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href="#Association_of_University_Teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Association of University Teachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_of_University_Teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condemnation_and_backlash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condemnation_and_backlash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Condemnation and backlash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condemnation_and_backlash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancellation_of_boycott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancellation_of_boycott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Cancellation of boycott</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancellation_of_boycott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Association_of_Teachers_in_Further_and_Higher_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Association_of_Teachers_in_Further_and_Higher_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Association_of_Teachers_in_Further_and_Higher_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_NATFHE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_NATFHE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Criticism of the NATFHE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_NATFHE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Response to criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_and_College_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_and_College_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>University and College Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_and_College_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-During_the_Second_Intifada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Second_Intifada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>During the Second Intifada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Second_Intifada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Following_Operation_Cast_Lead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Following_Operation_Cast_Lead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Following Operation Cast Lead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Following_Operation_Cast_Lead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boycott_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boycott_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Boycott campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boycott_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_and_successes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_and_successes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Support and successes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_and_successes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Other groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_criticism_of_academic_boycotts_within_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_criticism_of_academic_boycotts_within_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Opposition and criticism of academic boycotts within the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_criticism_of_academic_boycotts_within_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_ASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_ASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Criticism of the ASA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_ASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_government_responses_and_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_government_responses_and_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Official government responses and legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_government_responses_and_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle South Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_to_boycott_Ben-Gurion_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_to_boycott_Ben-Gurion_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Campaign to boycott Ben-Gurion University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_to_boycott_Ben-Gurion_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_SA_universities_check_Israeli_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_SA_universities_check_Israeli_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>More SA universities check Israeli links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_SA_universities_check_Israeli_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wits_SRC_adopts_academic_boycott_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wits_SRC_adopts_academic_boycott_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Wits SRC adopts academic boycott of Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wits_SRC_adopts_academic_boycott_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparisons_to_academic_boycotts_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_to_academic_boycotts_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Comparisons to academic boycotts of South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_to_academic_boycotts_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Accusations of antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statement_against_the_Boycott_of_Israeli_Academics_–_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statement_against_the_Boycott_of_Israeli_Academics_–_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Statement against the Boycott of Israeli Academics – 2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statement_against_the_Boycott_of_Israeli_Academics_–_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reception_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Reception and impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: should reflect recent development following Israeli wars in Gaza and Lebanon.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> The current campaign for an <b>academic boycott of Israel</b> was launched in April 2004 by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Campaign_for_the_Academic_and_Cultural_Boycott_of_Israel" title="Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel">Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel</a> (PACBI) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a> (BDS) campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign calls for BDS activities against Israel to put international pressure on Israel, in this case against Israeli academic institutions, all of which are said by PACBI to be implicated in the perpetuation of Israeli occupation, in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions#Philosophy_and_goals" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">BDS goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, proposals for academic boycotts of particular Israeli universities and academics have been made by academics and organisations in <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other countries. The goal of the proposed academic boycotts is to isolate Israel in order to force a change in Israel's policies towards the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, which proponents argue are <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discriminatory</a> and oppressive, including oppressing the <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a> of Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaigns for academic boycott of Israel have led to fierce debate. Opponents argue that boycott advocates apply different standards to Israel than other countries, that the boycott is counterproductive, a <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> of Israeli academia,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tactic to threaten the existence of the State of Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-Avnon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avnon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also that the campaign is <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adl.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TraubmannGuardian_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TraubmannGuardian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Julius-Dershowitz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julius-Dershowitz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this debate, academic boycott measures have been undertaken around the world, with some support among academic associations and unions, but with little institutional success.<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_Star_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_Star-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2></div> <p>In reaction to the National Executive Council of the National Union of Students' BDS resolution on 2 June 2015, Prof. <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Wagner" title="Leslie Wagner">Leslie Wagner</a> argued, "In reality, co-operation between Israeli and British universities and their academics has grown in recent years under the energetic leadership of outgoing UK ambassador to Israel, Matthew Gould."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Guardian_open_letter,_2002"><span id="The_Guardian_open_letter.2C_2002"></span><i>The Guardian</i> open letter, 2002</h3></div> <p>The idea of an academic boycott against Israel first emerged publicly in England on 6 April 2002 in an open letter to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> initiated by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rose" title="Steven Rose">Steven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Rose_(sociologist)" title="Hilary Rose (sociologist)">Hilary Rose</a>, professors in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> and social policy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bradford" title="University of Bradford">University of Bradford</a> respectively, who called for a moratorium on all cultural and research links with Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It read: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Despite widespread international condemnation for its policy of violent repression against the Palestinian people in the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government appears impervious to moral appeals from world leaders. ... Odd though it may appear, many national and European cultural and research institutions, including especially those funded from the EU and the <a href="/wiki/European_Science_Foundation" title="European Science Foundation">European Science Foundation</a>, regard Israel as a European state for the purposes of awarding grants and contracts. ... Would it not therefore be timely if at both national and European level a moratorium was called upon any further such support unless and until Israel abide by UN resolutions and open serious peace negotiations with the Palestinians, along the lines proposed in many peace plans including most recently that sponsored by the Saudis and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By July 2002, the open letter had gained over 700 signatories, including those of ten Israeli academics.