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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_of_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Policies of religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies_of_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies of religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies_of_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Interfaith dialogue</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حوار الأديان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوار الأديان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="আন্তঃধর্মীয় সংলাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তঃধর্মীয় সংলাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A0leg_interreligi%C3%B3s" title="Diàleg interreligiós – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diàleg interreligiós" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1bo%C5%BEensk%C3%BD_dialog" title="Mezináboženský dialog – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezináboženský dialog" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreligi%C3%B6ser_Dialog" title="Interreligiöser Dialog – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interreligiöser Dialog" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1logo_interreligioso" title="Diálogo interreligioso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diálogo interreligioso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreligia_dialogo" title="Interreligia dialogo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interreligia dialogo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گفتگوی بین ادیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گفتگوی بین ادیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue_interreligieux" title="Dialogue interreligieux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dialogue interreligieux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_antarkepercayaan" title="Dialog antarkepercayaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dialog antarkepercayaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogo_interreligioso" title="Dialogo interreligioso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialogo interreligioso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%93%D7%AA%D7%99" title="דיאלוג בין-דתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיאלוג בין-דתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifampiresahana_eo_amin%27_ny_samy_fivavahana" title="Fifampiresahana eo amin' ny samy fivavahana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fifampiresahana eo amin' ny samy fivavahana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%96%93%E5%AF%BE%E8%A9%B1" title="宗教間対話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宗教間対話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionsdialog" title="Religionsdialog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Religionsdialog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionsdialog" title="Religionsdialog – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Religionsdialog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1logo_inter-religioso" title="Diálogo inter-religioso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diálogo inter-religioso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskontodialogi" title="Uskontodialogi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskontodialogi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreligi%C3%B6s_dialog" title="Interreligiös dialog – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Interreligiös dialog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinleraras%C4%B1_diyalog" title="Dinlerarası diyalog – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dinlerarası diyalog" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1304214#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/World-Day-of-Prayer-for-Peace_Assisi_2011.jpg/220px-World-Day-of-Prayer-for-Peace_Assisi_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/World-Day-of-Prayer-for-Peace_Assisi_2011.jpg/330px-World-Day-of-Prayer-for-Peace_Assisi_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/World-Day-of-Prayer-for-Peace_Assisi_2011.jpg/440px-World-Day-of-Prayer-for-Peace_Assisi_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6226" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>The 2011 fourth <a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_Prayer_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="World Day of Prayer for Peace">World Day of Prayer for Peace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assisi,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisi, Italy">Assisi, Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_Leaders,_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Religious_Leaders%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg/220px-Religious_Leaders%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Religious_Leaders%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg/330px-Religious_Leaders%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Religious_Leaders%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg/440px-Religious_Leaders%2C_World_Economic_Forum_2009_Annual_Meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: <a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury (1991–2002); <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a>, Chief Rabbi (<a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>); <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ceri%C4%87" title="Mustafa Cerić">Mustafa Cerić</a>, Grand Mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina; <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wallis" title="Jim Wallis">Jim Wallis</a>, Sojourners, USA. 2009 <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Davos, Switzerland">Davos, Switzerland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Way_of_Worship_may_be_Different_-_but_God_is_One._Nubra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Way_of_Worship_may_be_Different_-_but_God_is_One._Nubra.jpg/220px-Way_of_Worship_may_be_Different_-_but_God_is_One._Nubra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Way_of_Worship_may_be_Different_-_but_God_is_One._Nubra.jpg/330px-Way_of_Worship_may_be_Different_-_but_God_is_One._Nubra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Way_of_Worship_may_be_Different_-_but_God_is_One._Nubra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Roadside sign in the <a href="/wiki/Nubra_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubra Valley">Nubra Valley</a>, Ladkah, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pembacaan_Deklarasi_Bersama_Istiqlal_tahun_2024.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pembacaan_Deklarasi_Bersama_Istiqlal_tahun_2024.jpeg/220px-Pembacaan_Deklarasi_Bersama_Istiqlal_tahun_2024.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pembacaan_Deklarasi_Bersama_Istiqlal_tahun_2024.jpeg/330px-Pembacaan_Deklarasi_Bersama_Istiqlal_tahun_2024.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pembacaan_Deklarasi_Bersama_Istiqlal_tahun_2024.jpeg/440px-Pembacaan_Deklarasi_Bersama_Istiqlal_tahun_2024.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> and Imam <a href="/wiki/Nasaruddin_Umar" title="Nasaruddin Umar">Nasaruddin Umar</a> in <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarasi_Bersama_Istiqlal_2024" class="extiw" title="id:Deklarasi Bersama Istiqlal 2024">declaring Istiqlal</a> with interfaith leaders in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta, Indonesia">Jakarta, Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Interfaith dialogue, also known as interreligious dialogue, refers to cooperative, constructive, and positive interaction between people of different <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> traditions (i.e. "faiths") and/or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> beliefs, at both the individual and institutional levels. Throughout the world there are local, regional, national and international interfaith initiatives; many are formally or informally linked and constitute larger networks or federations. The often quoted statement "There will be no peace among the nations without peace among the religions. There will be no peace among the religions without dialogue among the religions" was formulated by <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a>, a Professor of Ecumenical Theology and President of the Global Ethic Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Interfaith dialogue forms a major role in the study of <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">religion and peacebuilding</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Chicago">Archdiocese of Chicago</a>'s Office for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs defines "the difference between <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical">ecumenical</a>, interfaith, and interreligious relations", as follows: <ul><li>"ecumenical" as "relations and prayer with other Christians",</li> <li>"interfaith" as "relations with members of the '<a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic faiths</a>' (Jewish, Muslim and Christian traditions)," and</li> <li>"interreligious" as "relations with other religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul> Some interfaith dialogues have more recently adopted the name interbelief dialogue,<a href="#cite_note-ICC-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICC2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICC3-6">[6]</a> while other proponents have proposed the term interpath dialogue, to avoid implicitly excluding atheists, agnostics, humanists, and others with no religious faith but with ethical or philosophical beliefs, as well as to be more accurate concerning many world religions that do not place the same emphasis on "faith" as do some Western religions. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_Rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralistic Rationalism">pluralistic rationalist</a> groups have hosted public reasoning dialogues to transcend all worldviews (whether religious, cultural or political), termed transbelief dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-pluralism1-7">[7]</a> To some, the term interreligious dialogue has the same meaning as interfaith dialogue. The <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> states: "Following the lead of the Roman Catholic Church, other churches and Christian religious organizations, such as the World Council of Churches, have increasingly opted to use the word interreligious rather than interfaith to describe their own bilateral and multilateral dialogue and engagement with other religions. [...] the term interreligious is preferred because we are referring explicitly to dialogue with those professing religions – who identify themselves explicitly with a religious tradition and whose work has a specific religious affiliation and is based on religious foundations."<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_interreligious_organizations" title="List of interreligious organizations">List of interreligious organizations</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druck_Augsburger_Reichsfrieden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Druck_Augsburger_Reichsfrieden.jpg/200px-Druck_Augsburger_Reichsfrieden.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Druck_Augsburger_Reichsfrieden.jpg/300px-Druck_Augsburger_Reichsfrieden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Druck_Augsburger_Reichsfrieden.jpg/400px-Druck_Augsburger_Reichsfrieden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Front page of the 1555 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a>, which recognized two different churches in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_religionist_symbols.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/16_religionist_symbols.png/220px-16_religionist_symbols.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/16_religionist_symbols.png/330px-16_religionist_symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/16_religionist_symbols.png/440px-16_religionist_symbols.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Symbols representing: <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eckists" class="mw-redirect" title="Eckists">Eckists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiccans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiccans">Wiccans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shintoists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelemites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyoists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrians</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/220px-Kazan_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/330px-Kazan_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/440px-Kazan_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_All_Religions" title="Temple of All Religions">Temple of All Religions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Puja-Mandala-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Puja-Mandala-01.jpg/220px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Puja-Mandala-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Puja-Mandala-01.jpg/330px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Puja-Mandala-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Puja-Mandala-01.jpg/440px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Puja-Mandala-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4884" data-file-height="3774" /></a><figcaption>Puja Mandala, a temple that symbolizes tolerance of diversity in Indonesia located in <a href="/wiki/Kuta,_Bali" title="Kuta, Bali">Kuta, Bali</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialogos_in_San_Marino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dialogos_in_San_Marino.jpg/220px-Dialogos_in_San_Marino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dialogos_in_San_Marino.jpg/330px-Dialogos_in_San_Marino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dialogos_in_San_Marino.jpg/440px-Dialogos_in_San_Marino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Dialogos in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">City of San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of San Marino">Republic of San Marino</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1893parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/220px-1893parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/330px-1893parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/440px-1893parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3462" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption>Congress of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, 1893</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HKBP_Ressort_Jakarta_Kernolong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HKBP_Ressort_Jakarta_Kernolong.jpg/220px-HKBP_Ressort_Jakarta_Kernolong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HKBP_Ressort_Jakarta_Kernolong.jpg/330px-HKBP_Ressort_Jakarta_Kernolong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HKBP_Ressort_Jakarta_Kernolong.jpg/440px-HKBP_Ressort_Jakarta_Kernolong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3413" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Batak_Christian_Protestant_Church" title="Batak Christian Protestant Church">Batak Christian Protestant Church</a> is located next to the Al Istikharah Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta, Indonesia">Jakarta, Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katarina_kyrka_%26_Stockholms_mosk%C3%A9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Katarina_kyrka_%26_Stockholms_mosk%C3%A9.JPG/220px-Katarina_kyrka_%26_Stockholms_mosk%C3%A9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Katarina_kyrka_%26_Stockholms_mosk%C3%A9.JPG/330px-Katarina_kyrka_%26_Stockholms_mosk%C3%A9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Katarina_kyrka_%26_Stockholms_mosk%C3%A9.JPG/440px-Katarina_kyrka_%26_Stockholms_mosk%C3%A9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>In Sweden, religions coexist: <a href="/wiki/Katarina_Church" title="Katarina Church">Katarina Church</a> and the minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Mosque" title="Stockholm Mosque">Stockholm Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> History records examples of interfaith initiatives throughout the ages, with varying levels of success in establishing one of three types of "dialogue" to engender, as recently described, either understanding, teamwork, or tolerance:<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a> <ol><li>"In the dialogue of the head, we mentally reach out to the other to learn from those who think differently from us."