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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Organic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Inorganic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Organometallic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Graphite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diamond </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diamonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Diamonds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Carbon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 203 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" > 203 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A6%E1%8A%95" title="ካርቦን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቦን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%91%C4%91%C3%A2" title="Čiđđâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čiđđâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كربون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Բնածուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բնածուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কাৰ্বন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্বন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatap%E1%BB%B9i" title="Tatapỹi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatapỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کربون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কার্বন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Thòaⁿ-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thòaⁿ-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглерод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སོལ་རྗས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོལ་རྗས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Кăмрăкамăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмрăкамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhoni" title="Kabhoni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kabhoni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniu" title="Carboniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Carboniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%A1bin" title="Káábin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Káábin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuglik" title="Wuglik – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wuglik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsinik" title="Süsinik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άνθρακας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Седь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Седь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کربن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koila" title="Koila – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Koila" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolevni" title="Kolevni – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kolevni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalstof" title="Koalstof – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koalstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboan" title="Carboan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Carboan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualan" title="Gualan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%A8" title="કાર્બન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાર્બન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than" title="Than – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="탄소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalepona" title="Kalepona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kalepona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ածխածին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhlik" title="Wuhlik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuhlik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Æвзалыгуыр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалыгуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-carbon" title="I-carbon – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-carbon" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCalahle" title="UmCalahle – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCalahle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolefni" title="Kolefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פחמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C9%A9b%C9%94n%C9%A9" title="Karɩbɔnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Karɩbɔnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಇಂಗಾಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირბადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Көміртегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көміртегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шомчужысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шомчужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kab%C3%B2n" title="Kabòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kabòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonn" title="Karbonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Karbonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Көмүртек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүртек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonie" title="Carbonie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Carbonie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ຄາບອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາບອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonium" title="Carbonium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogleklis" title="Ogleklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogleklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelestoff" title="Kuelestoff – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelestoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglis" title="Anglis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilisuadu" title="Hiilisuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hiilisuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tabno" title="tabno – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tabno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9n" title="Szén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јаглерод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглерод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karb%C3%B4nina" title="Karbônina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karbônina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA" title="കാർബൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonju" title="Karbonju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karbonju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waro" title="Waro – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waro" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ng" title="Táng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Táng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Седель – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Седель" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Нүүрстөрөгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрстөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecolli" title="Tecolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tecolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="炭素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboon_(element)" title="Karboon (element) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karboon (element)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B1%D0%B9%D0%B4%D3%B1%D2%A5" title="Шӱйдӱҥ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӱйдӱҥ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95" title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboonii" title="Kaarboonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarboonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglerod" title="Uglerod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uglerod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਾਰਬਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बोन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कार्बोन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاربون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاربون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaban" title="Kaaban – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaaban" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Шомувтыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шомувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99giel_(pierwiastek)" title="Węgiel (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgiel (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsayaq" title="K'illimsayaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsayaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Харыалык – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харыалык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caurbon" title="Caurbon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caurbon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolestof" title="Koolestof – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koolestof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboni" title="Karboni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karboni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="කාබන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪاربان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاربان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljik" title="Ogljik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboon" title="Kaarboon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaarboon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86" title="کاربۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљеник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiili" title="Hiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கரிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%E1%B9%9Bbun" title="Akaṛbun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akaṛbun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="คาร์บอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์บอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94_%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85_%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A8" title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вуглець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danq" title="Danq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Danq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%27nik" title="Hil'nik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hil'nik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbin" title="Karbin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Karbin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbong" title="Carbong – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Carbong" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A3" title="קוילנשטאף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוילנשטאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Kárbọ̀nù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kárbọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97" title="Onglė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carbon (disambiguation)">Carbon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Element 6" redirects here. For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Element_Six" title="Element Six">Element Six</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cabr%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabrón">Cabrón</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 6 (C)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Carbon, 6C</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg/220px-Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg/330px-Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg/440px-Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="562" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Carbon</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> and more (see <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">Allotropes of carbon</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>graphite: black, metallic-looking</li><li>diamond: clear</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(C)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[12.0096, 12.0116]<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>12.011±0.002 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Carbon in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" 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href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ C ↓ <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> ← carbon → <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">group 14 (carbon group)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">period 2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a>] 2s2 2p2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">graphite: 2.266 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC-4">[4]</a> diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4600 K, 10,800 kPa<a href="#cite_note-triple2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-triple3-6">[6]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">graphite: 117 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.55 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#carbon" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of carbon</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">graphite: <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">simple hexagonal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Simple hexagonal crystal structure for graphite: carbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div>a = 246.14 pm c = 670.94 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crystal structure</th><td class="infobox-data">diamond: <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">face-centered diamond-cubic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF8</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lattice constant</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diamond cubic crystal structure for diamond: carbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/50px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/75px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/100px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="175" /></a></div>a = 356.707 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">graphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">graphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamond: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamond: 1050 GPa<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamond: 478 GPa<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamond: 442 GPa<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamond: 0.1<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>atomic carbon: 7440-44-0</li><li>graphite: 7782-42-5</li><li>diamond: 7782-40-3</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (3750 BCE)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized as an element by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> (1789)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon" title="Isotopes of carbon">Isotopes of carbon</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">11C </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">20.34 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Boron-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron-11">11B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">12C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">98.9% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">13C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.06% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">14C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per notation">ppt</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄1012) </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.70×103 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen-14">14N</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbon" title="Category:Carbon">Category: Carbon</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_carbon" title="Template:Infobox carbon">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_carbon" title="Template talk:Infobox carbon">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox carbon">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Carbon (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:carbo">carbo</a> 'coal') is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> C and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 6. It is <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">nonmetallic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetravalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetravalence">tetravalent</a>—meaning that its <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> are able to form up to four <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> due to its <a href="/wiki/Valence_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence shell">valence shell</a> exhibiting 4 electrons. It belongs to group 14 of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon" title="Isotopes of carbon">isotopes</a> occur naturally, <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">12C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">13C</a> being stable, while <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">14C</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a>, decaying with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 5,700 years.