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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.2</span> <span>Colloquial diminutives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colloquial_diminutives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slang_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slang_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.3</span> <span>Slang forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slang_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronymics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronymics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Patronymics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patronymics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Patronymics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patronymics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_grounds" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivation_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Derivation and meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavicisation_of_foreign_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavicisation_of_foreign_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Slavicisation of foreign names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slavicisation_of_foreign_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slavicisation of foreign names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slavicisation_of_foreign_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavicisation_of_foreign_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavicisation_of_foreign_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Slavicisation of foreign surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavicisation_of_foreign_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavicisation_of_foreign_patronymics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavicisation_of_foreign_patronymics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Slavicisation of foreign patronymics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavicisation_of_foreign_patronymics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forms of address</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_address-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Talk:Eastern Slavic naming customs">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasport_RF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pasport_RF.jpg/220px-Pasport_RF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pasport_RF.jpg/330px-Pasport_RF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pasport_RF.jpg/440px-Pasport_RF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>A Russian citizen's <i>(Yevgeniy Aleksandrovich Imyarek)</i> <a href="/wiki/Internal_passport_of_Russia" title="Internal passport of Russia">internal passport</a>. The lower page includes the lines: Фамилия ("Family name"), Имя ("Name") and Отчество ("Patronymic").</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eastern Slavic naming customs</b> are the traditional way of identifying a person's <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> name in <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic cultures</a> in Russia and some countries formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>They are used commonly in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Belarusian example</th> <th>Russian example</th> <th>Ukrainian example </th></tr> <tr> <td>First name (<a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Уладзімір</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Uladzimir</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Владимир</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Vladimir</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Володимир</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Volodymyr</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Антонавіч</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Antonavič</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Антонович</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Antonovich</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Антонович</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Antonovych</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">Family name</a> (surname) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Іваноў</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Ivanoŭ</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Иванов</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Ivanov</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Іванів</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Ivaniv</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Given_names">Given names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Given names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern Slavic parents select a <a href="/wiki/Russian_personal_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian personal name">given name</a> for a newborn child. Most first names in East Slavic languages originate from two sources: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">native pre-Christian Slavic lexicons</a></li></ul> <p>Almost all first names are single. Doubled first names (as in, for example, <a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a>, like <i>Jean-Luc</i>) are very rare and are from foreign influence. Most doubled first names are written with a hyphen: <i>Mariya-Tereza</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Males">Males</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Males"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belarusian variant </th> <th>Russian variant</th> <th>Ukrainian variant</th> <th>Latin-alphabet transliteration<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />(Belarusian / Russian / Ukrainian)</th> <th>Origin</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Іван, Ян </td> <td>Иван, Ян</td> <td>Іван, Ян</td> <td>Ivan, Jan / <a href="/wiki/Ivan_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan (name)">Ivan</a> / Ivan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></td> <td>equivalent to <i><a href="/wiki/John_(given_name)" title="John (given name)">John</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Якуб, Якаў </td> <td>Иаков, Яков</td> <td>Яків</td> <td>Yakub, Yakau / Iakov, Yakov / Yakiv</td> <td>Hebrew</td> <td>equivalent to <i><a href="/wiki/James_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="James (name)">James</a></i> or Jacob </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ілля </td> <td>Илья</td> <td>Ілля</td> <td>Illa / <a href="/wiki/Ilya" title="Ilya">Ilia</a> / Illia</td> <td>Hebrew</td> <td>equivalent to <i><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Мікалай, Мікола </td> <td>Николай</td> <td>Микола</td> <td>Mikałaj, Mikoła / Nikolai / Mykola, Mykolai</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td> <td>equivalent to <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas" title="Nicholas">Nicholas</a></i>, meaning "Victory (of the) People" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Мiкiта </td> <td>Никита</td> <td>Микита</td> <td>Mikita / <a href="/wiki/Nikita_(given_name)" title="Nikita (given name)"> Nikita</a> / Mykyta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td> <td>equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Nicetas" title="Nicetas">Nicetas</a>", meaning "victorious one" (from Nike "victory") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Барыс </td> <td>Борис</td> <td>Борис</td> <td>Barys / <a href="/wiki/Boris_(given_name)" title="Boris (given name)">Boris</a> / Borys</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></td> <td>unclear, possibly "wolf", "short" or "snow leopard" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Уладзімір </td> <td>Владимир</td> <td>Володимир</td> <td>Uładzimir / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_(name)" title="Vladimir (name)">Vladimir</a> / Volodymyr</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonic languages">Slavonic</a></td> <td>meaning "great/famous lord" (-мир comes from мѣръ and is not related to міръ or миръ, see also the name's <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_(name)#Etymology" title="Vladimir (name)">etymology</a>) Equivalent to Norse <a href="/wiki/Waldemar" title="Waldemar">Valdemar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Пётр, Пятро, Пятрусь </td> <td>Пётр</td> <td>Петро</td> <td>Piotr, Piatro, Piatruś / Petr, Pyotr / Petro</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Peter_(given_name)" title="Peter (given name)">Peter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Андрэй </td> <td>Андрей</td> <td>Андрій</td> <td>Andrej / Andrei / Andrii</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Andrew" title="Andrew">Andrew</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Аляксандр </td> <td>Александр</td> <td>Олександр, Олекса</td> <td>Alaksandr / Aleksandr / Oleksandr, Oleksa</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Alexander" title="Alexander">Alexander</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Піліп </td> <td>Филипп</td> <td>Пилип</td> <td>Pilip / Filipp / Pylyp</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φίλιππος</span></span> (Phílippos), meaning "fond of horses". Equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Philip" title="Philip">Philip</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Дзмітры, Зміцер </td> <td>Дмитрий</td> <td>Дмитро</td> <td>Dzmitry, Zmicier / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry" title="Dmitry">Dmitrii</a> / Dmytro</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δημήτριος</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Demetrius" title="Demetrius">Demétrios</a>), meaning "of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Сяргей </td> <td>Сергей</td> <td>Сергій</td> <td>Siarhiej / <a href="/wiki/Sergius_(name)" title="Sergius (name)">Sergei</a> / Serhii</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <i>nomen</i> (patrician family name) <i><b>Sergius</b></i>, itself from a more ancient <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> name </td></tr> <tr> <td>Леанід, Лявон </td> <td>Леонид</td> <td>Леонід</td> <td>Leanid, Lavon / <a