</li> <li>"In the dialogue of the hands, we all work together to make the world a better place in which we must all live together."</li> <li>"In the dialogue of the heart, we share the experience of the emotions of those different from us."</li></ol> The historical effectiveness of interfaith dialogue is an issue of debate. Friar James L. Heft, in a lecture on "The Necessity of Inter-Faith Diplomacy," spoke about the conflicts among practitioners of the three Abrahamic religions (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>). Noting that except for the <a href="/wiki/La_Convivencia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Convivencia">Convivencia</a> in the 14th and 15th centuries, believers in these religions have either kept their distance or have been in conflict, Heft maintains, "there has been very little genuine dialogue" between them. "The sad reality has been that most of the time Jews, Muslims and Christians have remained ignorant about each other, or worse, especially in the case of Christians and Muslims, attacked each other."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In contrast, The Pluralism Project at Harvard University<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> says, "Every religious tradition has grown through the ages in dialogue and historical interaction with others. Christians, Jews, and Muslims have been part of one another's histories, have shared not only villages and cities, but ideas of God and divine revelation."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The importance of Abrahamic interfaith dialogue in the present has been bluntly presented: "We human beings today face a stark choice: dialogue or death!"<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a> More broadly, interfaith dialogue and action have occurred over many centuries: <ul><li>In the 16th century, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar</a> encouraged <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a>, a diverse nation with people of various faith backgrounds, including <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Religious pluralism can also be observed in other historical contexts, including <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Spain">Muslim Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zarmanochegas" title="Zarmanochegas">Zarmanochegas</a> (Zarmarus) (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς) was a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> tradition (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) from India who journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and Athens while Augustus (died 14 CE) was ruling the Roman Emprire.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disputation_of_Barcelona" title="Disputation of Barcelona">Disputation of Barcelona</a> – religious disputation between <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in 1263. The apostate Paulus [Pablo] Christiani proposed to King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I of Aragon</a> that a formal public religious disputation on the fundamentals of faith should be held between him and R. Moses b. Nahman (<a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a>) whom he had already encountered in <a href="/wiki/Gerona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerona, Spain">Gerona</a>. The disputation took place with the support of the ecclesiastical authorities and the generals of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> orders, while the king presided over a number of sessions and took an active part in the disputation. The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Raymond de Peñaforte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Martini" title="Raymond Martini">Raymond Martini</a>, and Arnold de Segarra, and the general of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan order">Franciscan order</a> in the kingdom, Peter de Janua, were among the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> disputants. The single representative for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> side was <a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B8%A5manides" class="mw-redirect" title="Naḥmanides">Naḥmanides</a>. The four sessions of the disputation took place on July 20, 27, 30, and 31, 1263 (according to another calculation, July 20, 23, 26, and 27). <a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B8%A5manides" class="mw-redirect" title="Naḥmanides">Naḥmanides</a> was guaranteed complete freedom of speech in the debate; he took full advantage of the opportunity thus afforded and spoke with remarkable frankness. Two accounts of the disputation, one in Hebrew written by <a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B8%A5manides" class="mw-redirect" title="Naḥmanides">Naḥmanides</a> and a shorter one in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, are the main sources for the history of this important episode in Judeo-Christian polemics. According to both sources the initiative for the disputation and its agenda were imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> side, although the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> account tries to suggest a greater involvement of <a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B8%A5manides" class="mw-redirect" title="Naḥmanides">Naḥmanides</a> in finalizing the items to be discussed. When the ecclesiastics who saw the "not right" turn the disputation was taking, due to Nahmanides persuasive argumentation, they urged that it should be ended as speedily as possible. It was, therefore, never formally concluded, but interrupted. According to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> record of the proceedings, the disputation ended because <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a> fled prematurely from the city. In fact, however, he stayed on in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> for over a week after the disputation had been suspended in order to be present in the synagogue on the following <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> when a conversionist sermon was to be delivered. The king himself attended the synagogue and gave an address, an event without medieval precedent. Nahmanides was permitted to reply on this occasion. The following day, after receipt of a gift of 300 sólidos from the king, he returned home."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>"While the Disputation may have been a great achievement for <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Christiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Christiani">Paulus Christiani</a> in his innovative use of rabbinic sources in <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> missionary efforts, for <a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B8%A5manides" class="mw-redirect" title="Naḥmanides">Naḥmanides</a> it represented an additional example of the wise and courageous leadership which he offered his people."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_initiatives">19th-century initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th-century initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The 1893 <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_World_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of World Religions">Parliament of World Religions</a> at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> is "often regarded as the birth of the interfaith movement".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The congress was the first organized, international gathering of religious leaders.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a> Since its first meeting in 1893, there have been eight meetings including one in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_initiatives">20th-century initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th-century initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Religious_Freedom" title="International Association for Religious Freedom">International Association for Religious Freedom</a> (IARF) was founded under a name different from its current one. In 1987, its statement of purpose was revised to include advancing "understanding, dialogue and readiness to learn and promotes sympathy and harmony among the different religious traditions". In 1990, its membership was enlarged "to include all the world's major religious groups". In 1996, IARF's World Congress included representatives of Palestinian and Israeli IARF groups and Muslim participants made presentations.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>In December 1914, just after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> began, a group of Christians gathered in Cambridge, England to found the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a> (FOR) "in hopes of bringing people of faith together to promote peace, and it went on to become a leading interfaith voice for non-violence and non-discrimination". It has branches and affiliated groups in over 50 countries on every continent. The membership includes "Jews, Christians, Buddhists, Muslims, Indigenous religious practitioners, Baháʼí, and people of other faith traditions, as well as those with no formal religious affiliation".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a></li> <li>In 1936, the World Congress of Faiths (WCF) formed in London. It is "one of the oldest interfaith bodies in the world". One of its purposes is to bring "people of faith together to enrich their understandings of their own and others' traditions". It does this by offering opportunities "to meet, explore, challenge and understand different faith traditions through events from small workshops to large conferences, partnership working, online conversation, and publications".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a></li> <li>In 1949, following the devastation of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Fellowship In Prayer<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> was founded in 1949 by Carl Allison Evans and Kathryn Brown. Evans believed that unified prayer would "bridge theological or structural religious differences", would "open the mind and heart of the prayer to a new understanding of and appreciation for the beliefs and values of those following different spiritual paths", and would "advance interfaith understanding and mutual respect among religious traditions",<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a></li> <li>In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a> (IHEU) was founded in Amsterdam. It serves as "the sole world umbrella organisation embracing Humanist, atheist, rationalist, secularist, skeptic, laique, ethical cultural, freethought and similar organisations world-wide".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> IHEU's "vision is a Humanist world; a world in which human rights are respected and everyone is able to live a life of dignity". It implements its vision by seeking "to influence international policy through representation and information, to build the humanist network, and let the world know about the worldview of Humanism".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Between 1956 and 1964, the Benedictine <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Toumliline" title="Monastery of Toumliline">monastery of Toumliline</a> hosted conferences called "International Meetings" which hosted Christian, Jewish and Muslim scholars such as Louis Massignon, Emmanuel Levinas and Seyyed Hossein Nasr.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li>In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_World_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of World Religions">Center for the Study of World Religions</a> (CSWR) at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a> (HDS) began. Since then, it "has been at the forefront of promoting the sympathetic study and understanding of world religions. It has supported academic inquiry and international understanding in this field through its residential community," and "its research efforts and funding, and its public programs and publications".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>In 1960, Juliet Hollister (1916–2000) created the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Understanding" title="Temple of Understanding">Temple of Understanding</a> (TOU) to provide "interfaith education" with the purpose of "breaking down prejudicial boundaries". The Temple of Understanding "over several years hosted meetings that paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Interfaith_Network" title="North American Interfaith Network">North American Interfaith Network</a> (NAIN)".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>In the late 1960s, interfaith groups such as the Clergy And Laity Concerned (CALC) joined around <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights">Civil Rights</a> issues for <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> and later were often vocal in their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Qf6x9_MLD0">MLK: Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In 1965, "about 100 Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish clergy" formed Clergy Concerned about Vietnam (CCAV). Its purpose was "to challenge U.S. policy on Vietnam". When the group admitted laity, it renamed itself National Emergency Committee of Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam (CALCAV) In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> used its platform for his "Beyond Vietnam" speech. Later, CALCAV addressed other issues of social justice issues and changed its name to become simply Clergy and Laymen Concerned (CALC).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>In 1965, during <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>, it was decided that relations with all religions should be developed. To do this, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> established a special secretariat (later a pontifical council) for relationships with non-Christians. The papal encyclical Ecclesiam Suam emphasized the importance of positive encounter between Christians and people of other faith traditions. The Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions (Nostra Aetate) of 1965, spelled out the pastoral dimensions of this relationship.<a href="#cite_note-oikoumene.org-37">[37]</a></li> <li>In 1967, the World Council of Churches conference "proved to be a landmark both as the beginning of serious interest in interfaith dialogue as such in the WCC, and as the first involvement in the ecumenical discussion of the Vatican Secretariat for Non-Christians".<a href="#cite_note-oikoumene.org-37">[37]</a></li> <li>In 1970, the first World Conference of <a href="/wiki/Religions_for_Peace" title="Religions for Peace">Religions for Peace</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan. Religions for Peace is "the world's largest and most representative multi-religious coalition advancing common action for peace". Its work includes "dialogue" that "bears fruit in common concrete action". Through the organization, diverse religious communities discern "deeply held and widely shared" moral concerns, such as, "transforming violent conflict, promoting just and harmonious societies, advancing human development and protecting the earth".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/DIMMID" title="DIMMID">Dialogue Interreligieux Monastique - Monastic Interreligious Dialogue</a> (DIMMID) is created in Peterborough, Massachusetts and Loppem, Belgium. The aim of this <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> organisation is to foster religious dialogue with other monastic communities across all religions.