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldenbergWoodward_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldenbergWoodward-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the open letter, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Ryzhik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Ryzhik (page does not exist)">Leonid Ryzhik</a>, a senior professor in mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, led a rival web-based petition that condemned the original's "unjustly righteous tone" and warned that the boycott has a "broader risk of very disruptive repercussions for a wide range of international scientific and cultural contacts." The counter petition had gathered almost 1,000 signatories.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldenbergWoodward_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldenbergWoodward-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mona_Baker,_Miriam_Shlesinger_and_Gideon_Toury"><span id="Mona_Baker.2C_Miriam_Shlesinger_and_Gideon_Toury"></span>Mona Baker, Miriam Shlesinger and Gideon Toury</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mona_Baker#Middle_East_conflict_and_Israeli_academics" title="Mona Baker">Mona Baker § Middle East conflict and Israeli academics</a></div> <p>In early June 2002, <a href="/wiki/Mona_Baker" title="Mona Baker">Mona Baker</a>, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">translation studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> in England and a signatory of the 2002 open letter, removed two Israeli academics – Dr. <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Shlesinger" title="Miriam Shlesinger">Miriam Shlesinger</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a> which at the time had a regional branch in the <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel (city)">Ariel</a> settlement, a former chair of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, Israel; and Professor <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Toury" title="Gideon Toury">Gideon Toury</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> – from the editorial boards of the journals <i>Translator</i> and <i>Translation Studies Abstracts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldenbergWoodward_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldenbergWoodward-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Baker said that <i>Translator</i> will no longer publish any research by Israeli scholars and will refuse to sell books and journals to Israeli libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_of_University_Teachers">Association of University Teachers</h3></div> <p>On 22 April 2005, the Council of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_University_Teachers" title="Association of University Teachers">Association of University Teachers</a> (AUT) voted to <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> two Israeli universities: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a>. The motions<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to AUT Council were prompted by the call for a boycott from nearly 60 Palestinian academics and others.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AUT Council voted to boycott Bar-Ilan because it runs courses at colleges in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> (referring to <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel (City)">Ariel</a> College) and "is thus directly involved with the occupation of Palestinian territories contrary to United Nations resolutions". It boycotted Haifa because it was alleged that the university had wrongly disciplined <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a> for supporting a student who wrote about attacks on Palestinians during the founding of the state of Israel. The University denied having disciplined the lecturer.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union members claimed that staff and students [of Israeli universities] who seek to research Israel's history in full are often "victimised".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Condemnation_and_backlash">Condemnation and backlash</h4></div> <p>The AUT's decision was immediately condemned by Jewish groups and many members of the AUT. Critics of the boycott within and outside the AUT noted that at the meeting at which the boycott motion was passed the leadership cut short the debate citing a lack of time. Specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Deputies_of_British_Jews" title="Board of Deputies of British Jews">Board of Deputies of British Jews</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Jewish_Students" title="Union of Jewish Students">Union of Jewish Students</a> accused the AUT of purposely holding the vote during <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, when many Jewish members could not be present.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presidents of Jerusalem-based <a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">al-Quds University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> issued a joint statement condemning the boycott effort as unproductive towards ending the "shared tragedy" but rather could prolong it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bridging political gulfs – rather than widening them further apart – between nations and individuals thus becomes an educational duty as well as a functional necessity, requiring exchange and dialogue rather than confrontation and antagonism. Our disaffection with, and condemnation of acts of academic boycotts and discrimination against scholars and institutions, is predicated on the principles of academic freedom, human rights, and equality between nations and among individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One of the university presidents, <a href="/wiki/Sari_Nusseibeh" title="Sari Nusseibeh">Sari Nusseibeh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">al-Quds University</a>, continued: "If we are to look at Israeli society, it is within the academic community that we've had the most progressive pro-peace views and views that have come out in favor of seeing us as equals [...] If you want to punish any sector, this is the last one to approach." He acknowledges, however, that his view is a minority one among Palestinian academics.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ynetnews_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynetnews-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zvi Ravner, Israel's deputy ambassador in London, noted, "[t]he last time that Jews were boycotted in universities was in 1930s Germany."<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_AUT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_AUT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ravner_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ravner-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British National Postgraduate Committee also voted to oppose the boycott. Project officer Andre Oboler said that the boycott "runs contrary to our objective, which is to advance in the public interest the education of postgraduate students within the UK".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cancellation_of_boycott">Cancellation of boycott</h4></div> <p>After the backlash and condemnation – both internal and external – members of the AUT, headed by <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> lecturer and <a href="/wiki/Engage_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engage (organization)">Engage</a> founder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Pike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Pike (page does not exist)">Jon Pike</a> – gathered enough signatures to call a special meeting on the subject. Pro-boycott demonstrators called for the AUT to maintain its course against what they described as "unbelievable pressure", while anti-boycott demonstrators suggested that the decision had been influenced by antisemitism, and argued that the AUT's integrity was being threatened by a group of "leftwing extremists".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the meeting on 26 May 2005, the AUT membership decided to cancel the boycott of both Israeli universities. Reasons cited for the decision were: the damage to <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>, the hampering of <a href="/wiki/Projects_working_for_peace_among_Israelis_and_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs">dialogue and peace effort between Israelis and Palestinians</a>, and that boycotting Israel alone could not be justified.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Association_of_Teachers_in_Further_and_Higher_Education">National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education</h3></div> <p>In May 2006, on the last day of its final conference, <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Teachers_in_Further_and_Higher_Education" title="National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education">National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education</a> (NATFHE) passed motion 198C, a call to boycott Israeli academics who did not vocally speak out against their government: "The conference invites members to consider their own responsibility for ensuring equity and non-discrimination in contacts with Israeli educational institutions or individuals, and to consider the appropriateness of a boycott of those that do not publicly dissociate themselves from such policies."<sup id="cite_ref-Klug_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klug-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution was dismissed by the AUT, the union into which the NATFHE was merging.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, four attempts were made to pass pro-boycott motions at the annual conferences of the AUT, especially following its reorganization as the <a href="/wiki/University_and_College_Union" title="University and College Union">University and College Union</a> in 2008. Threatened by legal action on the one hand, and opposed by all University heads on the other, these never went beyond the declarative stage.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_NATFHE">Criticism of the NATFHE</h4></div> <p>A group of eight <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureates</a> denounced the policy before it was passed, suggesting that it would limit academic freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brian Klug made this criticism of the NATFHE motion: </p> <blockquote><p>[E]ven if the policy and rationale were clear and unambiguous, there is a deeper problem with motions of this sort that prevents them from attracting a broad base of support: they rely on the false (or limited) <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">analogy implied by the word "apartheid"</a>. This is not to say that there are no points of comparison, for there are – just as there are in a host of other countries where minority ethnic and national groups are oppressed. Nor is it even to say that the suffering experienced by Palestinians is less than that endured by "non-whites" in South Africa: it may or may not be (although I am not sure how to do the sums). But as I have argued elsewhere: "The validity of the analogy does not depend on a catalogue of atrocities, however appalling."