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-15">[15]</a> Carbon is one of the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries#Pre-modern_and_early_modern_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">few elements known since antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Carbon-16">[16]</a> Carbon is the 15th <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">most abundant element in the Earth's crust</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass</a> after <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, and its unusual ability to form <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, enables this element to serve as a common element of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-based_life" title="Carbon-based life">all known life</a>. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">allotropes of carbon</a>. Well-known <a href="/wiki/Allotropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotropes">allotropes</a> include <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">amorphous carbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fullerenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullerenes">fullerenes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Physical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical properties">physical properties</a> of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is <a href="/wiki/Opaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Opaque">opaque</a> and black, while diamond is highly <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a>. Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its name, from the Greek verb "γράφειν" which means "to write"), while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Graphite is a good <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductor</a> while diamond has a low <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>. Under normal conditions, diamond, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> have the highest <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivities">thermal conductivities</a> of all known materials. All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions, with graphite being the most <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">thermodynamically stable</a> form at standard temperature and pressure. They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen. The most common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of carbon in <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a> is +4, while +2 is found in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">carbonyl</a> complexes. The largest sources of inorganic carbon are <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrates</a>. Carbon forms a vast number of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, with about two hundred million having been described and indexed;<a href="#cite_note-ChemAbs-2023-18">[18]</a> and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg/290px-Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg/435px-Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg/580px-Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Theoretically predicted phase diagram of carbon, from 1989. Newer work indicates that the melting point of diamond (top-right curve) does not go above about 9000 K.<a href="#cite_note-Eggert-2009-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">allotropes of carbon</a> include <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, one of the softest known substances, and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, the hardest naturally occurring substance. It <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonds</a> readily with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple stable <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> bonds with suitable multivalent atoms. Carbon is a component element in the large majority of all <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>, with about two hundred million examples having been described in the published chemical literature.<a href="#cite_note-ChemAbs-2023-18">[18]</a> Carbon also has the highest <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> point of all elements. At <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> it has no melting point, as its <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> is at 10.8 ± 0.2 megapascals (106.6 ± 2.0 atm; 1,566 ± 29 psi) and 4,600 ± 300 K (4,330 ± 300 °C; 7,820 ± 540 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Haaland-1976-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Savvatimskiy-2005-21">[21]</a> so it sublimes at about 3,900 K (3,630 °C; 6,560 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Greenville_Whittaker-1978-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Graphite is much more reactive than diamond at standard conditions, despite being more thermodynamically stable, as its delocalised <a href="/wiki/Pi_bond" title="Pi bond">pi system</a> is much more vulnerable to attack. For example, graphite can be oxidised by hot concentrated <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> at standard conditions to <a href="/wiki/Mellitic_acid" title="Mellitic acid">mellitic acid</a>, C6(CO2H)6, which preserves the hexagonal units of graphite while breaking up the larger structure.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2-24">[24]</a> Carbon sublimes in a carbon arc, which has a temperature of about 5800 K (5,530 °C or 9,980 °F). Thus, irrespective of its allotropic form, carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than the highest-melting-point metals such as <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>. Although thermodynamically prone to oxidation, carbon resists oxidation more effectively than elements such as iron and copper, which are weaker reducing agents at room temperature. Carbon is the sixth element, with a ground-state <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> of 1s22s22p2, of which the four outer electrons are <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>. Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.5, significantly higher than the heavier group-14 elements (1.8–1.9), but close to most of the nearby nonmetals, as well as some of the second- and third-row <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>. Carbon's <a href="/wiki/Covalent_radii" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent radii">covalent radii</a> are normally taken as 77.2 pm (C−C), 66.7 pm (C=C) and 60.3 pm (C≡C), although these may vary depending on coordination number and what the carbon is bonded to. In general, covalent radius decreases with lower coordination number and higher bond order.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-1-25">[25]</a> Carbon-based compounds form the basis of all known life on Earth, and the <a href="/wiki/Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle">carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle</a> provides a small portion of the energy produced by the Sun, and most of the energy in larger stars (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>). Although it forms an extraordinary variety of compounds, most forms of carbon are comparatively unreactive under normal conditions. At standard temperature and pressure, it resists all but the strongest oxidizers. It does not react with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> or any <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkalis</a>. At elevated temperatures, carbon reacts with oxygen to form <a href="/wiki/Carbon_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon oxides">carbon oxides</a> and will rob oxygen from metal oxides to leave the elemental metal. This <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">exothermic reaction</a> is used in the iron and steel industry to <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelt</a> iron and to control the carbon content of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>: <dl><dd>Fe 3O 4 + 4 C(s) + 2 O 2 → 3 Fe(s) + 4 CO 2(g).</dd></dl> Carbon reacts with sulfur to form <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a>, and it reacts with steam in the coal-gas reaction used in <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">coal gasification</a>: <dl><dd>C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g).</dd></dl> Carbon combines with some metals at high temperatures to form metallic carbides, such as the iron carbide <a href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">cementite</a> in steel and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a>, widely used as an abrasive and for making hard tips for cutting tools. The system of carbon allotropes spans a range of extremes: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Graphite is one of the softest materials known. </td> <td style="width: 50%;">Synthetic <a href="/wiki/Aggregated_diamond_nanorod" title="Aggregated diamond nanorod">nanocrystalline diamond</a> is the hardest material known.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Graphite is a very good lubricant, displaying <a href="/wiki/Superlubricity" title="Superlubricity">superlubricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>Diamond is the ultimate abrasive. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Graphite is a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductor</a> of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>Diamond is an excellent electrical <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulator (electrical)">insulator</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and has the highest breakdown electric field of any known material. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some forms of graphite are used for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> (i.e. firebreaks and heat shields), but some <a href="/wiki/Pyrolytic_graphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrolytic graphite">other forms</a> are good thermal conductors. </td> <td>Diamond is the best known naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivities" title="List of thermal conductivities">thermal conductor</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Graphite is <a href="/wiki/Opaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Opaque">opaque</a>. </td> <td>Diamond is highly transparent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Graphite crystallizes in the <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal system">hexagonal system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td> <td>Diamond crystallizes in the <a href="/wiki/Cubic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic system">cubic system</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amorphous carbon is completely <a href="/wiki/Isotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotropic">isotropic</a>. </td> <td>Carbon nanotubes are among the most <a href="/wiki/Anisotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisotropic">anisotropic</a> materials known. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">Allotropes of carbon</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_carbon" title="Atomic carbon">Atomic carbon</a> is a very short-lived species and, therefore, carbon is stabilized in various multi-atomic structures with diverse molecular configurations called <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a>. The three relatively well-known allotropes of carbon are <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">amorphous carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, and diamond. Once considered exotic, <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerenes</a> are nowadays commonly synthesized and used in research; they include <a href="/wiki/Buckyball" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckyball">buckyballs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Unwin-2007-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ebbesen-1997-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Springer-2001-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanobud" title="Carbon nanobud">carbon nanobuds</a><a href="#cite_note-Nasibulin-2007-34">[34]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanofibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nanofibers">nanofibers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Several other exotic allotropes have also been discovered, such as <a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleite" title="Lonsdaleite">lonsdaleite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Frondel-1967-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glassy_carbon" title="Glassy carbon">glassy carbon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harris-2004-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanofoam" title="Carbon nanofoam">carbon nanofoam</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon" title="Linear acetylenic carbon">linear acetylenic carbon</a> (carbyne).<a href="#cite_note-Heimann-1999-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a> is a two-dimensional sheet of carbon with the atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. As of 2009, graphene appears to be the strongest material ever tested.