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Conference_of_Metropolitan_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington">Interfaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington</a> (IFC) was formed.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a> "The IFC brings together eleven historic faith communities to promote dialogue, understanding and a sense of community and to work cooperatively for justice throughout the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> region." Members include the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> faith communities.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcGkbAZpUQs.">What is Minhaj ul Quran?</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Minhaj-ul-Quran" title="Minhaj-ul-Quran">Minhaj-ul-Quran</a> was founded. It is "a <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>-based international organization working to promote peace, tolerance, interfaith harmony and education, tackle extremism and terrorism, engage with young Muslims for religious moderation, promote women's rights, development and empowerment, and provide social welfare and promotion of human rights".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Minhaj-ul-Quran offers free download of books.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>On October 27, 1986 <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> had a day of prayer at Assisi and invited "about fifty Christians and fifty leaders of other faiths". In his book One Christ–Many Religions, <a href="/wiki/S._J._Samartha" class="mw-redirect" title="S. J. Samartha">S. J. Samartha</a> says that the importance of that day of prayer for "interreligious relationships cannot be overestimated" and gives "several reasons" for its importance:<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul> <ol><li>"It conferred legitimacy to Christian initiatives in interreligious dialogues."</li> <li>"It was seen as an event of theological significance."</li> <li>"Assisi was recognized as an act of dialogue in the highest degree."</li> <li>"It emphasized the religious nature of peace."</li></ol> <dl><dd>However, Samartha added, two points caused "disquiet" to people of faiths other than Christian:<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></dd></dl> <ol><li>The Pope's insistence on Christ as the only source of peace.</li> <li>For the prayers Christians were taken to one place and people of other faiths to another place.</li></ol> <dl><dd>Besides, the disquiet caused by the Pope's day of prayer, there is an ongoing "suspicion" by "neighbors of other faiths" that "dialogues may be used for purposes of Christian mission".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Diana L. Eck</a> launched the Pluralism Project by teaching a course on "World Religions in New England," in which students explored the "diverse religious communities in the Boston area". This project was expanded to charting "the development of interfaith efforts throughout the United States" and then the world. The Pluralism Project posts the information on the Pluralism Project website.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a></li> <li>In 1993, on the centennial of its first conference, the Council for a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> hosted a conference in Chicago with 8,000 participants from faith backgrounds around the world. "The Parliament is the oldest, the largest, and the most inclusive gathering of people of all faith and traditions." The organization hosts meetings around the world every few years. Its 2015 conference decided to hold meetings every two years.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a></li> <li>In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Alliance" title="Interfaith Alliance">Interfaith Alliance</a> was created "to celebrate religious freedom and to challenge the bigotry and hatred arising from religious and political extremism infiltrating American politics". As of 2016, the Interfaith Alliance has 185,000 members across the country made up of 75 faith traditions as well as those of no faith tradition. The Interfaith Alliance works to (1) "respect the inherent rights of all individuals–as well as their differences", (2) "promote policies that protect vital boundaries between religion and government", and (3) "unite diverse voices to challenge extremism and build common ground".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li>In 1995, the Interfaith Center at the Presidio was founded with "a multi-faith Board". The center is a <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> "interfaith friendship-building" that welcomes "people of all faiths". The center is committed to "healing and peacemaking within, between, and among religious and spiritual traditions".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqZSz2I7DD8">[1]</a> IWJ History with Kim Bobo</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In 1996, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Interfaith_Relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Interfaith Relations (page does not exist)">Center for Interfaith Relations</a> in Louisville, Kentucky established the Festival of Faiths, a multi-day event that promotes interfaith understanding, cooperation and action.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Bobo" title="Kim Bobo">Kim Bobo</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Worker_Justice" title="Interfaith Worker Justice">Interfaith Worker Justice</a> (IWJ) organization. Today IWJ includes a national network of more than 70 local interfaith groups, worker centers and student groups, making it the leading national organization working to strengthen the religious community's involvement in issues of workplace justice.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiqESNgQRJY">[2]</a> ICNY: Connecting Faith and Society</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Center_of_New_York" title="Interfaith Center of New York">Interfaith Center of New York</a> (ICNY) was founded by the Very Rev. <a href="/wiki/James_Parks_Morton" title="James Parks Morton">James Parks Morton</a>, former Dean of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Divine" title="Cathedral of St. John the Divine">Cathedral of St. John the Divine</a>. ICNY's historic partners have included the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Unified_Court_System" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Unified Court System">New York State Unified Court System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_of_the_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York">Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/UJA-Federation_of_New_York" title="UJA-Federation of New York">UJA-Federation of New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Court_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Court Innovation">Center for Court Innovation</a>, the Harlem Community Justice Center, CONNECT and the city's nine Social Work Schools. ICNY works with hundreds of grassroots and immigrant religious leaders from fifteen different faith and ethnic traditions. Its "long-term goal is to help New York City become a nationally and internationally-recognized model for mutual understanding and cooperation among faith traditions".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCm0-lO0J5Y">[3]</a> Dr Hussain Qadri's address at the "Peace on Earth" Seminar</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In 1998, the Muslim Christian Dialogue Forum was formed "to promote <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> between Muslims and Christians so that they could work for the promotion of peace, human rights, and democracy".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On December 8, 2015, the Forum sponsored a seminar on the subject of "Peace on Earth" at the <a href="/wiki/Forman_Christian_College" title="Forman Christian College">Forman Christian College</a>. The purpose was to bring the Muslim and Christian communities together to defeat "terrorism and extremism".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>In 1998 the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Forum_on_Religion_and_Ecology" title="Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology">Forum on Religion and Ecology</a> was founded at a conference at the United Nations. The Forum arose from 10 conferences at the Harvard Center for the Study of World Religions on World Religions and Ecology from 1996 to 1998. The Forum has continued the interreligious dialogue of the role of religions in retrieving, reevaluating, and reconstructing their traditions to meet the growing environmental and social challenges of our time. Through conferences, publications, and educational materials the Forum promotes cooperation in and among the world's religions for a flourishing Earth community. Its website includes sections on all world's religions, highlight engaged grassroots project and ecojustice work.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>In 1998, Interfaith Power & Light (IPL) began as a project of the Episcopal Church's <a href="/wiki/Grace_Cathedral,_San_Francisco" title="Grace Cathedral, San Francisco">Grace Cathedral, San Francisco</a>, California. Building on its initial success, the IPL model has "been adopted by 40 state affiliates", and IPL is "working to establish Interfaith Power & Light programs in every state". Ecological sustainability is central to IPL's "faith-based activism". The organization's work is reported in its Fact Sheet and 1915 Annual Report.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhurO_lXy7I.">RUMI a Voice for Our Times</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In 1999, The Rumi Forum (RF) was founded by the Turkish Hizmet [Service to Humanity] Movement.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> RF's mission is "to foster <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_dialogue" title="Intercultural dialogue">intercultural dialogue</a>, stimulate thinking and exchange of opinions on supporting and fostering democracy and peace and to provide a common platform for education and information exchange". In particular, the Forum is interested in "pluralism, peace building and conflict resolution, intercultural and interfaith dialogue, social harmony and justice, civil rights and community cohesion".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_initiatives">21st-century initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st-century initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/United_Religions_Initiative" title="United Religions Initiative">United Religions Initiative</a> (URI) was founded "to promote enduring, daily interfaith cooperation, to end religiously motivated violence and to create cultures of peace, justice and healing for the Earth and all living beings". It now claims "more than 790 member groups and organizations, called Cooperation Circles, to engage in community action such as conflict resolution and reconciliation, environmental sustainability, education, women's and youth programs, and advocacy for human rights".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>In 2001, after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, "interfaith relations proliferated".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> "Conversations about the urgency of interfaith dialogue and the need to be knowledgeable about the faith of others gained traction in new ways."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>In 2001, the Children of Abraham Institute ("CHAI") was founded "to articulate the 'hermeneutics of peace' ... that might be applied to bringing Jewish, Muslim, and Christian religious, social, and political leaders into shared study not only of the texts of Scripture but also of the paths and actions of peace that those texts demand".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw1ULap3Km4">Imagine Two People in Interfaith Dialogue</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Encounter_Association" title="Interfaith Encounter Association">Interfaith Encounter Association</a> (IEA) was established in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Its impetus dates from the late 1950s in Israel when a group of visionaries (which included <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>) recognised the need for interfaith dialogue. IEA is dedicated to promoting "coexistence in the Middle East through cross-cultural study and inter-religious dialogue". It forms and maintains "on-going interfaith encounter groups, or centers, that bring together neighboring communities across the country. Each center is led by an interfaith coordinating team with one person for each community in the area."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>In 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_Foundation_International" title="Messiah Foundation International">Messiah Foundation International</a> was formed as "an interfaith, non-religious, spiritual organisation". The organisation comprises "people belonging to various religions and faiths" who "strive to bring about widespread divine love and global peace".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>In 2002, the World Council of Religious Leaders (WCRL) was launched in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>. It is "an independent body" that brings religious resources to support the work of the United Nations and its agencies around the world, nation states and other international organizations, in the "quest for peace". It offers "the collective wisdom and resources of the faith traditions toward the resolution of critical global problems". The WCRL is not a part of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Eboo_Patel" title="Eboo Patel">Eboo Patel</a>, a Muslim, started the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Youth_Core" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfaith Youth Core">Interfaith Youth Core</a> (IFYC) with a Jewish friend and an evangelical Christian staff worker. The IFYC was started to bring students of different religions "together not just to talk, but to work together to feed the hungry, tutor children or build housing". The IFYC builds <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a> by "respect for people's diverse religious and non-religious identities" and "common action for the common good".<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Interfaith_Coexistence_Research_Center" title="Jordanian Interfaith Coexistence Research Center">Jordanian Interfaith Coexistence Research Center</a> (JICRC) was founded by The Very Reverend Father <a href="/wiki/Nabil_Haddad" title="Nabil Haddad">Nabil Haddad</a>. It "focuses on grassroots interfaith dialogue and coexistence". JICRC provides "advice to government and non-government organizations and individual decision makers regarding questions of inter-religious understanding" and "participates in interfaith efforts on the local, regional, and international levels".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Coexist_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coexist Foundation">Coexist Foundation</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Its mission is "to advance social cohesion through education and innovation" and "to strengthen the bond that holds a society together through a sustainable model of people working and learning together" in order to reduce "prejudice, hate and violence".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>In 2007, the Greater Kansas City Festival of Faiths put on its first festival. The festival's goals include: increased participation in interfaith experience and fostering dialogue. Festivals include dramatic events and speakers to "expand interaction and appreciation for different worldviews and religious traditions" One-third of the attendees are 'first-timers' to any interfaith activity.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>On October 13, 2007, Muslims expanded their message. In <a href="/wiki/A_Common_Word_Between_Us_and_You" title="A Common Word Between Us and You">A Common Word Between Us and You</a>, 138 Muslim scholars, clerics and intellectuals unanimously came together for the first time since the days of the Prophet[s] to declare the common ground between Christianity and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-acommonword.com-70">[70]</a></li> <li>In 2007, the biennial interfaith <a href="/wiki/Insight_Film_Festival" title="Insight Film Festival">Insight Film Festival</a> began. It encourages "filmmakers throughout the world to make films about 'faith'". The Festival invites "participants from all faith backgrounds" as a way contributing "to understanding, respect and community cohesion".