href="/wiki/Leonid" title="Leonid">Leonid</a> / Leonid</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>from Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Leonidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonidas">Leonidas</a></i>, meaning "Son of the Lion" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Віктар </td> <td>Виктор</td> <td>Віктор</td> <td>Viktar / Viktor / Viktor</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>meaning "Conqueror" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Георгій, Юры </td> <td>Георгий</td> <td>Георгiй</td> <td>Hieorhij, Jury / Georgii / Heorhii</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>the analogues are Егор (Yegor), Юрий (Yury), equivalent to <a href="/wiki/George_(given_name)" title="George (given name)">George</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Павел, Павал, Паўло </td> <td>Павел</td> <td>Павло</td> <td>Pavał, Paŭło / Pavel / Pavlo</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Paul_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul (name)">Paul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Канстанцін, Кастусь </td> <td>Константин</td> <td>Костянтин</td> <td>Kanstancin, Kastuś / Konstantin / Kostiantyn</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>equivalent to Constantine </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кірыл, Кірыла </td> <td>Кирилл</td> <td>Кирило</td> <td>Kirył, Kiryła / Kirill / Kyrylo</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Cyril" title="Cyril">Cyril</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Васіль, Базыль </td> <td>Василий</td> <td>Василь</td> <td>Vasiĺ, Bazyl / Vasilii / Vasyl</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Basil_(name)" title="Basil (name)">Basil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Раман </td> <td>Роман</td> <td>Роман</td> <td>Raman / Roman / Roman</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Romanus" class="mw-disambig" title="Romanus">Romanus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Уладзіслаў </td> <td>Владислав</td> <td>Владислав</td> <td>Uladzisłaŭ / Vladislav / Vladyslav</td> <td>Slavonic</td> <td>meaning "Lord of Fame" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Вячаслаў </td> <td>Вячеслав</td> <td>В'ячеслав</td> <td>Viačasłaŭ / Viacheslav / Viacheslav</td> <td>Slavonic</td> <td>meaning "Growing Fame" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Матвей, Мацвей </td> <td>Матвей</td> <td>Матвій</td> <td>Matviej, Macviej / Matvei / Matvii</td> <td>Hebrew</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_(given_name)" title="Matthew (given name)">Matthew</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Міхал, Міхась </td> <td>Михаил</td> <td>Михайло</td> <td>Michał, Michaś / Mikhail / Mykhailo</td> <td>Hebrew</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Michael_(given_name)" title="Michael (given name)">Michael</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Алег </td> <td>Олег</td> <td>Олег</td> <td>Aleh / Oleg / Oleh</td> <td>Old Norse</td> <td>derivative from Scandinavian "<a href="/wiki/Helgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Helgi">Helgi</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ігар </td> <td>Игорь</td> <td>Ігор</td> <td>Ihar / <a href="/wiki/Igor_(given_name)" title="Igor (given name)">Igor</a> / Ihor</td> <td>Old Norse</td> <td>derivative from Scandinavian "<a href="/wiki/Ingvar_(name)" title="Ingvar (name)">Ingvar</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Максім </td> <td>Максим</td> <td>Максим</td> <td>Maksim / <a href="/wiki/Maxim_(given_name)" title="Maxim (given name)">Maksim</a> / Maksym</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>meaning "Greatest" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Фёдар </td> <td>Фёдор</td> <td>Федiр</td> <td>Fiodar / <a href="/wiki/Fyodor" title="Fyodor">Fedor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fedir" title="Fedir">Fedir</a></td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Theodor" title="Theodor">Theodor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Захар </td> <td>Захар</td> <td>Захар</td> <td>Zachar / <a href="/wiki/Zakhar" title="Zakhar">Zakhar</a> / Zakhar</td> <td>Hebrew</td> <td>meaning "Remembered” </td></tr> <tr> <td>Аляксей </td> <td>Алексей</td> <td>Олексій</td> <td>Alaksej / <a href="/wiki/Alexey" title="Alexey">Aleksei</a> / Oleksii</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>meaning "Defender” </td></tr> <tr> <td>Макар </td> <td>Макар</td> <td>Макар</td> <td>Makar / Makar / Makar</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>meaning "Blessed” </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> system is used for all three languages for comparative purposes. For the official romanization systems of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian, which will be used throughout the rest of the article, see <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanization of Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanization of Ukrainian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanization of Belarusian</a>, respectively.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Females">Females</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Females"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belarusian variant </th> <th>Russian variant</th> <th>Ukrainian variant</th> <th>Latin-alphabet transliteration <br />(Belarusian / Russian / Ukrainian)</th> <th>Origin</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Настасся, Наста </td> <td>Анастасия</td> <td>Анастасія</td> <td>Nastassia, Nasta / Anastasiya / Anastasiia</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>from Greek Ἀναστασία (<a href="/wiki/Anastasia" title="Anastasia">Anastasia</a>) meaning "she of the Resurrection" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ангеліна </td> <td>Ангелина</td> <td>Ангеліна</td> <td>Anhelina / Angelina / Anhelina</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>From Greek Ἀγγελίνα (Angelina) meaning "messenger" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ганна </td> <td>Анна</td> <td>Ганна</td> <td>Hanna / Anna / Hanna</td> <td>Hebrew</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Anne" title="Anne">Anne</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hannah_(name)" title="Hannah (name)">Hannah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Алена </td> <td>Елена, Алёна</td> <td>Oленa</td> <td>Alena / Yelena, Alyona / Olena</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Helen_(given_name)" title="Helen (given name)">Helen</a>; in Russian Alyona can be both a pet version of Yelena and a name in its own right </td></tr> <tr> <td>Марыя </td> <td>Мария</td> <td>Марія</td> <td>Maryja / Mariya / Mariia</td> <td>Hebrew</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Mary_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (given name)">Mary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Наталля </td> <td>Наталья, Наталия</td> <td>Наталя, Наталія</td> <td>Natallia / Natalya / Nataliia</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>equivalent to Natalie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Вольга </td> <td>Ольга</td> <td>Ольга</td> <td>Volha / Olga / Olha</td> <td>Old Norse</td> <td>derivative from Scandinavian Helga </td></tr> <tr> <td>Аляксандра </td> <td>Александра</td> <td>Олександра</td> <td>Alaksandra / Aleksandra / Oleksandra</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Alexandra" title="Alexandra">Alexandra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ксенія, Аксана </td> <td>Ксения</td> <td>Оксана</td> <td>Ksienija, Aksana / <a href="/wiki/Kseniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kseniya">Kseniya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oksana" title="Oksana">Oksana</a></td> <td>Greek</td> <td>in Russian, Oksana is a separate name of the same origin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кацярына </td> <td>Екатерина</td> <td>Катерина</td> <td>Kaciaryna / Yekaterina / Kateryna</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Catherine" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine">Catherine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Лізавета </td> <td>Елизавета</td> <td>Єлизавета</td> <td>Lizaveta / Yelizaveta / Ielyzaveta</td> <td>Hebrew</td> <td>equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(given_name)" title="Elizabeth (given name)">Elizabeth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Тацяна, Таццяна </td> <td>Татьяна</td> <td>Тетяна</td> <td>Tacciana / Tatyana / Tetiana</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>derivative from the Latinized name of the Sabine king <a href="/wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Людміла </td> <td>Людмила</td> <td>Людмила</td> <td>Ludmila / Lyudmila / Liudmyla</td> <td>Slavonic</td> <td>meaning "Dear to the People" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Святлана </td> <td>Светлана</td> <td>Світлана</td> <td>Sviatłana / Svetlana / Svitlana</td> <td>Slavonic</td> <td>meaning "The Shining One" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Юлія </td> <td>Юлия</td> <td>Юлія</td> <td>Julija / Yuliya / Yuliia</td> <td>Latin</td> <td>equivalent to Julia or Julie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Вера </td> <td>Вера</td> <td>Віра</td> <td>Vera / Vera / Vira</td> <td>Slavonic</td> <td>meaning "Faith"; a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the Greek Πίστη </td></tr> <tr> <td>Надзея </td> <td>Надежда</td> <td>Надія</td> <td>Nadzeja / Nadezhda / Nadiia</td> <td>Slavonic</td> <td>meaning "Hope"; a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the Greek Ἐλπίς </td></tr> <tr> <td>Любоў </td> <td>Любовь</td> <td>Любов</td> <td>Luboŭ / Lyubov / Liubоv</td> <td>Slavonic</td> <td>meaning "Love"; a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the Greek Ἀγάπη </td></tr> <tr> <td>Соф'я </td> <td>София, Софья</td> <td>Софія</td> <td>Sofja / Sofiya, Sofya / Sofiia</td> <td>Greek</td> <td>equivalent to Sophia, meaning "Wisdom". </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms">Forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being highly <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic languages">synthetic languages</a>, Eastern Slavic treats personal names as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical">grammatical</a> nouns