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-2008-41">[41]</a> The process of separating it from graphite will require some further technological development before it is economical for industrial processes.<a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-2008-42">[42]</a> If successful, graphene could be used in the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Space_elevator" title="Space elevator">space elevator</a>. It could also be used to safely store hydrogen for use in a hydrogen based engine in cars.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg/220px-Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg/330px-Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg/440px-Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4432" data-file-height="3674" /></a><figcaption>A large sample of glassy carbon</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> form is an assortment of carbon atoms in a non-crystalline, irregular, glassy state, not held in a crystalline macrostructure. It is present as a powder, and is the main constituent of substances such as charcoal, <a href="/wiki/Lampblack" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampblack">lampblack</a> (soot), and <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>. At normal pressures, carbon takes the form of graphite, in which each atom is bonded trigonally to three others in a plane composed of fused <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> rings, just like those in <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The resulting network is 2-dimensional, and the resulting flat sheets are stacked and loosely bonded through weak <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals forces</a>. This gives graphite its softness and its <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">cleaving</a> properties (the sheets slip easily past one another). Because of the delocalization of one of the outer electrons of each atom to form a <a href="/wiki/Delocalized_electron" title="Delocalized electron">π-cloud</a>, graphite conducts <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, but only in the plane of each <a href="/wiki/Covalently_bonded" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalently bonded">covalently bonded</a> sheet. This results in a lower bulk <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> for carbon than for most metals. The delocalization also accounts for the energetic stability of graphite over diamond at room temperature. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg/300px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg/450px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg/600px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Some allotropes of carbon: a) <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>; b) <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>; c) <a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleite" title="Lonsdaleite">lonsdaleite</a>; d–f) <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerenes</a> (C60, C540, C70); g) <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">amorphous carbon</a>; h) <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a></figcaption></figure> At very high pressures, carbon forms the more compact allotrope, diamond, having nearly twice the density of graphite. Here, each atom is bonded <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedrally</a> to four others, forming a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms. Diamond has the same <a href="/wiki/Cubic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic structure">cubic structure</a> as <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, and because of the strength of the carbon-carbon <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonds</a>, it is the hardest naturally occurring substance measured by <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale" title="Mohs scale">resistance to scratching</a>. Contrary to the popular belief that "diamonds are forever", they are thermodynamically unstable (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Gibbs_free_energy_of_formation" title="Standard Gibbs free energy of formation">ΔfG°</a>(diamond, 298 K) = 2.9 kJ/mol<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>) under normal conditions (298 K, 105 Pa) and should theoretically transform into graphite.<a href="#cite_note-World_of_Carbon-46">[46]</a> But due to a high <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energy</a> barrier, the transition into graphite is so slow at normal temperature that it is unnoticeable. However, at very high temperatures diamond will turn into graphite, and diamonds can burn up in a house fire. The bottom left corner of the phase diagram for carbon has not been scrutinized experimentally. Although a computational study employing <a href="/wiki/Density_functional_theory" title="Density functional theory">density functional theory</a> methods reached the conclusion that as T → 0 K and p → 0 Pa, diamond becomes more stable than graphite by approximately 1.1 kJ/mol,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> more recent and definitive experimental and computational studies show that graphite is more stable than diamond for T < 400 K, without applied pressure, by 2.7 kJ/mol at T = 0 K and 3.2 kJ/mol at T = 298.15 K.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Under some conditions, carbon crystallizes as <a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleite" title="Lonsdaleite">lonsdaleite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">hexagonal crystal lattice</a> with all atoms covalently bonded and properties similar to those of diamond.<a href="#cite_note-Frondel-1967-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerenes</a> are a synthetic crystalline formation with a graphite-like structure, but in place of flat <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal cells</a> only, some of the cells of which fullerenes are formed may be pentagons, nonplanar hexagons, or even heptagons of carbon atoms. The sheets are thus warped into spheres, ellipses, or cylinders. The properties of fullerenes (split into buckyballs, buckytubes, and nanobuds) have not yet been fully analyzed and represent an intense area of research in <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanomaterial">nanomaterials</a>. The names fullerene and buckyball are given after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller">Richard Buckminster Fuller</a>, popularizer of <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic domes</a>, which resemble the structure of fullerenes. The buckyballs are fairly large molecules formed completely of carbon bonded trigonally, forming <a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">spheroids</a> (the best-known and simplest is the soccerball-shaped C60 <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Unwin-2007-31">[31]</a> Carbon nanotubes (buckytubes) are structurally similar to buckyballs, except that each atom is bonded trigonally in a curved sheet that forms a hollow <a href="/wiki/Cylinder" title="Cylinder">cylinder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ebbesen-1997-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Springer-2001-33">[33]</a> Nanobuds were first reported in 2007 and are hybrid buckytube/buckyball materials (buckyballs are covalently bonded to the outer wall of a nanotube) that combine the properties of both in a single structure.<a href="#cite_note-Nasibulin-2007-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C2014_Q2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/C2014_Q2.jpg/220px-C2014_Q2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/C2014_Q2.jpg/330px-C2014_Q2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/C2014_Q2.jpg/440px-C2014_Q2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3978" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption>Comet <a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a> surrounded by glowing carbon vapor</figcaption></figure> Of the other discovered allotropes, carbon nanofoam is a ferromagnetic allotrope discovered in 1997. It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web, in which the atoms are bonded trigonally in six- and seven-membered rings. It is among the lightest known solids, with a density of about 2 kg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Glassy_carbon" title="Glassy carbon">glassy carbon</a> contains a high proportion of closed <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harris-2004-38">[38]</a> but contrary to normal graphite, the graphitic layers are not stacked like pages in a book, but have a more random arrangement. <a href="/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon" title="Linear acetylenic carbon">Linear acetylenic carbon</a><a href="#cite_note-Heimann-1999-40">[40]</a> has the chemical structure<a href="#cite_note-Heimann-1999-40">[40]</a> −(C≡C)n− . Carbon in this modification is linear with sp <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital hybridization">orbital hybridization</a>, and is a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> with alternating single and triple bonds. This carbyne is of considerable interest to <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> is 40 times that of the hardest known material – diamond.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 2015, a team at the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> announced the development of another allotrope they have dubbed <a href="/wiki/Q-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-carbon">Q-carbon</a>, created by a high-energy low-duration laser pulse on amorphous carbon dust. Q-carbon is reported to exhibit ferromagnetism, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>, and a hardness superior to diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In the vapor phase, some of the carbon is in the form of highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">diatomic carbon</a> dicarbon (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>C2). When excited, this gas glows green. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg/220px-GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg/330px-GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg/440px-GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Graphite ore, shown with a penny for scale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rough_diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/220px-Rough_diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/330px-Rough_diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Raw diamond crystal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_(GLODAP).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/220px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/330px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/440px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>"Present day" (1990s) sea surface <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_inorganic_carbon" title="Dissolved inorganic carbon">dissolved inorganic carbon</a> concentration (from the <a href="/wiki/GLODAP" class="mw-redirect" title="GLODAP">GLODAP</a> <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>)</figcaption></figure> Carbon is the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">fourth most abundant chemical element</a> in the observable universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon is abundant in the Sun, stars, comets, and in the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body's atmosphere">atmospheres</a> of most planets.<a href="#cite_note-Hoover-2014-52">[52]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> contain microscopic diamonds that were formed when the Solar System was still a <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lauretta-2006-53">[53]</a> Microscopic diamonds may also be formed by the intense pressure and high temperature at the sites of meteorite impacts.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2014 <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> announced a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrochem.org/pahdb/">greatly upgraded database</a> for tracking <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs) in the universe. More than 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, complex compounds of carbon and hydrogen without oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> These compounds figure in the <a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a> where they are hypothesized to have a role in <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> and formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed "a couple of billion years" after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">new stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoover-2014-52">[52]</a> It has been estimated that the solid earth as a whole contains 730 ppm of carbon, with 2000 ppm in the core and 120 ppm in the combined mantle and crust.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Since the mass of the earth is 5.972×1024 kg, this would imply 4360 million <a href="/wiki/Gigatonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigatonne">gigatonnes</a> of carbon. This is much more than the amount of carbon in the oceans or atmosphere (below). In combination with oxygen in carbon dioxide, carbon is found in the Earth's atmosphere (approximately 900 gigatonnes of carbon — each ppm corresponds to 2.13 Gt) and dissolved in all water bodies (approximately 36,000 gigatonnes of carbon). Carbon in the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> has been estimated at 550 gigatonnes but with a large uncertainty, due mostly to a huge uncertainty in the amount of terrestrial deep <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface bacteria">subsurface bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">Hydrocarbons</a> (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) contain carbon as well. Coal "reserves" (not "resources") amount to around 900 gigatonnes with perhaps 18,000 Gt of resources.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">Oil reserves</a> are around 150 gigatonnes. Proven sources of natural gas are about 175×1012 cubic metres (containing about 105 gigatonnes of carbon), but studies estimate another 900×1012 cubic metres of "unconventional" deposits such as <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">shale gas</a>, representing about 540 gigatonnes of carbon.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Carbon is also found in <a href="/wiki/Methane_hydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane hydrates">methane hydrates</a> in polar regions and under the seas. Various estimates put this carbon between 500, 2500,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> or 3,000 Gt.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> According to one source, in the period from 1751 to 2008 about 347 gigatonnes of carbon were released as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere from burning of fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Another source puts the amount added to the atmosphere for the period since 1750 at 879 Gt, and the total going to the atmosphere, sea, and land (such as <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bogs</a>) at almost 2,000 Gt.