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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nomination and selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prizes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prizes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diplomas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Award_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Award_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Award money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Award_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Prize in Physics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_fisika" title="Nobelprys vir fisika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nobelprys vir fisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Nobelpreis für Physik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nobelpreis für Physik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-fyysiikpalh%C3%A2%C5%A1ume" title="Nobel-fyysiikpalhâšume – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nobel-fyysiikpalhâšume" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Fisica" title="Premio Nobel de Fisica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Premio Nobel de Fisica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Premiu Nobel de Física – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Premiu Nobel de Física" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_%22Nobel%22_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1" title="Fizika üzrə "Nobel" mükafatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fizika üzrə "Nobel" mükafatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পুরস্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পুরস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Bu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk_Chi%C3%B3ng" title="Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Нобелеўская прэмія па фізіцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нобелеўская прэмія па фізіцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Нобэлеўская прэмія ў галіне фізыкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нобэлеўская прэмія ў галіне фізыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिकी में नोबेल पुरस्कार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भौतिकी में नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за физика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нобелова награда за физика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priz_Nobel_ar_Fizik" title="Priz Nobel ar Fizik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Priz Nobel ar Fizik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Premi Nobel de Física – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Premi Nobel de Física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%88%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Физика тĕлĕшĕнчи Нобель премийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Физика тĕлĕшĕнчи Нобель премийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziku" title="Nobelova cena za fyziku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nobelova cena za fyziku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwobr_Ffiseg_Nobel" title="Gwobr Ffiseg Nobel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwobr Ffiseg Nobel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysik" title="Nobelprisen i fysik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nobelprisen i fysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Nobelpreis für Physik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nobelpreis für Physik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल भौतिकशास्त्र पुरस्कार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नोबेल भौतिकशास्त्र पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeli_f%C3%BC%C3%BCsikaauhind" title="Nobeli füüsikaauhind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nobeli füüsikaauhind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Premio Nobel de Física – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Premio Nobel de Física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-premio_pri_fiziko" title="Nobel-premio pri fiziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobel-premio pri fiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisikako_Nobel_Saria" title="Fisikako Nobel Saria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fisikako Nobel Saria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جایزه نوبل فیزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جایزه نوبل فیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelvir%C3%B0isl%C3%B8nin_%C3%AD_alisfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Nobelvirðislønin í alisfrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nobelvirðislønin í alisfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physique" title="Prix Nobel de physique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prix Nobel de physique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriis_foar_de_Natuerkunde" title="Nobelpriis foar de Natuerkunde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nobelpriis foar de Natuerkunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel_na_Fisice" title="Duais Nobel na Fisice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duais Nobel na Fisice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel_ann_am_Fiosaigs" title="Duais Nobel ann am Fiosaigs – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duais Nobel ann am Fiosaigs" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Premio Nobel de Física – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Premio Nobel de Física" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨 물리학상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ֆիզիկայի Նոբելյան մրցանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկայի Նոբելյան մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिकी में नोबेल पुरस्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौतिकी में नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_di_Nobel-laureati_pri_fiziko" title="Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_iti_Pisika" title="Premio Nobel iti Pisika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Premio Nobel iti Pisika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_Fisika" title="Penghargaan Nobel Fisika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghargaan Nobel Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_pro_Physica" title="Premio Nobel pro Physica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Premio Nobel pro Physica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3belsver%C3%B0launin_%C3%AD_e%C3%B0lisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Nóbelsverðlaunin í eðlisfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nóbelsverðlaunin í eðlisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Premio Nobel per la fisica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Premio Nobel per la fisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פרס נובל לפיזיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרס נובל לפיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ნობელის პრემია ფიზიკაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემია ფიზიკაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Физика саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физика саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzo_ya_Nobel_ya_Fizikia" title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelata_Nobel%C3%AA_ya_Fiz%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Xelata Nobelê ya Fizîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xelata Nobelê ya Fizîkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemium_Nobelianum_physicae" title="Praemium Nobelianum physicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praemium Nobelianum physicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_fizik%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmija fizikā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmija fizikā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpr%C3%A4is_fir_Physik" title="Nobelpräis fir Physik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nobelpräis