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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhores Alferov</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="جوريس ألفيروف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوريس ألفيروف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jores_Alfyorov" title="Jores Alfyorov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jores Alfyorov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="ژورس آلفروف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژورس آلفروف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD" title="ইভানোভিচ আলফারভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইভানোভিচ আলফারভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Алфёров Жорес Иванович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алфёров Жорес Иванович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Жарэс Іванавіч Алфёраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жарэс Іванавіч Алфёраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Жарэс Алфёраў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жарэс Алфёраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Жорес Алфьоров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жорес Алфьоров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jor%C3%A8s_Iv%C3%A0novitx_Alfi%C3%B3rov" title="Jorès Ivànovitx Alfiórov – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jorès Ivànovitx Alfiórov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfjorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjores_Alfjorov" title="Zjores Alfjorov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zjores Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schores_Iwanowitsch_Alfjorow" title="Schores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDoress_Alfjorov" title="Žoress Alfjorov – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Žoress Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Iv%C3%A1novich_Alferov" title="Zhores Ivánovich Alferov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zhores Ivánovich Alferov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4ores_Alfjorov" title="Ĵores Alfjorov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵores Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="ژورس آلفروف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژورس آلفروف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaur%C3%A8s_Alferov" title="Jaurès Alferov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jaurès Alferov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Ivanovitch_Alferov" title="Zhores Ivanovitch Alferov – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zhores Ivanovitch Alferov" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Ivanovich_Alferov" title="Zhores Ivanovich Alferov – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zhores Ivanovich Alferov" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%8C%ED%91%9C%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="조레스 알표로프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조레스 알표로프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ժորես Ալֆյորով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժորես Ալֆյորով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5" title="ज़ोरेस अल्फेरोव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ोरेस अल्फेरोव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfjorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jares_Ivanavich_Alfioraw" title="Jares Ivanavich Alfioraw – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jares Ivanavich Alfioraw" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Ivanovich_Alferov" title="Zhores Ivanovich Alferov – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zhores Ivanovich Alferov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alf%C3%ABrov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfërov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Žores Ivanovič Alfërov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91" title="ז'ורס אלפרוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ורס אלפרוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჟორეს ალფეროვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟორეს ალფეროვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Жорес Иванович Алферов – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жорес Иванович Алферов" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alfyorov" title="Zhores Alfyorov – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zhores Alfyorov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Ivanovich_Alferov" title="Zhores Ivanovich Alferov – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zhores Ivanovich Alferov" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jores_Alfyorov" title="Jores Alfyorov – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jores Alfyorov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Жорес Иванович Алферов – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жорес Иванович Алферов" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaur%C3%A8s_Alf%C3%ABrov" title="Jaurès Alfërov – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jaurès Alfërov" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDoress_Alfjorovs" title="Žoress Alfjorovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žoress Alfjorovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jores_Iwanowitsch_Alfjorow" title="Jores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsoresz_Ivanovics_Alfjorov" title="Zsoresz Ivanovics Alfjorov – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsoresz Ivanovics Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Жорес Алферов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жорес Алферов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaur%C3%A8s_Alferov" title="Jaurès Alferov – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jaurès Alferov" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="സോറെസ് അൽഫെറോവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോറെസ് അൽഫെറോവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="झोर्स इव्हानोविच आल्फेरोव्ह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झोर्स इव्हानोविच आल्फेरोव्ह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჟორეს ალფეროვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟორეს ალფეროვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="زوريس الفيروف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زوريس الفيروف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="ژورس آلفروف – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژورس آلفروف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjores_Ivanovitsj_Alferov" title="Zjores Ivanovitsj Alferov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zjores Ivanovitsj Alferov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD" title="झोरेस आइ अल्फेरोभ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="झोरेस आइ अल्फेरोभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95" title="ジョレス・アルフョーロフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョレス・アルフョーロフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjores_Alfjorov" title="Zjores Alfjorov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zjores Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjores_Alfjorov" title="Zjores Alfjorov – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zjores Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88" title="زورز ایلفرو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زورز ایلفرو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schores_Iwanowitsch_Alfjorow" title="Schores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBores_A%C5%82fiorow" title="Żores Ałfiorow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żores