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SIGCOM-2001-214">[213]</a> the 2003 <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/Koji_Kobayashi_Computers_and_Communications_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award">Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2002-217">[216]</a> and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> In 2012, Jacobson was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tim_Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Tim Berners-Lee">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg/150px-WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg/225px-WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg/300px-WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>The Web's historic logo designed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></div> Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee (born 1955) is a British <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-W3Bio-222">[221]</a> In 1980, while working at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, he proposed a project using <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> While there, he built a prototype system named <a href="/wiki/ENQUIRE" title="ENQUIRE">ENQUIRE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-linvinginternet-224">[223]</a> Back at CERN in 1989 he conceived of and, in 1990, together with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a>, created the first client and server implementations for what became the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. Berners-Lee is the director of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), a standards organization which oversees and encourages the Web's continued development, co-director of the <a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a>, and founder of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> In 1994, Berners-Lee became one of only six members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wide Web Hall of Fame">World Wide Web Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_World-Wide_Web_Hall_of_Fame-226">[225]</a> In 2004, Berners-Lee was <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">knighted</a> by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> for his pioneering work.<a href="#cite_note-tecb-227">[226]</a> In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a>, based in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Robert_Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Robert Cailliau">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Cailliau_On_Desk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_Cailliau_On_Desk.jpg/150px-Robert_Cailliau_On_Desk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_Cailliau_On_Desk.jpg/225px-Robert_Cailliau_On_Desk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_Cailliau_On_Desk.jpg/300px-Robert_Cailliau_On_Desk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>Robert Cailliau, 1995</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></div> Robert Cailliau (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kaˈjo]</a>, born 1947), is a <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)" class="mw-redirect" title="Informatics (academic field)">informatics engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> who, working with <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pellow" title="Nicola Pellow">Nicola Pellow</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">developed</a> the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berners-Lee-230">[229]</a> In 2012 he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simon_S._Lam">Simon S. Lam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Simon S. Lam">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg/150px-Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg/225px-Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg/300px-Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Simon S. Lam in June 2009</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Simon_S._Lam" title="Simon S. Lam">Simon S. Lam</a></div> Simon S. Lam (born 1947) is an American computer scientist. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.”<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> In 1990, while a professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, he was inspired after writing a paper on formal semantics of upper and lower interfaces of a protocol layer <a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> and he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack. The new sublayer, at the bottom of the Application layer, would make use of transport layer sockets for data transfer and offer corresponding secure sockets to application processes. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security. Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future. Lam’s idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT’s Kerberos, 1988-1992). Lam wrote a proposal to the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> University Research Program, which was funded for two years.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> By early 1993, Lam, with the help of 3 graduate students (Woo, Bindignavle, and Su), designed and implemented the first secure sockets layer, named <a href="/wiki/Secure_Network_Programming" title="Secure Network Programming">Secure Network Programming</a> (SNP). They demonstrated SNP to their NSA program manager when he visited UT-Austin in June 1993. They also published and presented SNP in the <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> Summer Technical Conference on June 8, 1994, including its architecture, system design, and performance evaluation results to demonstrate its efficiency and practicality <a href="#cite_note-SNP-USENIX-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> SNP was created for Internet applications in general, concurrently and independently of the invention and development of <a href="/wiki/WWW" class="mw-redirect" title="WWW">WWW</a>, which had only dozens of servers worldwide in early 1993. Subsequent secure sockets layers, SSL and <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>, developed years later, follow the same architecture and key ideas of SNP. Today’s <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a> 1.3 is used for all <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> applications (banking, shopping, etc.), for email, and many other Internet applications. Lam and his students won the 2004 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Software_System_Award" title="ACM Software System Award">ACM Software System Award</a> for SNP. He received the 2004 ACM <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award</a> for lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks. He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marc_Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Marc Andreessen">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marc_Andreessen-9_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Marc_Andreessen-9_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Marc_Andreessen-9_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Marc_Andreessen-9_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Marc_Andreessen-9_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Marc_Andreessen-9_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Marc_Andreessen-9_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Marc Andreessen, 2013</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a></div> Marc L. Andreessen (born 1971) is an American <a href="/wiki/Software_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software engineer">software engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investor</a>. Working with <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bina" title="Eric Bina">Eric Bina</a> while at <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications" title="National Center for Supercomputing Applications">NCSA</a>, he co-authored <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a>, the first widely used <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. He is also co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape Communications Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-co-founder-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eric_Bina">Eric Bina</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Eric Bina">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bina" title="Eric Bina">Eric Bina</a></div> Eric J. Bina (born 1964) is an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_programmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programmer">computer programmer</a>. In 1993, together with <a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a>, he authored the first version of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a> while working at <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications" title="National Center for Supercomputing Applications">NCSA</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_World-Wide_Web_Hall_of_Fame-226">[225]</a> Mosaic is famed as the first <a href="/wiki/Killer_application" title="Killer application">killer application</a> that popularized the Internet. He is also a co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape Communications Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noel_Chiappa">Noel Chiappa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Noel Chiappa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noel_Chiappa" title="Noel Chiappa">Noel Chiappa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stephen_Kent">Stephen Kent</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Stephen Kent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(network_security)" title="Stephen Kent (network security)">Stephen Kent (network security)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="David_Reed">David Reed</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: David Reed">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_P._Reed" title="David P. Reed">David P. Reed</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yngvar_Lundh">Yngvar Lundh</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Yngvar Lundh">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yngvar_G._Lundh" title="Yngvar G. Lundh">Yngvar G. Lundh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pål_Spilling">Pål Spilling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Pål Spilling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">Pål Spilling</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bob_Braden">Bob Braden</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bob Braden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Braden" title="Bob Braden">Bob Braden</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scott_Shenker">Scott Shenker</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Scott Shenker">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Shenker" title="Scott Shenker">Scott Shenker</a></div> Scott Shenker received the IEEE Internet Award in 2006 for contributions to the study of <a href="/wiki/Resource_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource sharing">resource sharing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lixia_Zhang">Lixia Zhang</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Lixia Zhang">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lixia_Zhang" title="Lixia Zhang">Lixia Zhang</a></div> Lixia Zhang received the IEEE Internet Award in 2009 for <a href="/wiki/Internet_topology" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet topology">Internet architecture and modeling</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stephen_Deering">Stephen Deering</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Stephen Deering">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Deering" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Deering">Stephen Deering</a></div> Stephen Deering received the IEEE Internet Award in 2010 for <a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jun_Murai">Jun Murai</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Jun Murai">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jun_Murai" title="Jun Murai">Jun Murai</a></div> Jun Murai is a professor at <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>. He is the founder of <a href="/wiki/JUNET" title="JUNET">JUNET</a> and the <a href="/wiki/WIDE_Project" title="WIDE Project">WIDE Project</a>. Murai received the IEEE Internet Award in 2011 for leadership in the development of the global Internet, especially in Asia. He was inducated into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> in 2013, recognizing his administrative and co-ordination efforts in establishing Internet connectivity in Japan, and serving as President of Japan Network Information Center.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mark_Handley">Mark Handley</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Mark Handley">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Handley_(computer_scientist)" title="Mark Handley (computer scientist)">Mark Handley (computer scientist)</a></div> Mark Handley is Professor of Networked Systems in the Department of Computer Science of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, where he leads the Networks Research Group. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2012 for exceptional contributions to the advancement of Internet technology for network architecture, mobility, and/or end-use applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="David_Mills">David Mills</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: David Mills">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_L._Mills" title="David L. Mills">David L. Mills</a></div> David L. Mills is <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">professor emeritus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a>. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2013 for significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jon_Crowcroft">Jon Crowcroft</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Jon Crowcroft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Crowcroft" title="Jon Crowcroft">Jon Crowcroft</a></div> Jon Crowcroft is the <a href="/wiki/Marconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi">Marconi</a> Professor of Communications Systems in the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Computer_Science_and_Technology,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge">Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge</a>. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2014 for contributions to research in and teaching of Internet protocols, including multicast, transport, quality of service, security, mobility, and opportunistic networking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="KC_Claffy">KC Claffy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: KC Claffy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/KC_Claffy" title="KC Claffy">KC Claffy</a></div> KC Claffy s director of the Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. She received the IEEE Internet Award in 2015 for seminal contributions to the field of Internet measurement, including security and network data analysis, and for distinguished leadership in and service to the Internet community by providing open-access data and tools. In 2017 she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_B._Postel_Service_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan B. Postel Service Award">Jonathan B. Postel Service Award</a> and inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> in 2019. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vern_Paxson">Vern Paxson</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Vern Paxson">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vern_Paxson" title="Vern Paxson">Vern Paxson</a></div> Vern Paxson is a Professor of <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. He is an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) community and served as the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Task_Force" title="Internet Research Task Force">IRTF</a> from 2001 until 2005. From 1998 to 1999 he served on the <a href="/wiki/IESG" class="mw-redirect" title="IESG">IESG</a> as Transport Area Director for the IETF. In 2006 Paxson was inducted as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Association_for_Computing_Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery">Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM). The <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM" title="SIGCOMM">ACM's Special Interest Group on Data Communications</a> (SIGCOMM) gave Paxson its 2011 award, "for his seminal contributions to the fields of Internet measurement and Internet security, and for distinguished leadership and service to the Internet community." The annual <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award</a> recognizes lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks.<a href="#cite_note-SIGCOMMaward2011-239">[238]</a> He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2015 for seminal contributions to the field of Internet measurement, including security and network data analysis, and for distinguished leadership in and service to the Internet community by providing open-access data and tools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Henning_Schulzrinne">Henning Schulzrinne</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Henning Schulzrinne">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Henning_Schulzrinne" title="Henning Schulzrinne">Henning Schulzrinne</a></div> Henning Schulzrinne received the IEEE Internet Award in 2016. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deborah_Estrin">Deborah Estrin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Deborah Estrin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Estrin" title="Deborah Estrin">Deborah Estrin</a></div> Deborah Estrin received the IEEE Internet Award in 2017. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramesh_Govindan">Ramesh Govindan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Ramesh Govindan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Govindan" title="Ramesh Govindan">Ramesh Govindan</a></div> Ramesh Govindan received the IEEE Internet Award in 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jennifer_Rexford">Jennifer Rexford</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Jennifer Rexford">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Rexford" title="Jennifer Rexford">Jennifer Rexford</a></div> Jennifer Rexford received the IEEE Internet Award in 2019. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eve_Schooler">Eve Schooler</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Eve Schooler">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eve_Schooler" title="Eve Schooler">Eve Schooler</a></div> Eve Schooler and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Casner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Casner (page does not exist)">Stephen Casner</a> received the IEEE Internet Award in 2020 for contributions to Internet multimedia standards and protocols. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ian_Foster">Ian Foster</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Ian Foster">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Foster_(computer_scientist)" title="Ian Foster (computer scientist)">Ian Foster (computer scientist)</a></div> Ian Foster received the IEEE Internet Award in 2023. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carl_Kesselman">Carl Kesselman</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Carl Kesselman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Kesselman" title="Carl Kesselman">Carl Kesselman</a></div> Carl Kesselman received the IEEE Internet Award in 2023. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_of_the_Internet_plaque">Birth of the Internet plaque</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Birth of the Internet plaque">edit</a>]</div> A plaque commemorating the "Birth of the Internet" was dedicated at a conference on the history and future of the internet on 28 July 2005 and is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Gates_Computer_Science_Building,_Stanford" title="Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford">Gates Computer Science Building</a>, Stanford University.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> The text printed and embossed in black into the brushed bronze surface of the plaque reads:<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-note1-3">[nb 1]</a> <div class="center" style="font-size:85%;"> <div class="poem"> BIRTH OF THE INTERNET THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET AND THE DESIGN OF THE CORE NETWORKING PROTOCOL TCP (WHICH LATER BECAME TCP/IP) WERE CONCEIVED BY VINTON G. CERF AND ROBERT E. KAHN DURING 1973 WHILE CERF WAS AT STANFORD'S DIGITAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY AND KAHN WAS AT ARPA (LATER DARPA). IN THE SUMMER OF 1976, CERF LEFT STANFORD TO MANAGE THE PROGRAM WITH KAHN AT ARPA. THEIR WORK BECAME KNOWN IN SEPTEMBER 1973 AT A NETWORKING CONFERENCE IN ENGLAND. CERF AND KAHN'S SEMINAL PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN MAY 1974. CERF, YOGEN K. DALAL, AND CARL SUNSHINE WROTE THE FIRST FULL TCP SPECIFICATION IN DECEMBER 1974. WITH THE SUPPORT OF DARPA, EARLY IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TCP (AND IP LATER) WERE TESTED BY BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN (BBN), STANFORD, AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON DURING 1975. BBN BUILT THE FIRST INTERNET GATEWAY, NOW KNOWN AS A ROUTER, TO LINK NETWORKS TOGETHER. IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS, RESEARCHERS AT MIT AND USC-ISI, AMONG MANY OTHERS, PLAYED KEY ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SET OF INTERNET PROTOCOLS. KEY STANFORD RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND FOREIGN VISITORS <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">VINTON CERF</a> DAG BELSNES JAMES MATHIS RONALD CRANE JUNIOR <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">BOB METCALFE</a> YOGEN DALAL DARRYL RUBIN <a href="/wiki/Judith_Estrin" title="Judith Estrin">JUDITH ESTRIN</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Shoch" title="John Shoch">JOHN SHOCH</a> RICHARD KARP CARL SUNSHINE <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Le_Lann" title="Gérard Le Lann">GERARD LE LANN</a> KUNINOBU TANNO DARPA <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E. Kahn">ROBERT KAHN</a> COLLABORATING GROUPS BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN WILLIAM PLUMMER • GINNY STRAZISAR • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">RAY TOMLINSON</a> MIT <a href="/wiki/Noel_Chiappa" title="Noel Chiappa">NOEL CHIAPPA</a> • DAVID CLARK • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(network_security)" title="Stephen Kent (network security)">STEPHEN KENT</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_P._Reed" title="David P. Reed">DAVID P. REED</a> NDRE <a href="/wiki/Yngvar_G._Lundh" title="Yngvar G. Lundh">YNGVAR LUNDH</a> • <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">PAAL SPILLING</a> UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON FRANK DEIGNAN • MARTINE GALLAND • PETER HIGGINSON ANDREW HINCHLEY • <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">PETER KIRSTEIN</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adrian_V._Stokes" title="Adrian V. Stokes">ADRIAN STOKES</a> USC-ISI <a href="/wiki/Bob_Braden" title="Bob Braden">ROBERT BRADEN</a> • <a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._A._Cohen" title="Daniel I. A. Cohen">DANNY COHEN</a> • DANIEL LYNCH • <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">JON POSTEL</a> ULTIMATELY, THOUSANDS IF NOT TENS TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS HAVE CONTRIBUTED THEIR EXPERTISE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET. DEDICATED 28 July 2005 </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Internet_pioneers">Other Internet pioneers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Other Internet pioneers">edit</a>]</div> Some other people, who have made notable contributions to the development of Internet but do not meet the criteria defined at the top of the article, include the following. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wesley_Clark">Wesley Clark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Wesley Clark">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Clark" title="Wesley A. Clark">Wesley A. Clark</a></div> Wesley Clark (1927–2016) had a key insight in the planning for the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>. In April 1967, he suggested to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Bob Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Larry Roberts</a> the idea of using separate small computers (later named <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processors</a>) as a way of forming a <a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">message switching</a> network and reducing load on the local computers.<a href="#cite_note-:22-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severo_Ornstein">Severo Ornstein</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Severo Ornstein">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ornstein" title="Severo Ornstein">Severo Ornstein</a></div> Severo Ornstein (born 1930) was part of the <a href="/wiki/Bolt,_Beranek_and_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt, Beranek and Newman">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN) team that wrote the winning proposal submitted in 1968 to <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> for the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>. He was responsible for the design of the communication interfaces and other special hardware for the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processor</a> (IMP).<a href="#cite_note-:232-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Crowther">William Crowther</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: William Crowther">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(programmer)" title="William Crowther (programmer)">William Crowther (programmer)</a></div> William Crowther (born 1936) was part of the original BBN IMP team. He implemented a distributed distance vector routing system for the ARPAnet.<a href="#cite_note-:232-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Boggs">David Boggs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: David Boggs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_Boggs" title="David Boggs">David Boggs</a></div> David Boggs (1950–2022) worked on internetworking at <a href="/wiki/XEROX_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="XEROX PARC">XEROX PARC</a>. He participated in the initial design of TCP during 1973-74.<a href="#cite_note-:10-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sylvia_Wilbur">Sylvia Wilbur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Sylvia Wilbur">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Wilbur" title="Sylvia Wilbur">Sylvia Wilbur</a></div> Sylvia B. Wilbur (born 1938) was a British computer scientist at University College London who programed the local node for the ARPANET connection to <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom#Early_years" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">British academic networks</a>, was one of the first to exchange email in Britain in 1974, and became a leading researcher on <a href="/wiki/Computer-supported_cooperative_work" title="Computer-supported cooperative work">computer-supported cooperative work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abbate-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joyce_K._Reynolds">Joyce K. Reynolds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Joyce K. Reynolds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds" title="Joyce K. Reynolds">Joyce K. Reynolds</a></div> Joyce K. Reynolds (1952–2015) was an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> and served as part of the editorial team of the RFC series from 1987 to 2006. She performed the <a href="/wiki/IANA" class="mw-redirect" title="IANA">IANA</a> function with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> until this was transferred to <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>, then worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">ISI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ih-247">[246]</a> As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Steering_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Engineering Steering Group">Internet Engineering Steering Group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> from 1990 to March 1998.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> Together with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Braden" title="Bob Braden">Bob Braden</a>, she received the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Postel_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Postel Award">Postel Award</a> in recognition of her services to the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in RFC 1336, Who's Who in the Internet (1992).<a href="#cite_note-rfc1336-250">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mark_P._McCahill">Mark P. McCahill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Mark P. McCahill">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mark_P._McCahill" title="Mark P. McCahill">Mark P. McCahill</a></div> Mark P. McCahill (born 1956) is an American programmer and systems architect. While working at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> he led the development of the <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a> protocol (1991), the effective predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, and contributed to the development and popularization of a number of other Internet technologies from the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicola_Pellow">Nicola Pellow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Nicola Pellow">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pellow" title="Nicola Pellow">Nicola Pellow</a></div> Nicola Pellow, one of the nineteen members of the WWW Project at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> working with Tim Berners-Lee, is recognized for developing the first cross-platform internet browser, <a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode Browser</a>, that displayed web-pages on dumb terminals and was released in May 1991.<a href="#cite_note-CERN10-254">[253]</a> She joined the project in November 1990, while an undergraduate math student enrolled in a <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandwich course">sandwich course</a> at Leicester Polytechnic (now <a href="/wiki/De_Montfort_University" title="De Montfort University">De Montfort University</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CERN10-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-255">[254]</a> She left CERN at the end of August 1991, but returned after graduating in 1992, and worked with Robert Cailliau on <a href="/wiki/MacWWW" title="MacWWW">MacWWW</a>,<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> the first web browser for the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berners-Lee-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_email" title="History of email">History of email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hypertext" title="History of hypertext">History of hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History of the World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note1_3-1">b</a> See also the Final Report of the Stanford University TCP project, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien151.txt">IEN 151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien151.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988">, written by Cerf in 1980. This was originally, in TCP version 2 in 1977 (IEN5), to be entitled "Final Report of the Internetwork TCP Project" and to be written by Cerf [Stanford], Stephen Edge [UCL], Andrew Hinchley [UCL], Richard Karp [Stanford], <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a> [UCL], and <a href="/wiki/Paal_Spilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paal Spilling">Paal Spilling</a> [NDRE]. This title was carried over into version 3 (IEN21) and into the list of references in version 4 but the present title was adopted in the preface (IEN55). After that, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> [USC ISI] led the drafting of versions 3 and 4. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerfKahn1974" class="citation journal cs1">Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf">"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"</a> (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259">10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-0857">1558-0857</a>. <q>The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=A+Protocol+for+Packet+Network+Intercommunication&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=637-648&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259&rft.issn=1558-0857&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2Fcourses%2Farchive%2Ffall06%2Fcos561%2Fpapers%2Fcerf74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/plaque.html">"Stanford University 'Birth of the Internet' Plaque"</a>, web page, J. Noel Chiappa, Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT </li> <li id="cite_note-iHist-4"><a href="#cite_ref-iHist_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm">"Internet History"</a>. Living Internet web book. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet+web+book&rft.atitle=Internet+History&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fi%2Fii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauben" class="citation web cs1">Hauben, Jay R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~jrh29/years.html">"JCR Licklider (1915-1990)"</a>. Columbia University. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JCR+Licklider+%281915-1990%29&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.aulast=Hauben&rft.aufirst=Jay+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~jrh29%2Fyears.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/people/psz/Licklider.html">"Man-Computer Symbiosis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051103053540/http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/people/psz/Licklider.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, J.C.R. Licklider, IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, vol. HFE-1, pp.4-11, Mar 1960 </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2002" class="citation journal cs1">Baran, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf">"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts"</a> (PDF). IEEE Communications Magazine. 40 (7): 42–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006">10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-6804">0163-6804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. <q>Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Communications+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+beginnings+of+packet+switching%3A+some+underlying+concepts&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=42-48&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006&rft.issn=0163-6804&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cs.ucla.edu%2F~lixia%2Fpapers%2FBaran2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html">"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet"</a>. RAND Corporation. Retrieved 15 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran+and+the+Origins+of+the+Internet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ucf.edu/~yuksem/teaching/nae/reading/1978-roberts.pdf">"The evolution of packet switching"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1307–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141">10.1109/PROC.1978.11141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26876676">26876676</a>. <q>Both Paul Baran and Donald Davies in their original papers anticipated the use of T1 trunks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+packet+switching&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1307-13&rft.date=1978-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26876676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.ucf.edu%2F~yuksem%2Fteaching%2Fnae%2Freading%2F1978-roberts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post-10"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"A Flaw in the Design"</a>. The Washington Post. 30 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020. <q>The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Flaw+in+the+Design&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinrock, L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1455412">"Principles and lessons in packet communications"</a>. Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1320–1329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11143">10.1109/PROC.1978.11143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9219">0018-9219</a>. <q>Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Principles+and+lessons+in+packet+communications&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1320-1329&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11143&rft.issn=0018-9219&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1455412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey6.1a2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey6.1a2_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/the-communications-subnet-bbn-1969/">"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969"</a>. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988. <q>As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran's contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn't quite occurred to him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn't exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.1+The+Communications+Subnet%3A+BBN+1969&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968%E2%80%931988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F6.1%2Fthe-communications-subnet-bbn-1969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5a-13"><a href="#cite_ref-:5a_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2018" class="citation book cs1">Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRnBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285">The Dream Machine</a>. Stripe Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0"><bdi>978-1-953953-36-0</bdi></a>. <q>Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Stripe+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-953953-36-0&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRnBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate20003-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20003_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20003_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA37">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 39, 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>. <q>Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=39%2C+57-58&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BfZxFZpElwC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SummaryOfArpaAdHocMeeting/page/n1/mode/2up">Summary of ARPA ad hoc meeting</a>, 3 November 1967, <q>We propose that a working group of approximately four people devote some concentrated effort in the near future in defining the IMP precisely. This group would interact with the larger group from the earlier meetings from time to time. Tentatively we think that the core of this investigatory group would be Bhushan (MIT), Kleinrock (UCLA), Shapiro (SRI) and Westervelt (University of Michigan), along with a kibitzer's group, consisting of such people as Baran (Rand), Boehm (Rand), Culler (UCSB) and Roberts (ARPA).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summary+of+ARPA+ad+hoc+meeting&rft.date=1967-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSummaryOfArpaAdHocMeeting%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHOF-2012-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHOF-2012_16-15">p</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012">2012 Inductees</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213033309/http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012">Archived</a> 13 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> website. Last accessed 24 April 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-17"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1997" class="citation book cs1">Yates, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMfAQAAIAAJ&q=packet+switch">Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995</a>. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2"><bdi>978-0-901805-94-2</bdi></a>. <q>Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+History+of+Computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945-1995&rft.pages=132-4&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Science+and+Industry&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-901805-94-2&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToMfAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpacket%2Bswitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post2-18"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post2_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"A Flaw in the Design"</a>. The Washington Post. 30 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020. <q>The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Flaw+in+the+Design&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson-Yurkanan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Edmondson-Yurkanan, Chris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1230819.1230840">"SIGCOMM's archaeological journey into networking's past"</a>. Communications of the ACM. 50 (5): 63–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1230819.1230840">10.1145/1230819.1230840</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>. <q>In his first draft dated Nov. 10, 1965 [5], Davies forecast today's "killer app" for his new communication service: "The greatest traffic could only come if the public used this means for everyday purposes such as shopping... People sending enquiries and placing orders for goods of all kinds will make up a large section of the traffic... Business use of the telephone may be reduced by the growth of the kind of service we contemplate."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=SIGCOMM%27s+archaeological+journey+into+networking%27s+past&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=63-68&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1230819.1230840&rft.issn=0001-0782&rft.aulast=Edmondson-Yurkanan&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F1230819.1230840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-20"><a href="#cite_ref-:82_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald" title="Donald">Davies, D. W.</a> (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~wpc/grcs/Davies05.pdf">Proposal for a Digital Communication Network</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a>, <q>Computer developments in the distant future might result in one type of network being able to carry speech and digital messages efficiently.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proposal+for+a+Digital+Communication+Network&rft.pub=National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcs.gla.ac.uk%2F~wpc%2Fgrcs%2FDavies05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016. <q>Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ARPANET+%26+Computer+Networks&rft.date=1995-05&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Farpanet-computernet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey2007" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730005552/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/donald-davies.html">Entrepreneurial Capitalism & Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968 - 1988</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/donald-davies.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020. <q>paper dated June 1966 ... introduced the concept of an "interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+%26+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968+-+1988&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcomputercommunications.info%2FIndividuals%2Fabstracts%2Fdonald-davies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBartlettScantleburyWilkinson1967" class="citation conference cs1">Davies, Donald; Bartlett, Keith; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (October 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf">A Digital Communication Network for Computers Giving Rapid Response at remote Terminals</a> (PDF). ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2020. <q>all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Digital+Communication+Network+for+Computers+Giving+Rapid+Response+at+remote+Terminals&rft.date=1967-10&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Keith&rft.au=Scantlebury%2C+Roger&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.mpi-sws.org%2F~gummadi%2Fteaching%2Fsp07%2Fsys_seminar%2Fhow_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA115440.pdf">A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade</a> (PDF) (Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. pp. 53 of 183 (III-11 on the printed copy). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201013642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA115440">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+ARPANET%3A+The+First+Decade&rft.pages=53+of+183+%28III-11+on+the+printed+copy%29&rft.pub=Bolt%2C+Beranek+%26+Newman+Inc.&rft.date=1981-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA115440.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambell-Kelly1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cambell-Kelly, Martin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory">"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"</a>. Annals of the History of Computing. 9 (3/4): 221–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1987.10023">10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8172150">8172150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Data+Communications+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+%281965-1975%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=221-247&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1987.10023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8172150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cambell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8498826.stm">"Alan Turing and the Ace computer"</a>. 5 February 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2024. <q>The NPL network ran at multi-megabit speeds in the late 1960s, faster than any network at the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+and+the+Ace+computer&rft.date=2010-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8498826.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate20002-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20002_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20002_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abbate" title="Janet Abbate">Abbate, Jane</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&q=packet+switching&pg=PA125">Inventing the Internet</a>. MIT Press. pp. 37–8, 58–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262261333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262261333"><bdi>978-0262261333</bdi></a>. <q>The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies's term "packet switching" to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL design.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.pages=37-8%2C+58-9&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0262261333&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2BdY6WQo4AC%26q%3Dpacket%2Bswitching%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7541123.stm">"The accelerator of the modern age"</a>. BBC News. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+accelerator+of+the+modern+age&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7541123.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey2_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James. "6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093154/https://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html">Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021. <q>The inspiration for datagrams had two sources. One was Donald Davies' studies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.3+CYCLADES+Network+and+Louis+Pouzin+1971-1972&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968-1988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcomputercommunications.info%2FBook%2F6%2F6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Needham" title="Roger Needham">Needham, R. M.