fir Physik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelio_fizikos_premija" title="Nobelio fizikos premija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nobelio fizikos premija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nobel.zei_termu%27eske_velne%27u" title="nobel.zei termu'eske velne'u – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nobel.zei termu'eske velne'u" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikai_Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Fizikai Nobel-díj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizikai Nobel-díj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्रमे नोबेल पुरस्कार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्रमे नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за физика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нобелова награда за физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രത്തിനുള്ള നോബൽ സമ്മാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രത്തിനുള്ള നോബൽ സമ്മാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premju_Nobel_g%C4%A7all-Fi%C5%BCika" title="Premju Nobel għall-Fiżika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Premju Nobel għall-Fiżika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="भौतिकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جايزة نوبل فى الفيزيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جايزة نوبل فى الفيزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نوبل فیزیک جایزه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوبل فیزیک جایزه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fizik" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нобелийн физикийн шагнал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нобелийн физикийн шагнал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF" title="ရူပဗေဒဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘယ်ဆု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရူပဗေဒဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘယ်ဆု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्रमा नोबेल पुरस्कार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्रमा नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E8%B3%9E" title="ノーベル物理学賞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーベル物理学賞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premmio_Nobel_p%27%27a_f%C3%ADseca" title="Premmio Nobel p''a físeca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Premmio Nobel p''a físeca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nobelprisen i fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nobelprisen i fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel_de_Fisica" title="Prèmi Nobel de Fisica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prèmi Nobel de Fisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନରେ ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନରେ ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika_bo%CA%BByicha_Nobel_mukofoti" title="Fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="فزکس وچ نوبل انعام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فزکس وچ نوبل انعام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries_f%C3%B6r_Physik" title="Nobelpries för Physik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nobelpries för Physik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Prêmio Nobel de Física – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prêmio Nobel de Física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_fizic%C4%83" title="Premiul Nobel pentru fizică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Premiul Nobel pentru fizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Su%C3%B1ay_Pachaykamaypi" title="Nobel Suñay Pachaykamaypi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nobel Suñay Pachaykamaypi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Нобелевская премия по физике – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нобелевская премия по физике" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Физикаҕа Нобель бириэмийэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Физикаҕа Нобель бириэмийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Pheesics" title="Nobel Prize in Pheesics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nobel Prize in Pheesics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87mimi_Nobel_p%C3%ABr_Fizik%C3%AB" title="Çmimi Nobel për Fizikë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çmimi Nobel për Fizikë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel_p%C3%A2_f%C3%ACsica" title="Premiu Nobel pâ fìsica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Premiu Nobel pâ fìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%B3_%DB%BE_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziko" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%95_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە فیزیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە فیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Нобелова награда за физику – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нобелова награда за физику" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelin_fysiikanpalkinto" title="Nobelin fysiikanpalkinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nobelin fysiikanpalkinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nobelpriset i fysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இயற்பியலுக்கான நோபல் பரிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்பியலுக்கான நோபல் பரிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraz_n_Nobel_di_tfizikt" title="Arraz n Nobel di tfizikt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arraz n Nobel di tfizikt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Физика өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Физика өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="รางวัลโนเบลสาขาฟิสิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รางวัลโนเบลสาขาฟิสิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizik Ödülü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nobel Fizik Ödülü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нобелівська премія з фізики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нобелівська премія з фізики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_Recorded_by_Dimitri_O_Ledenyov_and_Viktor_O_Ledenyov.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of laureates, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">List of Nobel laureates in Physics</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Award</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Nobel Prize in Physics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "MDCCCXXXIII" above, followed by (smaller) "OB•" then "MDCCCXCVI" below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/220px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/330px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/440px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Awarded for</th><td class="infobox-data">Outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Reward(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">11 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Last awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Most recently awarded to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Most awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/">nobelprize.org/physics</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap" style="border-top: 1px solid #000; padding-top: 5px; font-weight: bold;"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners">2023</a> <b>·</b></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/Template:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2024 Nobel Prize winners">2024</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:2025_Nobel_Prize_winners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:2025 Nobel Prize winners (page does not exist)">2025</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_(1845--1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg/170px-Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg/255px-Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg/340px-Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen_%281845--1923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (1845–1923), the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Nobel Prize in Physics</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Nobelpriset i fysik</i>) is an annual award given by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. It is one of the five <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> established by the will of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony. </p><p>The prize consists of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">a medal</a> along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">front side</a> of the medal displays the same profile of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature. </p><p>The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German physicist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>. This award is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> at an annual ceremony on the 10th of December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a total of 226 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">individuals have been awarded the prize.