<sup id="cite_ref-Klug_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klug-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Association of Jewish Sixthformers (AJ6) issued a press release expressing dismay and concern "about the affects  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] of any boycott on Jewish and Israeli Sixthformers". Specifically, AJ6 pointed to "partnerships and exchange visits with Israeli schools and colleges may be under threat", and "Jewish students who study in Israel during their Gap Years are worried that teachers may refuse to provide them with references for these programmes."<sup id="cite_ref-AJ6_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> issued a statement which condemned the motion explaining: </p> <blockquote><p>It is profoundly unjust for academics in the only democratic country in the Middle East – the only country where scholarship and debate are permitted to freely flourish – to be held to an ideological test and the threat of being blacklisted because of their views. No one would expect a British or American professor to have to withstand such scrutiny of their political views. Yet, when it comes to Israel a different standard applies.<sup id="cite_ref-adl.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The British government, through <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> Minister <a href="/wiki/Lord_Triesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Triesman">Lord Triesman</a>, issued a statement that the motion was "counterproductive and retrograde" although the British Government recognized "the independence of the NATFHE".<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_to_criticism">Response to criticism</h4></div> <p>Paul Mackney, the general secretary of NATFHE and who opposed the motion as passed, is quoted after the fact by <i>The Guardian</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>The ironic thing, is if we had put this to delegates a couple of weeks ago, before the international <a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby" title="Jewish lobby">pro-Israeli lobby</a> started this massive campaign emailing delegates and trying to deny us our democratic right to discuss whatever we like, it probably wouldn't have passed. People feel bullied, and what we have seen is a hardening of attitudes. All they achieved was making the delegates determined to debate and pass the motion.<sup id="cite_ref-TraubmannGuardian_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TraubmannGuardian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tamara Traubmann and Benjamin Joffe-Walt, reporting for <i>The Guardian</i>, conducted an analysis of "whether the campaigns against such boycotts are actually motivated by concerns for academic freedom, or whether they are using the universalist ideal to stifle critical discussion of Israel". They describe their findings this way: </p> <blockquote><p>Through discussions with anti-boycott campaigners and a trace of the most common emails (not necessarily abusive) sent to the union and handed over by Natfhe, we found the vast majority of the tens of thousands of emails originated not with groups fighting for academic freedom, but with lobby groups and thinktanks that regularly work to delegitimise criticisms of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-TraubmannGuardian_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TraubmannGuardian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_and_College_Union">University and College Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_and_College_Union#Boycott_of_Israel" title="University and College Union">University and College Union § Boycott of Israel</a></div> <p>Since 2007, the UCU has been controversially involved in the academic boycotts of Israel and for rejecting the previously accepted definition of "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>". Some members resigned following claims of an underlying institutional anti-Semitism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the UCU passed a boycott motion that invoked a "call from the Palestinian Boycott National Committee" for "an isolation of Israel while it continues to act in breach of international law" and calls to "campaign actively" against Israel's trade agreement with the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-JPost_02062010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPost_02062010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr John Chalcraft, of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, said: "A boycott will be effective because Israel considers itself part of the West: when Western civil society finally says 'enough is enough', Israelis, not to mention Western governments, will take notice. A non-violent international boycott, like that of South Africa, may well play a historic role in bringing down the Israeli system of apartheid."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Susan Fuhrman, President of <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College, Columbia University</a> said: </p><blockquote><p>"As the president of an academic institution dedicated in large part to the preparation of teachers, I believe that universities and all centers of learning must be allowed to function as safe havens for freedom of discussion, debate and intellectual inquiry, standing apart from national and international politics and partisan strife. Only thus can they continue to produce scholarship that informs the policies and laws of democratic societies and stand as islands of hope in a frequently polarized world.... Teachers College welcomes dialogue with Israeli scholars and universities and stands with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> President Lee Bollinger in expressing solidarity with them by inviting UCU to boycott us, as well."<sup id="cite_ref-Teachers_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teachers-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2011, Ronnie Fraser unsuccessfully sued the UCU for violation of the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a>, alleging repeated antisemitic harassment by fellow UCU members. Under cross-examination, UCU general secretary <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hunt" title="Sally Hunt">Sally Hunt</a> admitted that Fraser "would be entitled to infer ... that the union was not taking antisemitism seriously." The UCU later ceased to promote anti-Israel boycotts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Second_Intifada">During the Second Intifada</h3></div> <p>In April 2002, during the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Intifada">Al-Aqsa Intifada</a>, around the time of the publication of the open letter in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>,</i> the <i>Coordination des Scientifiques pour une Paix Juste au Proche-Orient</i>, a group of French academics, published a call for a boycott of Israeli scientific institutions on the web.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement was published in French and English and stressed that only "official Israeli institutions, including universities" were targeted, and that signatories "will continue to collaborate with, and host, Israeli scientific colleagues on an individual basis." The pledge was signed by several hundred academics from 30 countries. During the subsequent months it was the subject of discussion in the French press<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in scientific journals.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December of the same year, a motion put forward at the Administrative Council of the Université Paris 6 called for the suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Israel–European Union relations">EU-Israel association agreement</a>, referring to discrimination against Palestinian colleagues and to Article of this agreement, which states that "[r]elations between the Parties, as well as all the provisions of the Agreement itself, shall be based on respect for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic principles</a>, which guides their internal and international policy and constitutes an essential element of this Agreement." Far from calling for a boycott, the motion called on the President of the university to establish contact with Israeli and Palestinian university authorities in order to work for peace.  The motion was adopted on 16 December 2002 by 22 in favor, 4 opposed, and 6 abstentions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An opposing motion was proposed and adopted on 27 January 2003 by members of the Council. It stated that it "recognized the emotions stirred up by the motion adopted on December 16, 2002, and by the way it was interpreted" and affirmed "its opposition to any moratorium or boycott in the relations between universities and university faculty; asked that, in the context of the preparation of the EU's <a href="/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">Sixth Framework Program</a>, the association agreement between the EU and Israel be renegotiated to include the Palestinians … and called on the EU to ensure compliance by all parties with all clauses of the agreement (…)".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Following_Operation_Cast_Lead">Following Operation Cast Lead</h3></div> <p>In March 2009, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a>, a call for an academic boycott in France was published on the web<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 50 signatures, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bensa%C3%AFd" title="Daniel Bensaïd">Daniel Bensaïd</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Toulouse" title="Gérard Toulouse">Gérard Toulouse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Académie des sciences</a>, coauthor in 2003 of <i>Les scientifiques et les droits de l'homme</i> with Lydie Koch-Miramond who had also signed and defended the boycott of Israel in 2002, <a href="/wiki/Mireille_Fanon_Mend%C3%A8s-France" title="Mireille Fanon Mendès-France">Mireille Fanon-Mendès-France</a>, and Roland Lombard, President of the <i>Collectif Interuniversitaire pour la Coopération avec les Universités Palestiniennes</i>. They called "in the first place to impose a program of boycott, divestment, and sanctions," following the creation of the French organization BDS France.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 2009, the Association of Academics for the Respect of International Law in Palestine (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aurdip.org/?lang=en">AURDIP</a>) was created by the group of academics who had initiated the 2002 call, in alliance with the Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel <a href="/wiki/PACBI" class="mw-redirect" title="PACBI">PACBI</a> and with the British organization <a href="/wiki/British_Committee_for_the_Universities_of_Palestine" title="British Committee for the Universities of Palestine">British Committee for the Universities of Palestine</a> . AURDIP was created with two primary missions:  (1) To promote the application of international law in Israel and Palestine; specifically to oppose Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and Israel’s settlement policy, which fly in the face of international conventions on human rights, United Nations resolutions, and decisions of the International Court of Justice; (2) To defend Palestinians’ right to education and to support students and staff of Palestinian universities in the defense of this right.