Ałfiorow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jores_Ivanovici_Alfiorov" title="Jores Ivanovici Alfiorov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jores Ivanovici Alfiorov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Алфёров, Жорес Иванович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алфёров, Жорес Иванович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zhores Alferov" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfiorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfiorov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žores Ivanovič Alfiorov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfjorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Жорес Алферов – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жорес Алферов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDores_Alfjorov" title="Žores Alfjorov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Žores Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjores_Alfjorov" title="Zjores Alfjorov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zjores Alfjorov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="சொரேசு ஆல்ஃபியோரொவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொரேசு ஆல்ஃபியோரொவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Жорес Алфёров – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Жорес Алфёров" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Жорес Алфёров – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Жорес Алфёров" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jores_Alfyorov" title="Jores Alfyorov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jores Alfyorov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Алфьоров Жорес Іванович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алфьоров Жорес Іванович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88" title="زورس ایونوچ الفرو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زورس ایونوچ الفرو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB" title="若列斯·伊万诺维奇·阿尔费罗夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="若列斯·伊万诺维奇·阿尔费罗夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Ivanovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Alferov</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Zhores Alferov</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Жорес Алфёров</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhores_Alfyorov_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zhores_Alfyorov_2012.jpg/220px-Zhores_Alfyorov_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zhores_Alfyorov_2012.jpg/330px-Zhores_Alfyorov_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zhores_Alfyorov_2012.jpg/440px-Zhores_Alfyorov_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="823" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Alferov in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Party List</a> Seat)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 January 1996 – 1 March 2019</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Berulava" title="Mikhail Berulava">Mikhail Berulava</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1930<br /><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-03-01)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPRF" class="mw-redirect" title="CPRF">CPRF</a> (from 1999)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Home_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Home Russia">NDR</a> (1995-1999)</li><li><a href="/wiki/CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPSU">CPSU</a> (until 1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Tamara Georgievna Alfyrova (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Darskaya</span>, <abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1967)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Olga</li><li>Irina</li><li>Ivan</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ivan Karpovich Alferov (father)</li><li>Anna Rosenblum (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian Polytechnic Institute">Belarusian Polytechnic Institute</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Electrotechnical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute">LETI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Specialist_diploma" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialist diploma">Specialist/MSc</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ioffe_Institute" title="Ioffe Institute">Ioffe Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">DSc</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Physicist</li><li>Professor</li><li>Politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Prize" title="Global Energy Prize">Global Energy Prize</a> (2005)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> in Advanced Technology (2001)</li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (2000)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demidov_Prize" title="Demidov Prize">Demidov Prize</a> (1999)</li><li>Ioffe Prize (Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996)</li><li><a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">USSR State Prize</a> (1984)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> (1986)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Prize" title="Lenin Prize">Lenin Prize</a> (1972)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> (1971)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heterojunction" title="Heterojunction">Heterojunction</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied Physics">Applied Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Academy of Science">Russian Academy of Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ioffe_Institute" title="Ioffe Institute">Ioffe Institute</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primo.nlr.ru/permalink/f/oo3rn7/07NLR_LMS007455730">Heterojunctions in semiconductors</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1970)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zhores Ivanovich Alferov</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Жоре́с Ива́нович Алфёров</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ʐɐˈrɛs<span class="wrap"> </span>ɨˈvanəvʲɪtɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐlˈfʲɵrəf]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Жарэс Іва́навіч Алфёраў</span>; 15 March 1930 – 1 March 2019) was a Soviet and Russian<sup id="cite_ref-Meissner2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meissner2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrova-Koch2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrova-Koch2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern <a href="/wiki/Heterojunction" title="Heterojunction">heterostructure physics and electronics</a>. He shared the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for the development of the semiconductor <a href="/wiki/Heterojunction" title="Heterojunction">heterojunction</a> for optoelectronics. He also became a politician in his later life, serving in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Russian parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, as a member of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">the Communist Party</a> from 1995. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alferov was born in <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> father, Ivan Karpovich Alferov, a factory manager, and a Jewish mother, Anna Vladimirovna Rosenblum.