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Riskin" title="Shlomo Riskin">Rabbi Shlomo Riskin</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish-Christian_Understanding_and_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation">Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation</a> (CJCUC). The center was founded to "begin a theological dialogue" between Jews and Christians with the belief that in dialogue the two faiths will "find far more which unites" them than divides them.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The center, currently located at the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Lands_Museum" title="Bible Lands Museum">Bible Lands Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, engages in Hebraic Bible Study for Christians, from both the local community and from abroad, has organized numerous interfaith praise initiatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Day_to_Praise" title="Day to Praise">Day to Praise</a>, and has established many fund-raising initiatives such as <a href="/wiki/Blessing_Bethlehem" title="Blessing Bethlehem">Blessing Bethlehem</a> which aim to aid the persecuted Christian community of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, in part, and the larger persecuted Christian community of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> region and throughout the world.</li> <li>In 2008, through the collaboration of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Union College">Hebrew Union College</a>, Omar Ibn Al-Khattab Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Muslim-Jewish_Engagement" title="Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement">Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement</a> was created. The center was "inspired by USC President <a href="/wiki/Steven_B._Sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven B. Sample">Steven B. Sample</a>'s vision of increasing collaboration between neighboring institutions in order to benefit both the university and the surrounding community". Its mission is "to promote dialogue, understanding and grassroots, congregational and academic partnerships among the oldest and the newest of the Abrahamic faiths while generating a contemporary understanding in this understudied area and creating new tools for interfaith communities locally, nationally and beyond."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>July 2008 – A historic interfaith dialogue conference was initiated by King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a> to solve world problems through concord instead of conflict. The conference was attended by religious leaders of different faiths such as Christianity, Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, Hinduism, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and was hosted by King Juan Carlos of Spain in Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>January 2009, at <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mahuva_(Bhavnagar_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahuva (Bhavnagar district)">Mahuva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso">Dalai Lama</a> inaugurated an interfaith "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference convened by Hindu preacher <a href="/wiki/Morari_Bapu" title="Morari Bapu">Morari Bapu</a> from January 6 to 11, 2009. This conference explored ways and means to deal with the discord among major religions, according to <a href="/wiki/Morari_Bapu" title="Morari Bapu">Morari Bapu</a>. Participants included Prof. <a href="/wiki/Samdhong_Rinpoche" title="Samdhong Rinpoche">Samdhong Rinpoche</a> on Buddhism, Diwan Saiyad Zainul Abedin Ali Sahib (Ajmer Sharif) on Islam, Dr. Prabalkant Dutt on non-Catholic Christianity, Swami <a href="/wiki/Jayendra_Saraswathi" title="Jayendra Saraswathi">Jayendra Saraswathi</a> on Hinduism and Dastur Dr. Peshtan Hormazadiar Mirza on <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_School_of_Theology" title="Vancouver School of Theology">Vancouver School of Theology</a> opened the Iona Pacific Inter-religious Centre. The Centre "models dialogical, constructive, and innovative research, learning and social engagement". The centre operates under the leadership of Principal and Dean, Dr. Wendy Fletcher, and Director, Rabbi Dr. Robert Daum.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Compassion" title="Charter for Compassion">Charter for Compassion</a> was unveiled to the world. The Charter was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> when she received the 2008 <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> Prize. She made a wish that the TED community would "help create, launch, and propagate a Charter for Compassion". After the contribution of thousands of people the Charter was compiled and presented. Charter for Compassion International serves as "an umbrella for people to engage in collaborative partnerships worldwide" by "concrete, practical actions".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>In 2009, Council of Interfaith Communities (CIC) was incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, District of Columbia">Washington, District of Columbia</a>. It mission was "to be the administrative and ecclesiastical home for independent interfaith/multifaith churches, congregations and seminaries in the USA" and to honor "Interfaith as a spiritual expression". The CIC is one component of the World Council of Interfaith Communities.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Project_Aladdin" title="Project Aladdin">Project Aladdin</a>, an initiative of cultural diplomacy and interreligious dialogue was founded in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. It was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Fondation_pour_la_M%C3%A9moire_de_la_Shoah" title="Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah">Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah</a> and sponsored by former French president <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hassan_bin_Talal" title="Prince Hassan bin Talal">Prince Hassan bin Talal</a> of Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Its initial purpose was to counter <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> in the Muslim world by translating and publishing important Shoah scholarship in Arabic. It has since expanded its mission to combat intolerance, racism, and hate speech against minorities in general.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Partners_of_South_Carolina" title="Interfaith Partners of South Carolina">Interfaith Partners of South Carolina</a> was formed.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> It was the first South Carolina statewide diversity interfaith organization.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Project_Interfaith" title="Project Interfaith">Project Interfaith</a> began its work. 35 volunteers began recording interviews with people in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>. Working in pairs, the volunteers were paired up and given a <a href="/wiki/Flip_Video" title="Flip Video">Flip Video</a> camera to record the interviews. The interviewees were asked three questions: (1) "How do you identify yourself spiritually and why?," (2) "What is a stereotype that impacts you based on your religious and spiritual identity?," and (3) "How welcoming do you find our community for your religious or spiritual path?" The recorded interviews were posted on social media sites, like <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Project Interfaith terminated in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Center_for_Sustainable_Development" title="Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development">Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development</a> (ICSD) was established. ICSD is the largest interfaith environmental organization in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Its work is bringing together "faith groups, religious leaders, and teachers to promote peace and sustainability".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/President_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Obama">President Obama</a> issued the Interfaith and Community Service Campus Challenge by sending a letter<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> to all presidents of institutions of higher education in the United States. The goals of the Challenge included maximizing "the education contributions of community-based organizations, including faith and interfaith organizations". By 2015, more than 400 institutions of higher education had responded to the Challenge. In the 2015 Annual President's Interfaith and Community Service Campus Challenge Gathering, international participants were hosted for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/KAICIID_Dialogue_Centre" title="KAICIID Dialogue Centre">King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue</a> (KAICIID) opened in Vienna, Austria. The board of directors included Jews, Christians, and Muslims. A rabbi on the board said that "the prime purpose is to empower the active work of those in the field, whether in the field of dialogue, of social activism or of conflict resolution". A Muslim member of the board said that "the aim is to promote acceptance of other cultures, moderation and tolerance". According to KAICIID officials, "the center is independent and would not be promoting any one religion".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>In February 2016, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Partnership_on_Religion_and_Sustainable_Development_(PaRD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Partnership on Religion and Sustainable Development (PaRD) (page does not exist)">International Partnership on Religion and Sustainable Development (PaRD)</a> was launched at the 'Partners for Change' conference in Berlin. The network connects government bodies, faith-based organisations and civil-society agencies from around the world to encourage communication on religion and sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>In 2016, the National Catholic Muslim Dialogue (NCMD) was established in the United States. This is a joint venture between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> (USCCB), the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America" title="Islamic Society of North America">Islamic Society of North America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Circle_of_North_America" title="Islamic Circle of North America">Islamic Circle of North America</a>, Islamic Shura Council of Southern California, and the Islamic Educational Center of Orange County. The NCMD was an outgrowth of longstanding regional dialogues in the United States co-sponsored by the USCCB and their regional partners.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>In February 2017, Sister <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Kurien" title="Lucy Kurien">Lucy Kurien</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Maher_(NGO)" title="Maher (NGO)">Maher</a> NGO, founded the Interfaith Association for Service to Humanity and Nature in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. She defines interfaith spirituality as, "We respect and love all religions. We never put down anyone's religion, or uphold one religion to the exclusion of others. What we want is to believe and respect interfaith religion, inclusive of all faith traditions. In our community spiritual practices, we invoke our prayers to the Divine, rather than invoking any particular name or form of God to the exclusion of others." As of October 2017, this new community has 198 members from 8 countries.</li> <li>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_Abrahamic_Family_House_of_Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="The Abrahamic Family House of Worship">The Abrahamic Family House of Worship</a>, an interfaith complex in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Document_on_Human_Fraternity" title="Document on Human Fraternity">Document on Human Fraternity</a> signed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed El-Tayeb</a> in 2019 was completed. It consists of three separate structures: <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_of_Assisi_Church,_Abu_Dhabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Francis of Assisi Church, Abu Dhabi (page does not exist)">St. Francis of Assisi Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Al-Tayeb_Mosque" title="Imam Al-Tayeb Mosque">Imam Al-Tayeb Mosque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue" title="Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue">Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The project was announced in 2019 and inaugurated in 2023. The complex serves as a community for inter-religious dialogue and exchange, as well as a physical manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Document_on_Human_Fraternity" title="Document on Human Fraternity">Document on Human Fraternity</a>. The design was prepared by <a href="/wiki/Adjaye_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaye Associates">Adjaye Associates</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/David_Adjaye" title="David Adjaye">David Adjaye</a>. The three houses of worship have been named after the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar" title="Grand Imam of al-Azhar">Grand Imam of Al Azhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">St. Francis of Assisi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Maimon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses ben Maimon">Moses Ben Maimon</a>. The purpose is to represent interfaith co-existence, preserve the unique character of the religions represented, and build bridges between human civilization and the Abrahamic messages.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a> published works on interfaith dialogue and peacebuilding<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> including a Special Report on Evaluating Interfaith Dialogue<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Religious intolerance persists The above section recounts a "long history of interfaith dialogue". However, a 2014 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a> stated "religious intolerance is still a concern that threatens to undermine the hard work of devoted activists over the decades". Nevertheless, the article expressed hope that continuing "interfaith dialogue can change this".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_of_religions">Policies of religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Policies of religions">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> thesis Dialogue Between Christians, Jews and Muslims argues that "the paramount need is for barriers against non-defensive dialogue conversations between Christians, Jews, and Muslims to be dismantled to facilitate development of common understandings on matters that are deeply divisive". As of 2012, the thesis says that this has not been done.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_the_unity_of_religion" title="Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion">Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion</a></div> Interfaith and multi-faith interactivity is integral to the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. Its founder <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> enjoined his followers to "consort with the followers of all religions in a spirit of friendliness and fellowship".