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Carbon is a constituent (about 12% by mass) of the very large masses of <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> rock (<a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, and others). Coal is very rich in carbon (<a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> contains 92–98%)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and is the largest commercial source of mineral carbon, accounting for 4,000 gigatonnes or 80% of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As for individual carbon allotropes, graphite is found in large quantities in the United States (mostly in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>), Russia, Mexico, Greenland, and India. Natural diamonds occur in the rock <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite</a>, found in ancient volcanic "necks", or "pipes". Most diamond deposits are in Africa, notably in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, the Republic of the Congo, and Sierra Leone. Diamond deposits have also been found in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, Canada, the Russian Arctic, Brazil, and in Northern and Western Australia. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. Diamonds are found naturally, but about 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now manufactured. Carbon-14 is formed in upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphere at altitudes of 9–15 km by a reaction that is precipitated by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal neutrons</a> are produced that collide with the nuclei of nitrogen-14, forming carbon-14 and a proton. As such, 1.5%×10−10 of atmospheric carbon dioxide contains carbon-14.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Carbon-rich asteroids are relatively preponderant in the outer parts of the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> in the Solar System. These asteroids have not yet been directly sampled by scientists. The asteroids can be used in hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">space-based carbon mining</a>, which may be possible in the future, but is currently technologically impossible.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon" title="Isotopes of carbon">Isotopes of carbon</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopes</a> of carbon are <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic nuclei">atomic nuclei</a> that contain six <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> plus a number of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> (varying from 2 to 16). Carbon has two stable, naturally occurring isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-WebElements-69">[69]</a> The isotope <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a> (12C) forms 98.93% of the carbon on Earth, while <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">carbon-13</a> (13C) forms the remaining 1.07%.<a href="#cite_note-WebElements-69">[69]</a> The concentration of 12C is further increased in biological materials because biochemical reactions discriminate against 13C.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 1961, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Identification of carbon in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR) experiments is done with the isotope 13C. <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">Carbon-14</a> (14C) is a naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a>, created in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a> (lower <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>) by interaction of nitrogen with cosmic rays.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> It is found in trace amounts on Earth of 1 part per <a href="/wiki/10%5E12" class="mw-redirect" title="10^12">trillion</a> (0.0000000001%) or more, mostly confined to the atmosphere and superficial deposits, particularly of peat and other organic materials.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This isotope decays by 0.158 MeV <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β− emission</a>. Because of its relatively short <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 5700±30 years,<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-15">[15]</a> 14C is virtually absent in ancient rocks. The amount of 14C in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and in living organisms is almost constant, but decreases predictably in their bodies after death. This principle is used in <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>, invented in 1949, which has been used extensively to determine the age of carbonaceous materials with ages up to about 40,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> There are 15 known isotopes of carbon and the shortest-lived of these is 8C which decays through <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a> and has a half-life of 3.5×10−21 s.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-15">[15]</a> The exotic 19C exhibits a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_halo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear halo">nuclear halo</a>, which means its radius is appreciably larger than would be expected if the nucleus were a sphere of constant density.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_in_stars">Formation in stars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></div> Formation of the carbon atomic nucleus occurs within a <a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">giant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiant</a> star through the <a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">triple-alpha process</a>. This requires a nearly simultaneous collision of three <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> (helium nuclei), as the products of further <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reactions of helium with hydrogen or another helium nucleus produce <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium" title="Isotopes of lithium">lithium-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium" title="Isotopes of beryllium">beryllium-8</a> respectively, both of which are highly unstable and decay almost instantly back into smaller nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-1997-77">[77]</a> The triple-alpha process happens in conditions of temperatures over 100 megakelvins and helium concentration that the rapid expansion and cooling of the early universe prohibited, and therefore no significant carbon was created during the Big Bang. According to current physical cosmology theory, carbon is formed in the interiors of stars on the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">horizontal branch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ostlie-2007-78">[78]</a> When massive stars die as supernova, the carbon is scattered into space as dust. This dust becomes component material for the formation of the next-generation star systems with accreted planets.<a href="#cite_note-Hoover-2014-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Solar System is one such star system with an abundance of carbon, enabling the existence of life as we know it. It is the opinion of most scholars that all the carbon in the Solar System and the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> comes from dying stars.<a href="#cite_note-Bohan-2016-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a> is an additional hydrogen fusion mechanism that powers stars, wherein carbon operates as a catalyst. Rotational transitions of various isotopic forms of carbon monoxide (for example, 12CO, 13CO, and 18CO) are detectable in the <a href="/wiki/Submillimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Submillimeter">submillimeter</a> wavelength range, and are used in the study of newly forming stars in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_cycle">Carbon cycle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/300px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/450px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/600px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the carbon cycle. The black numbers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions tonnes ("GtC" stands for gigatonnes of carbon; figures are <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2004). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ≈70 million GtC of carbonate rock and <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">kerogen</a>.</figcaption></figure> Under terrestrial conditions, conversion of one element to another is very rare. Therefore, the amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant. Thus, processes that use carbon must obtain it from somewhere and dispose of it somewhere else. The paths of carbon in the environment form the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the <a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin cycle</a>, a process of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">carbon fixation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, while some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; if bacteria do not consume it, dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which releases carbon when burned.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_compounds" title="Carbon compounds">Carbon compounds</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_compounds">Organic compounds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-2D-stereo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/150px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/225px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/300px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Structural formula of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, the simplest possible organic compound.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto-and_heterotrophs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/300px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/450px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/600px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="3167" /></a><figcaption>Correlation between the carbon cycle and formation of organic compounds. In plants, carbon dioxide formed by carbon fixation can join with water in <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> (green) to form organic compounds, which can be used and further converted by both plants and animals.</figcaption></figure> Carbon can form very long chains of interconnecting <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_bond" title="Carbon–carbon bond">carbon–carbon bonds</a>, a property that is called <a href="/wiki/Catenation" title="Catenation">catenation</a>. Carbon-carbon bonds are strong and stable. Through catenation, carbon forms a countless number of compounds. A tally of unique compounds shows that more contain carbon than do not.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-2017-88">[88]</a> A similar claim can be made for hydrogen because most organic compounds contain hydrogen chemically bonded to carbon or another common element like oxygen or nitrogen. The simplest form of an organic molecule is the hydrocarbon—a large family of organic molecules that are composed of hydrogen atoms bonded to a chain of carbon atoms. A hydrocarbon backbone can be substituted by other atoms, known as <a href="/wiki/Heteroatom" title="Heteroatom">heteroatoms</a>. Common heteroatoms that appear in organic compounds include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the nonradioactive halogens, as well as the metals lithium and magnesium. Organic compounds containing bonds to metal are known as organometallic compounds (see below). Certain groupings of atoms, often including heteroatoms, recur in large numbers of organic compounds. These collections, known as <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a>, confer common reactivity patterns and allow for the systematic study and categorization of organic compounds. Chain length, shape and functional groups all affect the properties of organic molecules.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In most stable compounds of carbon (and nearly all stable organic compounds), carbon obeys the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rule</a> and is tetravalent, meaning that a carbon atom forms a total of four covalent bonds (which may include double and triple bonds). Exceptions include a small number of stabilized carbocations (three bonds, positive charge), radicals (three bonds, neutral), carbanions (three bonds, negative charge) and carbenes (two bonds, neutral), although these species are much more likely to be encountered as unstable, reactive intermediates. Carbon occurs in all known organic life and is the basis of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. When united with hydrogen, it forms various hydrocarbons that are important to industry as refrigerants, lubricants, solvents, as chemical feedstock for the manufacture of plastics and petrochemicals, and as fossil fuels. When combined with oxygen and hydrogen, carbon can form many groups of important biological compounds including sugars, <a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">lignans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitins</a>, alcohols, fats, aromatic <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>. With nitrogen, it forms <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, and with the addition of sulfur also it forms antibiotics, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, and rubber products. With the addition of phosphorus to these other elements, it forms <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, the chemical-code carriers of life, and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP), the most important energy-transfer molecule in all living cells.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Horowitz" title="Norman Horowitz">Norman Horowitz</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Mariner and Viking missions to Mars</a> (1965–1976), considered that the unique characteristics of carbon made it unlikely that any other element could replace carbon, even on another planet, to generate the biochemistry necessary for life.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_compounds">Inorganic compounds</h3></div> Commonly carbon-containing compounds which are associated with minerals or which do not contain bonds to the other carbon atoms, halogens, or hydrogen, are treated separately from classical organic compounds; the definition is not rigid, and the classification of some compounds can vary from author to author (see reference articles above). Among these are the simple oxides of carbon. The most prominent oxide is carbon dioxide (CO2). This was once the principal constituent of the <a href="/wiki/Paleoatmosphere" title="Paleoatmosphere">paleoatmosphere</a>, but is a minor component of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> today.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Dissolved in water, it forms <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (H 2CO 3), but as most compounds with multiple single-bonded oxygens on a single carbon it is unstable.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Through this intermediate, though, resonance-stabilized carbonate <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> are produced. Some important minerals are carbonates, notably <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">Carbon disulfide</a> (CS 2) is similar.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2-24">[24]</a> Nevertheless, due to its physical properties and its association with organic synthesis, carbon disulfide is sometimes classified as an organic solvent. The other common oxide is carbon monoxide (CO). It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas. The molecules each contain a triple bond and are fairly <a href="/wiki/Polar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar</a>, resulting in a tendency to bind permanently to hemoglobin molecules, displacing oxygen, which has a lower binding affinity.