and apply the same rules of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivation</a> to them as for other nouns. So one can create many forms with different degrees of affection and familiarity by adding the corresponding suffixes to the auxiliary stem derived from the original name. The auxiliary stem may be identical to the word stem of the full name (the full name Жанна <i>Zhanna</i> can have the suffixes added directly to the stem Жанн- <i>Zhann-</i> like Жанн<b>очка</b> <i>Zhann<b>ochka</b></i>), and most names have the auxiliary stem derived unproductively (the Russian name Михаил <i>Mikhail</i> has the auxiliary stem Миш- <i>Mish-</i>, which produces such name-forms as Миш<b>а</b> <i>Mish<b>a</b></i>, Миш<b>енька</b> <i>Mish<b>enka</b></i>, Миш<b>уня</b> <i>Mish<b>unya</b></i> etc., not *<b>Михаил</b>ушка <i><b>Mikhail</b>ushka</i>). </p><p>Unlike English, in which the use of diminutive forms is optional even between close friends, in East Slavonic languages, such forms are obligatory in certain contexts because of the strong <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a>: the T-form of address usually requires the short form of the counterpart's name. Also, unlike other languages with prominent use of name suffixes, such as Japanese, the use of derived name forms is mostly limited to the T-addressing: there is no way to make the name more formal than the plain unsuffixed full form, and usually no suffixes can be added to the family name. </p><p>Most commonly, Russian philologists distinguish the following forms of given names: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name form</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Formation</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Full</td> <td><i>Анна</i> (Anna)</td> <td>full name stem + case ending</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Short</td> <td><i>Ан<b>я</b></i> (An<b>ya</b>)</td> <td>short name stem + II declension ending</td> <td>most common for informal communication, comparable to Western name-only form of address <i>(Ann, John)</i>, or Japanese surname-only, or <i>surname/name -kun</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diminutive</td> <td><i>Ань<b>к</b>а</i> (An<b>k</b>a)</td> <td>short name stem + -к- <i>-k-</i> + II declension ending</td> <td>expresses familiarity, may be considered rude when used between people who are not close friends. Comparable to English diminutives <i>(Annie, Willy)</i> or Japanese unsuffixed names </td></tr> <tr> <td>Affective diminutive</td> <td><i>Ан<b>ечк</b>а</i> (An<b>yechk</b>a)</td> <td>short name stem + -ечк/очк/оньк/усь/юсь/уль/юль- <i>-echk/ochk/on'k/us/yus/ul/yul-</i> + II declension ending</td> <td>most intimate and affectionate form, comparable to German diminutives <i>(Ännchen)</i> or Japanese <i>-chan</i> suffixes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_forms">Short forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Short forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsvetaeva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tsvetaeva.jpg/220px-Tsvetaeva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tsvetaeva.jpg/330px-Tsvetaeva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tsvetaeva.jpg/440px-Tsvetaeva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="5261" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marina_Tsvetaeva" title="Marina Tsvetaeva">Marina Tsvetaeva</a>, a Russian poet. The name "Marina" traditionally has no short form.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolay_Ge_040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nikolay_Ge_040.jpg/220px-Nikolay_Ge_040.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nikolay_Ge_040.jpg/330px-Nikolay_Ge_040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nikolay_Ge_040.jpg/440px-Nikolay_Ge_040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><i>Руслан</i> (Ruslan), a character in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_and_Ludmila" title="Ruslan and Ludmila">Ruslan and Ludmila</a></i>. The short form for <i>Руслан</i> (Ruslan) is <i>Руся</i> (Rusya).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikola_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mikola_II.jpg/220px-Mikola_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mikola_II.jpg/330px-Mikola_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mikola_II.jpg/440px-Mikola_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>Николай II (<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>), the last Russian emperor. In private, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">his wife</a> addressed him as Nicki, in the German manner, rather than <i>Коля</i> (Kolya), which is the East Slavic short form of his name.</figcaption></figure> <p>The "short name" (Russian: краткое имя <i>kratkoye imya</i>), historically also "half-name" (Russian: полуимя <i>poluimya</i>), is the simplest and most common name derivative. Bearing no suffix, it is produced <a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletively</a> and always has the declension noun ending for both males and females, thus making short forms of certain unisex names indistinguishable: for example, Sasha (Russian: Саша) is the short name for both the masculine name Aleksandr (Alexander) and the feminine form Aleksandra (Alexandra). </p><p>Some names, such as Zhanna (Jeana) and Mark, have no short forms; others may have two (or more) different forms. In the latter case, one form is usually more informal than the other. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Full name (Cyrillic script)</th> <th>Full name (Latin script)</th> <th>Short forms (Cyrillic)</th> <th>Short forms (Latin) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Александр</td> <td>Aleksandr (m)</td> <td>Саша, Саня, Шура, ukr. Сашко, Лесь</td> <td>Sasha, Sanya, Shura, ukr. Sashko, Les </td></tr> <tr> <td>Александра</td> <td>Aleksandra (f)</td> <td>Саша, Шура, ukr. Леся</td> <td>Sasha, Shura, ukr. Lesia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Алексей</td> <td>Aleksey (m)</td> <td>Алёша, Лёша</td> <td>Alyosha, Lyosha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Анастасия</td> <td>Anastasia (f)</td> <td>Настя, Стася</td> <td>Nastya, Stasya (rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Анатолий</td> <td>Anatoly (m)</td> <td>Толя</td> <td>Tolya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Андрей</td> <td>Andrey (m)</td> <td>Андрюша, Дюша, Андря</td> <td>Andryusha, Dyusha, Andrya (rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Анна</td> <td>Anna (f)</td> <td>Аня, Анюта, Нюта, Нюша</td> <td>Anya, Anyuta, Nyuta, Nyusha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Борис</td> <td>Boris (m)</td> <td>Боря</td> <td>Borya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Давид</td> <td>David (m)</td> <td>Дава</td> <td>Dava </td></tr> <tr> <td>Даниил</td> <td>Daniil (m)</td> <td>Данила, Даня</td> <td>Danila, Danya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Дарья</td> <td>Darya (f)</td> <td>Даша</td> <td>Dasha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Дмитрий</td> <td>Dmitry (m)</td> <td>Дима, Митя</td> <td>Dima, Mitya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Галина</td> <td>Galina (f)</td> <td>Галя</td> <td>Galya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Геннадий</td> <td>Gennady (m)</td> <td>Гена</td> <td>Gena </td></tr> <tr> <td>Георгий</td> <td>Georgy (m)</td> <td>Гоша, Жора</td> <td>Gosha, Zhora </td></tr> <tr> <td>Григорий</td> <td>Grigory (m)</td> <td>Гриша</td> <td>Grisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Иван</td> <td>Ivan (m)</td> <td>Ваня</td> <td>Vanya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Иммануил</td> <td>Immanuil (m)</td> <td>Моня</td> <td>Monya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ирина</td> <td>Irina (f)</td> <td>Ира</td> <td>Ira </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кирилл</td> <td>Kirill (m)</td> <td>Кира, Киря</td> <td>Kira, Kirya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Константин</td> <td>Konstantin (m)</td> <td>Костя</td> <td>Kostya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ксения</td> <td>Ksenya (f)</td> <td>Ксюша</td> <td>Ksyusha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Лариса</td> <td>Larisa (f)</td> <td>Лара, Лёля</td> <td>Lara, Lyolya (rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Леонид</td> <td>Leonid (m)</td> <td>Лёня</td> <td>Lyonya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Лев</td> <td>Lev (m)</td> <td>Лёва</td> <td>Lyova </td></tr> <tr> <td>Лидия</td> <td>Lidiya (f)</td> <td>Лида</td> <td>Lida </td></tr> <tr> <td>Любовь</td> <td>Lyubov' (f)</td> <td>Люба</td> <td>Lyuba </td></tr> <tr> <td>Людмила</td> <td>Lyudmila (f)</td> <td>Люда, Люся, Мила</td> <td>Lyuda, Lyusya, Meela (rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Мария</td> <td>Mariya (f)</td> <td>Маша, Маня, Маруся, Машуля, Машенька, Марийка, Маняша, Марічка</td> <td>Masha, Manya, Marusya, Mashulya, Mashеnka, Mariyka, Manyasha (rare), Marichka (ukr.