<sup id="cite_ref-lenta_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named after French socialist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> while his older brother was named Marx after <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lenta_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alferov graduated from secondary school in Minsk in 1947 and enrolled in the Belarusian Polytechnic Academy. In 1952, he received his B.S. from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_Electrotechnical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University">V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) Electrotechnical Institute</a> (LETI) in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>. Starting in 1953, Alferov worked in the <a href="/wiki/Ioffe_Institute" title="Ioffe Institute">Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union">Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union</a>. From the institute, he earned several scientific degrees: a Candidate of Sciences in Technology in 1961 and a Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alferov then served as the director of the Ioffe Institute from 1987<sup id="cite_ref-brit_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2003. He was elected a corresponding member of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union">Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union</a> in 1972, and a full member in 1979. From 1989, he was Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and President of its <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> Scientific Center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting at Ioffe Institute in 1953, Alferov worked with a group led by Vladimir Tuchkevich, who became director of the Ioffe Institute in 1967, on planar semiconductor amplifiers for use in radio receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephson2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephson2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125–128">: 125–128 </span></sup> These planar semiconductor amplifiers would be referred to as transistors in the present day. Alferov's contribution included work on <a href="/wiki/Germanium_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium diode">germanium diodes</a> for use as a rectifier. </p><p>In the early 1960s, Alferov organized an effort at Ioffe Institute to develop <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> <a href="/wiki/Heterostructures" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterostructures">heterostructures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heterojunction" title="Heterojunction">Semiconductor heterojunctions</a> transistors enabled higher frequency use than their <a href="/wiki/Homojunction" title="Homojunction">homojunction</a> predecessors, and this capability plays a key role in modern mobile phone and satellite communications. Alferov and colleagues worked on <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">GaAs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">AlAs</a> <a href="/wiki/III-V" class="mw-redirect" title="III-V">III-V</a> heterojunctions. A particular focus was the use of heterojunctions to create <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_lasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor lasers">semiconductor lasers</a> capable of lasing at room temperature. In 1963, Alferov filed a patent application proposing double-heterostructure lasers; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> independently filed a US patent several months later.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CaseyPanish1978_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaseyPanish1978-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, Alferov's lab created the first lasers based on heterostructures, although they did not lase continuously. Then in 1968, Alferov and coworkers produced the first continuous-wave semiconductor heterojunction laser operating at room temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephson2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephson2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163–167">: 163–167 </span></sup> This achievement came a month ahead of <a href="/wiki/Izuo_Hayashi" title="Izuo Hayashi">Izuo Hayashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morton_Panish" class="mw-redirect" title="Morton Panish">Morton Panish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> also producing a continuous-wave room-temperature heterojunction laser.<sup id="cite_ref-Hecht2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hecht2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was for this work that Alferov received the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a>, "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s Alferov continued his work on the physics and technology of semiconductor heterostructures in his lab at the Ioffe Institute. Alferov's investigations of injection properties of semiconductors and his contributions to the development of <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epitaxy" title="Epitaxy">epitaxy</a> processes, led to the creation of modern heterojunction physics and electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of semiconductor heterojunctions revolutionized semiconductor design, and had a range of immediate commercial applications including <a href="/wiki/LEDs" class="mw-redirect" title="LEDs">LEDs</a>, barcode readers and CDs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Grimmeiss" title="Hermann Grimmeiss">Hermann Grimmeiss</a> of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards Nobel prizes, said: "Without Alferov, it would not be possible to transfer all the information from satellites down to the Earth or to have so many telephone lines between cities."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alferov had an almost messianic conception of heterostructures, writing: "Many scientists have contributed to this remarkable progress, which not only determines in large measure the future prospects of solid state physics but in a certain sense affects the future of human society as well."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_administration">Scientific administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, Alferov became the fifth director of the Ioffe Institute. In 1989, Alferov gained the administrative position of chairman of the Leningrad Scientific Center, now referred to as the St. Petersburg Scientific Center. In the Leningrad region, this scientific center is an overarching organization comprising 70 institutions, organizations, enterprises, and scientific societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephson2010_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephson2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196">: 196 </span></sup> </p><p>Alferov worked to foster relationships between early educational institutions and scientific research institutions to train the next generation of scientists, citing <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s vision for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> to be organized with a scientific research core in close contact with a gymnasium (secondary school).