<a href="#cite_note-tab_baha_1-100">[100]</a> Baháʼís are often at the forefront of local inter-faith activities and efforts. Through the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_International_Community" title="Baháʼí International Community">Baháʼí International Community</a> agency, the Baháʼís also participate at a global level in inter-religious dialogue both through and outside of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> processes. In 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a>, the global governing body of the Baháʼís, issued a letter to the religious leadership of all faiths in which it identified religious prejudice as one of the last remaining "isms" to be overcome, enjoining such leaders to unite in an effort to root out extreme and divisive religious intolerance.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> Buddhism has historically been open to other religions.<a href="#cite_note-buddhistview-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/K._Sri_Dhammananda" title="K. Sri Dhammananda">Ven. Dr. K. Sri Dhammananda</a> stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Buddhism is a religion which teaches people to 'live and let live'. In the history of the world, there is no evidence to show that Buddhists have interfered or done any damage to any other religion in any part of the world for the purpose of introducing their religion. Buddhists do not regard the existence of other religions as a hindrance to worldly progress and peace.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></blockquote> The fourteenth century Zen master <a href="/wiki/Gasan_Joseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasan Joseki">Gasan Joseki</a> indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> were written by an enlightened being: <dl><dd>"And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. They toil not, neither do they spin, and yet I say unto you that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these... Take therefore no thought for the morrow, for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Gasan said: "Whoever uttered those words I consider an enlightened man."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> has <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama#Interfaith_dialogue" title="14th Dalai Lama">done a great deal of interfaith work</a> throughout his life. He believes that the "common aim of all religions, an aim that everyone must try to find, is to foster tolerance, altruism and love".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> He met with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> in 1973. He met with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1980 and also later in 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. During 1990, he met in Dharamsala with a delegation of Jewish teachers for an extensive interfaith dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> He has since visited Israel three times and met during 2006 with the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met privately with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>. He has also met the late <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a>, and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Gordon B. Hinckley</a>, late President of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (Mormons), as well as senior <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> officials. In 2010, the Dalai Lama was joined by Rev. Katharine Jefferts Schori, presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church, Chief Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, and Islamic scholar Professor Seyyed Hossein Nasr of George Washington University when <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>'s Center for the Study of Law and Religion hosted a "Summit on Happiness".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Special:EditPage/Interfaith dialogue">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Traditional Christian doctrine is <a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a>, meaning that <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> is held to be the sole full and true revelation of the will of God for humanity. In a Christocentric view, the elements of truth in other religions are understood in relation to the fullness of truth found in Christ. God is nevertheless understood to be free of human constructions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Therefore, God the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> is understood as the power who guides non-Christians in their search for truth, which is held to be a search for the mind of Christ, even if "anonymously", in the phrase of Catholic theologian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For those who support this view, <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_Christian" title="Anonymous Christian">anonymous Christians</a> belong to Christ now and forever and lead a life fit for Jesus' commandment to love, even though they never explicitly understand the meaning of their life in Christian terms.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">conciliar document</a> <a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate">Nostra aetate</a> has fostered widespread dialogue, the declaration <a href="/wiki/Dominus_Iesus" title="Dominus Iesus">Dominus Iesus</a> nevertheless reaffirms the centrality of the person of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> in the spiritual and cultural identity of Christians, rejecting various forms of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> was a major advocate of interfaith dialogue, promoting meetings in <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> in the 1980s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> took a more moderate and cautious approach, stressing the need for intercultural dialogue, but reasserting Christian theological identity in the revelation of Jesus of Nazareth in a book published with <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pera" title="Marcello Pera">Marcello Pera</a> in 2004.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> became the first Catholic leader to call for "sincere and rigorous" interbelief dialogue with atheists, both to counter the assertion that Christianity is necessarily an "expression of darkness of superstition that is opposed to the light of reason", and to assert that "dialogue is not a secondary accessory of the existence of the believer" but instead is a "profound and indispensable expression ... [of] faith [that] is not intransigent, but grows in coexistence that respects the other."<a href="#cite_note-Francis1-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Francis2-109">[109]</a> In traditional Christian doctrine, the value of inter-religious dialogue had been confined to acts of love and understanding toward others either as anonymous Christians or as potential converts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In mainline Protestant traditions, however, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">emerging church</a>, these doctrinal constraints have largely been cast off. Many theologians, pastors, and lay people from these traditions do not hold to uniquely Christocentric understandings of how God was in Christ. They engage deeply in interfaith dialogue as learners, not converters, and desire to celebrate as fully as possible the many paths to God.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Much focus in Christian interfaith dialogue has been put on <a href="/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation" title="Christian–Jewish reconciliation">Christian–Jewish reconciliation</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the oldest successful dialogues[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] between Jews and Christians has been taking place in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>. It began in the wake of the call of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965) of the Roman Catholic Church for increased understanding between Christians and Jews.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The organization has recently moved its center of activity to <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_College" title="Spring Hill College">Spring Hill College</a>, a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> institution of higher learning located in Mobile.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Reconciliation has been successful on many levels, but has been somewhat complicated by the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East, where a significant minority of Arabs are Christian.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Jewish views on religious pluralism</a></div> The Modern Orthodox movement allows narrow exchanges on social issues, while warning to be cautious in discussion of doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> encourage interfaith dialogue. Building positive relations between Jews and members of other religious communities has been an integral component of Reform Judaism's "DNA" since the movement was founded in Germany during the early 19th century, according to Rabbi A. James Rudin. It began with Israel Jacobson, a layman and pioneer in the development of what emerged as Reform Judaism, who established an innovative religious school in Sessen, Germany in 1801 that initially had 40 Jewish and 20 Christian students. "Jacobson's innovation of a 'mixed' student body reflected his hopes for a radiant future between Jews and Christians."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> born Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Mayer_Wise" title="Isaac Mayer Wise">Isaac Mayer Wise</a>, who founded the Reform movement in the United States, sought close relations with Christian church leaders. To that end, he published a series of lectures in 1883 entitled "Judaism and Christianity: Their Agreements and Disagreements". Wise emphasized what he believed linked the two religions in an inextricable theological and human bond: the biblical "Sinaitic revelation" as "... the acknowledged law of God".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck" title="Leo Baeck">Leo Baeck</a>, the leader of the German Jewish community who survived his incarceration in the <a href="/wiki/Terezin_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Terezin concentration camp">Terezin concentration camp</a>, offered these words in his 1949 presidential address to the <a href="/wiki/World_Union_for_Progressive_Judaism" title="World Union for Progressive Judaism">World Union for Progressive Judaism</a> in London: "...as in a great period of the Middle Ages, [Jews and Muslims] are ...almost compelled to face each other... not only in the sphere of policy [the State of Israel in the Middle East], but also in the sphere of religion; there is the great hope... they will ...meet each other on joint roads, in joint tasks, in joint confidences in the future. There is the great hope that Judaism can thus become the builder of a bridge, the 'pontifex' between East and West."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In the 1950s and 60s, as interfaith civic partnerships between Jews and Christians in the United States became more numerous, especially in the suburbs,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a>, URJ) created a department mainly to promote positive Christian-Jewish relations and civic partnerships. Interfaith relations have since been expanded to include Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and members of other faith communities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2013, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Marc_Schneier" title="Marc Schneier">Marc Schneier</a> and Imam <a href="/wiki/Shamsi_Ali" title="Shamsi Ali">Shamsi Ali</a> coauthored a book Sons of Abraham: A Candid Conversation about the Issues That Divide and Unite Jews and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Schneier and Ali write about the importance of civil interfaith discussions. Based on their experience, Schneier and Ali believe that other "Jews and Muslims can realize that they are actually more united than divided in their core beliefs".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Interests in interfaith relations require an awareness of the range of Jewish views on such subjects as mission<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and the holy land.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Interfaith+dialogue%22">"Interfaith dialogue"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Interfaith+dialogue%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Interfaith+dialogue%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Interfaith+dialogue%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Interfaith+dialogue%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Interfaith+dialogue%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2010) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Religious_text_primary plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section uses <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts from within a religion or faith system</a> without referring to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">secondary sources</a> that critically analyze them. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit">improve this article</a>. (June 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has long encouraged dialogue to reach truth. Dialogue is particularly encouraged amongst the People of the Book (Jews, Christians and Muslims) as the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> states, "Say, "O People of the Scripture, come to a word that is equitable between us and you – that we will not worship except Allah and not associate anything with Him and not take one another as lords instead of Allah." But if they turn away, then say, "Bear witness that we are Muslims [submitting to Him]" [3:64].<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Many traditional and religious texts and customs of the faith have encouraged this, including specific verses in the Quran, such as: "O people! Behold, we have created you from a male and a female and have made you into nations and tribes so that you might come to know one another. Verily, the noblest of you in the sight of God is the one who is most deeply conscious of Him. Behold, God is all-knowing, all-aware" [Qur'an 49:13].<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In recent times, Muslim theologians have advocated inter-faith dialogue on a large scale, something which is new in a political sense.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The declaration <a href="/wiki/A_Common_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="A Common Word">A Common Word</a> of 2007 was a public first[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] in Christian-Islam relations, trying to work out a moral common ground on many social issues. This common ground was stated as "part of the very foundational principles of both faiths: love of the One God, and love of the neighbour". The declaration asserted that "these principles are found over and over again in the sacred texts of Islam and Christianity".<a href="#cite_note-acommonword.com-70">[70]</a> <dl><dt>Interfaith dialogue integral to Islam</dt></dl> A 2003 book called Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism contains a chapter by <a href="/wiki/Amir_Hussain" title="Amir Hussain">Amir Hussain</a> on "Muslims, Pluralism, and Interfaith Dialogue" in which he shows how interfaith dialogue has been an integral part of Islam from its beginning. Hussain writes that "Islam would not have developed if it had not been for interfaith dialogue". From his "first revelation" for the rest of his life, Muhammad was "engaged in interfaith dialogue" and "pluralism and interfaith dialogue" have always been important to Islam. For example, when some of Muhammad's followers suffered "physical persecution" in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, he sent them to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a>, a Christian nation, where they were "welcomed and accepted" by the Christian king. Another example is <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba, Andalusia</a> in Muslim Spain, in the ninth and tenth centuries. Córdoba was "one of the most important cities in the history of the world". In it, "Christians and Jews were involved in the Royal Court and the intellectual life of the city". Thus, there is "a history of Muslims, Jews, Christians, and other religious traditions living together in a pluralistic society".