</a><sup id="cite_ref-nobelOrg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelOrg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, in his last will and testament, stated that his wealth should be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> or medicine, and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCHistory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish <i>kronor</i></a> (US$2.9 million, or €2.7 million in 2023), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Storting</a> (Norwegian Parliament).<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executors of his will were <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Sohlman" title="Ragnar Sohlman">Ragnar Sohlman</a> and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes. </p><p>The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed soon after the will was approved. The other prize-awarding organisations followed: <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institutet" class="mw-redirect" title="Karolinska Institutet">Karolinska Institutet</a> on 7 June, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> on 9 June, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> on 11 June.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nobel Foundation then established guidelines for awarding the prizes. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinovitz13_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaWill_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaWill-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences would award the Prize in Physics.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaWill_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaWill-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination_and_selection">Nomination and selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomination and selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein_and_Others_(1879-1955),_Physicist_-_Restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein_and_Others_%281879-1955%29%2C_Physicist_-_Restoration1.jpg/250px-Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein_and_Others_%281879-1955%29%2C_Physicist_-_Restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein_and_Others_%281879-1955%29%2C_Physicist_-_Restoration1.jpg/375px-Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein_and_Others_%281879-1955%29%2C_Physicist_-_Restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein_and_Others_%281879-1955%29%2C_Physicist_-_Restoration1.jpg/500px-Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein_and_Others_%281879-1955%29%2C_Physicist_-_Restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5231" data-file-height="3992" /></a><figcaption>Three Nobel Laureates in Physics. Front row L-R: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907 laureate), <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1921 laureate), and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a> (1923 laureate).</figcaption></figure> <p>A maximum of three <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureates</a> and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in Physics.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nobel laureates are selected by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Nobel Committee for Physics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committee</a> that consists of five members elected by <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. During the first stage which begins in September, a group of about 3,000 selected university professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry, and others are sent confidential nomination forms. The completed forms must arrive at the Nobel Committee by 31 January of the following year. The nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts and are narrowed to approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations on the final candidates to the Academy, where, in the Physics Class, it is further discussed. The Academy then makes the final selection of the Laureates in Physics by a majority vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Nomination_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomination-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/220px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/330px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/440px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> – 1979 laureate</figcaption></figure> <p>The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years.<sup id="cite_ref-fiftyyearsrule_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiftyyearsrule-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in the months between the decision of the committee (typically in October) and the ceremony in December. Prior to 1974, <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award">posthumous awards</a> were permitted if the candidate had died after being nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules for the Nobel Prize in Physics require that the significance of achievements being recognized has been "tested by time". In practice, that means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this tested-by-time rule, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a prize, as the discoverers have died by the time the impact of their work is appreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes">Prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Physics Nobel Prize laureate is awarded a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medals">Medals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal#Physics_and_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal § Physics and Chemistry</a></div> <p>The medal for the Nobel Prize in Physics is identical in design to the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> medal.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelUnique_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NobelPhysicsChem_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPhysicsChem-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reverse of the physics and chemistry medals depicts the <a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">Goddess of Nature</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> as she emerges from clouds holding a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a>. The Genius of Science holds the veil which covers Nature's "cold and austere face".<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPhysicsChem_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPhysicsChem-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Lindberg" title="Erik Lindberg">Erik Lindberg</a> and is manufactured by Svenska Medalj in <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPhysicsChem_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPhysicsChem-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is inscribed "<i>Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes</i>" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts"), an adaptation of "<i>inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes</i>" from line 663 of book 6 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelMedicine_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelMedicine-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "<i>REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC.</i>" denoting the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is inscribed on the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPhysicsChem_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPhysicsChem-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomas">Diplomas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/260px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/390px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/520px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9277" data-file-height="6253" /></a><figcaption>1903 Nobel Prize diploma, awarded to <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diploma contains a picture with the name of the laureate and a citation explaining their accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Award_money">Award money</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Award money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Krona" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Krona">Swedish Kronor</a> (SEK) (US$1.4 million),<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 2012 following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, the amount was 8 million SEK, or US$1.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremony">Ceremony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates during the first week of October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Concert_Hall" title="Stockholm Concert Hall">Stockholm Concert Hall</a> on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The laureates receive a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount.<sup id="cite_ref-awardceremony_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awardceremony-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">List of Nobel laureates in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Physics_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Physics Prize">Fundamental Physics Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_physics_awards" title="List of physics awards">List of physics awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurai_Prize" title="Sakurai Prize">Sakurai Prize</a>, presented by the American Physical Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-prize-amounts/">"The Nobel Prize amounts"</a>. The Nobel Prize. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720111123/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+amounts&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fabout%2Fthe-nobel-prize-amounts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelOrg-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelOrg_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/">"All Nobel Prizes in Physics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nobel_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nobel Foundation">The Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725000531/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Nobel+Prizes+in+Physics&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCHistory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCHistory_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml">"History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227150003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Historic+Figures%3A+Alfred+Nobel+%281833%E2%80%931896%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fnobel_alfred.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sohlman69">Ragnar Sohlman</a>: 1983, Page 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Euler1981" class="citation news cs1">von Euler, U.S. (6 June 1981). "The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science". <i>Die Naturwissenschaften</i>. Vol. 68, no. 6. Springer-Verlag. pp. 277–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01047469">10.1007/BF01047469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Foundation+and+its+Role+for+Modern+Day+Science&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=277-281&rft.date=1981-06-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01047469&rft.aulast=von+Euler&rft.aufirst=U.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html">"Nobel's will"</a>. Nobel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815060015/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel%27s+will&rft.pub=Nobel.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred_nobel%2Fwill%2Fwill-full.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109140259/http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/history/lemmel/index.html">"The Nobel Foundation – History"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/history/lemmel/index.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Foundation+%E2%80%93+History&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobelfoundation%2Fhistory%2Flemmel%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinovitz13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz13_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinovitz13_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levinovitz69">Agneta Wallin Levinovitz</a>: 2001, Page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/spot/nobel-prize-history.html">"Nobel Prize History –"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nobel+Foundation+%28Scandinavian+organisation%29+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F416852%2FNobel-Foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaWill-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaWill_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaWill_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize">"Nobel Prize</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230820/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize">Archived</a> 29 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (2007), in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, accessed 15 January 2009, from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After Nobel's death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions. </p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobelprize.org" class="citation web cs1">Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/">"Facts and figures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815045159/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CNN. 11 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709002611/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-11/world/world_europe_nobel-prize-cut_1_nobel-prize-nobel-foundation-alfred-nobel?_s=PM:EUROPE">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+prize+amounts+to+be+cut+20%25+in+2012&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F06%2F11%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnobel-prize-cut%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2009" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (5 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award">"Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer | Science | guardian.co.uk"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113060257/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Nobel+prize+for+medicine+shared+by+scientists+for+work+on+ageing+and+cancer+%26%23124%3B+Science+%26%23124%3B+guardian.co.uk&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2009%2Foct%2F05%2Fnobel-prize-medicine-2009-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2008" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (7 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/oct/07/physics.nobel">"Three share Nobel prize for physics | Science | guardian.co.uk"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. London, England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601140728/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/oct/07/physics.nobel">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Three+share+Nobel+prize+for+physics+%26%23124%3B+Science+%26%23124%3B+guardian.co.uk&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2008%2Foct%2F07%2Fphysics.nobel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes" class="citation