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boycott_campaign">Boycott campaign</h3></div> <p><i>Haaretz</i> reported in 2009 that a group of American professors had joined the boycott call in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict">2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>While Israeli academics have grown used to such news from Great Britain, where anti-Israel groups several times attempted to establish academic boycotts, the formation of the United States movement marks the first time that a national academic boycott movement has come out of America.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The group's name is "U.S. Campaign for the Academic & Cultural Boycott of Israel". (USACBI)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_and_successes">Support and successes</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Associations">Associations</h4></div> <p>In April 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Asian_American_Studies" title="Association for Asian American Studies">Association for Asian American Studies</a> (AAAS) voted to boycott Israeli universities and academic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was joined in December by the <a href="/wiki/American_Studies_Association#Boycott_of_Israeli_academic_institutions" title="American Studies Association">American Studies Association</a> (ASA). In a vote in which 1,252 of its 5,000 members participated, 66% voted in favour of a boycott.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons given were "Israel's violation of international law and UN resolutions; the documented impact of the Israeli occupation on Palestinian scholars and students; [and] the extent to which Israeli institutions of higher education are a party to state policies that violate human rights," and thus "negatively impact the working conditions of Palestinian scholars and students".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many proponents of the ASA's boycott, including Yale professor and past president of the ASA <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Frye_Jacobson" title="Matthew Frye Jacobson">Matthew Frye Jacobson</a>, argue that the action can be seen as "symbolic", as it is such defined by the ASA council statement.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the resolution, a number of organizations and politicians accused the ASA of applying a double standard towards Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-134members_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134members-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishpress.com_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishpress.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USacademia_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USacademia-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of the boycott called the resolution antisemitic and anti-Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel is the only nation ever boycotted by the ASA in the 52 years of the organization's existence. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that ASA's president Curtis Marez argued that America has "a particular responsibility to answer the call for boycott because it is the largest supplier of <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aid_to_Israel#Military_aid_and_procurement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military aid to Israel">military aid to the state of Israel</a>". Marez acknowledged that the United States has previously, and is currently, the largest supplier of military aid to many governments, including some with poor human rights records, but explained that Israel is the only country in which "civil society groups" had specifically asked the ASA to launch a boycott.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarsgrouptodisclose_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarsgrouptodisclose-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further responding to accusations that the ASA was singling out Israel while ignoring many other nations that have comparable or even worse human rights records that Israel (including many of Israel's neighbors), Marez replied: "One has to start somewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-scholarsgrouptodisclose_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarsgrouptodisclose-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 700 new members joined the organisation between the December vote to boycott Israeli academic institutions and April 2014. The ASA subsequently released a statement that said it had "collected more membership revenue in the past three months than in any other three-month period over the past quarter-century" and that their organization is "thriving".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTRPP_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTRPP-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2013, the council of the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association voted unanimously in favor of the academic boycott of Israel, becoming the third American academic association to participate in PACBI's Call to action.<sup id="cite_ref-NAISA_boycott_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAISA_boycott-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAISA made an official declaration of its support for the academic boycott of Israel, choosing to create an original document of declaration in order to protest, "the infringement of the academic freedom of Indigenous Palestinian academics and intellectuals in the Occupied Territories and Israel who are denied fundamental freedoms of movement, expression, and assembly, which [it] uphold[s]."<sup id="cite_ref-NAISA_declaration_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAISA_declaration-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration "encourages NAISA members to boycott Israeli academic institutions because they are imbricated with the Israeli state".<sup id="cite_ref-NAISA_declaration_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAISA_declaration-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2015, the annual business meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> voted to join the academic boycott campaign, by a margin of 1,040 to 136.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 the resolution was put up for vote by all the members of the Association and was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2023, the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> again voted on the resolution and it passed.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association" title="Middle East Studies Association">Middle East Studies Association</a> voted to endorse BDS, by a margin of 768 to 167. A full membership vote was taken from 31 January to 22 March, and 80 per cent of members voted in favor of a proposed resolution endorsing the Palestinian call for boycotts, divestment, and sanctions of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academics">Academics</h4></div> <p>In a speech given at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> in 2013 with BDS founding member <a href="/wiki/Omar_Barghouti" title="Omar Barghouti">Omar Barghouti</a>, prominent American academic <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> commented on the reasons behind her support of the academic boycott campaign of the BDS movement stating: </p> <blockquote><p>Others may interpret the boycott differently, but I have no problem collaborating with Israeli scholars and artists as long as we do not participate in any Israeli institution or have Israeli state monies support our collaborative work. The reason, of course, is that the academic and cultural boycott seeks to put pressure on all those cultural institutions that have failed to oppose the occupation and struggle for equal rights and the rights of the dispossessed, all those cultural institutions that think it is not their place to criticize their government for these practices, all of them that understand themselves to be above or beyond this intractable political condition.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Hamid Dabashi</a>, a professor of Iranian studies at Columbia University, is on the advisory board of the U.S. Campaign for the Academic & Cultural Boycott of Israel. Dabashi supports boycott efforts targeting both Israeli individuals and institutions: </p> <blockquote><p>The divestment campaign that has been far more successful in Western Europe needs to be reinvigorated in North America – as must the boycotting of the Israeli cultural and academic institutions ... Naming names and denouncing individually every prominent Israeli intellectual who has publicly endorsed their elected officials' wide-eyed barbarism, and then categorically boycotting their universities and colleges, film festivals and cultural institutions, is the single most important act of solidarity that their counterparts can do around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other American academics that have advocated for boycotts against Israel include <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ross_(sociologist)" title="Andrew Ross (sociologist)">Andrew Ross</a> and Simona Sawhney.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_groups">Other groups</h4></div> <p>The Columbia Palestine Forum (CPF), which was formed at Columbia University in March 2009, maintains that Israel is an apartheid state and advocates boycott and divestment efforts against Israel. The group has called for increased disclosure of university finances to establish that Columbia funds are not being used towards "maintenance of the Israeli occupation and human rights abuses in Gaza and the West Bank", and advocates divestment of university funds from any companies that profit from what it describes as the "continued occupation of Palestinian lands, the maintenance of illegal Israeli settlements and the walls being built around Gaza, the West Bank and Jerusalem".<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CPF outlined its demands to a university representative during a demonstration on 5 March 2009. On the previous day, it held a panel discussion featuring multiple Columbia faculty members who have been supportive of the group. Gil Anidjar, a religion professor, advocated boycott as an appropriate "exercise of freedom", while anthropology professor Brinkley Messick indicated that Columbia President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bollinger" title="Lee Bollinger">Lee Bollinger</a> had agreed to meet with the faculty to discuss the demands for divestment. One CPF member described the group's goals in a 3 March article for Columbia's newspaper, stating, "by divesting from companies that do business with the occupation, we can put global pressure on the Israeli government to end it."