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Turning to the present, Hussain writes that in spite of Islam's history of "pluralism and interfaith dialogue", Muslims now face the challenge of conflicting passages in the Qur'an some of which support interfaith "bridge-building", but others can be used "justify mutual exclusion".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In October 2010, as a representative of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mohaghegh_Damad" title="Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad">Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad</a>, professor at the <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Beheshti_University" title="Shahid Beheshti University">Shahid Beheshti University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, addressed the Special Assembly for the Middle East of the Synod of Catholic Bishops. In the address he spoke about "the rapport between Islam and Christianity" that has existed throughout the history of Islam as one of "friendship, respect and mutual understanding".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <dl><dt>Book about Jewish–Muslim dialogue</dt></dl> In 2013, Rabbi Marc Schneier (Jewish) and Imam Shamsi Ali (Muslim) coauthored a book Sons of Abraham with the subtitle A Candid Conversation about the Issues That Divide and Unite Jews and Muslims. As Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Marc_Schneier" title="Marc Schneier">Marc Schneier</a> and Imam <a href="/wiki/Shamsi_Ali" title="Shamsi Ali">Shamsi Ali</a> show, "by reaching a fuller understanding of one another's faith traditions, Jews and Muslims can realize that they are actually more united than divided in their core beliefs". By their fuller understanding, they became "defenders of each other's religion, denouncing the twin threats of anti-Semitism and Islamophobia and promoting interfaith cooperation".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In the book, regarding the state of Jewish-Muslim dialogue, although Rabbi Schneier acknowledges a "tremendous growth", he does not think that "we are where we want to be".<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslim Community was founded in 1889. Its members "exceeding tens of millions" live in 206 countries. It rejects "terrorism in any form". It broadcasts its "message of peace and tolerance" over a satellite television channel MTA International Live Streaming,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> on its internet website,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and by its Islam International Publications.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A 2010 story in the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> said that the Ahmadi "is regarded by orthodox Muslims as heretical", The story also reported persecution and violent attacks against the Ahmadi.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> understanding, interfaith dialogues are an integral part of developing inter-religious peace and the establishment of peace. The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Community">Ahmadiyya Community</a> has been organising interfaith events locally and nationally in various parts of the world in order to develop a better atmosphere of love and understanding between faiths. Various speakers are invited to deliver a talk on how peace can be established from their own or religious perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preconditions">Preconditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Preconditions">edit</a>]</div> In her 2008 book The Im-Possibility of Interreligious Dialogue, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cornille" title="Catherine Cornille">Catherine Cornille</a> outlines her preconditions for "constructive and enriching dialogue between religions".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In summary, they include "doctrinal humility, commitment to a particular religion, interconnection, empathy, and hospitality". In full, they include the following:<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <ul><li>humility (causes a respect of a person's view of other religions)</li> <li>commitment (causes a commitment to faith that simultaneously accept tolerance to other faiths)</li> <li>interconnection (causes the recognition of shared common challenges such as the reconciliation of families)</li> <li>empathy (causes someone to view another religion from the perspective of its believers)</li> <li>hospitability (like the tent of Abraham, that was open on all four sides as a sign of hospitality to any newcomer).</li></ul> Breaking down the walls that divides faiths while respecting the uniqueness of each tradition requires the courageous embrace of all these preconditions.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRRVdVqAjdw">The President Speaks at the Islamic Society of Baltimore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZShtiC6MWSI">The President Speaks at the National Prayer Breakfast </a></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/President_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Obama">President Obama</a> made two speeches that outlined preconditions for meaningful interfaith dialogue: On February 3, 2016, he spoke at the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Baltimore" title="Islamic Society of Baltimore">Islamic Society of Baltimore</a> and on February 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Prayer_Breakfast" title="National Prayer Breakfast">National Prayer Breakfast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parliamentofreligions.org-136">[136]</a> The eight principles of interfaith relations as outlined by Obama were as follows:<a href="#cite_note-parliamentofreligions.org-136">[136]</a> <ol><li>Relationship building requires visiting each other.</li> <li>Relationship requires learning about the others' history.</li> <li>Relationship requires an appreciation of the other.</li> <li>Relationship requires telling the truth.</li> <li>Relationships depend on living up to our core theological principles and values.</li> <li>Relationships offer a clear-headed understanding of our enemies.</li> <li>Relationships help us overcome fear.</li> <li>Relationship requires solidarity.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations_support">United Nations support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Nations support">edit</a>]</div> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Civilizations">Alliance of Civilizations</a> is an initiative to prevent violence and support social cohesion by promoting intercultural and interfaith dialogue. The UNAOC was proposed by the President of the Spanish Government, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a> at the 59th General Assembly of the United Nations in 2005. It was co-sponsored by the Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury">Anwarul Karim Chowdhury</a> said: "Interfaith <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> is absolutely essential, relevant, and necessary. ... If 2009 is to truly be the Year of Interfaith <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a>, the U.N. urgently needs to appoint an interfaith representative at a senior level in the Secretariat."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a> will host a Special <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> Ministerial Meeting on Interfaith Dialogue and Cooperation for Peace and Development from March 16 to 18 in Manila. During the meeting, to be attended by ministers of foreign affairs of the NAM member countries, a declaration in support of interfaith dialogue initiatives will be adopted. An accompanying event will involve civil society activities.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2010, HM King Abdullah II addressed the 65th UN General Assembly and proposed the idea for a '<a href="/wiki/World_Interfaith_Harmony_Week" title="World Interfaith Harmony Week">World Interfaith Harmony Week</a>' to further broaden his goals of faith-driven world harmony by extending his call beyond the Muslim and Christian community to include people of all beliefs, those with no set religious beliefs as well. A few weeks later, HRH Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad presented the proposal to the UN General Assembly, where it was adopted unanimously as a UN Observance Event.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The first week of February, every year, has been declared a UN World Interfaith Harmony Week. The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre released a document which summarises the key events leading up to the UN resolution as well as documenting some Letters of Support and Events held in honour of the week.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_interfaith_dialogue">Research on interfaith dialogue</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Research on interfaith dialogue">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interreligious_studies" title="Interreligious studies">Interreligious studies</a></div> In the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Interreligious_studies" title="Interreligious studies">Interreligious studies</a>, historians, sociologists, and other scholars have conducted research on interfaith dialogue activities, methods, and outcomes. Notably, in 2013, there were several academic initiatives, including the founding of the Interfaith and Interreligious Studies Group at the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a>, Office of Religion and Global Affairs at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, and a call for an interfaith studies field was published by <a href="/wiki/Eboo_Patel" title="Eboo Patel">Eboo Patel</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Youth_Core" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfaith Youth Core">Interfaith Youth Core</a>, who subsequently helped the funding of academic programs at U.S. universities. Academic journals were started, including the Journal of Interreligious Studies and Interreligious Studies and Intercultural Theology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Religious sociologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Peter L. Berger</a> argued that one can reject interfaith dialogue on moral grounds in certain cases. The example he gave was that of a dialogue with imams who legitimate <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>, saying such discussions ought to be avoided so as not to legitimate a morally repugnant theology.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The theological foundations of interreligious dialogue have also been critiqued on the grounds that any interpretation of another faith tradition will be predicated on a particular cultural, historical and anthropological perspective<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_by_specific_religious_groups">Criticism by specific religious groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism by specific religious groups">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholics">Traditionalist Catholics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sedevacantist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedevacantist">Sedevacantists</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a>, are critical of interfaith dialogue as a harmful novelty. They argue that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> altered the previous notion of the Catholic Church's supremacy over other religious groups or bodies, as well as demoted traditionalist practices associated with Roman Catholicism. In addition, these Catholics contend that, for the sake of collegial peace, tolerance and mutual understanding, interreligious dialogue devalues the divinity of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and the revelation of the <a href="/wiki/Triune_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Triune God">Triune God</a> by placing Christianity on the same footing as other religions that worship other deities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">Evangelical Christians</a> also are critical of dialogues with Catholics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the case of Hinduism, it has been argued that interfaith "dialogue ... has [in fact] become the harbinger of violence. This is not because 'outsiders' have studied Hinduism or because the Hindu participants are religious 'fundamentalists' but because of the logical requirements of such a dialogue". With a detailed analysis of "two examples from Hinduism studies", <a href="/wiki/S.N._Balagangadhara" class="mw-redirect" title="S.N. Balagangadhara">S.N. Balagangadhara</a> and Sarah Claerhout argue that, "in certain dialogical situations, the requirements of reason conflict with the requirements of morality".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> rejects the concept of interfaith dialogue, stating that it is a western tool to enforce non-Islamic policies in the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a>, the 1964 essay "Confrontation" by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a> has widely been seen as "a ban on theological dialogue", though it may be seen as a statement that there were not sufficient conditions for equal and respectful dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_dialogue_events">Criticism of dialogue events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism of dialogue events">edit</a>]</div> Some critics of interfaith dialogue may not object to dialogue itself, but instead are critical of specific events claiming to carry on the dialogue. For example, the French Algerian prelate <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claverie" title="Pierre Claverie">Pierre Claverie</a> was at times critical of formal inter-religious conferences between Christians and Muslims which he felt remained too basic and surface-level. He shunned those meetings since he believed them to be generators of slogans and for the glossing over of theological differences.<a href="#cite_note-NR-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-IO-147">[147]</a> However, he had such an excellent knowledge of Islam that the people of Oran called him "the Bishop of the Muslims" which was a title that must have pleased him since he had dreamed of establishing true dialogue among all believers irrespective of faith or creed. Claverie also believed that the Islamic faith was authentic in practice focusing on people rather than on theories.<a href="#cite_note-NR-146">[146]</a> He said that: "dialogue is a work to which we must return without pause: it alone lets us disarm the fanaticism; both our own and that of the other". He also said that "Islam knows how to be tolerant". In 1974 he joined a branch of <a href="/wiki/Cimade" title="Cimade">Cimade</a> which was a French <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> dedicated to aiding the oppressed and minorities.