</a> (2002). "Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000". <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a>. 48: 87–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2002.0006">10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72835589">72835589</a>. <q>The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. ... In 1969 Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching. He gave what must have been a quite gruelling series of nine three-hour lectures, concluding with an intense discussion with around 80 people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Donald+Watts+Davies%2C+C.B.E.+7+June+1924+%E2%80%93+28+May+2000&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=87-96&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2002.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72835589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Peter (Summer 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res90.htm#c">"Packet Switching and the NPL Network"</a>. RESURRECTION: The Journal of the Computer Conservation Society (90). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RESURRECTION%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Computer+Conservation+Society&rft.atitle=Packet+Switching+and+the+NPL+Network&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=90&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerconservationsociety.org%2Fresurrection%2Fres90.htm%23c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1982" class="citation thesis cs1">Clarke, Peter (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf">Packet and circuit-switched data networks</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Packet+and+circuit-switched+data+networks&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Department+of+Electrical+Engineering%2C+Imperial+College+of+Science+and+Technology%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspiral.imperial.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F10044%2F1%2F35864%2F2%2FClarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> "As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in [69]. The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. ... Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies [70] called 'isarithmic' flow control. ... The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies." </li> <li id="cite_note-MCK-33"><a href="#cite_ref-MCK_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambell-Kelly2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cambell-Kelly, Martin (Autumn 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res44.htm">"Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies"</a>. Computer Resurrection (44). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Resurrection&rft.atitle=Pioneer+Profiles%3A+Donald+Davies&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=44&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Cambell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerconservationsociety.org%2Fresurrection%2Fres44.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). Pasadeos, Yorgo (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502025941/https://www.academia.edu/378261/Who_is_the_Father_of_the_Internet_The_Case_for_Donald_Davies">"Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies"</a>. Variety in Mass Communication Research. ATINER: 123–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-6672-46-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-6672-46-0"><bdi>978-960-6672-46-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/378261">the original</a> on 2 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety+in+Mass+Communication+Research&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+Father+of+the+Internet%3F+The+Case+for+Donald+Davies&rft.pages=123-134&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-960-6672-46-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Trevor%2C+University+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F378261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-35"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScantleburyWilkinsonBarber2001" class="citation conference cs1">Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter; Barber, Derek (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030807200346/http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html">NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet</a>. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2003. Retrieved 13 June 2024. <q>The system first went 'live' early in 1969</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=NPL%2C+Packet+Switching+and+the+Internet&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Scantlebury&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Peter&rft.au=Barber%2C+Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topquark.co.uk%2Fconf%2FIAP2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb133-nahc/npl/nahc/add.ms/3">"Publications and Conference Papers - Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory - History of Computing Collection: National Physical Laboratory Collection - Archives Hub"</a>. archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Publications+and+Conference+Papers+-+Data+Communications+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+-+History+of+Computing+Collection%3A+National+Physical+Laboratory+Collection+-+Archives+Hub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fdata%2Fgb133-nahc%2Fnpl%2Fnahc%2Fadd.ms%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2015" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbonCgAAQBAJ&q=%22first%20use%20of%20the%20term%20'protocol'%22">A Brief History of the Future</a>. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-0277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-0277-8"><bdi>978-1-4746-0277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Future&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4746-0277-8&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbonCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522first%2520use%2520of%2520the%2520term%2520%27protocol%27%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington-38"><a href="#cite_ref-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempsteadWorthington2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOf20thCenturyTechnologyAZMalestrom/page/n623/mode/2up">Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology</a>. Vol. 1, A–L. Routledge. p. 574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135455514" title="Special:BookSources/9781135455514"><bdi>9781135455514</bdi></a>. <q>It was a seminal meeting as the NPL proposal illustrated how the communications for such a resource-sharing computer network could be realized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+20th-Century+Technology&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135455514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEncyclopediaOf20thCenturyTechnologyAZMalestrom%2Fpage%2Fn623%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5b-39"><a href="#cite_ref-:5b_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2018" class="citation book cs1">Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRnBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285">The Dream Machine</a>. Stripe Press. pp. 285–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0"><bdi>978-1-953953-36-0</bdi></a>. <q>Scantlebury and his companions from the NPL group were happy to sit up with Roberts all that night, sharing technical details and arguing over the finer points.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine&rft.pages=285-6&rft.pub=Stripe+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-953953-36-0&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRnBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Donald_Davies_%26_Derek_Barber">"Oral-History:Donald Davies & Derek Barber"</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2016. <q>the ARPA network is being implemented using existing telegraphic techniques simply because the type of network we describe does not exist. It appears that the ideas in the NPL paper at this moment are more advanced than any proposed in the USA</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral-History%3ADonald+Davies+%26+Derek+Barber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FOral-History%3ADonald_Davies_%2526_Derek_Barber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1993" class="citation journal cs1">Barber, Derek (Spring 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res05.htm#f">"The Origins of Packet Switching"</a>. The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society (5). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>. Retrieved 6 September 2017. <q>Roger actually convinced Larry that what he was talking about was all wrong and that the way that NPL were proposing to do it was right. I've got some notes that say that first Larry was sceptical but several of the others there sided with Roger and eventually Larry was overwhelmed by the numbers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Computer+Conservation+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Packet+Switching&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.man.ac.uk%2FCCS%2Fres%2Fres05.htm%23f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nethistory.info/Archives/packets.html">"On packet switching"</a>. Net History. Retrieved 8 January 2024. <q>[Scantlebury said] We referenced Baran's paper in our 1967 Gatlinburg ACM paper. You will find it in the References. Therefore I am sure that we introduced Baran's work to Larry (and hence the BBN guys).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Net+History&rft.atitle=On+packet+switching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nethistory.info%2FArchives%2Fpackets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie2011" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (1): 66–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9">10.1109/MAHC.2011.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206443072">206443072</a>. <q>At the New York meeting, a small team of engineers (E. Aupperle, V. Cerf, B. Kahn, A. McKenzie, R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, et al.) with implementation experience in ARPANET (US), Cyclades (F), MERIT (US), and NPL (UK) created a first draft of an International Transmission Protocol (ITP). ... Specifically noted were the Walden Message-Switching Protocol, ARPA H-H Protocol, NPL High-Level Protocol, CYCLADES Protocol, and EPSS Protocol.... Perhaps the only historical difference that would have occurred if DARPA had switched to the INWG 96 protocol is that rather than Cerf and Kahn being routinely cited as "fathers of the Internet," maybe Cerf, Scantlebury, Zimmermann, and I would have been.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=INWG+and+the+Conception+of+the+Internet%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-71&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206443072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:182-44"><a href="#cite_ref-:182_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/vc1.html">"Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Vinton Cerf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. 24 April 1990. Retrieved 23 September 2019. <q>Roger Scantlebury was one of the major players. And Donald Davies who ran, at least he was superintendent of the information systems division or something like that. I absolutely had a lot of interaction with NPL at the time. They in fact came to the ICCC 72 and they had been coming to previous meetings of what is now called Datacomm. Its first incarnation was a long title having to do with the analysis and optimization of computer communication networks, or something like that. This started in late 1969, I think, was when the first meeting happened in Pine Hill, Georgia. I didn't go to that one, but I went to the next one that was at Stanford, I think. That's where I met Scantlebury, I believe, for the first time. Then I had a lot more interaction with him. I would come to the UK fairly regularly, partly for IFIP or INWG reasons</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Oral+and+Video+Histories%3A+Vinton+Cerf&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcomphist%2Fvc1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafnerLyon1999" class="citation book cs1">Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (19 August 1999) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC">Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 225–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87216-2"><bdi>978-0-684-87216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Wizards+Stay+Up+Late%3A+The+Origins+Of+The+Internet&rft.pages=225-6&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1999-08-19&rft.isbn=978-0-684-87216-2&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Lyon%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLKxSvCBQZcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2017" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (13 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/14/technology/robert-taylor-innovator-who-shaped-modern-computing-dies-at-85.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news">"Robert Taylor, Innovator Who Shaped Modern Computing, Dies at 85"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Taylor%2C+Innovator+Who+Shaped+Modern+Computing%2C+Dies+at+85&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F14%2Ftechnology%2Frobert-taylor-innovator-who-shaped-modern-computing-dies-at-85.html%3Fhp%26action%3Dclick%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26clickSource%3Dstory-heading%26module%3Dsecond-column-region%26region%3Dtop-news%26WT.nav%3Dtop-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-com68-47"><a href="#cite_ref-com68_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLickliderTaylor1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.C.R._Licklider" class="mw-redirect" title="J.C.R. Licklider">Licklider, J.C.R.</a>; Taylor, Robert (April 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-computer-as-a-communication-device">"The Computer as a Communication Device"</a>. Science and Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Computer+as+a+Communication+Device&rft.date=1968-04&rft.aulast=Licklider&rft.aufirst=J.C.R.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurzweilai.net%2Fthe-computer-as-a-communication-device&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoftky2000" class="citation news cs1">Softky, Marion (11 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almanacnews.com/morgue/2000/2000_10_11.taylor.html">"Building the Internet: Bob Taylor won the National Medal of Technology "For visionary leadership in the development of modern computing technology""</a>. The California Almanac. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+California+Almanac&rft.atitle=Building+the+Internet%3A+Bob+Taylor+won+the+National+Medal+of+Technology+%22For+visionary+leadership+in+the+development+of+modern+computing+technology%22&rft.date=2000-10-11&rft.aulast=Softky&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almanacnews.com%2Fmorgue%2F2000%2F2000_10_11.taylor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2000" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, John (5 October 2000). A Brief History of the Future: Origins of the Internet. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1093-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1093-4"><bdi>978-0-7538-1093-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Future%3A+Origins+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000-10-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1093-4&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAE_2001-50"><a href="#cite_ref-NAE_2001_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects20676/Awards/20681/PastWinners/page2001.aspx">"2001 Draper Prize Recipients' Bios"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Draper+Prize+Recipients%27+Bios&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Engineering&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nae.edu%2FActivities%2FProjects20676%2FAwards%2F20681%2FPastWinners%2Fpage2001.