<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_and_criticism_of_academic_boycotts_within_the_U.S.">Opposition and criticism of academic boycotts within the U.S.</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> President <a href="/wiki/Amy_Gutmann" title="Amy Gutmann">Amy Gutmann</a> said in January 2012 that the university "has clearly stated on numerous occasions that it does not support sanctions or boycotts against Israel". She said that the school was not a sponsor of a BDS conference taking place on campus in February 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-JTA_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTA-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2009, the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a> (AFT) reiterated its opposition to any academic boycott of Israel (or any other country) but added that discussion of the Israel-Palestinian conflict should be encouraged. AFT President <a href="/wiki/Randi_Weingarten" title="Randi Weingarten">Randi Weingarten</a> stated that: </p> <blockquote><p>We believe academic boycotts were a bad idea in 2002 and are a bad idea now. Academic boycotts are inconsistent with the democratic values of academic freedom and free expression... We want to make clear that this position does not in any way discourage an open discussion and debate of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or of ways to resolve it. However, we expect that such a discussion would not be one-sided and would consider the behavior of all the relevant actors. An academic boycott of Israel, or of any country, for that matter, would effectively suppress free speech without helping to resolve the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Forward published, in January 2012, an article about Jewish presidents of universities, saying, "many college presidents" see BDS as a "red line" and "presidents who were previously disinclined to speak out against anti-Israel activity on campus in the name of preserving open dialogue found themselves publicly opposing the movement."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After fierce debate, the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> (AAA) chose not to endorse any academic boycott of Israel in 2016. Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/David_M._Rosen" title="David M. Rosen">David M. Rosen</a> studied the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment,_and_Sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions</a> (BDS) movement on the association. Rosen's conclusion was: </p><blockquote><p>"Had the association joined the BDS boycott, it would have established ... an ideological litmus test for participation in the academy. Endorsing a political test for speech is a step on a dangerous path for American anthropologists. As <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zimmer" title="Robert Zimmer">Robert Zimmer</a> put it, boycotts are an 'assault on the fundamental principles of open discourse ... and free argumentation, principles that lie at the very foundation of the academy and its missions of discovery ... and education.' ... [A]n academic boycott opens the door to the general political suppression of speech in the academy. ... [I]f academics no longer uphold the principle of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> in the university, neither will anyone else."<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_ASA">Criticism of the ASA</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Studies_Association%27s_boycott_of_Israel" title="American Studies Association's boycott of Israel">American Studies Association's boycott of Israel</a></div> <p>Until April 2013, no American school had ever divested from or imposed an academic boycott on Israel despite strong boycott campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacAskill_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacAskill-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boston_Globe-Schworm-2009-02-12_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston_Globe-Schworm-2009-02-12-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former President of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Summers" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Summers">Larry Summers</a> has called Israel-boycott efforts "anti-Semitic in their effect if not their intent".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, nearly 300 university presidents across the United States signed a joint statement denouncing the boycott movement.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, a group of 15 American university professors launched a campaign calling for an academic and cultural boycott of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many universities and prominent scholars criticized the ASA's support of the boycott. Brandeis University, Pennsylvania State University, Indiana University and Kenyon College decided to withdraw from the ASA. The <a href="/wiki/American_Council_on_Education" title="American Council on Education">American Council on Education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an umbrella organisation of 1,800 institutions, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Universities">American Association of Universities</a> which represents 62 schools across the US and Canada, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Professors" title="American Association of University Professors">American Association of University Professors</a> all condemned the boycott.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ninety-two university presidents<sup id="cite_ref-ninetytwo_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ninetytwo-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University" title="Western Kentucky University">Western Kentucky University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, condemned the boycott and distanced themselves from the ASA.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ninetytwo_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ninetytwo-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FIU_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIU-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harvard president <a href="/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust">Drew Gilpin Faust</a> said, "academic boycotts subvert the academic freedoms and values necessary to the free flow of ideas," and that a boycott was "a direct threat to these ideals". Former Harvard president <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Summers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence H. Summers">Lawrence H. Summers</a> stated that Israel was being unfairly singled out when other countries' human rights records were far worse. The president of Kenyon College dismissed it as a "geopolitical tool", endorsing the decision of its American Studies program to secede as an institutional member of the ASA. The president of Wesleyan University deplored this "politically retrograde resolution", describing it as an irresponsible attack under the guise of phony progressivism.<sup id="cite_ref-ADL_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADL-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lauder" title="Ronald Lauder">Ronald S. Lauder</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a>, argued that the boycott demonstrated "the Orwellian antisemitism and moral bankruptcy of the ASA"<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the ADL described the boycott as "shameful, morally bankrupt and intellectually dishonest attack on academic freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2014, 134 members of Congress (69 Democrats, 65 Republicans) signed a letter to ASA president Curtis Marez and president-elect Lisa Duggan, which accused the ASA of engaging in a "morally dishonest double standard". The letter stated that: "Like all democracies, Israel is not perfect. But to single out Israel, while leaving relationships with universities in autocratic and repressive countries intact, suggests thinly-veiled bigotry and bias."<sup id="cite_ref-134members_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134members-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishpress.com_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishpress.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_government_responses_and_legislation">Official government responses and legislation</h4></div> <p>In February 2014, a bill called the "Protect Academic Freedom Act" was introduced into the U.S. Congress. The legislation "seeks to bar federal funds from going to academic institutions that back the BDS movement". Supporters of the legislation claim that its purpose to oppose "discriminatory boycotts which impede rather than advance the peace process and that seek to deny Israelis the right to free speech on American campuses". Those opposing the bill claim that it would fiercely violate the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, and many doubt its efficacy as a response to the ASA's boycott movement.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 May 2014, <a href="/wiki/Alan_grayson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan grayson">Representative Alan Grayson</a> introduced H.R. 4776, a bill "to prohibit an institution of higher education that participates in a boycott of the Israeli government, economy, or academia from receiving funds from the U.S. federal government".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CUPE_Ontario_and_disinvestment_from_Israel" title="CUPE Ontario and disinvestment from Israel">CUPE Ontario and disinvestment from Israel</a></div> <p>In January 2009, the Ontario branch of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Public_Employees" title="Canadian Union of Public Employees">Canadian Union of Public Employees</a> brought forward a proposal to ban Israeli academics from teaching at Ontario Universities. CUPE-Ontario leader <a href="/wiki/Sid_Ryan" title="Sid Ryan">Sid Ryan</a> stated, "we are ready to say Israeli academics should not be on our campuses unless they explicitly condemn the university bombing and the assault on Gaza in general."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryan subsequently said, "Academic freedom goes both ways. What we are saying is if they want to remain silent and be complicit in these kinds of actions, why should they enjoy the freedom to come and teach in other countries like Canada?"<sup id="cite_ref-CUPEoffices_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUPEoffices-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CUPE's national president, Paul Moist, issued a statement declaring his opposition to the motion and saying, "I will be using my influence in any debates on such a resolution to oppose its adoption." </p><p>Shortly after its original statement, CUPE removed its call to boycott individual academics from its website and replaced it with statement that called instead for a boycott "aimed at academic institutions and the institutional connections that exist between universities here and those in Israel".