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Матвей</td> <td>Matvey (m)</td> <td>Мотя</td> <td>Motya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Михаил</td> <td>Mihail (m)</td> <td>Миша</td> <td>Misha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Надежда</td> <td>Nadezhda (f)</td> <td>Надя</td> <td>Nadya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Наталья</td> <td>Natalya (f)</td> <td>Наташа</td> <td>Natasha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Николай</td> <td>Nikolay (m)</td> <td>Коля</td> <td>Kolya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ольга</td> <td>Olga (f)</td> <td>Оля</td> <td>Olya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Павел</td> <td>Pavel (m)</td> <td>Паша, Павлик</td> <td>Pasha, Pavlik </td></tr> <tr> <td>Полина</td> <td>Polina (f)</td> <td>Поля, Лина</td> <td>Polya, Lina (rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Пётр</td> <td>Pyotr (m)</td> <td>Петя</td> <td>Petya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Роман</td> <td>Roman (m)</td> <td>Рома</td> <td>Roma </td></tr> <tr> <td>Семён</td> <td>Semyon (m)</td> <td>Сёма</td> <td>Syoma </td></tr> <tr> <td>Сергей</td> <td>Sergey (m)</td> <td>Серёжа</td> <td>Seryozha </td></tr> <tr> <td>София</td> <td>Sofia, Sofya (f)</td> <td>Соня, Софа</td> <td>Sonya, Sofa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Светлана</td> <td>Svetlana (f)</td> <td>Света, Лана</td> <td>Sveta, Lana </td></tr> <tr> <td>Станислав</td> <td>Stanislav (m)</td> <td>Стас</td> <td>Stas, Stanko </td></tr> <tr> <td>Тамара</td> <td>Tamara (f)</td> <td>Тома</td> <td>Toma </td></tr> <tr> <td>Татьяна</td> <td>Tatyana (f)</td> <td>Таня</td> <td>Tanya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Вадим</td> <td>Vadim (m)</td> <td>Вадик, Дима</td> <td>Vadik, Dima (rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Валентин / Валентина</td> <td>Valentin (m) / Valentina (f)</td> <td>Валя</td> <td>Valya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Валерий</td> <td>Valery (m)</td> <td>Валера</td> <td>Valera </td></tr> <tr> <td>Валерия</td> <td>Valeriya (f)</td> <td>Лера</td> <td>Lera </td></tr> <tr> <td>Василий</td> <td>Vasily (m)</td> <td>Вася</td> <td>Vasya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Виктор</td> <td>Viktor (m)</td> <td>Витя</td> <td>Vitya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Виктория</td> <td>Viktoriya (f)</td> <td>Вика</td> <td>Vika </td></tr> <tr> <td>Владимир</td> <td>Vladimir (m)</td> <td>Вова, Володя</td> <td>Vova, Volodya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Владислав, Владислава</td> <td>Vladislav (m), Vladislava (f)</td> <td>Влад, Влада</td> <td>Vlad, Vlada </td></tr> <tr> <td>Вячеслав</td> <td>Vyacheslav (m)</td> <td>Слава</td> <td>Slava </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ярослав</td> <td>Yaroslav (m)</td> <td>Ярик</td> <td>Yarik </td></tr> <tr> <td>Елена</td> <td>Yelena (f)</td> <td>Лена, Алёна</td> <td>Lena, Alyona </td></tr> <tr> <td>Елизавета</td> <td>Yelizaveta (f)</td> <td>Лиза</td> <td>Liza </td></tr> <tr> <td>Екатерина</td> <td>Yekaterina (f)</td> <td>Катя</td> <td>Katya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Евгений / Евгения</td> <td>Yevgeniy (m) / Yevgeniya (f)</td> <td>Женя</td> <td>Zhenya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Юлия</td> <td>Yuliya (f)</td> <td>Юля</td> <td>Yulya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Юрий</td> <td>Yury (m)</td> <td>Юра</td> <td>Yura </td></tr> <tr> <td>Яков</td> <td>Yakov (m)</td> <td>Яша</td> <td>Yasha </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diminutive_forms">Diminutive forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diminutive forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veruschka_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Lehndorff_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Veruschka_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Lehndorff_001.jpg/220px-Veruschka_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Lehndorff_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Veruschka_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Lehndorff_001.jpg/330px-Veruschka_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Lehndorff_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Veruschka_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Lehndorff_001.jpg/440px-Veruschka_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Lehndorff_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Veruschka" class="mw-redirect" title="Veruschka">Veruschka</a>, a German model, actress and artist. The name "Vera" is Slavic and literally means "Faith". "Veruschka" is the German spelling of one of the typical diminutive variants of this name.</figcaption></figure> <p>Diminutive forms are produced from the "short name" by means of various suffixes; for example, Михаил Mikhail (full) – Миша Misha (short) – Мишенька Mishenka (affectionate) – Мишка Mishka (colloquial). If no "short name" exists, then diminutive forms are produced from the full form of the respective first name; for example, Марина Marina (full) – Мариночка Marinochka (affectionate) – Маринка Marinka (colloquial). Unlike the full name, a diminutive name carries a particular emotional attitude and may be unacceptable in certain contexts. Depending on the nature of the attitude, diminutive name forms can be subdivided into three broad groups: affectionate, familiar, and slang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Affectionate_diminutive">Affectionate diminutive</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Affectionate diminutive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically formed by suffixes -<i>еньк</i>- (-yenk-), -<i>оньк</i>- (-onk-), -<i>ечк</i>- (-yechk-), -<i>ушк</i> (-ushk), as illustrated by the examples below. It generally emphasises a tender, affectionate attitude and is roughly analogous to German suffixes -<i>chen</i>, -<i>lein</i>, Japanese -<i>chan</i> and -<i>tan</i> and affectionate name-derived nicknames in other languages. It is often used to address children or intimate friends. </p><p>Within a more official context, this form may be combined with the honorific plural to address a younger female colleague.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Full form</th> <th>Short form</th> <th>Diminutive form </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">(Cyrillic/Latin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Анна/Anna</td> <td>Аня/Anya</td> <td>Ан'ечк'а/Any'echk'a </td></tr> <tr> <td>Виктор/Viktor</td> <td>Витя/Vitya</td> <td>Витенька/Vitenʲka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Дмитрий/Dmitry</td> <td>Дима/Dima</td> <td>Димочка/Dimochka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ольга/Olga</td> <td>Оля/Olya</td> <td>Оленька/Olyenka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Степан/Stepan</td> <td>Стёпа/Styopa</td> <td>Стёпочка/Styopochka </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Colloquial_diminutives">Colloquial diminutives</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colloquial diminutives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colloquial diminutives are derived from short names by the -<i>к</i>- ("-k-") suffix. Expressing a highly familiar attitude, the use may be considered rude or even pejorative outside a friendly context. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Full form</th> <th colspan="2">Short form</th> <th colspan="2">Colloquial diminutive form </th></tr> <tr> <th>(Cyrillic)</th> <th>(Latin)</th> <th>(Cyrillic)</th> <th>(Latin)</th> <th>(Cyrillic)</th> <th>(Latin) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Анна</td> <td>Anna</td> <td>Аня</td> <td>Anya</td> <td>Ань'ка'</td> <td>Anʲ'ka' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Виктор</td> <td>Viktor</td> <td>Витя</td> <td>Vitya</td> <td>Витька</td> <td>Vitʲka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Дмитрий</td> <td>Dmitry</td> <td>Дима</td> <td>Dima</td> <td>Димка</td> <td>Dimka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ольга</td> <td>Olga</td> <td>Оля</td> <td>Olya</td> <td>Олька</td> <td>Olʲka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Степан</td> <td>Stepan</td> <td>Стёпа</td> <td>Styopa</td> <td>Стёпка</td> <td>Styopka </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Slang_forms">Slang forms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slang forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><i>Колян</i> (Kolyan), a character in the sitcom <i>Реальные пацаны</i> (Realnye patsany, <i>Real Guys</i>). Kolyan shows viewers the ridiculous side of the life of <a href="/wiki/Gopniks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopniks">gopniks</a>, a social group similar in many ways to British <a href="/wiki/Chav" title="Chav">chavs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Slang forms exist for male names and, since a few decades ago, female names. They are formed with the suffixes -<i>ян</i> (-yan), -<i>он</i> (-on), and -<i>ок/ёк</i> (-ok/yok). The suffixes give the sense of "male brotherhood" that was once expressed by the patronymic-only form of address in the Soviet Union. Originating in criminal communities<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, such forms came into wide usage in Russia in the 1990s. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Full form</th> <th colspan="2">Short form</th> <th colspan="2">Slang form </th></tr> <tr> <th>(Cyrillic)</th> <th>(Latin)</th> <th>(Cyrillic)</th> <th>(Latin)</th> <th>(Cyrillic)</th> <th>(Latin) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Анатолий</td> <td>Anatoly</td> <td>Толя</td> <td>Tolya</td> <td>Тол'ян'</td> <td>Tol'yan' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Николай</td> <td>Nikolay</td> <td>Коля</td> <td>Kolya</td> <td>Колян</td> <td>Kolyan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Дмитрий</td> <td>Dmitry</td> <td>Дима</td> <td>Dima</td> <td>Димон</td> <td>Dimon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Владимир</td> <td>Vladimir</td> <td>Вова</td> <td>Vova</td> <td>Вован</td> <td>Vovan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Александр</td> <td>Alexander</td> <td>Саня</td> <td>Sanya</td> <td>Санёк</td> <td>Sanyok </td></tr> <tr> <td>Татьяна </td> <td>Tatiana </td> <td>Таня </td> <td>Tanya </td> <td>Танюха </td> <td>Tanyukha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Андрей</td> <td>Andrey</td> <td>Андрюша</td> <td>Andryusha</td> <td>Андрюха<br /></td> <td>Andryukha<br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Soviet_Union">Early Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Soviet_origin" title="Names of Soviet origin">Names of Soviet origin</a></div> <p>During the days of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, as part of the campaign to rid Russia of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> culture, there was a drive to invent new, revolutionary names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, many Soviet children were given atypical names,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> often being <a href="/wiki/Acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms">acronyms</a>/<a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a> besides many other names above. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksenia_Borodina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ksenia_Borodina.jpg/220px-Ksenia_Borodina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ksenia_Borodina.jpg/330px-Ksenia_Borodina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ksenia_Borodina.jpg/440px-Ksenia_Borodina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Kseniya_Borodina" title="Kseniya Borodina">Ksenya Kimovna Borodina</a>, presenter of the TV reality show <a href="/wiki/Dom-2" title="Dom-2">Dom-2</a>. Her patronymic, "Kimovna", refers to the name of her father, "Kim", which is atypical for East European languages and is an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> of <i><b>К</b>оммунистический <b>и</b>нтернационал <b>м</b>олодёжи</i> (Kommunistichesky Internatsional Molodyozhi, "<a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_International" title="Young Communist International">Young Communist International</a>").</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name (Cyrillic)</th> <th>Name (Latin)</th> <th>Origin</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Вил, Вилен, Владлен, Владлена</i></td> <td>Vil, <a href="/wiki/Vilen_(given_name)" title="Vilen (given name)">Vilen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladilen" title="Vladilen">Vladilen</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladlen" title="Vladlen">Vladlen</a> (m) / <a href="/wiki/Vladlena" title="Vladlena">Vladlena</a> (f)</td> <td><i><b>В</b>ладимир <b>И</b>льич <b>Л</b>енин</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"><b>V</b>ladimir <b>I</b>lyich <b>L</b>enin</a>)</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Мэл(c)</i></td> <td>Mel/<a href="/wiki/Mels_(name)" title="Mels (name)">Mels</a></td> <td><i><b>М</b>аркс, <b>Э</b>нгельс, <b>Л</b>енин</i> <i>(и <b>С</b>талин)</i> (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx"><b>M</b>arx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels"><b>E</b>ngels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin"><b>L</b>enin</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin"><b>S</b>talin</a>))</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Баррикада</i></td> <td>Barrikada</td> <td>-</td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a>" - refers to the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">revolutionary</a> activity </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ревмир, Ревмира</i></td> <td>Revmir (m) / Revmira (f)</td> <td><i><b>Рев</b>олюция <b>мир</b>а</i> (<b>Rev</b>olyutsiya <b>mira</b>)</td> <td>Means "The <a href="/wiki/World_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="World Revolution">World Revolution</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Гертруда</i></td> <td>Gertruda</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_(given_name)" title="Gertrude (given name)">Gertrude</a> reinterpreted as <i><b>Гер</b>ой <b>труда</b></i> (<b>Ger</b>oy <b>truda</b>)</td> <td>Means "The <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Socialist Labor">Hero of Labour</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Марлен</i></td> <td>Marlen</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marlene_(given_name)" title="Marlene (given name)">Marlene</a> reinterpreted as <i><b>Мар</b>кс и <b>Лен</b>ин</i> (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx"><b>Mar</b>x</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin"><b>Len</b>in</a>)</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Стэн</i></td> <td>Sten</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley (given name)">Stan</a> reinterpreted as <i><b>Ст</b>алин и <b>Эн</b>гельс</i> (<a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin"><b>St</b>alin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels"><b>En</b>gels</a>)</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ким</i></td> <td>Kim</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_(given_name)" title="Kim (given name)">Kim</a> reinterpreted as <i><b>К</b>оммунистический <b>и</b>нтернационал <b>м</b>олодёжи</i> (<b>K</b>ommunistichesky <b>I</b>nternatsional <b>M</b>olodyozhi)</td> <td>Means "<a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_International" title="Young Communist International">Young Communist International</a>" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patronymics">Patronymics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patronymics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The patronymic name is based on the given name of the father and is written in all legal and identity documents. If used with the given name, the patronymic always follows it; but it is not analogous to an English <a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">middle name</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The patronymic name is obligatory when addressing a person of higher social stance and/or on special occasions such as business meetings; for example, when a pupil addresses a teacher, they are obliged to use both first and patronymic names – <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Марья Ивановна, могу я спросить...</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Marya Ivanovna, may I ask...'. Not using patronymic names in such situations is considered offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addressing a person by patronymic name only is widespread among older generations (more often – "blue collar"-male coworkers) and serves as a display of close relationship based on not only sympathy but also mutual responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivation">Derivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Masculine patronym</th> <th>Feminine patronym </th></tr> <tr> <td>Anatoly</td> <td>Anatolyevich</td> <td>Anatolyevna </td></tr> <tr> <td>Constantin</td> <td>Constantinovich</td> <td>Constantinovna </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dmitry</td> <td>Dmitriyevich</td> <td>Dmitriyevna </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ilya</td> <td>Ilyich</td> <td>Ilyinichna </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ivan</td> <td>Ivanovich</td> <td>Ivanovna </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nikolay</td> <td>Nikolayevich</td> <td>Nikolayevna </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vladimir</td> <td>Vladimirovich</td> <td>Vladimirovna </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yakov</td> <td>Yakovlevich</td> <td>Yakovlevna </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The patronymic is formed by a combination of the father's name and suffixes. The suffix is -<i>ович</i> <span class="nowrap">(-ovich)</span> for a son, -<i>овна</i> <span class="nowrap">(-ovna)</span> – for a daughter. For example, if the father's name was <i>Иван</i> (Ivan), the patronymic will be <i>Иванович</i> (Ivanovich) for a son and <i>Ивановна</i> (Ivanovna) for a daughter. </p><p>If the suffix is being appended to a name ending in a <i>й</i> ("y") or a soft <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>, the initial <i>o</i> in the suffixes -<i>ович</i> <span class="nowrap">(-ovich)</span> and -<i>овна</i> <span class="nowrap">(-ovna)</span> becomes a <i>е</i> ("ye") and the suffixes change to -<i>евич</i> <span class="nowrap">(-yevich)</span> and -<i>евна</i> <span class="nowrap">(-yevna)</span>. For example, if the father is <i>Дмитрий</i> (Dmitry), the patronymic is <i>Дмитриевич</i> (Dmitrievich) for a son and <i>Дмитриевна</i> (Dmitrievna) for a daughter. It is not <i>Дмитрович</i> (Dmitrovich) or <i>Дмитровна</i> (Dmitrovna) because the name <i>Дмитрий</i> (Dmitry) ends on "й" ("y"); </p><p>For some names ending in a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, the suffix is -<i>ич</i> <span class="nowrap">(-ich)</span> for a son and -<i>ична</i> <span class="nowrap">(-ichna)</span> or -<i>инична</i> <span class="nowrap">(-inichna)</span> for a daughter; for example, Фока Foka (father's first name) – Фокич Fokich (male patronymic) – Фокична Fokichna (female patronymic); Кузьма Kuzma (father's first name) – Кузьмич Kuzmich (male patronymic) – Кузьминична Kuzminichna (female patronymic). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_grounds">Historical grounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical grounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rurikname.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rurikname.JPG/220px-Rurikname.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rurikname.JPG/330px-Rurikname.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rurikname.JPG/440px-Rurikname.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>The name <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> runestone. All the princes of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> had the patronymic <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Ruerikovichi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historical Russian naming conventions did not include surnames. A person's name included that of their father: e.g. <i>Иван Петров сын</i> (Ivan Petrov syn) which means "Ivan, son of Peter". That is the origin of most Russian -ov surnames. </p><p>Modern -ovich- patronyms were originally a feature of the royal dynasty (Рюрико<b>вич</b>и, <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rueriko<b>vich</b>i, Rurikids</a>, which makes the East Slavic patronym in its original meaning being similar to German <i>von</i>. From the 17th century, the second name with suffix -<i>ович</i> (-<i>ovich</i>) was the privilege given by the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> to commoners. For example, in 1610, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV</a> gave to the <a href="/wiki/Stroganov_family" title="Stroganov family">Stroganovs</a>, who were merchants, the privilege to use patronyms. As a tribute for developing the salt industry in Siberia, Pyotr Stroganov and all his issues were allowed to have a name with -<i>ovich</i>. The tsar wrote in the chart dated on 29 May, "... <i>to write him with </i>ovich<i>, to try</i> [him] <i>in Moscow only, not to fee</i> [him] <i>by other fees, not to kiss a cross by himself</i> [which means not to swear during any processions]"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, it was the family of merchants to have patronyms. By the 19th century, the -ovich form eventually became the default form of a patronymic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_basis">Legal basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Everyone in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus is supposed to have a tripartite name. Single mothers may give their children any patronym, and this does not have any legal consequences. Foreigners who adopt Russian citizenship are exempted from having a patronym. Now, an adult person is entitled to change patronyms if necessary,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as to alienate themselves from the biological father (or to show respect for the adopted one) as well as to decide the same for an underage child. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matronymic">Matronymic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Matronymic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern Russia, there are cases when women raising a child without a father give the child their own name instead of a patronymic. This practice is not recognized by law, but the civil registry offices may meet such wishes. A common loophole is when mother's name is a feminine form of a masculine given name, even an obscure one.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_names">Family names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Family names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">Family names</a> are generally used like in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivation_and_meaning">Derivation and meaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Derivation and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Special:EditPage/Eastern Slavic naming customs">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Russian, some common suffixes are -<i>ов</i> (-ov), -<i>ев</i> (-yev), meaning "belonging to" or "of the clan of/descendant of", e.g. Petrov = of the clan of/descendant of Petr (Peter), usually used for <a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">patronymic surnames</a>—or -<i>ский</i> (-sky), an adjectival form, meaning "associated with" and usually used for <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponymic surnames</a>. Historically, toponymic surnames may have been granted as a token of nobility; for example, the princely surname <a href="/wiki/Shuysky" title="Shuysky">Shuysky</a> is indicative of the princedom based on the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Shuya_(inhabited_locality)" title="Shuya (inhabited locality)">Shuya</a>. Prince <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Potemkin" title="Grigory Potemkin">Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin</a>-Tavricheski had the <a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">victory title</a> 'Tavricheski', as part of his surname, granted to him for the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire</a>. </p><p>In the 19th and early 20th centuries, <i>-off</i> was a common transliteration of <i>-ov</i> for Russian family names in foreign languages such as French and German (like for the <a href="/wiki/Smirnoff" title="Smirnoff">Smirnoff</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Davidoff" title="Davidoff">Davidoff</a> brands). </p><p>Surnames of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin use the suffixes -ко (-ko), -ук (-uk), and -ич (-ych). For example, the family name <i>Писаренко</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pisarenko" title="Pisarenko">Pisarenko</a>) is derived from the word for a scribe, and <i>Ковальчук</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kovalchuk" title="Kovalchuk">Kovalchuk</a>) refers to a smith. </p><p>Less often, some versions of family names will have no suffix, e.g. Lebed, meaning swan, and Zhuk, meaning beetle (but see also Lebedev and Zhukov). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphenated surname">Hyphenated surnames</a> like <a href="/wiki/Petrov-Vodkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrov-Vodkin">Petrov-Vodkin</a> are possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_CoA_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lesser_CoA_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/220px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lesser_CoA_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/330px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lesser_CoA_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/440px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>The Coat of Arms of the <i>Романовы</i> (<a href="/wiki/Romanovs" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanovs">Romanovs</a>), the last Russian royal dynasty. The family name <i>Романов</i> (Romanov) means "pertaining to (the name) Roman".</figcaption></figure> <p>Eastern Slavic languages are <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic languages">synthetic languages</a> and have <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical cases">grammatical cases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic languages</a> like English, which use prepositions ("to", "at", "on" etc.) to show the links and relations between words in a sentence, Eastern Slavic suffixes are used much more broadly than prepositions. Words need the help of some suffix to integrate them into the sentence and to build a grammatically correct sentence. That includes names, unlike in German. Family names are declined based on the Slavic case system. </p><p>The surnames that originally are short (<i>-ov</i>, <i>-ev</i>, <i>-in</i>) or full (<i>-iy/-oy/-yy</i>) Slavic adjectives, have different forms depending on gender: male forms <i>-ov</i>, <i>-ev</i>, <i>-in</i> and <i>-iy/-oy/-yy</i> correspond to female forms <i>-ova</i>, <i>-eva</i>, <i>-ina</i> and <i>-aya</i>, respectively. For example, the wife of <i>Борис Ельцин</i> (Boris Yel'tsin) was <i>Наина Ельцин<b>а</b></i> (Naina Yel'tsin<b>a</b>); the wife of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolst<b>oy</b></a> was <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya" title="Sophia Tolstaya">Sophia Tolst<b>aya</b></a>, etc. All other, i.e. non-adjectival, surnames stay the same for both genders (including surnames ending with -<i>енко</i> (<i>-yenko</i>), -<i>ич</i> (<i>-ich</i>) etc.), unlike in many <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a>, where the non-adjectival surname of men corresponds to derivative feminine adjectival surname (Novák → Nováková). Note the difference between patronymics and surnames ending with <i>-ich</i>: surnames are the same for males and females, but patronymics are gender-dependent (for example, Ivan Petrov<i>ich</i> Mirov<i>ich</i> and Anna Petr<i>ovna</i> Mirov<i>ich</i>) </p><p>This dependence of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> of adjectival surname on the gender of its owner is not considered to be changing the surname (compare the equivalent rule in <a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a>, for example). The correct transliteration of such feminine surnames in English is debated: the names technically should be in their original form, but they sometimes appear in the masculine form. </p><p>The example of <i>Иванов</i> (Ivanov), a family name, will be used: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Grammatical<br />case</th> <th rowspan="2">Example of question</th> <th colspan="2">Masculine form</th> <th colspan="2">Feminine form </th></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic</th> <th>Latin</th> <th>Cyrillic</th> <th>Latin </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></td> <td>Who?</td> <td><i>Иванов</i></td> <td>Ivanov</td> <td><i>Иванова</i></td> <td>Ivanova </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></td> <td>Whose?</td> <td><i>Ивано<b>ва</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>va</b></td> <td><i>Ивано<b>вой</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>voy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></td> <td>To whom?</td> <td><i>Ивано<b>ву</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>vu</b></td> <td><i>Ивано<b>вой</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>voy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></td> <td>Whom?</td> <td><i>Ивано<b>ва</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>va</b></td> <td><i>Ивано<b>ву</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>vu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></td> <td>By whom?</td> <td><i>Ивано<b>вым</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>vym</b></td> <td><i>Ивано<b>вой</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>voy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> (Prepositional)</td> <td>About whom?</td> <td><i>Ивано<b>ве</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>ve</b></td> <td><i>Ивано<b>вой</b></i></td> <td>Ivano<b>voy</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The surnames which are not grammatically adjectives (<i>Zhuk</i>, <i>Gogol</i>, <i>Barchuk</i>, <i>Kupala</i> etc.) declines in cases and numbers as the corresponding common noun. The exclusion is when a woman has a surname which is grammatically a noun of masculine gender; in such case, the surname is not declined. For example, Ivan and Anna Zhuk in dative case ("to whom?") would be: Иван<b>у</b> Жук<b>у</b> (<i>Ivan<b>u</b></i> <i>Zhuk<b>u</b></i>), but Анн<b>е</b> Жук (<i>Ann<b>e</b> Zhuk</i>). </p><p>Family names are generally inherited from one's parents. As in English, on marriage, women usually adopt the surname of the husband; the opposite, when the husband adopt the maiden surname of his wife, very rarely occurs. Rarely, both spouses keep their pre-marriage family names. The fourth, very rare but still legal way is the taking a double surname; for example, in marriage of Ivanov (he) and Petrovskaya (she), the spouses may adopt the family name Ivanov-Petrovsky and Ivanova-Petrovskaya, correspondingly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavicisation_of_foreign_names">Slavicisation of foreign names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Slavicisation of foreign names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavicisation_of_foreign_surnames">Slavicisation of foreign surnames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Slavicisation of foreign surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanization_of_surnames" title="Azerbaijanization of surnames">Azerbaijanization of surnames</a></div> <p>Some surnames in those languages have been <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">russified</a> since the 19th century: the surname of Kazakh former <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> has a Russian "-yev" <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>, which literally means "of Nazar-bay" (in which "bay" is a Turkic native <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_nobility_and_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks of nobility and peerage">rank</a>: compare <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> "<a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a>", <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> "boy" "bek", and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrghyz</a> "bek"). The frequency of such russification varies greatly by country. </p><p>After incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, it became obligatory to register their surnames and to add a Russian suffix such as <i>-yev</i> or <i>-ov</i> for men and <i>-yeva</i> or <i>-ova</i> for women.