<sup id="cite_ref-Josephson2010_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephson2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 199">: 199 </span></sup> In 1987, Alferov and colleagues at the Ioffe Institute established a secondary school in Saint Petersburg, the School of Physics and Technology, under the umbrella of the Ioffe charter. In 1997 Alferov founded the Research and Education Center at the Ioffe Institute and in 2002, this center officially became the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Academic_University" title="Saint Petersburg Academic University">Saint Petersburg Academic University</a> after gaining a charter to award masters and PhD degrees. </p><p>In the 2000s, through his role in academic administration and in parliament, Alferov advocated for and worked to advance Russia's <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> sector. The primary research charter of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Academic_University" title="Saint Petersburg Academic University">Saint Petersburg Academic University</a>, which Alferov founded, was the development of <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alferov provided a consistent voice in parliament in favor of increased scientific funding. In 2006, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fradkov" title="Mikhail Fradkov">Mikhail Fradkov</a> announced the creation of a federal agency, <a href="/wiki/Rusnano" title="Rusnano">Rosnanotekh</a> to pursue nanotechnology applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activity">Political activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_12_October_2000-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vladimir_Putin_12_October_2000-2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_12_October_2000-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vladimir_Putin_12_October_2000-2.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_12_October_2000-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vladimir_Putin_12_October_2000-2.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_12_October_2000-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>Alferov with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alferov was elected to the Russian Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, in 1995 as a deputy for the political party <a href="/wiki/Our_Home_%E2%80%93_Russia" title="Our Home – Russia">Our Home – Russia</a>, generally considered to be supportive of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">policies of President</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 he was <a href="/wiki/1999_Russian_legislative_election" title="1999 Russian legislative election">elected again</a>, this time on the list of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/2003_Russian_legislative_election" title="2003 Russian legislative election">re-elected</a> in 2003 and <a href="/wiki/2007_Russian_legislative_election" title="2007 Russian legislative election">again</a> in 2007, when he was placed second on the party's federal electoral list behind <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> and ahead of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kharitonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Kharitonov">Nikolai Kharitonov</a>, even though he was not a member of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-profit_service">Non-profit service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-profit service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alferov served on the advisory council of <a href="/wiki/CRDF_Global" title="CRDF Global">CRDF Global</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since November 2018, Alferov suffered from <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency" title="Hypertensive emergency">hypertensive emergency</a>. He died at the age of 88 on 1 March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alferov's wife was named Tamara Darskaya. Together they had two children, a son Ivan and a daughter Olga.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2019_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alferov was an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> and expressed objections to religious education.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the signers of the <a href="/wiki/Academicians%27_letter" title="Academicians' letter">open letter</a> to President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> from members of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> against <a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">clericalisation</a> of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhores_Alferov_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zhores_Alferov_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/220px-Zhores_Alferov_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zhores_Alferov_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/330px-Zhores_Alferov_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zhores_Alferov_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/440px-Zhores_Alferov_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Alferov on a 2020 stamp of Russia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_793190_Opening_of_Nanotechnology_International_Forum,_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_793190_Opening_of_Nanotechnology_International_Forum%2C_Moscow.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_793190_Opening_of_Nanotechnology_International_Forum%2C_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_793190_Opening_of_Nanotechnology_International_Forum%2C_Moscow.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_793190_Opening_of_Nanotechnology_International_Forum%2C_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_793190_Opening_of_Nanotechnology_International_Forum%2C_Moscow.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_793190_Opening_of_Nanotechnology_International_Forum%2C_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Alferov speaking at the opening of the Nanotechnology International Forum in Moscow, November 2010.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Russian and Soviet awards</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22" title="Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"">Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"</a>: <ul><li>1st class (14 March 2005) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national science and active participation in legislative activities;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2nd class (2000);<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3rd class (4 June 1999) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national science and training of highly qualified personnel in connection with the 275th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4th class (15 March 2010) – for services to the state contribution to the development of national science and many years of fruitful activity<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution" title="Order of the October Revolution">Order of the October Revolution</a> (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Badge_of_Honour" title="Order of the Badge of Honour">Order of the Badge of Honour</a> (1959)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Prize of the Russian Federation">State Prize of the Russian Federation</a> (2001) in Science and Technology (5 August 2002) for his work, "Fundamental studies of the formation and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots and the creation of lasers based on them"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Prize" title="Lenin Prize">Lenin Prize</a> (1972) – for basic research in semiconductors and heterojunction development of new devices based on them<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">USSR State Prize</a> (1984) – for developing isoperiodic heterostructures based on quaternary solid solutions of A3B5 semiconductor compounds<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign awards</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Francysk_Skaryna" title="Order of Francysk Skaryna">Order of Francysk Skaryna</a> (Belarus, 17 May 2001) – for his great personal contribution to the development of physical science, the organization of the Belarusian-Russian scientific and technical cooperation, strengthening the friendship between the peoples of Belarus and Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a>, 5th class (Ukraine, 15 May 2003) – for personal contribution to