<a href="#cite_note-LC-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a> – Comparison of the belief systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism and Hinduism</a> – Relationship between Buddhism and Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism and Jainism</a> – Indian religions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Dialogue" title="Centre for Dialogue">Centre for Dialogue</a> – research institute at La Trobe UniversityPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrislam_(Yoruba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrislam (Yoruba)">Chrislam (Yoruba)</a> – Assemblage of Islamic and Christian religious practices in NigeriaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Abraham" title="Daughters of Abraham">Daughters of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esalen_Institute" title="Esalen Institute">Esalen Institute</a> – Retreat center in Big Sur, California, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – Turkish scholar, theologian and dissident (1941–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a> – Turkish Sufi mystic order in Islam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – Turkish mystic (1919–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel%27s_principle" title="Gamaliel's principle">Gamaliel's principle</a> – Biblical theory to leave matters to God</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a> – Islamist civic movement led by Fethullah Gülen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Religion_%26_Diplomacy" title="International Center for Religion & Diplomacy">International Center for Religion & Diplomacy</a> – American non-profit organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interreligious_studies" title="Interreligious studies">Interreligious studies</a> – Academic field</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspirituality" title="Interspirituality">Interspirituality</a> – Embracing commonalities across spiritual traditions and practices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">List of founders of religious traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interfaith_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Interfaith Church">Living Interfaith Church</a> – Interfaith churchPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaith_space" title="Multifaith space">Multifaith space</a> – Public location for religious practices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Interreligious_Dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue">Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue</a> – dicastery of the Roman Curia tasked with inter-religious dialogue with non-Christian, non-Jewish religionsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alwaleed_Center_for_Muslim%E2%80%93Christian_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding">Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding</a> – Academic institute at Georgetown UniversityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Catholicism_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between Catholicism and Judaism">Relations between Catholicism and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Corneille" title="Roland de Corneille">Roland de Corneille</a> – Canadian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltley_Gate_Peace_Group" title="Saltley Gate Peace Group">Saltley Gate Peace Group</a> – Interfaith organisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scriptural_Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptural Reasoning">Scriptural Reasoning</a> – Religious studies of scripturesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_interfaith_relations" title="Seventh-day Adventist interfaith relations">Seventh-day Adventist interfaith relations</a> – Adventists resist the movement which advocates ecumenical integration into other churchesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a> – Spiritual movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanenbaum_Center_for_Interreligious_Understanding" title="Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding">Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding</a> – Non-profit organization in the USA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elijah_Interfaith_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Elijah Interfaith Institute">The Elijah Interfaith Institute</a> – International interfaith organization based in JerusalemPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day">World Religion Day</a> – International holiday</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output 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Cassius Dio, Roman History, 9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_02023.html">"Disputation of Barcelona - Jewish Virtual Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210085554/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_02023.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disputation+of+Barcelona+-+Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0003_0_02023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_02023.html">"Disputation of Barcelona"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210085554/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_02023.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Disputation+of+Barcelona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0003_0_02023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> A History of the Jews in Christian Spain, Volume 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5904-5112-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5904-5112-0">978-1-5904-5112-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Gleanings : Essays in Jewish History, Letters, and Art by Cecil Roth. 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Retrieved 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muslim+Dialogue+with+the+Church+after+Nostra+Aetate&rft.btitle=Nostra+Aetate&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2878-5&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FgdDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/about/history">"History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803075543/http://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/about/history">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcswr.hds.harvard.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://templeofunderstanding.org/who-we-are/history/written-history/">"Written History - Temple of Understanding"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818202432/http://templeofunderstanding.org/who-we-are/history/written-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Written+History+-+Temple+of+Understanding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftempleofunderstanding.org%2Fwho-we-are%2Fhistory%2Fwritten-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Give Peace a Chance: Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2559-9">978-0-8156-2559-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Mitchell K. Hall, Because of Their Faith: CALCAV and Religious Opposition to the Vietnam War (Columbia University Press, 1990, 14) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/clergy-and-laymen-concerned-about-vietnam-calcav">"Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam (CALCAV)" Retrieved August 4, 2016.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-oikoumene.org-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oikoumene.org_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oikoumene.org_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-programmes/interreligious-dialogue-and-cooperation/interreligious-trust-and-respect/ecumenical-dictionary-interfaith-dialogue">"Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement article on Interfaith Dialogue – World Council of Churches"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910180502/https://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-programmes/interreligious-dialogue-and-cooperation/interreligious-trust-and-respect/ecumenical-dictionary-interfaith-dialogue">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Ecumenical+Movement+article+on+Interfaith+Dialogue+%E2%80%93+World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fwcc-programmes%2Finterreligious-dialogue-and-cooperation%2Finterreligious-trust-and-respect%2Fecumenical-dictionary-interfaith-dialogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010011522/http://www.religionsforpeace.org/vision-history/history">"History - Religions for Peace International"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionsforpeace.org/vision-history/history">the original</a> on 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2016-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+-+Religions+for+Peace+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionsforpeace.org%2Fvision-history%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlée2011" class="citation book cs1">Blée, Fabrice (1 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqQAn209V_YC">The Third Desert: The Story of Monastic Interreligious Dialogue</a>. Liturgical Press. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-3949-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-3949-8"><bdi>978-0-8146-3949-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Desert%3A+The+Story+of+Monastic+Interreligious+Dialogue&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-3949-8&rft.aulast=Bl%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuqQAn209V_YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifcmw.org/about-us/">"About Us - InterFaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201145/http://ifcmw.org/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+-+InterFaith+Conference+of+Metropolitan+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifcmw.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational" class="citation web cs1">International, Minhaj-ul-Quran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821073636/http://www.minhaj.org/english/tid/1799/Minhaj-ul-Quran-International.html">"Minhaj-ul-Quran International"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minhaj.org/english/tid/1799/Minhaj-ul-Quran-International.html">the original</a> on 2016-08-21. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfaithalliance.org/.">the original</a> on 2016-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+-+Interfaith+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfaithalliance.org%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322120926/http://www.interfaith-presidio.org/about.htm">"About the Interfaith Center"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfaith-presidio.org/about.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2016-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Interfaith+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfaith-presidio.org%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Hershberg, Ben Z. "Religious Gathering Hailed as Model." The Courier-Journal, 18 Nov. 1996, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwj.org/about/history">"History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201143820/http://www.iwj.org/about/history">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwj.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interfaithcenter.org/about-icny">"About ICNY - ICNY"</a>. 12 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824122344/http://interfaithcenter.org/about-icny">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+ICNY+-+ICNY&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterfaithcenter.org%2Fabout-icny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForum" class="citation web cs1">Forum, Muslim Christian Delegation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcdf.info/english/tid/237/About-Muslim-Christian-Dialogue-Forum-MCDF.html">"Muslim Christian Dialogue Forum (MCDF) - Muslim Christian Delegation Forum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425061703/http://www.mcdf.info/english/tid/237/About-Muslim-Christian-Dialogue-Forum-MCDF.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Christian+Dialogue+Forum+%28MCDF%29+-+Muslim+Christian+Delegation+Forum&rft.aulast=Forum&rft.aufirst=Muslim+Christian+Delegation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcdf.info%2Fenglish%2Ftid%2F237%2FAbout-Muslim-Christian-Dialogue-Forum-MCDF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForum" class="citation web cs1">Forum, Muslim Christian Delegation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcdf.info/english/tid/34870/Peace-on-Earth-seminar-Minhaj-University-FC-college-Dr-Hussain-Mohi-ud-Din-Qadri-urges-Muslims-Christians-against-terrorism/">"'Peace on Earth' seminar held jointly by Minhaj University & FC University - Muslim Christian Delegation Forum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808100049/http://www.mcdf.info/english/tid/34870/Peace-on-Earth-seminar-Minhaj-University-FC-college-Dr-Hussain-Mohi-ud-Din-Qadri-urges-Muslims-Christians-against-terrorism/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Peace+on+Earth%27+seminar+held+jointly+by+Minhaj+University+%26+FC+University+-+Muslim+Christian+Delegation+Forum&rft.aulast=Forum&rft.aufirst=Muslim+Christian+Delegation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcdf.info%2Fenglish%2Ftid%2F34870%2FPeace-on-Earth-seminar-Minhaj-University-FC-college-Dr-Hussain-Mohi-ud-Din-Qadri-urges-Muslims-Christians-against-terrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fore.yale.edu/">https://fore.yale.edu/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/about/ipl-fact-sheet-2015-annual-report/">"Fact Sheet and Annual Report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807182709/http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/about/ipl-fact-sheet-2015-annual-report/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet+and+Annual+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfaithpowerandlight.org%2Fabout%2Fipl-fact-sheet-2015-annual-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interfaith.directory/organizations?udt_489_param_detail=3255">"Rumi Forum Information. Retrieved August 2, 2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921180440/http://interfaith.directory/organizations?udt_489_param_detail=3255">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rumi+Forum+Information.+Retrieved+August+2%2C+2016.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterfaith.directory%2Forganizations%3Fudt_489_param_detail%3D3255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rumiforum.org/about-rumi-forum/">"About Rumi Forum – Rumi Forum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106000712/http://rumiforum.org/about-rumi-forum/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Rumi+Forum+%E2%80%93+Rumi+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frumiforum.org%2Fabout-rumi-forum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uri.org/about_uri">"United Religions Initiative - About URI"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809051431/http://www.uri.org/about_uri">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Religions+Initiative+-+About+URI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uri.org%2Fabout_uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Anny Bakalian and Medhi Bozorgmehr, Backlash 9/11: Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans Respond (University of California Press, 2009), 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluralism.org/religions/christianity/issues-for-christians-in-america/interfaith-dialogue">"Interfaith Dialogue - The Pluralism Project"</a>. pluralism.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160907192749/http://pluralism.org/religions/christianity/issues-for-christians-in-america/interfaith-dialogue/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pluralism.org&rft.atitle=Interfaith+Dialogue+-+The+Pluralism+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fissues-for-christians-in-america%2Finterfaith-dialogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abraham.lib.virginia.edu/about.html">"The Children of Abraham Institute"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122530/http://abraham.lib.virginia.edu/about.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Children+of+Abraham+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabraham.lib.virginia.edu%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916173826/https://beta.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/iea-announcements/conversations/messages/81">"Yahoo! 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Retrieved 2016-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+-+Insight+Film+Festival+-+Faith+in+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightfestival.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/documents-and-statements/jewish/950-cjcuc2011may24">CJCUC Statement on a Jewish Understanding of Christians and Christianity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201142/http://www.ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/documents-and-statements/jewish/950-cjcuc2011may24">Archived</a> 2015-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations - May 24, 2011] and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjcuc.com/site/about/">Shaping the Future of Dialogue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160714174944/http://cjcuc.com/site/about/">Archived</a> 2016-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415941815" title="Special:BookSources/9780415941815"><bdi>9780415941815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Freedom&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415941815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0PrjC1Ar7gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buddhistview-102"><a href="#cite_ref-buddhistview_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/approaching_buddhism/introduction/buddhist_view_other_religions.html">"Buddhist View of Other Religions"</a>. www.berzinarchives.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221070857/http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/approaching_buddhism/introduction/buddhist_view_other_religions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.berzinarchives.com&rft.atitle=Buddhist+View+of+Other+Religions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berzinarchives.com%2Fweb%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fapproaching_buddhism%2Fintroduction%2Fbuddhist_view_other_religions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowbuddhism.info/2009/03/buddhist-attitude-towards-religions.html">"The Buddhist Attitude Towards Other Religions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423201239/http://www.knowbuddhism.info/2009/03/buddhist-attitude-towards-religions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Attitude+Towards+Other+Religions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowbuddhism.info%2F2009%2F03%2Fbuddhist-attitude-towards-religions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="/wiki/101_Zen_Stories" title="101 Zen Stories">101 Zen Stories</a>; #16 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/tibet-txt.htm">"Mahayana Buddhism: Tibetan Buddhism, Dalai Lama"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213031558/http://buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/tibet-txt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+Tibetan+Buddhism%2C+Dalai+Lama.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fbuddhistworld%2Ftibet-txt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Kamenetz, Rodger (1994)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060645741">The Jew in the Lotus</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] Harper Collins: 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorMedicine2010" class="citation web cs1">Editor, Mary J. Loftus; Medicine, Emory (6 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mary-j-loftus/top-ten-things-spiritual-_b_777371.html">"Top 10 Things Religious Leaders Say about Happiness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110110237/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mary-j-loftus/top-ten-things-spiritual-_b_777371.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Top+10+Things+Religious+Leaders+Say+about+Happiness&rft.date=2010-11-06&rft.aulast=Editor&rft.aufirst=Mary+J.+Loftus&rft.au=Medicine%2C+Emory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fmary-j-loftus%2Ftop-ten-things-spiritual-_b_777371.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis1-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis1_108-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/09/12/pope-urges-dialogue-with-nonbelievers-in-letter-to-high-profile-atheist/">"Pope urges dialogue with nonbelievers in letter to high profile atheist," Francis X. Rocca, Catholic Herald, September 12, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054353/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/09/12/pope-urges-dialogue-with-nonbelievers-in-letter-to-high-profile-atheist/">Archived</a> August 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 5, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis2-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis2_109-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/pope-francis-letter-to-the-founder-of-la-repubblica-italian-newspaper">"Pope Francis' Letter to the Founder of 'La Repubblica' Italian Newspaper," Vatican City, September 11, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045245/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/pope-francis-letter-to-the-founder-of-la-repubblica-italian-newspaper">Archived</a> August 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 5, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCCJR" class="citation web cs1">CCJR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccjr.us/members/regular-members/236-mobile-christian-jewish-dialogue">"Mobile Christian-Jewish Dialogue, Spring Hill College, AL"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808093536/http://www.ccjr.us/members/regular-members/236-mobile-christian-jewish-dialogue">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mobile+Christian-Jewish+Dialogue%2C+Spring+Hill+College%2C+AL&rft.au=CCJR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccjr.us%2Fmembers%2Fregular-members%2F236-mobile-christian-jewish-dialogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishideas.org/abraham-unger/modern-orthodox-approach-interfaith-dialogue">"A Modern Orthodox Approach to Interfaith Dialogue - jewishideas.org"</a>. www.jewishideas.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703092949/http://www.jewishideas.org/abraham-unger/modern-orthodox-approach-interfaith-dialogue">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishideas.org&rft.atitle=A+Modern+Orthodox+Approach+to+Interfaith+Dialogue+-+jewishideas.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishideas.org%2Fabraham-unger%2Fmodern-orthodox-approach-interfaith-dialogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformjudaism.org/blog/2017/06/08/why-interfaith-relations-are-dna-reform-judaism">"Why Interfaith Relations Are in the DNA of Reform Judaism"</a>. ReformJudaism.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613223916/http://reformjudaism.org/blog/2017/06/08/why-interfaith-relations-are-dna-reform-judaism">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReformJudaism.org&rft.atitle=Why+Interfaith+Relations+Are+in+the+DNA+of+Reform+Judaism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformjudaism.org%2Fblog%2F2017%2F06%2F08%2Fwhy-interfaith-relations-are-dna-reform-judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5194/judaismAndChristianity.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000036/http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5194/judaismAndChristianity.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2017-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.americanjewisharchives.org%2Fwise%2Fattachment%2F5194%2FjudaismAndChristianity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagonet2003" class="citation book cs1">Magonet, Jonathan (21 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4e7kWXKxqgC&pg=PA111">Talking to the Other: Jewish Interfaith Dialogue with Christians and Muslims</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-905-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-905-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-905-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+to+the+Other%3A+Jewish+Interfaith+Dialogue+with+Christians+and+Muslims&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-905-9&rft.aulast=Magonet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4e7kWXKxqgC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Rabbi Marc Schneier and Imam Shamsi Ali, Sons of Abraham: A Candid Conversation about the Issues That Divide and Unite Jews and Muslims (Beacon Press, 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/226732/sons-of-abraham-by-rabbi-marc-schneier-and-imam-shamsi-ali/9780807033074/">"Sons of Abraham by Rabbi Marc Schneier, Imam Shamsi Ali - PenguinRandomHouse.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920065605/http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/226732/sons-of-abraham-by-rabbi-marc-schneier-and-imam-shamsi-ali/9780807033074/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sons+of+Abraham+by+Rabbi+Marc+Schneier%2C+Imam+Shamsi+Ali+-+PenguinRandomHouse.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F226732%2Fsons-of-abraham-by-rabbi-marc-schneier-and-imam-shamsi-ali%2F9780807033074%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangton2011" class="citation book cs1">Langton, Daniel R. (2011). Jews and Christians Perspectives on Mission. Woolf Institute – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/6580715/Langton_D._Institutional_Statements_Concerning_Mission._In_Jews_and_Christians_Perspectives_on_Mission_ed._R._Silverman_P._Morrow_D._Langton_47-60._Cambridge_Woolf_Institute_of_Abrahamic_Faiths_2011">https://www.academia.edu/6580715/Langton_D._Institutional_Statements_Concerning_Mission._In_Jews_and_Christians_Perspectives_on_Mission_ed._R._Silverman_P._Morrow_D._Langton_47-60._Cambridge_Woolf_Institute_of_Abrahamic_Faiths_2011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+Perspectives+on+Mission&rft.pub=Woolf+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Langton&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|via=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangton2008" class="citation book cs1">Langton, Daniel R. (2008). Children of Zion: Jewish and Christian Perspectives on the Holy Land. Woolf Institute – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/6580861/Langton_D._Children_of_Zion_Jewish_and_Christian_Perspectives_on_the_Holy_Land._Cambridge_Woolf_Institute_of_Abrahamic_Faiths_2008">https://www.academia.edu/6580861/Langton_D._Children_of_Zion_Jewish_and_Christian_Perspectives_on_the_Holy_Land._Cambridge_Woolf_Institute_of_Abrahamic_Faiths_2008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+Zion%3A+Jewish+and+Christian+Perspectives+on+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Woolf+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Langton&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|via=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605102616/http://quran.com/3">"Surah Ali 'Imran [3]"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quran.com/3">the original</a> on 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2014-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+Ali+%27Imran+%5B3%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-3/verse-64/">Quran Surah Aal-i-Imraan ( Verse 64 )</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127203050/http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-3/verse-64/">Archived</a> 2018-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-49/verse-13/">"Quran Surah Al-Hujuraat ( Verse 13 ) with English Translation يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَاكُمْ مِنْ ذَكَرٍ وَأُنْثَىٰ وَجَعَلْنَاكُمْ شُعُوبًا وَقَبَائِلَ لِتَعَارَفُوا ۚ إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ أَتْقَاكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ خَبِيرٌ"</a>. IReBD.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127203111/http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-49/verse-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-prism.org/images/clashofcivilisation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2010-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.e-prism.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-prism.org%2Fimages%2Fclashofcivilisation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWIlkes" class="citation web cs1">WIlkes, George R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jnjr.div.ed.ac.uk/primary-sources/contemporary/on-confrontation-by-joseph-soloveitchik/">"On 'Confrontation', by Joseph Soloveitchik"</a>. Jewish/non-Jewish Relations: Between Exclusion and Embrace. An Online Teaching Resource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish%2Fnon-Jewish+Relations%3A+Between+Exclusion+and+Embrace.+An+Online+Teaching+Resource&rft.atitle=On+%27Confrontation%27%2C+by+Joseph+Soloveitchik&rft.aulast=WIlkes&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjnjr.div.ed.ac.uk%2Fprimary-sources%2Fcontemporary%2Fon-confrontation-by-joseph-soloveitchik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NR-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NR_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NR_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Allen2007" class="citation web cs1">John L. Allen (26 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/all-things-catholic/bishop-pierre-claverie-algeria-patron-dialogue-cultures">"Bishop Pierre Claverie of Algeria: Patron for the dialogue of cultures"</a>. National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishop+Pierre+Claverie+of+Algeria%3A+Patron+for+the+dialogue+of+cultures&rft.pub=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft.au=John+L.+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fblogs%2Fall-things-catholic%2Fbishop-pierre-claverie-algeria-patron-dialogue-cultures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IO-147"><a href="#cite_ref-IO_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Johnson1996" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Johnson (4 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/bishop-pierre-claverie-obituary-5605610.html">"Bishop Pierre Claverie: Obituary"</a>. Independent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishop+Pierre+Claverie%3A+Obituary&rft.pub=Independent&rft.date=1996-08-04&rft.au=Douglas+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fincoming%2Fbishop-pierre-claverie-obituary-5605610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LC-148"><a href="#cite_ref-LC_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.la-croix.com/news/pierre-claverie-a-life-in-dialogue/3538">"Pierre Claverie: A life in dialogue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_International" class="mw-redirect" title="La Croix International">La Croix International</a>. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Croix+International&rft.atitle=Pierre+Claverie%3A+A+life+in+dialogue&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.la-croix.com%2Fnews%2Fpierre-claverie-a-life-in-dialogue%2F3538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Abdelmassieh, Francis (2020). Egyptian-Islamic Views on the Comparison of Religions: Positions of Al-Azhar University Scholars on Muslim-Christian Relations. Münster: LIT. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91280-0">978-3-643-91280-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hick" title="John Hick">Hick, John</a>, ed. (1974). Truth and Dialogue: the Relationship between World Religions, in series, Studies in Philosophy and Religion. London: Sheldon Press. 164 p. N.B.: Also published in the U.S.A. under slightly divergent title, Truth and Dialogue in World Religions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85969012-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85969012-1">0-85969012-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen2009" class="citation book cs1">Momen, Moojan (2009) [Originally published as The Phenomenon of Religion in 1999]. Understanding Religion: A Thematic Approach. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-599-8"><bdi>978-1-85168-599-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25434252M">25434252M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Religion%3A+A+Thematic+Approach&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25434252M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-599-8&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+dialogue" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninian_Smart" title="Ninian Smart">Smart, Ninian</a> (1969). The Religious Experience of Mankind. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-412141-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-412141-X">0-02-412141-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henning_Wrogemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henning Wrogemann (page does not exist)">Wrogemann, Henning</a> (2019). A Theology of Interreligious Relations. Downer's Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-5099-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-5099-0">978-0-8308-5099-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_dialogue&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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