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wired_2001_05-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Wired_2001_05_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHugh2001" class="citation magazine cs1">McHugh, Josh (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.05/caspian.html?pg=3&topic=&topic_set=">"The n -Dimensional Superswitch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired Magazine">Wired Magazine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+n+-Dimensional+Superswitch&rft.date=2001-05&rft.aulast=McHugh&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F9.05%2Fcaspian.html%3Fpg%3D3%26topic%3D%26topic_set%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPort2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Port, Otis (27 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040922070308/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_39/b3901030_mz072.htm">"Larry Roberts:He made the Net Work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Week">Business Week</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_39/b3901030_mz072.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Week&rft.atitle=Larry+Roberts%3AHe+made+the+Net+Work&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft.aulast=Port&rft.aufirst=Otis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F04_39%2Fb3901030_mz072.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810063347/http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html">"SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings). [1967]"</a>. web.stanford.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2020. <q>W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967, to Engelbart )were reviewed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=SRI+Project+5890-1%3B+Networking+%28Reports+on+Meetings%29.+%5B1967%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsloan.stanford.edu%2Fmousesite%2FEngelbartPapers%2FB1_F20_CompuMtg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaacson2014-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Isaacson2014_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237">The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476708690" title="Special:BookSources/9781476708690"><bdi>9781476708690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476708690&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V9koAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock,_Leonard1962" class="citation thesis cs1">Kleinrock, Leonard (December 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/11562/33840535.pdf">Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Message+Delay+in+Communication+Nets+with+Storage&rft.inst=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1962-12&rft.au=Kleinrock%2C+Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F11562%2F33840535.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:83-56"><a href="#cite_ref-:83_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1982" class="citation thesis cs1">Clarke, Peter (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf">Packet and circuit-switched data networks</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Packet+and+circuit-switched+data+networks&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Department+of+Electrical+Engineering%2C+Imperial+College+of+Science+and+Technology%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspiral.imperial.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F10044%2F1%2F35864%2F2%2FClarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> "Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock ... Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations ... The intention of the work of Kleinrock [in 1961] was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks, using as the primary performance measure the average message delay. ... Kleinrock [in 1970] extended the theoretical approaches of [his 1961 work] to the early ARPA network." </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-57"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1979" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Donald Watts (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi/page/86/mode/2up?q=kleinrock+kleinrock%27s">Computer networks and their protocols</a>. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-99750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-99750-4"><bdi>978-0-471-99750-4</bdi></a>. <q>In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. ... The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made. ... It is heartening in Kleinrock's work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+networks+and+their+protocols&rft.pages=See+page+refs+highlighted+at+url&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-471-99750-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputernetworks00davi%2Fpage%2F86%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dkleinrock%2Bkleinrock%2527s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeranek2000" class="citation journal cs1">Beranek, Leo (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25081152">"Roots of the Internet: A Personal History"</a>. Massachusetts Historical Review. 2: 55–75. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1526-3894">1526-3894</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25081152">25081152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Roots+of+the+Internet%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=55-75&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25081152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1526-3894&rft.aulast=Beranek&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25081152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock1996" class="citation web cs1">Kleinrock, Leonard (27 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/awards/postel/memory.shtml">"Leonard Kleinrock's Personal History/Biography: The Birth of the Internet"</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Kleinrock%27s+Personal+History%2FBiography%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Internet&rft.date=1996-08-27&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isoc.org%2Fawards%2Fpostel%2Fmemory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate1999" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventinginterne00jane/page/226/mode/2up?q=kleinrock+kleinrock%27s">Inventing the Internet</a>. Internet Archive. MIT Press. pp. See page refs highlighted at url. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01172-3"><bdi>978-0-262-01172-3</bdi></a>. <q>On Kleinrock's influence, see Frank, Kahn, and Kleinrock 1972, p. 265; Tanenbaum 1989, p. 631.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.pages=See+page+refs+highlighted+at+url&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01172-3&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventinginterne00jane%2Fpage%2F226%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dkleinrock%2Bkleinrock%2527s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsWessler1970" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G.; Wessler, Barry D. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1476936.1477020">"Computer network development to achieve resource sharing"</a>. Proceedings of the May 5-7, 1970, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '70 (Spring). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 543–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1476936.1477020">10.1145/1476936.1477020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7903-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7903-8"><bdi>978-1-4503-7903-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9343511">9343511</a>. <q>The third paper by Kleinrock [5] derives procedures for optimizing the capacity of the transmission facility in order to minimize cost and average message delay. ... [5] L KLEINROCK. Analytic and simulation methods in Computer Network Design AFIPS Conference Proceedings, May 1970</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Computer+network+development+to+achieve+resource+sharing&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+May+5-7%2C+1970%2C+spring+joint+computer+conference+on+-+AFIPS+%2770+%28Spring%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=543-549&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9343511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1476936.1477020&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-7903-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft.au=Wessler%2C+Barry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F1476936.1477020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1972" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn, R.E. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1450841">"Resource-sharing computer communications networks"</a>. Proceedings of the IEEE. 60 (11): 1397–1407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1972.8911">10.1109/PROC.1972.8911</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9219">0018-9219</a>. <q>7. H. Frank, R. E. Kahn and L. Kleinrock, "Computer communication network design—experience with theory and practice", AFIPS Spring Joint Comput. Conf., pp. 255-270, 1972.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Resource-sharing+computer+communications+networks&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1397-1407&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1972.8911&rft.issn=0018-9219&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1450841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerfPostel1977" class="citation web cs1">Cerf, Vinton G.; Postel, Jon (18 August 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien55.pdf">"Specification of Internetwork Transmission Program: TCP Version 3"</a> (PDF). p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specification+of+Internetwork+Transmission+Program%3A+TCP+Version+3&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1977-08-18&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=Vinton+G.&rft.au=Postel%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien55.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostel1978" class="citation web cs1">Postel, Jon (September 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien55.pdf">"Specification of Internetwork Transmission Control Protocol: TCP Version 4"</a> (PDF). pp. 91–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specification+of+Internetwork+Transmission+Control+Protocol%3A+TCP+Version+4&rft.pages=91-2&rft.date=1978-09&rft.aulast=Postel&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien55.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-65"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1979" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Donald Watts (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi/page/110/mode/2up?q=%22kleinrock+and+kamoun%22">Computer networks and their protocols</a>. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-99750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-99750-4"><bdi>978-0-471-99750-4</bdi></a>. <q>Hierarchical addressing systems for network routing have been proposed by Fultz and, in greater detail, by McQuillan. A recent very full analysis may be found in Kleinrock and Kamoun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+networks+and+their+protocols&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-471-99750-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputernetworks00davi%2Fpage%2F110%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522kleinrock%2Band%2Bkamoun%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmannCittadiniMühlbauerBush2009" class="citation book cs1">Feldmann, Anja; Cittadini, Luca; Mühlbauer, Wolfgang; Bush, Randy; Maennel, Olaf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/326320693.pdf">"HAIR: Hierarchical architecture for internet routing"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Re-architecting the internet. ReArch '09. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 43–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1658978.1658990">10.1145/1658978.1658990</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-749-3"><bdi>978-1-60558-749-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2930578">2930578</a>. <q>The hierarchical approach is further motivated by theoretical results (e.g., [16]) which show that, by optimally placing separators, i.e., elements that connect levels in the hierarchy, tremendous gain can be achieved in terms of both routing table size and update message churn. ... [16] KLEINROCK, L., AND KAMOUN, F. Hierarchical routing for large networks: Performance evaluation and optimization. Computer Networks (1977).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HAIR%3A+Hierarchical+architecture+for+internet+routing&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2009+workshop+on+Re-architecting+the+internet&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=ReArch+%2709&rft.pages=43-48&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2930578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1658978.1658990&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-749-3&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.aufirst=Anja&rft.au=Cittadini%2C+Luca&rft.au=M%C3%BChlbauer%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Bush%2C+Randy&rft.au=Maennel%2C+Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F326320693.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafner1-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Hafner1_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHafnerLyon1996">Hafner & Lyon 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/116/mode/2up?q=kahn">116, 149</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey6.1b-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey6.1b_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/The-Communications-Subnet-BBN-1969/">"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969"</a>. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988. <q>Kahn, the principal architect</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.1+The+Communications+Subnet%3A+BBN+1969&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968%E2%80%931988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F6.1%2FThe-Communications-Subnet-BBN-1969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120703015809/http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kahn_4598637.cfm">"Robert E Kahn"</a>. A. M. Turing Award. ACM. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4598637&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=2004">the original</a> on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2010. <q>For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A.+M.+Turing+Award&rft.atitle=Robert+E+Kahn&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D4598637%26srt%3Dall%26aw%3D140%26ao%3DAMTURING%26yr%3D2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406225653/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3">"IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal"</a>. Ieee.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3">the original</a> on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Alexander+Graham+Bell+Medal&rft.pub=Ieee.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fmedals%2Fbell.html%23sect3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/directors_2.html">"CNRI Officers and Directors"</a>. CNRI. Retrieved 25 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNRI+Officers+and+Directors&rft.pub=CNRI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnri.reston.va.us%2Fdirectors_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_imp_walden.htm">"Dave Walden, Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later - Internet History"</a>. LivingInternet. Retrieved 8 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dave+Walden%2C+Looking+back+at+the+ARPANET+effort%2C+34+years+later+-+Internet+History&rft.pub=LivingInternet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fi%2Fii_imp_walden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:232-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:232_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:232_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:232_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ucf.edu/~yuksem/teaching/nae/reading/1978-roberts.pdf">"The evolution of packet switching"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1307–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141">10.1109/PROC.1978.11141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26876676">26876676</a>. <q>Significant aspects of the network's internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Ornstein, William Crowther, and David Walden</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+packet+switching&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1307-13&rft.date=1978-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26876676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.ucf.edu%2F~yuksem%2Fteaching%2Fnae%2Freading%2F1978-roberts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-F.