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the majority did not have official surnames, the problem was resolved by adopting the name of the father and adding the mentioned suffixes. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Aliyev" title="Aliyev">Aliyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huseynov" title="Huseynov">Huseynov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammadov" title="Mammadov">Mammadov</a>. </p><p>Since 1930s and 1940s, surnames and patronymics were obligatory in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surname could be derived from the name of the father by adding the suffixes -ev after vowels or soft consonants and -ov in all other cases. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Rashidov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidov">Rashidov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beknazarov" title="Beknazarov">Beknazarov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullaev" title="Abdullaev">Abdullaev</a>. Most of the people born in this time had the same surname as their patronymic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavicisation_of_foreign_patronymics">Slavicisation of foreign patronymics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Slavicisation of foreign patronymics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By law, foreign persons who adopt <a href="/wiki/Russian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian citizenship">Russian citizenship</a> are allowed to have no patronymic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some adopt non-Slavonic patronymics as well. For example, the Russian politician <a href="/wiki/Irina_Hakamada" class="mw-redirect" title="Irina Hakamada">Irina Hakamada</a>'s patronym is <i>Муцуовна</i> (Mutsuovna) because her <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a> father's given name was Mutsuo. The ethnicity of origin generally remains recognizable in Russified names. Other examples are <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> <i>ұлы</i> (<i>uly</i>; transcribed into Latin script as <i>-uly</i>, as in <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Abish<b>uly</b> Nazarbayev</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Patronymic#Azeri" title="Patronymic">Azeri</a> <i>оглы/оғлу</i> (<i>oglu</i>) (as in <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Alirza <b>oglu</b> Aliyev</a>); Kazakh <i>қызы</i> (transcribed into Latin script as -<i>qyzy</i>, as in <a href="/wiki/Dariga_Nazarbayeva" title="Dariga Nazarbayeva">Dariga Nursultan<b>qyzy</b> Nazarbayeva</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such Turkic patronymics were officially allowed in the Soviet Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Pontecorvo" title="Bruno Pontecorvo">Bruno Pontecorvo</a>, after he emigrated to the Soviet Union, was known as <i>Бруно Максимович Понтекорво</i> (Bruno Maximovich Pontekorvo) in the Russian scientific community, as his father's given name was <i>Massimo</i> (corresponding to Russian Максим (Maksim)). His sons have been known by names <i>Джиль Брунович Понтекорво</i> (Gigl Brunovich Pontecorvo), <i>Антонио Брунович Понтекорво</i> (Antonio Brunovich Pontecorvo) and <i>Тито Брунович Понтекорво</i> (Tito Brunovich Pontekorvo). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_address">Forms of address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Forms of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_rules">Common rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Common rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>For informal communication, only the first name is used: Иван Ivan. Even more informally, <a href="/wiki/Diminutives" class="mw-redirect" title="Diminutives">diminutives</a> (several can be formed from one name) are often used.</li> <li>In rural areas, the patronymic name alone (<i>Петрович</i> Petrovich, <i>Ивановна</i> Ivanovna) is used by old people among themselves, but young people sometimes use the form for irony. Also, younger people can use the form for much older people for both respect and informality. For example, a much younger man with a very good relationship with his elder colleague may use a patronymic and the "ty" form, but using the first name alone is generally inappropriate. Using a diminutive (like in most informal communication) would nearly always be very impolite.</li> <li>The family name alone (<i>Петров</i>, Petrov) is used, much more rarely, in formal communications. It is commonly used by school teachers to address their students. Informally, Russians are starting to call people by their surnames alone for irony.</li> <li>the form "first name + patronymic" (for instance, <i>Иван Иванович</i>, Ivan Ivanovich): <ul><li>is the feature of official communication (for instance, students in schools and universities call their teachers in the form of "first name + patronymic" only);</li> <li>may convey the speaker's respect for the recipient. Historically, patronymics were reserved for the royal dynasty (Рюрико<b>вич</b>и, <a href="/wiki/Rurikovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurikovich">Rueriko<b>vich</b>i</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>The full three-name form (for instance, <i>Иван Иванович Петров</i> Ivan Ivanovich Petrov) is used mostly for official documents. With some exceptions, everyone in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus is supposed to have a three-part name. This form is also used on formal occasions and for introducing oneself to a person who is likely to write down the full name, like a police officer. The family name is placed first (<i>Петров Иван Иванович</i>, Petrov Ivan Ivanovich) in various ducuments, when sorting by personal name is important.</li></ul> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutives</a> of the given names were used in reference to commoners, to indicate an their low status: <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin" title="Stenka Razin">Stenka Razin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grishka_Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grishka Rasputin">Grishka Rasputin</a>, etc. A diminutive could be used by persons of a higher class when referring to themselves to indicate humility, e.g., when addressing to the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a>. </p><p>The choice of addressing format is closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction#Russian" title="T–V distinction">choice of second-person pronoun</a>. Russian language distinguishes: </p> <ul><li>formal <i>вы</i> (vy, "you"); respectful <i>Вы</i> ("Vy", "You") may be capitalized in formal correspondence, but plural <i>вы</i> ("vy", "you") is not.</li> <li>informal <i>ты</i> (ty, "you", "thou" in old English);</li></ul> <p><i>Вы</i> ("Vy") is the plural of both forms to address a pair or group. Historically, it comes from German, under <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, which uses <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction#Sie_and_du" title="T–V distinction"><i>du</i> and <i>Sie</i></a> similarly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other than the use of patronymics, Russian forms of address in Russian are very similar to English ones. </p><p>Also, the meaning of the form of address strongly depends on the choice of a V-T form: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vy or ty </th> <th>Form </th> <th>Male example </th> <th>Female example </th> <th>Use </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Using "Vy" </td> <td>Full three-name form </td> <td>Anatoliy Pavlovich Ivanov </td> <td>Varvara Mikhailovna Kuznetsova </td> <td>Official documents, very formal occasions (when necessary) </td></tr> <tr> <td>First name + patronymic </td> <td>Anatoliy Pavlovich </td> <td>Varvara Mikhailovna </td> <td>General formal or respectful form </td></tr> <tr> <td>Surname </td> <td>Ivanov </td> <td>Kuznetsova </td> <td>Formal. Often used by a person of a higher social position (like a teacher talking to a student) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Informal first name + informal patronymic </td> <td>Tol' Palych </td> <td>Varvara Mikhalna </td> <td rowspan="2">Respectful but less formal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full first name </td> <td>Anatoliy </td> <td>Varvara </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diminutive first name </td> <td>Tolya </td> <td>Varya </td> <td>Friendly but still somewhat formal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Affectionate first name </td> <td> </td> <td>Varechka </td> <td>Used almost exclusively towards women, showing fondness but still keeping some formality (like to a younger colleague) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Using "Ty" </td> <td>First name + patronymic </td> <td>Anatoliy Pavlovich </td> <td>Varvara Mikhailovna </td> <td>Can be used between friends on semi-formal occasions or ironically </td></tr> <tr> <td>Informal patronymic </td> <td>Palych </td> <td>Mikhalna </td> <td>Combining familiarity and respect </td></tr> <tr> <td>Surname </td> <td>Ivanov </td> <td>Kuznetsova </td> <td>Similar in use to a "vy" form but less formal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full first name </td> <td>Anatoliy </td> <td>Varvara </td> <td>Friendly but with a tone of formality. If the name has no diminutive form (Yegor), also used informally </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diminutive first name </td> <td>Tolia </td> <td>Varya </td> <td>General informal form </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colloquial first name </td> <td>Tolik </td> <td>Var'ka </td> <td rowspan="2">Very familiar form </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slang first name </td> <td>Tolyan </td> <td>Varyukha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Affectionate first name </td> <td>Tolen'ka </td> <td>Varechka </td> <td>Tender, affectionate form </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Using a "ty" form with a person who dislikes it or on inappropriate occasions can be an insult, especially the surname alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other Eastern Slavic languages use the same adjectives of their literal translation if they differ from Russian analogue. All Eastern Slavic languages are synthetic languages, and grammatical genders are used. Thus, the suffix of an adjective changes with the sex of the recipient. </p><p>In Russian, adjectives before names are generally restricted to written forms of communication. Adjectives like <i>Любимый / Любимая</i> (lyubimiy / lyubimaya, "beloved") and <i>Милый / Милая</i> (miliy / milaya, "sweetheart") are informal, and <i>Уважаемый / Уважаемая</i> (uvazhayemiy / uvazhayemaya, literally "respected") is highly formal. Some adjectives, like <i>Дорогой / Дорогая</i> (dorogoy / dorogaya, "dear"), can be used in both formal and informal letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">Religious name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization of Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_surnames_of_illegitimate_children" title="Russian surnames of illegitimate children">Russian surnames of illegitimate children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Slavic name suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian name</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uzdevumi.lv/p/krievu-valoda/10-klase/ty-i-tvoe-imia-11782/re-4d37bfd8-ab82-40cd-9384-c088469c5c93">"Как обращаться к человеку в русскоязычной среде"</a> [How to address a person in Russian-speaking community] (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BA+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzdevumi.lv%2Fp%2Fkrievu-valoda%2F10-klase%2Fty-i-tvoe-imia-11782%2Fre-4d37bfd8-ab82-40cd-9384-c088469c5c93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profmedia.by/pub/sec/art/detail.php?ID=108237">"Система обращений и речевой этикет"</a> [System of addressing and speech etiquette] (in Russian). "СЕКРЕТАРСКОЕ ДЕЛО" № 02/2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.pub=%22%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%95+%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%9E%22+%E2%84%96+02%2F2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofmedia.by%2Fpub%2Fsec%2Fart%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D108237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>писать его с вичем, судить только в Москве, излишних пошлин с товаров не брать, креста самому не целовать</i> (in Russian). Собр. Гос. Грам. II, № 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D1%81+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%2C+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80.+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81.+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC.+II%2C+%E2%84%96+196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Federal Law of the Russian Federation on Acts of Civil Statements, Clauses: 58, 59</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Law+of+the+Russian+Federation+on+Acts+of+Civil+Statements%2C+Clauses%3A+58%2C+59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20200113/1563274298.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Марьевна — и точка!" Почему женщины меняют отчество на матроним"</a>. <i>РИА Новости</i> (in Russian). 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%22%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%21%22+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20200113%2F1563274298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://burninghut.ru/matchestvo/">"Как оформить матчество в России"</a>. <i>Горящая Изба</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fburninghut.ru%2Fmatchestvo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirose2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hirose, Yoko (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ijsoctu4&div=76&id=&page=">"The Complexity of Nationalism in Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>International Journal of Social Science Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11114%2Fijsss.v4i5.1531">10.11114/ijsss.v4i5.1531</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social+Science+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Complexity+of+Nationalism+in+Azerbaijan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11114%2Fijsss.v4i5.1531&rft.aulast=Hirose&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fijsoctu4%26div%3D76%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomiljonovna2022" class="citation journal cs1">Komiljonovna, Koziyeva Iqbal (26 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zienjournals.com/index.php/zjssh/article/view/2176">"Changes in the system of anthroponyms in the Uzbek language at the end of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century"</a>. <i>Zien Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities</i>. <b>10</b>: 65–67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2769-996X">2769-996X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zien+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+system+of+anthroponyms+in+the+Uzbek+language+at+the+end+of+the+20th+century+-+the+beginning+of+the+21st+century&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=65-67&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft.issn=2769-996X&rft.aulast=Komiljonovna&rft.aufirst=Koziyeva+Iqbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zienjournals.com%2Findex.php%2Fzjssh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Family Code of the Russian Federation, Article 58.2 "</i>A child's patronym is formed from the father's [first] name unless otherwise [decreed by] national custom<i>"</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Code+of+the+Russian+Federation%2C+Article+58.2+%22A+child%27s+patronym+is+formed+from+the+father%27s+%5Bfirst%5D+name+unless+otherwise+%5Bdecreed+by%5D+national+custom%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>In Russian</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/611986">"Лицо русской национальности"</a>. <i>kommersant.ru</i> (in Russian). 26 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kommersant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.date=2005-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F611986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Commentaries <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231083735/http://www.genofond.ru/default2.aspx?p=380">"Генофонд :: Занимательная журналистика"</a>. 31 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genofond.ru/default2.aspx?p=380">the original</a> on 31 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%3A%3A+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genofond.ru%2Fdefault2.aspx%3Fp%3D380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231083740/http://www.genofond.ru/default2.aspx?p=381">"Генофонд :: Занимательная журналистика"</a>. 31 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genofond.ru/default2.aspx?p=381">the original</a> on 31 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%3A%3A+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genofond.ru%2Fdefault2.aspx%3Fp%3D381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313064453/http://www.genofond.ru/default2.aspx?p=382">"Генофонд :: Занимательная журналистика"</a>. 13 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genofond.ru/default2.aspx?p=382">the original</a> on 13 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%3A%3A+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genofond.ru%2Fdefault2.aspx%3Fp%3D382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genofond.ru/LoadFile.aspx?file_id=428">Балановская Е. В., Соловьева Д. С., Балановский О. П. и др. «Фамильные портреты» пяти русских регионов</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> / Медицинская генетика. 2005.No. 1. С. 2–10.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610141839/http://www.inauka.ru/analysis/article76880.html">"Известия Науки – ФАМИЛИИ В РОЛИ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ МАРКЕРОВ"</a>. 10 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inauka.ru/analysis/article76880.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%A4%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%98+%D0%92+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%93%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inauka.ru%2Fanalysis%2Farticle76880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proizvodnye.ru/">"Производные и уменьшительно-ласкательные формы имён"</a>. <i>proizvodnye.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=proizvodnye.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproizvodnye.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Slavic+naming+customs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genofond.ru/LoadFile.aspx?file_id=202">Таблицы и рисунки к статье «Фамильные портреты» пяти русских регионов</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Bayburin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Bayburin (page does not exist)">Albert Bayburin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Байбурин, Альберт Кашфуллович">ru</a>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/81316/1/vopon_2019_4_005.pdf">Последовательность элементов языковой формулы в русской традиции</a> - an opinion on the differences in the use of formats "Name Patronymic Surname" (ИОФ) vs. "Surname, Name Patronymic" (ФИО) in Russian.</li></ul> <dl><dt>In English</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heraldry.sca.org/names/paul/zgrammar.html">"Paul Goldschmidt's Dictionary of Russian Names – Grammar"</a>. <i>heraldry.sca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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