web cs1">Landes, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/22604/20091012/">"Americans claim Nobel economics prize – The Local"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Americans+claim+Nobel+economics+prize+%E2%80%93+The+Local&rft.pub=Thelocal.se&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F22604%2F20091012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/press.html">"The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119013135/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+prize+award+ceremony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fceremonies%2Farchive%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Friedman, Robert Marc (2001). <i>The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science</i>. New York & Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">VHPS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times Books</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-3103-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-3103-7">0-7167-3103-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3103-0">978-0-7167-3103-0</a>.</li> <li>Hillebrand, Claus D. (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1179%2F030801802225003150">"Nobel Century: A Biographical Analysis of Physics Laureates"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713092025/http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1179%2F030801802225003150">Archived</a> 13 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interdisciplinary_Science_Reviews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interdisciplinary Science Reviews (page does not exist)">Interdisciplinary Science Reviews</a></i> 27.2: 87–93.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Schmidhuber, Jürgen</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327012415/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html">Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634">arXiv:1009.2634v1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415163358/http://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634">Archived</a> 15 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with graphics: National Physics Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/phys.html">by citizenship at the time of the award</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617082702/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/phys.html">Archived</a> 17 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/physnat.html">by country of birth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617082708/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/physnat.html">Archived</a> 17 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Lemmel, Birgitta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/">"The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815045159/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/">Archived</a> 15 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>nobelprize.org</i>. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2006. 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title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/150px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/200px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>by occupation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_Nobel_laureates" title="List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">by year</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by<br />population<br />group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Bengali Nobel laureates">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Latin American Nobel laureates">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates" title="List of nonreligious Nobel laureates">Non-religious</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by continent<br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">nationality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_Nobel_laureates" title="List of African Nobel laureates">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees">South African</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Indian Nobel laureates">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Pakistani Nobel laureates">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Belgian Nobel laureates">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Danish Nobel laureates">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Nobel_laureates" title="List of German Nobel laureates">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Italian Nobel laureates">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Spanish Nobel laureates">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Welsh Nobel laureates">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of American Nobel laureates">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Argentine Nobel laureates">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">by university</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_City_University_of_New_York_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ETH_Zurich_people#Nobel_Prize_winners" title="List of ETH Zurich people">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people#Nobel_laureates" title="List of Harvard University people">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_priests_and_religious_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize">Catholic priests and religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">Couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (page does not exist)">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" title="Clarivate Citation Laureates">Clarivate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Clarivate_Citation_laureates" title="List of female Clarivate Citation laureates">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Chemistry" title="Nobel Committee for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" title="Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Literature" title="Nobel Committee for Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laboratory" title="Nobel Laboratory">Nobel Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_branches_of_physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_physics" title="Template:Branches of physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_physics" title="Template talk:Branches of physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_branches_of_physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_physics" title="Branches of physics">branches of physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newtonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Classical electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical optics">Classical optics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometrical_optics" title="Geometrical optics">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_optics" title="Physical optics">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics" title="Non-equilibrium thermodynamics">Non-equilibrium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_mechanics" title="Relativistic mechanics">Relativistic mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics" title="Atomic, molecular, and optical physics">Atomic, molecular, and optical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optics#Modern_optics" title="Optics">Modern optics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">Solid-state physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_and_interdisciplinary_physics" title="Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics">Interdisciplinary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Atmospheric physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Ocean physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries" title="Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries">Timeline of physics discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" 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