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Shipley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyler Shipley (page does not exist)">Tyler Shipley</a>, spokesperson for CUPE local 3903 at <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>, told the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> that his group will begin to advocate for York to sever financial ties to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-CJN26209_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJN26209-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some observers have questioned what practical effect any CUPE resolution will have since the 20,000 university workers represented by CUPE Ontario include campus staff but almost no full-time faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-MichaelN_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MichaelN-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Western Sydney">University of Western Sydney</a>'s Student Association (UWSSA) formally affiliated to the "Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel" in February 2009, following a request from PACBI.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President of the UWSSA, Jacob Carswell-Doherty, later stated, "We have no interest in hearing the Israeli viewpoint. Our agenda is to persuade the university administration to implement the terms of the boycott."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the issue of Academic Boycotts and the BDS campaign received significant press treatment when a suit was filed against professor Jake Lynch, the director of the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Shurat_HaDin" title="Shurat HaDin">Shurat HaDin</a>, a pro-Israel legal lobby organization. The 30 page suit focusses on Lynch's denying a sabbatical appointment to professor Dan Avnon of Hebrew University because of his center's pro-BDS policy not to support Israeli academics.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Hamilton of Shurat HaDin stated "Our strategic aim in this case is to address the unlawful racial discrimination of the BDS movement generally and the academic boycott in particular, rather than to narrowly focus on the discrimination against Prof. Avnon."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case has been described as a "landmark legal suit"<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "a major test of the legality of the boycott, divestments and sanctions (BDS) campaign".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2014, Shurat HaDin-the Israel Law Center announced that it was withdrawing its Lawsuit against Lynch. Lynch stated that this decision "gives the green light for many more Australians to take their own action in solidarity with the Palestinian struggle for rights and freedoms we are lucky enough to be able to take for granted".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2></div> <p>In January 2016, 168 Italian academics and researchers published a call to boycott Israeli academic institutions. <a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</a>, was singled out as a boycott target. "The Institute carries out research in a wide range of technologies and weapons used to oppress and attack Palestinians," said the call.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2></div> <p>In April 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Teachers_Union_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers Union of Ireland">Teachers Union of Ireland</a> (TUI) passed a motion calling for an academic boycott of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a referendum among <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Galway" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Ireland, Galway">NUI Galway</a> students in March 2014, the <a href="/wiki/NUI_Galway_Students%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="NUI Galway Students' Union">NUI Galway Students' Union</a> officially began supporting the campaign of Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions against Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Students_in_Ireland" title="Union of Students in Ireland">Union of Students in Ireland</a> unanimously passed a motion to support BDS and "denounce the apartheid that Israel is committing in Palestine". The motion also called on the <a href="/wiki/European_Students%27_Union" title="European Students' Union">European Students Union</a> (ESU) "to re-evaluate the membership of Israel and support any Palestinian efforts to engage with ESU".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_to_boycott_Ben-Gurion_University">Campaign to boycott Ben-Gurion University</h3></div> <p>On 5 September 2010, a nationwide academic petition was initiated by academics supporting a termination of a partnership agreement between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg" title="University of Johannesburg">University of Johannesburg (UJ)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University (BGU)</a>; a long-standing partnership dating back to apartheid era relations between the two institutions. Well-known academics such as Professors <a href="/wiki/Breyten_Breytenbach" title="Breyten Breytenbach">Breyten Breytenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dugard" title="John Dugard">John Dugard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Mamdani" title="Mahmood Mamdani">Mahmood Mamdani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antjie_Krog" title="Antjie Krog">Antjie Krog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achille_Mbembe" title="Achille Mbembe">Achille Mbembe</a> are signatories to the academic petition, which is also backed by Vice-Chancellors from four universities in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-ujpetition_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ujpetition-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid widespread public attention, both within South Africa and internationally, the campaign to boycott BGU quickly gained momentum and within a few days more than 250 academics had signed the petition, stating: "The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories has had disastrous effects on access to education for Palestinians. While Palestinians are not able to access universities and schools, Israeli universities produce the research, technology, arguments and leaders for maintaining the occupation. BGU is no exception, by maintaining links to both the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) and the arms industry BGU structurally supports and facilitates the Israeli occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-ujpetition_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ujpetition-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 September 2010 Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> released a letter through <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>, under the heading "Israeli ties: a chance to do the right thing", supporting the academics. The Nobel Laureate's position in favour of the boycott was accompanied by an appeal that: "The University of Johannesburg has a chance to do the right thing, at a time when it is unsexy."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former South African cabinet minister and ANC leader <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kasrils" title="Ronnie Kasrils">Ronnie Kasrils</a> also came out in support of the boycott call and wrote in <i>The Guardian</i>: "Israeli universities are not being targeted for boycott because of their ethnic or religious identity, but because of their complicity in the Israeli system of apartheid" and "The principled position of academics in South Africa to distance themselves from institutions that support the occupation is a reflection of the advances already made in exposing that the Israeli regime is guilty of an illegal and immoral colonial project."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Against the backdrop of the publicly supported campaign, UJ's highest academic body (Senate) voted on Wednesday, 29 September 2010 "not to continue a long-standing relationship with Ben-Gurion University in Israel in its present form" and conditionally terminate its Apartheid-era relationship with BGU.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A fact-finding investigation conducted by the University confirmed BGU's links with the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) and complicity in the Israeli occupation. Accepting the recommendations of the report, the University committed itself to end any research or teaching relationship with Ben-Gurion University that has direct or indirect military links; or in instances where human rights abuses are identified. The University has stated that if BGU violates any of the conditions agreed on by Senate or UJ's stated principles, which include "solidarity with any oppressed population", the relationship will be terminated completely after 6 months.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_SA_universities_check_Israeli_links">More SA universities check Israeli links</h3></div> <p>Within hours of the University of Johannesburg's decision to conditionally terminate its links with Ben-Gurion University, major South African universities began looking into their own ties with Israeli universities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">Wits University</a> vice-chancellor <a href="/wiki/Loyiso_Nongxa" title="Loyiso Nongxa">Loyiso Nongxa</a> told journalists that he was not aware of "any formal links – a memorandum of understanding [MoU] – between Wits and Israeli universities". Three hours later, Wits university's spokesperson confirmed that it "has no formal ties with any Israeli university, according to our database".<sup id="cite_ref-mg.co.za_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mg.co.za-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> followed suit shortly afterwards, stating, "There are no institution-level partnerships with Israeli universities." The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal" title="University of KwaZulu-Natal">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch_University" title="Stellenbosch University">Stellenbosch University</a> have since confirmed that they have no formal partnerships with institutions in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-mg.co.za_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mg.co.za-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wits_SRC_adopts_academic_boycott_of_Israel">Wits SRC adopts academic boycott of Israel</h3></div> <p>On 27 July 2012 Wits University <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">Students' Representative Council</a> (Wits SRC) adopted a declaration of academic and cultural boycott of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wits SRC academic boycott has not been renewed since it was passed in 2012 and is de facto no longer operable at the institution. A number of Wits SRC and former Wits SRC members have visited the country and talked about their experiences. They have said they are against boycotts and that calling Israel an apartheid state is an insult to black South Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli writers and the Israeli director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs have also visited the campus.