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent2_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent1990" class="citation book cs1">F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRBTHdUKmgC&pg=PA344">The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 - Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications</a>. CRC Press. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824729005" title="Special:BookSources/0824729005"><bdi>0824729005</bdi></a>. <q>Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Froehlich%2FKent+Encyclopedia+of+Telecommunications%3A+Volume+1+-+Access+Charges+in+the+U.S.A.+to+Basics+of+Digital+Communications&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0824729005&rft.au=F.E.+Froehlich%2C+A.+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaRBTHdUKmgC%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Walden, D. C, "A System tor Interprocess Communication in a Resource Sharing Computer Network," Com. of ACM, April 1972, pp 221-230. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nbsspecialpublication500-21v1.pdf">"DESIGN ALTERNATIVES FOR COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY"</a> (PDF). January 1978. <q>The discussion will generally be limited to ARPA-like protocols (CRO-71), but will also consider suggested variations such as Walden's message-switching protocol. ... At the same time, the basic protocol selection should be reviewed to see if the message-switching protocol of Walden might be better suited for a secure net. He discusses the handling of "ports" as capabilities (in an access control sense) but does not consider the potential problems of controlling the establishment of end-to-end communications paths (i.e., setting up the encipherment keys). Since the "connections" in his scheme would only exist for the flow of one message, the dialog-oriented approach that we have taken for the SC might not apply. [*The notion of connection appears to be prerequisite for end-to-end encipherment (using a separate encryption key for each dialog), and to implement the explicit opening and closing of a particular communication path. However, end-to-end protection is possible by a combination of encipherment and other protection means.] In contrast, the current ARPA net protocol is connection-oriented (a connection is created by control commands for use during a dialog) and therefore seems to fit well with our scheme. However, the intuitive appeal of using a message-oriented protocol for a message-switched network deserves additional attention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DESIGN+ALTERNATIVES+FOR+COMPUTER+NETWORK+SECURITY&rft.date=1978-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FSP%2Fnbsspecialpublication500-21v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thvv-77"><a href="#cite_ref-thvv_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Van_Vleck" class="citation web cs1">Tom Van Vleck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html">"The History of Electronic Mail"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202025034/http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Electronic+Mail&rft.au=Tom+Van+Vleck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multicians.org%2Fthvv%2Fmail-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstnetworkemail-78"><a href="#cite_ref-firstnetworkemail_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson" class="citation web cs1">Tomlinson, Ray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209064041/http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html">"The First Network Email"</a>. Openmap.bbn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Openmap.bbn.com&rft.atitle=The+First+Network+Email&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenmap.bbn.com%2F~tomlinso%2Fray%2Ffirstemailframe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Wave New World, Time Magazine, October 19, 2009, p.48 </li> <li id="cite_note-:53-80"><a href="#cite_ref-:53_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLievrouw2006" class="citation book cs1">Lievrouw, L. A. (2006). Lievrouw, L. A.; Livingstone, S. M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ3ktyGA0rwC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA253">Handbook of New Media: Student Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412918731" title="Special:BookSources/1412918731"><bdi>1412918731</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Media%3A+Student+Edition&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1412918731&rft.aulast=Lievrouw&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZ3ktyGA0rwC%26q%3DARPANET%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abbate" title="Janet Abbate">Abbate, Janet</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44962566">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 106–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44962566">44962566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=106-111&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44962566&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44962566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/03/06/469428062/ray-tomlinson-inventor-of-modern-email-has-died">"Ray Tomlinson, Inventor Of Modern Email, Dies"</a>. NPR.org. 6 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013840/http://www.npr.org/2016/03/06/469428062/ray-tomlinson-inventor-of-modern-email-has-died">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Ray+Tomlinson%2C+Inventor+Of+Modern+Email%2C+Dies&rft.date=2016-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F03%2F06%2F469428062%2Fray-tomlinson-inventor-of-modern-email-has-died&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chm-email-innovation-timeline-83"><a href="#cite_ref-chm-email-innovation-timeline_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinlerVittal2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler" title="Elizabeth J. Feinler">Feinler, Elizabeth</a>; Vittal, John (1 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2022/08/102806104-05-01-acc.pdf">"Email Innovation Timeline"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Email+Innovation+Timeline&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.aulast=Feinler&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Vittal%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Faccess%2Ftext%2F2022%2F08%2F102806104-05-01-acc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc469">Network Mail Meeting Summary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0469">10.17487/RFC0469</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc469">469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Mail+Meeting+Summary&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-85"><a href="#cite_ref-:16_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc733">Standard for the Format of ARPA Network Text Messages</a>. 21 November 1977. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0733">10.17487/RFC0733</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc733">733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+for+the+Format+of+ARPA+Network+Text+Messages&rft.date=1977-11-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/a-history-of-e-mail-collaboration-innovation-and-the-birth-of-a-system/2012/03/19/gIQAOeFEPS_story.html">"A history of e-mail: Collaboration, innovation and the birth of a system"</a>. Washington Post. 20 May 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+history+of+e-mail%3A+Collaboration%2C+innovation+and+the+birth+of+a+system&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fon-innovations%2Fa-history-of-e-mail-collaboration-innovation-and-the-birth-of-a-system%2F2012%2F03%2F19%2FgIQAOeFEPS_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-87"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie2011" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (1): 66–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9">10.1109/MAHC.2011.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206443072">206443072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=INWG+and+the+Conception+of+the+Internet%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-71&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206443072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_88-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien151.txt">IEN 151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien151.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien5.txt">IEN 5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien5.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien21.txt">IEN 21</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien21.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien54.txt">IEN 54</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien54.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien55.txt">IEN 55</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+55&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien55.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon1997" class="citation web cs1">Lyon, Matthew (Fall 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/year1997/fall97_03.html">"Wired!"</a>. UCLA Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Magazine&rft.atitle=Wired%21&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magazine.ucla.edu%2Fyear1997%2Ffall97_03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> RFC 2468 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> RFC 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey8.3-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey8.3_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/8.3/CYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972/">"8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972"</a>. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.3+CYCLADES+Network+and+Louis+Pouzin+1971%E2%80%931972&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968%E2%80%931988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F8.3%2FCYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafnerp222-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Hafnerp222_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHafnerLyon1999">Hafner & Lyon 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/222/mode/2up">222</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien3.txt">IEN 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien3.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-1-24jun11-en.htm">"ICANN news release"</a>. June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+news+release&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fannouncements%2Fannouncement-1-24jun11-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/awards/postel/memory.shtml">"A ten year tribute to Jon Postel: An Internet visionary, 1943-1998"</a>. Internet Society. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+ten+year+tribute+to+Jon+Postel%3A+An+Internet+visionary%2C+1943-1998&rft.pub=Internet+Society&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isoc.org%2Fawards%2Fpostel%2Fmemory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Barber, D., and J. Laws, "A Basic Mail Scheme for EIN," INWG 192, February 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien85.txt">IEN 85</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien85.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien113.txt">IEN 113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien113.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien-index.html">"Internet Experiment Note Index"</a>. www.rfc-editor.org. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rfc-editor.org&rft.atitle=Internet+Experiment+Note+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien-index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vita-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vita_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vita_105-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/correspondence/cerf-testimony-08feb01.htm#Vita">Cerf's curriculum vitae as of February 2001</a>, attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Telecommunications_and_the_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet">United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet</a>, from <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>'s website </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview">Interview with Vinton Cerf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609092123/http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> in particular as being others with whom he should share that title. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerf2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cerf, V. G. (2009). "The day the Internet age began". Nature. 461 (7268): 1202–1203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461.1202C">2009Natur.461.1202C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F4611202a">10.1038/4611202a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19865146">19865146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205049153">205049153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+day+the+Internet+age+began&rft.volume=461&rft.issue=7268&rft.pages=1202-1203&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F4611202a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205049153%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19865146&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.461.1202C&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?awd=140&srt=all">"ACM Turing Award, list of recipients"</a>. Awards.acm.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140">the original</a> on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACM+Turing+Award%2C+list+of+recipients&rft.pub=Awards.acm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Fhomepage.cfm%3Fsrt%3Dall%26awd%3D140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406225653/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3">"IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal"</a>. Ieee.org. 7 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3">the original</a> on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Alexander+Graham+Bell+Medal&rft.pub=Ieee.org&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fmedals%2Fbell.html%23sect3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/biog/cerf.htm">"Vinton G. Cerf's biography at the Internet Society"</a>. Icann.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinton+G.+Cerf%27s+biography+at+the+Internet+Society&rft.pub=Icann.