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a> (CN−), has a similar structure, but behaves much like a <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halide</a> ion (<a href="/wiki/Pseudohalogen" title="Pseudohalogen">pseudohalogen</a>). For example, it can form the nitride <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">cyanogen</a> molecule ((CN)2), similar to diatomic halides. Likewise, the heavier analog of cyanide, <a href="/wiki/Cyaphide" title="Cyaphide">cyaphide</a> (CP−), is also considered inorganic, though most simple derivatives are highly unstable. Other uncommon oxides are <a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">carbon suboxide</a> (C 3O 2),<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> the unstable <a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">dicarbon monoxide</a> (C2O),<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">carbon trioxide</a> (CO3),<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentanepentone" title="Cyclopentanepentone">cyclopentanepentone</a> (C5O5),<a href="#cite_note-Fatiadi-1963-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanehexone" title="Cyclohexanehexone">cyclohexanehexone</a> (C6O6),<a href="#cite_note-Fatiadi-1963-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride">mellitic anhydride</a> (C12O9). However, mellitic anhydride is the triple acyl anhydride of mellitic acid; moreover, it contains a benzene ring. Thus, many chemists consider it to be organic. With reactive metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, carbon forms either <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbides</a> (C4−) or <a href="/wiki/Acetylide" title="Acetylide">acetylides</a> (C2− 2) to form alloys with high melting points. These anions are also associated with methane and <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, both very weak acids. With an electronegativity of 2.5,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> carbon prefers to form <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>. A few carbides are covalent lattices, like <a href="/wiki/Carborundum" class="mw-redirect" title="Carborundum">carborundum</a> (SiC), which resembles diamond. Nevertheless, even the most polar and salt-like of carbides are not completely ionic compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-3-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic_compounds">Organometallic compounds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a></div> Organometallic compounds by definition contain at least one carbon-metal covalent bond. A wide range of such compounds exist; major classes include simple alkyl-metal compounds (for example, <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">tetraethyllead</a>), η2-alkene compounds (for example, <a href="/wiki/Zeise%27s_salt" title="Zeise's salt">Zeise's salt</a>), and η3-allyl compounds (for example, <a href="/wiki/Allylpalladium_chloride_dimer" title="Allylpalladium chloride dimer">allylpalladium chloride dimer</a>); <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">metallocenes</a> containing cyclopentadienyl ligands (for example, <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbene_complex" title="Transition metal carbene complex">transition metal carbene complexes</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">metal carbonyls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanometalate" title="Cyanometalate">metal cyanides</a> exist (for example, <a href="/wiki/Tetracarbonylnickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarbonylnickel">tetracarbonylnickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">potassium ferricyanide</a>); some workers consider metal carbonyl and cyanide complexes without other carbon ligands to be purely inorganic, and not organometallic. However, most organometallic chemists consider metal complexes with any carbon ligand, even 'inorganic carbon' (e.g., carbonyls, cyanides, and certain types of carbides and acetylides) to be organometallic in nature. Metal complexes containing organic ligands without a carbon-metal covalent bond (e.g., metal carboxylates) are termed metalorganic compounds. While carbon is understood to strongly prefer formation of four covalent bonds, other exotic bonding schemes are also known. <a href="/wiki/Carborane" title="Carborane">Carboranes</a> are highly stable dodecahedral derivatives of the [B12H12]2- unit, with one BH replaced with a CH+. Thus, the carbon is bonded to five boron atoms and one hydrogen atom. The cation [(Ph3PAu)6C]2+ contains an octahedral carbon bound to six phosphine-gold fragments. This phenomenon has been attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Aurophilicity" title="Aurophilicity">aurophilicity</a> of the gold ligands, which provide additional stabilization of an otherwise labile species.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In nature, the iron-molybdenum cofactor (<a href="/wiki/FeMoco" title="FeMoco">FeMoco</a>) responsible for microbial <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> likewise has an octahedral carbon center (formally a carbide, C(-IV)) bonded to six iron atoms. In 2016, it was confirmed that, in line with earlier theoretical predictions, the <a href="/wiki/Hexamethylbenzene" title="Hexamethylbenzene">hexamethylbenzene dication</a> contains a carbon atom with six bonds. More specifically, the dication could be described structurally by the formulation [MeC(η5-C5Me5)]2+, making it an "organic <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">metallocene</a>" in which a MeC3+ fragment is bonded to a η5-C5Me5− fragment through all five of the carbons of the ring.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png/220px-Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png/330px-Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png/440px-Akiba%27s_%22hypervalent_carbon%22_compound.png 2x" data-file-width="5799" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption>This anthracene derivative contains a carbon atom with 5 formal electron pairs around it.</figcaption></figure> It is important to note that in the cases above, each of the bonds to carbon contain less than two formal electron pairs. Thus, the formal electron count of these species does not exceed an octet. This makes them hypercoordinate but not hypervalent. Even in cases of alleged 10-C-5 species (that is, a carbon with five ligands and a formal electron count of ten), as reported by Akiba and co-workers,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> electronic structure calculations conclude that the electron population around carbon is still less than eight, as is true for other compounds featuring four-electron <a href="/wiki/Three-center_bond" title="Three-center bond">three-center bonding</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/170px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/255px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> in his youth</figcaption></figure> The English name carbon comes from the Latin carbo for coal and charcoal,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> whence also comes the French charbon, meaning charcoal. In German, Dutch and Danish, the names for carbon are Kohlenstoff, koolstof, and kulstof respectively, all literally meaning coal-substance. Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. Diamonds were known probably as early as 2500 BCE in China, while carbon in the form of charcoal was made by the same chemistry as it is today, by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude air.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-2005-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/170px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/255px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/340px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a></figcaption></figure> In 1722, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> demonstrated that iron was transformed into steel through the absorption of some substance, now known to be carbon.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 1772, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples of charcoal and diamond and found that neither produced any water and that both released the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram. In 1779,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> showed that graphite, which had been thought of as a form of lead, was instead identical with charcoal but with a small admixture of iron, and that it gave "aerial acid" (his name for carbon dioxide) when oxidized with nitric acid.<a href="#cite_note-Senese,_Fred-2000-112">[112]</a> In 1786, the French scientists <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> and C. A. Vandermonde confirmed that graphite was mostly carbon by oxidizing it in oxygen in much the same way Lavoisier had done with diamond.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Some iron again was left, which the French scientists thought was necessary to the graphite structure. In their publication they proposed the name carbone (Latin carbonum) for the element in graphite which was given off as a gas upon burning graphite. Antoine Lavoisier then listed carbon as an element in his 1789 textbook.<a href="#cite_note-Senese,_Fred-2000-112">[112]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a> of carbon, <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a>, that was discovered in 1985<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Nanostructure" title="Nanostructure">nanostructured</a> forms such as <a href="/wiki/Buckyball" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckyball">buckyballs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanotubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanotubes">nanotubes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unwin-2007-31">[31]</a> Their discoverers – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Kroto">Harold Kroto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a> – received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in Chemistry in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The resulting renewed interest in new forms led to the discovery of further exotic allotropes, including <a href="/wiki/Glassy_carbon" title="Glassy carbon">glassy carbon</a>, and the realization that "<a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">amorphous carbon</a>" is not strictly <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-2004-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphite">Graphite</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a></div> Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world, but the most important sources economically are in China, India, Brazil, and North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Simandl-2015-116">[116]</a> Graphite deposits are of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> origin, found in association with <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a> in schists, <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneisses</a>, and metamorphosed <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lens_(geology)" title="Lens (geology)">lenses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a>, sometimes of a metre or more in thickness. Deposits of graphite in <a href="/wiki/Borrowdale" title="Borrowdale">Borrowdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, England were at first of sufficient size and purity that, until the 19th century, pencils were made by sawing blocks of natural graphite into strips before encasing the strips in wood. Today, smaller deposits of graphite are obtained by crushing the parent rock and floating the lighter graphite out on water.<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Minerals_Yearbook-117">[117]</a> There are three types of natural graphite—amorphous, flake or crystalline flake, and vein or lump. Amorphous graphite is the lowest quality and most abundant. Contrary to science, in industry "amorphous" refers to very small crystal size rather than complete lack of crystal structure. Amorphous is used for lower value graphite products and is the lowest priced graphite. Large amorphous graphite deposits are found in China, Europe, Mexico and the United States. Flake graphite is less common and of higher quality than amorphous; it occurs as separate plates that crystallized in metamorphic rock. Flake graphite can be four times the price of amorphous. Good quality flakes can be processed into <a href="/wiki/Expandable_graphite" title="Expandable graphite">expandable graphite</a> for many uses, such as <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a>. The foremost deposits are found in Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany and Madagascar. Vein or lump graphite is the rarest, most valuable, and highest quality type of natural graphite. It occurs in veins along intrusive contacts in solid lumps, and it is only commercially mined in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Minerals_Yearbook-117">[117]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>, world production of natural graphite was 1.1 million tonnes in 2010, to which China contributed 800,000 t, India 130,000 t, Brazil 76,000 t, North Korea 30,000 t and Canada 25,000 t. No natural graphite was reported mined in the United States, but 118,000 t of synthetic graphite with an estimated value of $998 million was produced in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Minerals_Yearbook-117">[117]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamond">Diamond</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Diamond_Output_in_2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Global_Diamond_Output_in_2005.png/440px-Global_Diamond_Output_in_2005.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Global_Diamond_Output_in_2005.png/660px-Global_Diamond_Output_in_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Global_Diamond_Output_in_2005.png/880px-Global_Diamond_Output_in_2005.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Diamond output in 2005</figcaption></figure> The diamond supply chain is controlled by a limited number of powerful businesses, and is also highly concentrated in a small number of locations around the world (see figure). Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds. The ore is crushed, during which care has to be taken in order to prevent larger diamonds from being destroyed in this process and subsequently the particles are sorted by density. Today, diamonds are located in the diamond-rich density fraction with the help of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a>, after which the final sorting steps are done by hand. Before the use of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> became commonplace, the separation was done with grease belts; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Historically diamonds were known to be found only in alluvial deposits in southern India.<a href="#cite_note-Catelle-1911-119">[119]</a> India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BC<a href="#cite_note-Ball-1881-120">[120]</a> to the mid-18th century AD, but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Diamond production of primary deposits (kimberlites and lamproites) only started in the 1870s after the discovery of the diamond fields in South Africa. Production has increased over time and an accumulated total of over 4.5 billion carats have been mined since that date.