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <p>A prominent Palestinian academic, president of <a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">Al-Quds University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sari_Nusseibeh" title="Sari Nusseibeh">Sari Nusseibeh</a>, has argued against academic boycotts of Israel, telling <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> "If we are to look at Israeli society, it is within the academic community that we've had the most progressive pro-peace views and views that have come out in favor of seeing us as equals.... If you want to punish any sector, this is the last one to approach." He acknowledges, however, that his view is a minority one among Palestinian academics.<sup id="cite_ref-Nusseibeh1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nusseibeh1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparisons_to_academic_boycotts_of_South_Africa">Comparisons to academic boycotts of South Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_boycotts_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic boycotts of South Africa">Academic boycotts of South Africa</a></div> <p>The academic boycott of South Africa is frequently invoked as a model for more recent efforts to organize academic boycotts of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-BeckettGuardian_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeckettGuardian-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some invoke the comparison to claim that an academic boycott of Israel should not be controversial based on a misconception that the academic boycott of South Africa was uncontroversial and straightforward. The reality, at the time, was very different. The effort was the subject of significant criticism and contentious debate from diverse segments. <a href="/wiki/Andy_Beckett" title="Andy Beckett">Andy Beckett</a> wrote in <i>The Guardian</i> on this frequent mistaken comparison: "In truth, boycotts are blunt weapons. Even the most apparently straightforward and justified ones, on closer inspection, have their controversies and injustices."<sup id="cite_ref-BeckettGuardian_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeckettGuardian-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Rose_(sociologist)" title="Hilary Rose (sociologist)">Hillary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Rose">Stephen Rose</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> (2002), make the comparison and argue for an academic boycott of Israel based on a belief that the academic boycott of South Africa was effective in ending apartheid. George Fink responds (Nature 2002) that asserting that the boycott of South Africa by the world's academic communities 'was instrumental in ending apartheid in South Africa' is a deception and was actually terminated by two pivotal and interrelated political events: <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Anti-Apartheid_Act" title="Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act">strict economic sanctions on South Africa</a> imposed by the United States Congress in 1986 and measures by South Africa president <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> in 1989 and 1990. </p><p>In 2010, the Senate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg" title="University of Johannesburg">University of Johannesburg</a> recommended cutting off all links with Ben-Gurion University in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> because of the country's policies. The scientific agreement, which focused on cooperation in water research, had only been signed in the previous year. Prior to making a final decision, the university sent a senior delegation of its faculty on a fact finding tour to Israel in January 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_antisemitism">Accusations of antisemitism</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Julius" title="Anthony Julius">Anthony Julius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> argue that boycotts against Israel are <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a>, using their <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a> as a cover for "Jew hatred". They compare the boycotts to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">the 1222 Canterbury Council</a>, specifically the council's implementation of sharply limiting Christian contact with Jews, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> boycotts of Jewish shops in the 1930s, as well as <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> attempts to economically isolate Israel and refrain from purchasing "anything Jewish".<sup id="cite_ref-Julius-Dershowitz_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julius-Dershowitz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harvard President <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Larry Summers</a> "blasted" the boycotts as "antisemitic": </p> <blockquote><p>[T]here is much that should be, indeed that must be, debated regarding Israeli policy.... But the academic boycott resolution passed by the British professors union in the way that it singles out Israel is in my judgment anti-Semitic in both effect and in intent.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Summers had previously argued that a proposed boycott was antisemitic "in effect, if not intent". This position was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, in an article titled "No, it's not anti-semitic". Butler argues the distinction of effective antisemitism, and intentional antisemitism is at best controversial. </p> <blockquote><p>If we think that to criticise Israeli violence, or to call for economic pressure to be put on the Israeli state to change its policies, is to be "effectively anti-semitic", we will fail to voice our opposition for fear of being named as part of an anti-semitic enterprise. No label could be worse for a Jew, who knows that, ethically and politically, the position with which it would be unbearable to identify is that of the anti-semite.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kramer" title="Martin Kramer">Martin Kramer</a>, a hidden reason behind the academic boycott is to isolate Jewish academics so as to push them out of disciplines where Jews have been perceived to be "over-represented", and that this is done by inserting litmus tests for Jews who wish to advance in their careers as academics, demanding that they demonstrate virulent hostility to Israel or else be stigmatized. Kramer argues that this is a primary reason why the boycott has found a significant number of supporters from fields which have little to do with the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statement_against_the_Boycott_of_Israeli_Academics_–_2024"><span id="Statement_against_the_Boycott_of_Israeli_Academics_.E2.80.93_2024"></span>Statement against the Boycott of Israeli Academics – 2024</h3></div> <p>The "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/9f4a524c086844e3acacab3402e72432">Statement Against the Boycott of Israeli Academics</a>" is an independent initiative launched in May 2024 by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://robinson.huji.ac.il/people/anne-rethmann">Anne Rethmann</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/hca/people/profile/danielsiemens.html#background">Daniel Siemens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Walser_Smith" title="Helmut Walser Smith">Helmut Walser Smith</a>. This statement has quickly garnered significant support from the global academic community, collecting over 8,000 signatures within the first 10 days of its release. The signatories include a diverse group of academics from various disciplines and institutions worldwide, reflecting a strong consensus on the importance of protecting academic freedom. The statement emphasizes the importance of upholding fundamental principles of professional conduct and academic freedom. It calls upon the academic community to resist boycotts of Israeli academics and institutions, highlighting concerns about violations of academic freedom and fairness that such boycotts entail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reception_and_impact">Reception and impact</h4></div> <p>The initiative has sparked significant debate within academic and political circles, with proponents arguing for the essential role of academic freedom in fostering dialogue and understanding. The "Statement Against the Boycott of Israeli Academics" represents a pivotal moment in the ongoing debate over academic boycotts related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. By rallying substantial support, the initiative highlights a widespread commitment within the academic community to uphold the principles of academic freedom and fairness, despite the complex and often contentious nature of the broader political context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Israel#Academic_and_cultural_boycotts" title="Boycotts of Israel">Boycotts of Israel#Academic and cultural boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Israel" title="Disinvestment from Israel">Disinvestment from Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Israel" title="Boycotts of Israel">Boycotts of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Reactions to Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Reactions to Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pessin Andrew and Doron S. 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Retrieved 16 September 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_BatesonRichard_DawkinsColin_BlakemoreSteven_Rose2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>; <a href="/wiki/Colin_Blakemore" title="Colin Blakemore">Colin Blakemore</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rose" title="Steven Rose">Steven Rose</a>; Marina Lynch; <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Levy-Leblond" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Marc Levy-Leblond">Jean-Marc Levy-Leblond</a>; Juliette Frey; Nora Frontali; <a href="/wiki/Eva_Jablonka" title="Eva Jablonka">Eva Jablonka</a>; <a href="/wiki/Per_Andersen" title="Per Andersen">Per Andersen</a>; and 115 other academics (6 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/06/israel.guardianletters">"Open Letter: More pressure for Mid East peace"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Open+Letter%3A+More+pressure+for+Mid+East+peace&rft.date=2002-04-06&rft.au=Patrick+Bateson&rft.au=Richard+Dawkins&rft.au=Colin+Blakemore&rft.au=Steven+Rose&rft.au=Marina+Lynch&rft.au=Jean-Marc+Levy-Leblond&rft.au=Juliette+Frey&rft.au=Nora+Frontali&rft.au=Eva+Jablonka&rft.au=Per+Andersen&rft.au=and+115+other+academics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fapr%2F06%2Fisrael.guardianletters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoldenbergWoodward-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoldenbergWoodward_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoldenbergWoodward_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoldenbergWoodward_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Goldenberg" title="Suzanne Goldenberg">Suzanne Goldenberg</a>, Will Woodward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jul/08/highereducation.israel">"Israeli boycott divides academics"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 8 July 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/mona-bakers-double-standard/174550.article">Mona Baker's double standard</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Toury" title="Gideon Toury">Gideon Toury</a>,<i>Times Higher Education</i>, 7 February 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060130124019/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/unions/aut/council.htm">"Report to members from the AUT national council"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/unions/aut/council.