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fbiog%2Fcerf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turing-111"><a href="#cite_ref-turing_111-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/16/technology/16internet.html?oref=login">Cerf wins Turing Award</a> 16 February 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-whitehouse-112"><a href="#cite_ref-whitehouse_112-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051109-10.html">2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a> from the White House website </li> <li id="cite_note-isoc-113"><a href="#cite_ref-isoc_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn" class="citation web cs1">Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolff, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml">"A Brief History of the Internet"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 September 2019. <q>I had a whole team of graduate students, some of whose names are now fairly familiar in the industry. Judy Estrin, who is Gerald Estrin's daughter, was one of my master's degree students. Of course, she went on to found Bridge Communications, and now she's running, or she's executive VP of the company that makes those little NCD X displays. A guy named Richard Karp, another old high school friend of mine, decided to go back to graduate school and I took him on as a research assistant. He wrote the first TCP in BCPL on the PDP 11/20 at Stanford. He went on to get a Ph.D. in theorem proving and now is president of a company called ISDN Technologies out on the west coast in Palo Alto. Another person is Yogan Dalal who was a graduate student at Stanford and was deeply involved in the design of the TCP, the first go around, and also did a lot of work on the first documents that came out in 1974. He is now vice president of software engineering at Claris Corporation, a spin off from Apple. A guy named Carl Sunshine, who has written several books on the subject of internetting, did his dissertation work in my group, and is now running a lab at Aerospace Corporation. He took a job that Steve Crocker vacated in order to go to work for Trusted Information Systems. (Laugh) I mean, you'll never be able to disentangle this group. Let's see. Then I had visitors who were there, not graduate students. I already mentioned that Gerard Lelann was with us for a year. There was another guy from Norway, Dag Belsnes. He did some really interesting work on pure datagram protocols and how you get reliable connection initiation. In fact, he managed to prove that a three way handshake was not enough and that you actually needed a five way handshake to make sure that everything was right. And we decided that was overkill and accepted the limitations the three way handshake imposed on us. There were some others. A guy named James Mathis who went on to work at SRI International on the packet radio project and now is at Apple. He built the first TCP for an Apple system. Also Darryl Rubin, now a vice president at Microsoft, and Ronald Crane who is a key person at Apple.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Oral+and+Video+Histories%3A+Vinton+Cerf&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcomphist%2Fvc1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-135"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellSchafer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Andrew L.; Schafer, Valérie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24468474">"In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s"</a>. Technology and Culture. 55 (4): 880–907. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.2014.0096">10.1353/tech.2014.0096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-165X">0040-165X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24468474">24468474</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143582561">143582561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+ARPANET+and+Internet%3A+Louis+Pouzin+and+the+Cyclades+Network+in+the+1970s&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=880-907&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0040-165X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143582561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24468474%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftech.2014.0096&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Schafer%2C+Val%C3%A9rie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24468474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien151.txt">IEN 151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEN+151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien151.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panzaris-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panzaris_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panzaris_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panzaris_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panzaris_137-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzaris2008" class="citation book cs1">Panzaris, Georgios (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yMhAQAAIAAJ">Machines and romances: the technical and harrative construction of networked computing as a general-purpose platform, 1960-1995</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. p. 128. <q>Despite the misgivings of Xerox Corporation (which intended to make PUP the basis of a proprietary commercial networking product), researchers at Xerox PARC, including ARPANET pioneers Robert Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal, shared the basic contours of their research with colleagues at TCP and lnternet working group meetings in 1976 and 1977, suggesting the possible benefits of separating TCPs routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machines+and+romances%3A+the+technical+and+harrative+construction+of+networked+computing+as+a+general-purpose+platform%2C+1960-1995&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Panzaris&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9yMhAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Taylor, Bob (11 October 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702015-05-01-acc.pdf">"Oral History of Robert (Bob) W. 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Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yogen+Dalal&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications%2C+1968-1988&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcomputercommunications.info%2FIndividuals%2Fabstracts%2Fyogen-dalal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatt2008" class="citation news cs1">Bhatt, Kamla (10 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Industry/H0bPwYOYAwsYksZ8RAdtaJ/Interview-with-Yogen-Dalal-Part-1.html">"Interview with Yogen Dalal: Part 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Yogen+Dalal%3A+Part+1&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Kamla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FIndustry%2FH0bPwYOYAwsYksZ8RAdtaJ%2FInterview-with-Yogen-Dalal-Part-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Cerf, Vinton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Dalal, Yogen</a>; Sunshine, Carl (December 1974), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc675">675</a>, Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn2003" class="citation web cs1">Leiner, Barry M.; <a href="/wiki/Vinton_G._Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton G. Cerf">Cerf, Vinton G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">Clark, David D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E. Kahn">Kahn, Robert E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Kleinrock, Leonard</a>; Lynch, Daniel C.; <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Postel, Jon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Roberts, Larry G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolff" title="Stephen Wolff">Wolff, Stephen</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604153304/http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml">"A Brief History of Internet"</a>. Internet Society. p. 1011. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/9901011">cs/9901011</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999cs........1011L">1999cs........1011L</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml">the original</a> on 4 June 2007. 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Internet Archive. Chichester, [Eng.]; New York : Wiley. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471997504" title="Special:BookSources/9780471997504"><bdi>9780471997504</bdi></a>. <q>The problems of routing in interconnected networks have received limited attention in the literature; notable papers are those by Cerf and Kahn and, more recently, Sunshine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+networks+and+their+protocols&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Chichester%2C+%5BEng.%5D%3B+New+York+%3A+Wiley&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780471997504&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputernetworks00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Carl-A-Sunshine-70427384">"Carl A. Sunshine's research"</a>. ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Carl+A.+Sunshine%27s+research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fscientific-contributions%2FCarl-A-Sunshine-70427384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunshine1987" class="citation web cs1">Sunshine, Carl (January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll270:14706">"IFIP WG 6.1 Newsletter 87/1"</a>. umedia.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umedia.lib.umn.edu&rft.atitle=IFIP+WG+6.1+Newsletter+87%2F1&rft.date=1987-01&rft.aulast=Sunshine&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumedia.lib.umn.edu%2Fitem%2Fp16022coll270%3A14706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunshine1981" class="citation book cs1">Sunshine, C. A., ed. (1981). Communication Protocol Modeling. The Artech House telecommunications library. Dedham, Mass: Artech House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89006-097-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89006-097-1"><bdi>978-0-89006-097-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+Protocol+Modeling&rft.place=Dedham%2C+Mass&rft.series=The+Artech+House+telecommunications+library&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-89006-097-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:34-153"><a href="#cite_ref-:34_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunshine1989" class="citation book cs1">Sunshine, Carl A., ed. (1989). "A Brief History of Computer Networking". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/473323916/Sunshine-C-A-1989-A-Brief-History-of-Computer-Networking">Computer network architectures and protocols</a>. Applications of communications theory (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. pp. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-43189-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-43189-0"><bdi>978-0-306-43189-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Computer+Networking&rft.btitle=Computer+network+architectures+and+protocols&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Applications+of+communications+theory&rft.pages=3-6&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-306-43189-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F473323916%2FSunshine-C-A-1989-A-Brief-History-of-Computer-Networking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/030716pr.shtml">"Peter T. Kirsten recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906215856/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/030716pr.shtml">Archived</a> 6 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 July 2003, Press Release, Internet Society </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/P.Kirstein/internationalactivity.html">"Peter Kirstein's International Activities"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> web page </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerf1978" class="citation journal cs1">Cerf, V.G. (1978). "Issues in packet-network interconnection". Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1386–1408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11147">10.1109/PROC.1978.11147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27658511">27658511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Issues+in+packet-network+interconnection&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1386-1408&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27658511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=V.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Olivier (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTRYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17">The "Hidden" Prehistory of European Research Networking</a>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466938724" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466938724"><bdi>978-1466938724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Hidden%22+Prehistory+of+European+Research+Networking&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1466938724&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTRYAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirstein1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kirstein, P.T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf">"Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom"</a> (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (1): 38–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.759368">10.1109/85.759368</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1558618">1558618</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 February 2020. <q>[In] 1975 ... there were already some 40 British academic research groups using the link.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Early+experiences+with+the+Arpanet+and+Internet+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-44&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1558618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.759368&rft.aulast=Kirstein&rft.aufirst=P.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F4773%2Ff19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Implementation_of_email_in_the_UK-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Implementation_of_email_in_the_UK_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribunals" class="citation web cs1">Tribunals, Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100910235604/http://www.council-on-tribunals.gov.uk/adjust/item/profile_stokes.htm">"Implementation of email in the UK"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.council-on-tribunals.gov.uk/adjust/item/profile_stokes.htm">the original</a> on 10 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementation+of+email+in+the+UK&rft.aulast=Tribunals&rft.aufirst=Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.council-on-tribunals.gov.uk%2Fadjust%2Fitem%2Fprofile_stokes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abbate-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abbate_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abbate_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abbate" title="Janet Abbate">Abbate, Janet</a> (April 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Silvia_Wilbur">"Silvia Wilbur"</a>, IEEE History Center Interview #634, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>, <q>I mean, when we actually got it working, and started sending emails—it was one of the first things we started to do. I was probably one of the first people in this country [the United Kingdom] ever to send an email, back in 1974.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+History+Center+Interview+%23634&rft.atitle=Silvia+Wilbur&rft.date=2001-04&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FOral-History%3ASilvia_Wilbur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Books-Adrian-V-Stokes/s?rh=n%3A266239%2Cp_27%3AAdrian+V+Stokes">"Books by Adrian V. Stokes"</a>. Amazon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon&rft.atitle=Books+by+Adrian+V.+Stokes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FBooks-Adrian-V-Stokes%2Fs%3Frh%3Dn%253A266239%252Cp_27%253AAdrian%2BV%2BStokes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1982" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, A. V., ed. (1982). Integrated office systems. State of the Art Report. Maidenhead: Pergamon Infotech Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-028568-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-028568-9"><bdi>978-0-08-028568-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+office+systems&rft.place=Maidenhead&rft.series=State+of+the+Art+Report&rft.pub=Pergamon+Infotech+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-08-028568-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1986" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, A. V., ed. (1986). Communications standards. State of the art report. Oxford; New York: Pergamon Infotech. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-034092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-034092-0"><bdi>978-0-08-034092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communications+standards&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=State+of+the+art+report&rft.pub=Pergamon+Infotech&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-08-034092-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karp_Interview-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Karp_Interview_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316081741/http://www.wiwiw.org/test/index.php/wiwiw/pioneers/richard_a_karp">"Interview with Richard A. Karp"</a>. wiwiw.