<a href="#cite_note-Janse-2007-122">[122]</a> Most commercially viable diamond deposits were in Russia, Botswana, Australia and the Democratic Republic of Congo.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> By 2005, Russia produced almost one-fifth of the global diamond output (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Yakutia territory</a>; for example, <a href="/wiki/Mir_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Mine">Mir pipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udachnaya_pipe" title="Udachnaya pipe">Udachnaya pipe</a>) but the <a href="/wiki/Argyle_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argyle mine">Argyle mine</a> in Australia became the single largest source, producing 14 million carats in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz-2007-125">[125]</a> New finds, the Canadian mines at <a href="/wiki/Diavik_Diamond_Mine" title="Diavik Diamond Mine">Diavik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekati" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekati">Ekati</a>, are expected to become even more valuable owing to their production of gem quality stones.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In the United States, diamonds have been found in Arkansas, Colorado, and Montana.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In 2004, a startling discovery of a microscopic diamond in the United States<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberlite pipes">kimberlite pipes</a> in a remote part of Montana.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/220px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/330px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/440px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Pencil leads for mechanical pencils are made of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> (often mixed with a clay or synthetic binder).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/220px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/330px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/440px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Sticks of vine and compressed <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg/220px-Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg/330px-Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg/440px-Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A cloth of woven carbon fibres</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC_p1390066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/220px-SiC_p1390066.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/330px-SiC_p1390066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/440px-SiC_p1390066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a> <a href="/wiki/Single_crystal" title="Single crystal">single crystal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG/220px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG/330px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG/440px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>The C60 fullerene in crystalline form</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungsten_carbide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tungsten_carbide.jpg/220px-Tungsten_carbide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tungsten_carbide.jpg/330px-Tungsten_carbide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tungsten_carbide.jpg/440px-Tungsten_carbide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">Tungsten carbide</a> <a href="/wiki/Endmills" class="mw-redirect" title="Endmills">endmills</a></figcaption></figure> Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see <a href="/wiki/Alternative_biochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative biochemistry">alternative biochemistry</a>). The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil (petroleum). Crude oil is distilled in refineries by the <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a> to produce gasoline, kerosene, and other products. <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> is a natural, carbon-containing polymer produced by plants in the form of wood, cotton, linen, and <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>. Cellulose is used primarily for maintaining structure in plants. Commercially valuable carbon polymers of animal origin include wool, cashmere, and silk. Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers, often with oxygen and nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main polymer chain. The raw materials for many of these synthetic substances come from crude oil. The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with iron, of which the most common is <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a>. Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a moulding material in glass manufacture, in <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> for dry batteries and in <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electroforming" title="Electroforming">electroforming</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brush_(electric)" title="Brush (electric)">brushes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. Charcoal is used as a drawing material in artwork, barbecue grilling, <a href="/wiki/Iron_smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron smelting">iron smelting</a>, and in many other applications. Wood, coal and oil are used as fuel for production of energy and heating. Gem quality diamond is used in jewelry, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial diamond">industrial diamonds</a> are used in drilling, cutting and polishing tools for machining metals and stone. Plastics are made from fossil hydrocarbons, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> of synthetic polyester fibers is used to reinforce plastics to form advanced, lightweight composite materials. Carbon fiber is made by pyrolysis of extruded and stretched filaments of <a href="/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile" title="Polyacrylonitrile">polyacrylonitrile</a> (PAN) and other organic substances. The crystallographic structure and mechanical properties of the fiber depend on the type of starting material, and on the subsequent processing. Carbon fibers made from PAN have structure resembling narrow filaments of graphite, but thermal processing may re-order the structure into a continuous rolled sheet. The result is fibers with higher <a href="/wiki/Specific_strength" title="Specific strength">specific tensile strength</a> than steel.<a href="#cite_note-Cantwell-1991-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">Carbon black</a> is used as the black pigment in printing ink, artist's oil paint, and water colours, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">carbon paper</a>, automotive finishes, <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printer</a> toner. Carbon black is also used as a filler in rubber products such as tyres and in plastic compounds. <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">Activated charcoal</a> is used as an <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorbent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adsorbent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adsorbent">adsorbent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Filter_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (chemistry)">filter</a> material in applications as diverse as gas masks, water purification, and kitchen <a href="/wiki/Extractor_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Extractor hood">extractor hoods</a>, and in medicine to absorb toxins, poisons, or gases from the digestive system. Carbon is used in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reduction">chemical reduction</a> at high temperatures. <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a> is used to reduce iron ore into iron (smelting). <a href="/wiki/Case_hardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Case hardening">Case hardening</a> of steel is achieved by heating finished steel components in carbon powder. <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">Carbides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" title="Boron carbide">boron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium_carbide" title="Titanium carbide">titanium</a> are among the hardest known materials, and are used as abrasives in cutting and grinding tools. Carbon compounds make up most of the materials used in clothing, such as natural and synthetic textiles and leather, and almost all of the interior surfaces in the built environment other than glass, stone, drywall, and metal. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamonds">Diamonds</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> industry falls into two categories: one dealing with gem-grade diamonds and the other, with industrial-grade diamonds. While a large trade in both types of diamonds exists, the two markets function dramatically differently. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a> such as gold or platinum, gem diamonds do not trade as a commodity. There is a substantial mark-up in the sale of diamonds, and there is not a very active market for resale of diamonds. Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and heat conductivity, with the gemological qualities of clarity and color being mostly irrelevant. About 80% of mined diamonds (equal to about 100 million carats or 20 tonnes annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and relegated for industrial use (known as <a href="/wiki/Bort" title="Bort">bort</a>).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">Synthetic diamonds</a>, invented in the 1950s, found almost immediate industrial applications; 3 billion carats (600 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) of synthetic diamond is produced annually.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-2009-132">[132]</a> The dominant industrial use of diamond is in cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing. Most of these applications do not require large diamonds; in fact, most diamonds of gem-quality except for their small size can be used industrially. Diamonds are embedded in drill tips or saw blades, or ground into a powder for use in grinding and polishing applications.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure experiments">high-pressure experiments</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Diamond_anvil_cell" title="Diamond anvil cell">diamond anvil cell</a>), high-performance <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>, and limited use in specialized windows.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> With the continuing advances in the production of synthetic diamonds, new applications are becoming feasible. Garnering much excitement is the possible use of diamond as a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> suitable for <a href="/wiki/Microchips" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchips">microchips</a>, and because of its exceptional heat conductance property, as a <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a> in electronics.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worker_at_carbon_black_plant2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Worker_at_carbon_black_plant2.jpg/170px-Worker_at_carbon_black_plant2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Worker_at_carbon_black_plant2.jpg/255px-Worker_at_carbon_black_plant2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Worker_at_carbon_black_plant2.jpg/340px-Worker_at_carbon_black_plant2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="6043" /></a><figcaption>Worker at <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Sunray,_Texas" title="Sunray, Texas">Sunray, Texas</a> (photo by <a href="/wiki/John_Vachon" title="John Vachon">John Vachon</a>, 1942)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg/290px-Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg/435px-Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg/580px-Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Gross pathology of lung showing centrilobular emphysema characteristic of smoking. Closeup of fixed, cut surface shows multiple cavities lined by heavy black carbon deposits.</figcaption></figure> Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans and can be handled safely in the form of graphite or charcoal. It is resistant to dissolution or chemical attack, even in the acidic contents of the digestive tract. Consequently, once it enters into the body's tissues it is likely to remain there indefinitely. Carbon black was probably one of the first pigments to be used for tattooing, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a> was found to have carbon tattoos that survived during his life and for 5200 years after his death.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Inhalation of coal dust or soot (carbon black) in large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung tissues and causing the congestive lung disease, <a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a>. Diamond dust used as an abrasive can be harmful if ingested or inhaled. Microparticles of carbon are produced in diesel engine exhaust fumes, and may accumulate in the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In these examples, the harm may result from contaminants (e.g., organic chemicals, heavy metals) rather than from the carbon itself. Carbon generally has low toxicity to life on Earth; but carbon nanoparticles are deadly to <a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Carbon may burn vigorously and brightly in the presence of air at high temperatures. Large accumulations of coal, which have remained inert for hundreds of millions of years in the absence of oxygen, may <a href="/wiki/Spontaneously_combust" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneously combust">spontaneously combust</a> when exposed to air in coal mine waste tips, ship cargo holds and coal bunkers,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and storage dumps. In nuclear applications where graphite is used as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a>, accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Wigner_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigner energy">Wigner energy</a> followed by a sudden, spontaneous release may occur. <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a> to at least 250 °C can release the energy safely, although in the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a> the procedure went wrong, causing other reactor materials to combust. The great variety of carbon compounds include such lethal poisons as <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a> from seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor oil plant">castor oil plant</a> <a href="/wiki/Ricinus_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricinus communis">Ricinus communis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> (CN−), and carbon monoxide; and such essentials to life as glucose and protein. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_chauvinism" title="Carbon chauvinism">Carbon chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_planet" title="Carbon planet">Carbon planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas carbon">Gas carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_carbon_nanotubes" title="Timeline of carbon nanotubes">Timeline of carbon nanotubes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/carbon.