the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the Russian Federation in the socio-economic and humanitarian spheres</li> <li>Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (France)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other awards</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (Sweden, 2000; with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a>) – for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics</li> <li>Nick Holonyak Award (Optical Society of U.S., 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPS_Europhysics_Prize" title="EPS Europhysics Prize">EPS Europhysics Prize</a> (European Physical Society, 1978) – for new works in the field of heterojunctions</li> <li>AP Karpinsky Prize (Germany, 1989) – for his contributions to physics and technology of heterostructures</li> <li>AF Ioffe award (RAN, 1996) – for work, "Photoelectric converters of solar radiation on the basis of heterostructures"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demidov_Prize" title="Demidov Prize">Demidov Prize</a> (Scientific Demidov Foundation, Russia, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> (Inamori Foundation, Japan, 2001) – for success in creating semiconductor lasers operating in continuous mode at room temperature – a pioneer step in optoelectronics</li> <li>Vernadsky Award (NAS, 2001)</li> <li>"Russian National Olympus". The title "living legend" (Russia, 2001)</li> <li>International "<a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Prize" title="Global Energy Prize">Global Energy Prize</a>" (Russia, 2005)</li> <li>H. Welker Gold Medal (1987) – for pioneering work on the theory and technology of devices based on III-V compounds of groups</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>, USA, 1971) – for the theoretical and experimental studies of double-heterostructure laser, which were created by laser light sources of small size, operating in continuous mode at room temperature</li> <li>Popov Gold Medal (Academy of Sciences, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPIE_Gold_Medal" title="SPIE Gold Medal">SPIE Gold Medal</a> (2002)</li> <li>Award Symposium on GaAs (1987) – for pioneering work in semiconductor heterostructures based on III-V compounds and group development of diode lasers and photodiodes</li> <li>Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>XLIX <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev_readings" title="Mendeleev readings">Mendeleev Reader</a> – 19 February 1993</li> <li>Honorary Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Technology" title="Tampere University of Technology">Tampere University of Technology</a> (2007)</li> <li>Honorary Professor of the medal and MIPT (2008)</li> <li>Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Society_of_Naturalists" title="Moscow Society of Naturalists">Moscow Society of Naturalists</a> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Doctor of the Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University (State Educational Institution of the Russian-Armenian (Slavic) University, Armenia, 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_State_Duma_of_Russia_who_died_in_office" title="List of members of the State Duma of Russia who died in office">List of members of the State Duma of Russia who died in office</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Meissner2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meissner2019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeissner,_DirkGokhberg,_LeonidSaritas,_Ozcan2019" class="citation book cs1">Meissner, Dirk; Gokhberg, Leonid; Saritas, Ozcan (2019). <i>Emerging Technologies for Economic Development</i>. Springer International Publishing. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04368-1"><bdi>978-3-030-04368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+Technologies+for+Economic+Development&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04368-1&rft.au=Meissner%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Gokhberg%2C+Leonid&rft.au=Saritas%2C+Ozcan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrova-Koch2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petrova-Koch2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrova-Koch,_VesselinkaHezel,_RudolfGoetzberger,_Adolf2020" class="citation book cs1">Petrova-Koch, Vesselinka; Hezel, Rudolf; Goetzberger, Adolf (2020). <i>High-Efficient Low-Cost Photovoltaics: Recent Developments</i>. Springer. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22864-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22864-4"><bdi>978-3-030-22864-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High-Efficient+Low-Cost+Photovoltaics%3A+Recent+Developments&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-22864-4&rft.au=Petrova-Koch%2C+Vesselinka&rft.au=Hezel%2C+Rudolf&rft.au=Goetzberger%2C+Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenta-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lenta_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenta_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lenta.ru/lib/14177331/full.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Алферов, Жорес</bdi></a>. <i>Lenta</i> (in Russian). 24 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lenta&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flenta.ru%2Flib%2F14177331%2Ffull.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/726">Zhores Alferov</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183279#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhores-Alferov">Zhores Alferov</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephson2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephson2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephson2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephson2010_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephson2010_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson,_Paul_R.2010" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Paul R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcXxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44"><i>Lenin's Laureate: Zhores Alferov's Life in Communist Science</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-29150-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-29150-7"><bdi>978-0-262-29150-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Laureate%3A+Zhores+Alferov%27s+Life+in+Communist+Science&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-29150-7&rft.au=Josephson%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcXxCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopov2004" class="citation journal cs1">Popov, Yuri (2004). "On the history of the invention of the injection laser". <i>Physics-Uspekhi</i>. <b>47</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1068–</span>1070. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1070%2FPU2004v047n10ABEH002077">10.1070/PU2004v047n10ABEH002077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250760666">250760666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics-Uspekhi&rft.atitle=On+the+history+of+the+invention+of+the+injection+laser&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1068-%3C%2Fspan%3E1070&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FPU2004v047n10ABEH002077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250760666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Popov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaseyPanish1978-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaseyPanish1978_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey,_Horace_CraigPanish,_M._B.1978" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Horace Craig; Panish, M. B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qN9RAAAAMAAJ"><i>Heterostructure lasers: Fundamental principles</i></a>. Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-163101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-163101-7"><bdi>978-0-12-163101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heterostructure+lasers%3A+Fundamental+principles&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-12-163101-7&rft.au=Casey%2C+Horace+Craig&rft.au=Panish%2C+M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqN9RAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hecht2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hecht2004_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecht2004" class="citation book cs1">Hecht, Jeff (2004). <i>City of light : the story of fiber optics</i> (Rev. and expanded ed.). 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Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195162554" title="Special:BookSources/9780195162554"><bdi>9780195162554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+light+%3A+the+story+of+fiber+optics&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195162554&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/alferov/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russian+and+Americans+share+hi-tech+Nobel&rft.date=2000-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F965528.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/selected%20papers/semiconductors/32-1.pdf">Lib.semi.ac.cn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013108/http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/selected%20papers/semiconductors/32-1.pdf">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519205512/http://www.alferov.it/">"Fondazione Alferov Italia"</a>. 19 May 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alferov.it/">the original</a> on 19 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fondazione+Alferov+Italia&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alferov.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeissner2019" class="citation book cs1">Meissner, Dirk (2019). <i>Emerging technologies for economic development</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Zhores+I.+Alferov&rft.pub=CRDF+Global&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crdf.org%2Fprofiles%2Fprofiles_show.htm%3Fdoc_id%3D696672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20190302/1551496774.html"><bdi lang="ru">Умер нобелевский лауреат Жорес Алферов</bdi></a>. <i>РИА Новости</i> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>. 2 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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RT (TV network). Retrieved 21 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeta.ru/science/2019/03/02_a_12218221.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Великий по всем меркам": умер Жорес Алферов"</a>. <i>Газета.Ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.Ru&rft.atitle=%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%22%3A+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeta.ru%2Fscience%2F2019%2F03%2F02_a_12218221.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomic-energy.ru/experts/alferov-zhores-ivanovich/news"><bdi lang="ru">Алферов Жорес Иванович</bdi></a>. <i>Атомная энергия 2.0</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+2.0&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomic-energy.ru%2Fexperts%2Falferov-zhores-ivanovich%2Fnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhores+Alferov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.moip.msu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/poch-chlen-02.doc">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Society_of_Naturalists" title="Moscow Society of Naturalists">Moscow Society of Naturalists</a><span> official site (in Russian)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zhores_Alfyorov" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zhores Alfyorov">Zhores Alfyorov</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506025640/http://kprf.ru/personal/alferov/">Zhores Alferov website at the Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/pti00002.html">Biography</a>, on the website of <a href="/wiki/Ioffe_Physico-Technical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute">Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/726">Zhores Alferov</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183279#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2000 <i>Double Heterostructure Concept and its Applications in Physics, Electronics and Technology</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/eng/articles/id_8.php">Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2000_Nobel_Prize_laureates753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2000 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2000_Nobel_Prize_laureates753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan G. MacDiarmid</a> (United States/New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a> (China/France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> (South Korea)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhores Ivanovich Alferov</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James Heckman</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prizes" title="1995 Nobel Prizes">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prizes" title="1996 Nobel Prizes">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prizes" title="1997 Nobel Prizes">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prizes" title="1998 Nobel Prizes">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prizes" title="1999 Nobel Prizes">1999</a></dd> <dd><b>2000 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prizes" title="2001 Nobel Prizes">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prizes" title="2002 Nobel Prizes">2002</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prizes" title="2003 Nobel Prizes">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prizes" title="2004 Nobel Prizes">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prizes" title="2005 Nobel Prizes">2005</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183279#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183279#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183279#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109261619">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/93764353">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1472186/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq6Xq94FrqB6cKYm9CYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130411280">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85354639">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12452121w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12452121w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20060918002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p239916670">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90965484">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000057710&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx0tdx456pknbp">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535186105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007461162205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:alferov.zhores">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/145/0965">DBLP</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/072584440">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43858">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&oldid=1265165120">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&oldid=1265165120</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930_births" title="Category:1930 births">1930 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