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiwiw.org/test/index.php/wiwiw/pioneers/richard_a_karp">the original</a> on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiwiw.org&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Richard+A.+Karp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiwiw.org%2Ftest%2Findex.php%2Fwiwiw%2Fpioneers%2Frichard_a_karp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-165"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apress.com/la/book/9781484223635">Female Innovators at Work - Women on Top of Tech | Danielle Newnham | Apress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Innovators+at+Work+-+Women+on+Top+of+Tech+%7C+Danielle+Newnham+%7C+Apress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apress.com%2Fla%2Fbook%2F9781484223635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwiazda" class="citation web cs1">Gwiazda, Suzanne Butler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibits.stanford.edu/oral-history/catalog/pj259nj7501">"Vinton G. Cerf : An Oral History"</a>. Stanford Oral History Collections - Spotlight at Stanford. p. 98. 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IEN 137. <q>...which bit should travel first, the bit from the little end of the word, or the bit from the big end of the word? 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Retrieved 7 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+release&rft.atitle=Cyber-pioneer+Vint+Cerf+to+headline+July+28+forum+on+the+future+of+Internet&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft.aulast=Orenstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fjuly13%2Fforum-071305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-241"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation web cs1">Pelkey, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223230647/https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/planning-the-arpanet-1967-1968/">"4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 February 2020. <q>Roberts' proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to network administration 'Interface Message Processors' (IMPs), which later evolved into today's routers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+Very+Short+History+Of+The+Internet+And+The+Web&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgilpress%2F2015%2F01%2F02%2Fa-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_imp.htm">"ARPANET IMP, Interface Message Processor"</a>. Livinginternet.com. 7 January 2000. 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FYI 9. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1336">1336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Internet+-+Biographies+of+IAB%2C+IESG+and+IRSG+Members&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1336&rft.au=G.+Malkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> Informational. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1251">1251</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opencobalt.org/community/contributors-volunteers/mark-mccahill-collaborative-systems-architect">"Mark McCahill, Collaborative Systems Architect"</a>, Biographical sketch, Open Cobalt. 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Anklesaria, Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol 1, issue 4 (April 1995), pages 235-246. </li> <li id="cite_note-CERN10-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CERN10_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CERN10_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629132328/http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Story/WelcomeStory.html">"Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software"</a>. CERN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Story/WelcomeStory.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Years+Public+Domain+for+the+Original+Web+Software&rft.pub=CERN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftenyears-www.web.cern.ch%2Ftenyears-www%2FStory%2FWelcomeStory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-255"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillies,_JamesCailliau,_R.2000" class="citation book cs1">Gillies, James; Cailliau, R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/6">How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192862073" title="Special:BookSources/0192862073"><bdi>0192862073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Web+was+Born%3A+The+Story+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0192862073&rft.au=Gillies%2C+James&rft.au=Cailliau%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwebwasbornsto00gill%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internet-guide.co.uk/MacWWW.html">"MacWWW: the first web browser for the Apple Macintosh platform"</a>. internet-guide.co.uk. 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Retrieved 21 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+Browser+History&rft.pub=Living+Internet&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fw%2Fwi_browse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafnerLyon1996" class="citation book cs1">Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj">Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet</a>. New York : Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81201-4"><bdi>978-0-684-81201-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+wizards+stay+up+late%3A+the+origins+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81201-4&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Lyon%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwherewizardsstay00haf_vgj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721025312/http://www.internethalloffame.org/">Internet Hall of Fame</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> in April 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Malkin1992" class="citation cs1">G. Malkin (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1336">Who's Who in the Internet - Biographies of IAB, IESG and IRSG Members</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1336">10.17487/RFC1336</a>. FYI 9. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1336">1336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Internet+-+Biographies+of+IAB%2C+IESG+and+IRSG+Members&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1336&rft.au=G.+Malkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> Informational. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1251">1251</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/about/groups/iesg/past-members/">"Past IESG Members and IETF Chairs"</a>, IETF web site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iab.org/about/history.html">"A Brief History of the Internet Advisory / Activities / Architecture Board"</a> from the IAB web site includes historical lists of IAB Members, IAB Chairs, IAB Ex-Officio and Liaison Members (IETF Chairs), IRTF Chairs, RFC Editors, and much more historical information.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/">"Internet Pioneers"</a>, web pages at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibiblio.org">ibiblio.org</a>, a collaboration of the School of Information and Library Science and the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiwiw.org/pioneers/">"Pioneers Gallery"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114035411/http://www.wiwiw.org/pioneers/">Archived</a> 14 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the Who Is Who in the Internet World (WiWiW) web site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xconomy.com/national/2009/03/03/the-greatest-internet-pioneers-you-never-heard-of-the-story-of-erwise-and-four-finns-who-showed-the-way-to-the-web-browser/">"The Greatest Internet Pioneers You Never Heard Of: The Story of Erwise and Four Finns Who Showed the Way to the Web Browser"</a>, Juha-Pekka Tikka, 3 March 2009, Xconomy web page.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_histories">Oral histories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Oral histories">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn,_Robert_E.1990" class="citation interview cs1">Kahn, Robert E. (24 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107387">"Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Robert+E.+Kahn&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at <a href="/wiki/Bolt_Beranek_and_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt Beranek and Newman">Bolt Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerf,_Vinton_G.1990" class="citation interview cs1">Cerf, Vinton G. (24 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107214">"Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Vinton+Cerf&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft.au=Cerf%2C+Vinton+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran,_Paul1990" class="citation interview cs1">Baran, Paul (5 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107101">"Oral history interview with Paul Baran"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Paul+Baran&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-03-05&rft.au=Baran%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock,_Leonard1990" class="citation interview cs1">Kleinrock, Leonard (3 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107411">"Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Leonard+Kleinrock&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-04-03&rft.au=Kleinrock%2C+Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Lawrence_G.1989" class="citation interview cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (4 April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107608">"Oral history interview with Larry Roberts"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Arthur L. Norberg. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Larry+Roberts&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1989-04-04&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> The interview focuses on Robert's work at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA including discussion of ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO, J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Steve Lukasik, Wesley Clark, as well as the development of computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lincoln Laboratory.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCahill,_Mark_P.2001" class="citation interview cs1">McCahill, Mark P. (13 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107471">"Oral history interview with Mark P. McCahill"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Philip L. Frana. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Mark+P.+McCahill&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=2001-09-13&rft.au=McCahill%2C+Mark+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Internet+pioneers" class="Z3988"> Focuses on McCahill's work at the University of Minnesota where he led the team that created Gopher, the popular client/server software for organizing and sharing information on the Internet as well as his work on development of Pop Mail, Gopher VR, Forms Nirvana, the Electronic Grants Management System, and the University of Minnesota Portal.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&oldid=1259606127#Yogen_Dalal">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Internet_pioneers&oldid=1259606127#Yogen_Dalal</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_pioneers" title="Category:Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Internet" title="Category:History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_computer_scientists" title="Category:Lists of computer scientists">Lists of computer scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_in_information_technology" title="Category:People in information technology">People in information technology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_other_archives" title="Category:Webarchive template other archives">Webarchive template other archives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 01:45 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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[\"CITEREFCerfKahn1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCerfPostel1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1982\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1979\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesBartlettScantleburyWilkinson1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondson-Yurkanan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinlerVittal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldmannCittadiniMühlbauerBush2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrommer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillies,_JamesCailliau,_R.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwiazda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHafnerLyon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHafnerLyon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauben\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHempsteadWorthington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermida2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn,_Robert_E.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinrock,_Leonard1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinrock,_Leonard1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinrock1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinrock1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamShankarWoo1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_LannLe_Goff1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLickliderTaylor1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLievrouw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkoff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCahill,_Mark_P.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcHugh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNaughton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaughton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrenstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanzaris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelkey\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFPelkey1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelkey2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPort2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostel1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuarterman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts,_Lawrence_G.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsWessler1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellSchafer2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFScantleburyWilkinsonBarber2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoftky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunshine1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunshine1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunshine1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunshine1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Van_Vleck\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTribunals\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldrop2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooBindignavleSuLam1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYates1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"ACMPortal\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite IETF\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 73,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Internet Pioneers\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IETF RFC\"] = 14,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 71,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Mono\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref RFC\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC right\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Var\"] = 3,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","18.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","12.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.7"],["make_wikilink \u003CModule:Webarchive:75\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.1"],["[others]","300","23.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-8467977cd8-mw8kt","timestamp":"20241128120559","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of Internet 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