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Carbon&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fcarbon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link 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University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0902-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0902-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-0902-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorite+Craters&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-0902-7&rft.au=Mark%2C+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeteoritecraters0000mark_o3c4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitechdaily.com/online-database-tracks-organic-nano-particles-across-universe/">"Online Database Tracks Organic Nano-Particles Across the Universe"</a>. Sci Tech Daily. February 24, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318034957/http://scitechdaily.com/online-database-tracks-organic-nano-particles-across-universe/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sci+Tech+Daily&rft.atitle=Online+Database+Tracks+Organic+Nano-Particles+Across+the+Universe&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscitechdaily.com%2Fonline-database-tracks-organic-nano-particles-across-universe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> William F McDonough <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quake.mit.edu/hilstgroup/CoreMantle/EarthCompo.pdf">The composition of the Earth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928074153/http://quake.mit.edu/hilstgroup/CoreMantle/EarthCompo.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajewski2000" class="citation book cs1">Majewski, Eugeniusz (2000). 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29784790">29784790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=The+biomass+distribution+on+Earth&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=6506-6511&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6016768%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29784790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1711842115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115.6506B&rft.au=Yinon+Bar-On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6016768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Pearce2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Pearce" title="Fred Pearce">Fred Pearce</a> (2014-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129560.400-fire-in-the-hole-after-fracking-comes-coal.html?full=true">"Fire in the hole: After fracking comes coal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. 221 (2956): 36–41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NewSc.221...36P">2014NewSc.221...36P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2814%2960331-6">10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60331-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316021625/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129560.400-fire-in-the-hole-after-fracking-comes-coal.html?full=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Fire+in+the+hole%3A+After+fracking+comes+coal&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=2956&rft.pages=36-41&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2814%2960331-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NewSc.221...36P&rft.au=Fred+Pearce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22129560.400-fire-in-the-hole-after-fracking-comes-coal.html%3Ffull%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627641.100-wonderfuel-welcome-to-the-age-of-unconventional-gas.html?full=true">"Wonderfuel: Welcome to the age of unconventional gas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209231648/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627641.100-wonderfuel-welcome-to-the-age-of-unconventional-gas.html?full=true">Archived</a> 2014-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Helen Knight, <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>, 12 June 2010, pp. 44–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3493349.stm">Ocean methane stocks 'overstated'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425211445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3493349.stm">Archived</a> 2013-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC, 17 Feb. 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227141.100">"Ice on fire: The next fossil fuel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222041938/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227141.100">Archived</a> 2015-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Pearce" title="Fred Pearce">Fred Pearce</a>, New Scientist, 27 June 2009, pp. 30–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Calculated from file global.1751_2008.csv in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111022125534/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/CSV-FILES/">"Index of /ftp/ndp030/CSV-FILES"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/CSV-FILES">the original</a> on 2011-10-22. Retrieved 2011-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+%2Fftp%2Fndp030%2FCSV-FILES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiac.ornl.gov%2Fftp%2Fndp030%2FCSV-FILES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> from the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide_Information_Analysis_Center" title="Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center">Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Gross2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rachel Gross (Sep 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/articleimages/mg21929350.800/1-whats-brown-and-soggy-and-could-save-the-world.html">"Deep, and dank mysterious"</a>. New Scientist: 40–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055409/http://www.newscientist.com/articleimages/mg21929350.800/1-whats-brown-and-soggy-and-could-save-the-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Deep%2C+and+dank+mysterious&rft.pages=40-43&rft.date=2013-09-21&rft.au=Rachel+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticleimages%2Fmg21929350.800%2F1-whats-brown-and-soggy-and-could-save-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanenko,_R.1983" class="citation book cs1">Stefanenko, R. (1983). Coal Mining Technology: Theory and Practice. 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Consequences: The Nature and Implication of Environmental Change. 4 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024152448/http://gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/vol4no1/carbcycle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consequences%3A+The+Nature+and+Implication+of+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=The+Carbon+Cycle%2C+Climate%2C+and+the+Long-Term+Effects+of+Fossil+Fuel+Burning&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kasting&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgcrio.org%2FCONSEQUENCES%2Fvol4no1%2Fcarbcycle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/BIOL/classes/bio302/pages/carbondatingback.html">"Carbon-14 formation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801234723/http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/BIOL/classes/bio302/pages/carbondatingback.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015. 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Electronics Letters. 28 (2): 197–199. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ElL....28..197S">1992ElL....28..197S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fel%3A19920123">10.1049/el:19920123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics+Letters&rft.atitle=120+W+CW+output+power+from+monolithic+AlGaAs+%28800+nm%29+laser+diode+array+mounted+on+diamond+heatsink&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-199&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fel%3A19920123&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992ElL....28..197S&rft.aulast=Sakamoto&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Endriz%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Scifres%2C+D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorferMoserSpindlerBahr1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dorfer, Leopold; Moser, M.; Spindler, K.; Bahr, F.; Egarter-Vigl, E.; Dohr, G. (1998). "5200-year old acupuncture in Central Europe?". Science. 282 (5387): 242–243. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...282..239D">1998Sci...282..239D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5387.239f">10.1126/science.282.5387.239f</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9841386">9841386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42284618">42284618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=5200-year+old+acupuncture+in+Central+Europe%3F&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=5387&rft.pages=242-243&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.282.5387.239f&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42284618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9841386&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...282..239D&rft.aulast=Dorfer&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rft.au=Moser%2C+M.&rft.au=Spindler%2C+K.&rft.au=Bahr%2C+F.&rft.au=Egarter-Vigl%2C+E.&rft.au=Dohr%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldsonStoneClouterRenwick2001" class="citation journal cs1">Donaldson, K.; Stone, V.; Clouter, A.; Renwick, L.; MacNee, W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740105">"Ultrafine particles"</a>. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 58 (3): 211–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.58.3.211">10.1136/oem.58.3.211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740105">1740105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11171936">11171936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ultrafine+particles&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-216&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1740105%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11171936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.58.3.211&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Stone%2C+V.&rft.au=Clouter%2C+A.&rft.au=Renwick%2C+L.&rft.au=MacNee%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1740105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090807103921.htm">Carbon Nanoparticles Toxic To Adult Fruit Flies But Benign To Young</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102130334/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090807103921.htm">Archived</a> 2011-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ScienceDaily (Aug. 17, 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/04-30.htm">"Press Release – Titanic Disaster: New Theory Fingers Coal Fire"</a>. www.geosociety.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414183351/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/04-30.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2016-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geosociety.org&rft.atitle=Press+Release+%E2%80%93+Titanic+Disaster%3A+New+Theory+Fingers+Coal+Fire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geosociety.org%2Fnews%2Fpr%2F04-30.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry" class="citation web cs1">McSherry, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/mainecoal.html">"Coal bunker Fire"</a>. www.spanamwar.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323134109/http://www.spanamwar.com/mainecoal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spanamwar.com&rft.atitle=Coal+bunker+Fire&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanamwar.com%2Fmainecoal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannion2006" class="citation book cs1">Mannion, A. M. (12 January 2006). Carbon and Its Domestication. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 1–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3956-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-3956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbon+and+Its+Domestication&rft.pages=1-319&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3956-0&rft.aulast=Mannion&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c1cj">Carbon</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/006.htm">Carbon</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80956/carbon-group-element">Carbon on Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618165649/http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/everywhere.html">Extensive Carbon page at asu.edu</a> (archived 18 June 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011109080742/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-c01-carbon.htm">Electrochemical uses of carbon</a> (archived 9 November 2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109012854/http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/juni/1149432180.36">Carbon—Super Stuff. Animation with sound and interactive 3D-models.</a> (archived 9 November 2012)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Carbon at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbon" class="extiw" title="wikt:carbon">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carbon" class="extiw" title="c:Carbon">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Carbon" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:The Elements/Carbon">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allotropes_of_carbon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Template:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allotropes_of_carbon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">Allotropes of carbon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">sp3 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond (cubic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleite" title="Lonsdaleite">Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">sp2 forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerenes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">C60 (buckminsterfullerene)</a>, <a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fullerene_whiskers" title="Fullerene whiskers">Fullerene whiskers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">Nanotubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanobud" title="Carbon nanobud">Nanobuds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanoscrolls" title="Carbon nanoscrolls">Nanoscrolls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassy_carbon" title="Glassy carbon">Glassy carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">sp forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon" title="Linear acetylenic carbon">Linear acetylenic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo(6)carbon" title="Cyclo(6)carbon">C 6 (cyclo[6]carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo(18)carbon" title="Cyclo(18)carbon">C 18 (cyclo[18]carbon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">mixed sp3/sp2 forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">Amorphous carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanofoam" title="Carbon nanofoam">Carbon nanofoam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbide-derived_carbon" title="Carbide-derived carbon">Carbide-derived carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-carbon">Q-carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_carbon" title="Atomic carbon">C 1 (atomic carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">C 2 (diatomic carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">C 3 (tricarbon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">hypothetical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropatriene" title="Cyclopropatriene">C 3 (cyclopropatriene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prismane_C8" class="mw-redirect" title="Prismane C8">C 6 (prismane C8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoite" title="Chaoite">Chaoite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeckelites" title="Haeckelites">Haeckelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon#Other_possible_forms" title="Allotropes of carbon">Cubic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon#Other_possible_forms" title="Allotropes of carbon">Metallic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penta-graphene" title="Penta-graphene">Penta-graphene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">Carbon black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregated_diamond_nanorod" title="Aggregated diamond nanorod">Aggregated diamond nanorod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon_and_related_ions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon_and_related_ions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">Inorganic compounds of</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">carbon</a> and related ions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monofluoride" title="Carbon monofluoride">CF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetroxide" title="Carbon tetroxide">CO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pentoxide" title="Carbon pentoxide">CO5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_hexoxide" title="Carbon hexoxide">CO6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenedithione" title="Ethenedithione">C2S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">CS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_diselenide" title="Carbon diselenide">CSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C3O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_subsulfide" title="Carbon subsulfide">C3S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">SiC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon ions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">Carbides</a> [:C≡C:]2−, [::C::]4−, [:C=C=C:]4−</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a> [:C≡N:]−</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">Cyanate</a> [:O−C≡N:]−</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanate</a> [:S−C≡N:]−</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminate" title="Fulminate">Fulminate</a> [:C≡N−O:]−</li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27110079" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q27110079">Thiofulminate</a> [:C≡N−S:]−</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nanostructures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_intercalation_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite intercalation compounds">Graphite intercalation compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulleride" title="Fulleride">Fullerides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxides and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nitride" title="Carbon nitride">Nitrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">Metal carbonyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Compounds_of_carbon_with_other_elements_in_the_periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ChemicalBondsToCarbon" title="Template:ChemicalBondsToCarbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ChemicalBondsToCarbon" title="Template talk:ChemicalBondsToCarbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ChemicalBondsToCarbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ChemicalBondsToCarbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compounds_of_carbon_with_other_elements_in_the_periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Compounds of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">carbon</a> with other elements in the periodic table</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wikitable" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table cellpadding="3" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93hydrogen_bond" title="Carbon–hydrogen bond">CH</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border:none"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="border:none" rowspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE4E1">He </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organolithium_reagent" title="Organolithium reagent">CLi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoberyllium_chemistry" title="Organoberyllium chemistry">CBe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organoboron_chemistry" title="Organoboron chemistry">CB</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_bond" title="Carbon–carbon bond">CC</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93nitrogen_bond" title="Carbon–nitrogen bond">CN</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93oxygen_bond" title="Carbon–oxygen bond">CO</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organofluorine_chemistry" title="Organofluorine chemistry">CF</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE4E1">Ne </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organosodium_chemistry" title="Organosodium chemistry">CNa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organomagnesium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomagnesium chemistry">CMg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organoaluminium_chemistry" title="Organoaluminium chemistry">CAl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organosilicon_chemistry" title="Organosilicon chemistry">CSi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus_chemistry" title="Organophosphorus chemistry">CP</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organosulfur_chemistry" title="Organosulfur chemistry">CS</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organochlorine_chemistry" title="Organochlorine chemistry">CCl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoargon_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoargon chemistry">CAr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organopotassium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organopotassium chemistry">CK</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organocalcium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organocalcium chemistry">CCa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoscandium_chemistry" title="Organoscandium chemistry">CSc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organotitanium_chemistry" title="Organotitanium chemistry">CTi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organovanadium_chemistry" title="Organovanadium chemistry">CV</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organochromium_chemistry" title="Organochromium chemistry">CCr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organomanganese_chemistry" title="Organomanganese chemistry">CMn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organoiron_chemistry" title="Organoiron chemistry">CFe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organocobalt_chemistry" title="Organocobalt chemistry">CCo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organonickel_chemistry" title="Organonickel chemistry">CNi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organocopper_chemistry" title="Organocopper chemistry">CCu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organozinc_chemistry" title="Organozinc chemistry">CZn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organogallium_chemistry" title="Organogallium chemistry">CGa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organogermanium_chemistry" title="Organogermanium chemistry">CGe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organoarsenic_chemistry" title="Organoarsenic chemistry">CAs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organoselenium_chemistry" title="Organoselenium chemistry">CSe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organobromine_chemistry" title="Organobromine chemistry">CBr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organokrypton_chemistry" title="Organokrypton chemistry">CKr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organorubidium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organorubidium chemistry">CRb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organostrontium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organostrontium chemistry">CSr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoyttrium_chemistry" title="Organoyttrium chemistry">CY</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organozirconium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozirconium chemistry">CZr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoniobium_chemistry" title="Organoniobium chemistry">CNb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organomolybdenum_chemistry" title="Organomolybdenum chemistry">CMo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organotechnetium_chemistry" title="Organotechnetium chemistry">CTc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organoruthenium_chemistry" title="Organoruthenium chemistry">CRu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organorhodium_chemistry" title="Organorhodium chemistry">CRh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organopalladium_chemistry" title="Organopalladium chemistry">CPd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organosilver_chemistry" title="Organosilver chemistry">CAg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organocadmium_chemistry" title="Organocadmium chemistry">CCd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoindium_chemistry" title="Organoindium chemistry">CIn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organotin_chemistry" title="Organotin chemistry">CSn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoantimony_chemistry" title="Organoantimony chemistry">CSb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organotellurium_chemistry" title="Organotellurium chemistry">CTe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/Organoiodine_chemistry" title="Organoiodine chemistry">CI</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoxenon_chemistry" title="Organoxenon chemistry">CXe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organocesium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organocesium chemistry">CCs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organobarium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organobarium chemistry">CBa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:white"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CLu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organohafnium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organohafnium chemistry">CHf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organotantalum_chemistry" title="Organotantalum chemistry">CTa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organotungsten_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotungsten chemistry">CW</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organorhenium_chemistry" title="Organorhenium chemistry">CRe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoosmium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoosmium chemistry">COs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoiridium_chemistry" title="Organoiridium chemistry">CIr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoplatinum_chemistry" title="Organoplatinum chemistry">CPt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organogold_chemistry" title="Organogold chemistry">CAu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/Organomercury_chemistry" title="Organomercury chemistry">CHg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organothallium_chemistry" title="Organothallium chemistry">CTl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF82"><a href="/wiki/Organolead_chemistry" title="Organolead chemistry">CPb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organobismuth_chemistry" title="Organobismuth chemistry">CBi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organopolonium_chemistry" title="Organopolonium chemistry">CPo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoastatine_chemistry" title="Organoastatine chemistry">CAt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE4E1">Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFE4E1"> <td style="background-color:#FFE4E1">Fr </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoradium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoradium chemistry">CRa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:white"><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">Lr</a> </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoseaborgium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoseaborgium chemistry">CSg</a> </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height:0.7em;">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0DC82"> <td colspan="2" style="border:none; background-color:white"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:white"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CLa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organocerium_chemistry" title="Organocerium chemistry">CCe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CPr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CNd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CPm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CSm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CEu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CGd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CTb</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CDy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CHo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CEr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CTm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">CYb</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFE4E1"> <td colspan="2" style="border:none; background-color:white"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:white;"><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organothorium_chemistry" title="Organothorium chemistry">CTh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">CPa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organouranium_chemistry" title="Organouranium chemistry">CU</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoneptunium_chemistry" title="Organoneptunium chemistry">CNp</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">CPu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">CAm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">CCm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">CBk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">CCf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">CEs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">Fm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">Md</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">No</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legend</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wikitable" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bonds</a> to carbon</li><li>Core organic chemistry</li><li>Many uses in chemistry</li><li>Academic research, no widespread use</li><li>Bond unknown</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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