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+to+members+from+the+AUT+national+council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fkis%2Funions%2Faut%2Fcouncil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Taraki2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Taraki" title="Lisa Taraki">Lisa Taraki</a> (7 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050518033015/http://right2edu.birzeit.edu/news/article178">"Palestinian academics call for international academic boycott of Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Birzeit_University" title="Birzeit University">Birzeit University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://right2edu.birzeit.edu/news/article178">the original</a> on 18 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestinian+academics+call+for+international+academic+boycott+of+Israel&rft.pub=Birzeit+University&rft.date=2004-07-07&rft.au=Lisa+Taraki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fright2edu.birzeit.edu%2Fnews%2Farticle178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.haifa.ac.il/~eden/univ_response/html/html_eng/response_f.htm">"The University of Haifa Response to the AUT Decision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a>. 15 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080427230914/http://research.haifa.ac.il/~eden/univ_response/html/html_eng/response_f.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Haifa+Response+to+the+AUT+Decision&rft.pub=University+of+Haifa&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.haifa.ac.il%2F~eden%2Funiv_response%2Fhtml%2Fhtml_eng%2Fresponse_f.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4464591.stm">"BBC 20 April 2005"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 20 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+20+April+2005&rft.date=2005-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F4464591.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2005" class="citation news cs1">Curtis, Polly (24 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/worldwide/story/0,,1490444,00.html">"Second Opinion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616111856/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/worldwide/story/0%2C%2C1490444%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Second+Opinion&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Fhigher%2Fworldwide%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1490444%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenachem_MagidorSari_Nusseibeh2005" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Magidor" title="Menachem Magidor">Menachem Magidor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sari_Nusseibeh" title="Sari Nusseibeh">Sari Nusseibeh</a> (19 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huji.ac.il/dovrut/boycott.doc">"Joint Hebrew University – Al-Quds University Statement on Academic Cooperation Signed in London"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Hebrew+University+%E2%80%93+Al-Quds+University+Statement+on+Academic+Cooperation+Signed+in+London&rft.pub=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.date=2005-05-19&rft.au=Menachem+Magidor&rft.au=Sari+Nusseibeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huji.ac.il%2Fdovrut%2Fboycott.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/palestinian-university-president-comes-out-against-boycott-of-israeli-academics-1.190585">"Palestinian university president comes out against boycott of Israeli academics"</a> (AP, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>) 18 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ynetnews-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ynetnews_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3264160,00.html">"Palestinian academic opposes Israel boycott"</a> AP, <a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a> 18 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_AUT-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_AUT_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4472169.stm">"Academics back Israeli boycotts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 22 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Academics+back+Israeli+boycotts&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F4472169.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravner-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ravner_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRick_Kelly2005" class="citation news cs1">Rick Kelly (2 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/may2005/boyc-m02.shtml">"Britain: lecturers' union boycotts two Israeli universities"</a>. World Socialist Website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Britain%3A+lecturers%27+union+boycotts+two+Israeli+universities&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft.au=Rick+Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Farticles%2F2005%2Fmay2005%2Fboyc-m02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judy Siegel, "Leading UK group comes out against proposed academic boycott of Israel", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>, 15 April 2005, 05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Taylor, "Storm blows union off course: Can lecturers unite now the vote to isolate Israeli universities has been overturned?", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 31 March 2005, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/worldwide/story/0,9959,1493084,00.html">"Academics vote against Israeli boycott"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. 26 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Academics+vote+against+Israeli+boycott&rft.date=2005-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Fhigher%2Fworldwide%2Fstory%2F0%2C9959%2C1493084%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klug-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klug_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klug_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlug2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Klug" title="Brian Klug">Klug, Brian</a> (30 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/brian_klug/2006/05/drawing_a_line_in_the_sand.html">"Spare us the analogies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914152824/http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/brian_klug/2006/05/drawing_a_line_in_the_sand.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spare+us+the+analogies&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommentisfree.guardian.co.uk%2Fbrian_klug%2F2006%2F05%2Fdrawing_a_line_in_the_sand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060602014619/http://www.aut.org.uk/index.cfm?articleid=1684">"NATFHE motion on proposed boycott of Israeli academics – an AUT statement"</a>, Association of University Teachers, 30 May 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Farrar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thes.co.uk/current_edition/story.aspx?story_id=2030206">"Laureates denounce action against Israel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221627/http://www.thes.co.uk/current_edition/story.aspx?story_id=2030206">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 26 May 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJ6-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AJ6_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Association of Jewish Sixthformers "dismayed" by NATFHE boycott, AJ6 Press Release</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/51287/lecturer-tells-ucu-change-or-ill-sue">"Lecturer tells UCU: change or I'll sue"</a>. 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecturer+tells+UCU%3A+change+or+I%27ll+sue&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2F51287%2Flecturer-tells-ucu-change-or-ill-sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041433/http://www.insight-info.com/articles/item.aspx?i=1152">"British Academic Union passes Motion to consider Boycotting Israel"</a>. <i>Insight-Info.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insight-info.com/articles/item.aspx?i=1152">the original</a> on 13 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insight-Info.com&rft.atitle=British+Academic+Union+passes+Motion+to+consider+Boycotting+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insight-info.com%2Farticles%2Fitem.aspx%3Fi%3D1152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPost_02062010-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPost_02062010_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonny_Paul2010" class="citation news cs1">Jonny Paul (2 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/International/Britains-largest-academic-union-cuts-ties-with-Histadrut">"Britain's largest academic union cuts ties with Histadrut"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+largest+academic+union+cuts+ties+with+Histadrut&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft.au=Jonny+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2FBritains-largest-academic-union-cuts-ties-with-Histadrut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarner2007" class="citation news cs1">Garner, Richard (31 May 2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/lecturers-vote-to-boycott-israeli-academics-451098.html">"Lecturers vote to boycott Israeli academics"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014074939/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/lecturers-vote-to-boycott-israeli-academics-451098.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Lecturers+vote+to+boycott+Israeli+academics&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Flecturers-vote-to-boycott-israeli-academics-451098.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teachers-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teachers_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.columbia.edu/news/article.htm?id=6244">"President Fuhrman Responds to Proposed Boycott of Israeli Academic Institutions"</a>. Teachers College, Columbia University. 19 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Fuhrman+Responds+to+Proposed+Boycott+of+Israeli+Academic+Institutions&rft.pub=Teachers+College%2C+Columbia+University&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.columbia.edu%2Fnews%2Farticle.htm%3Fid%3D6244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Ronnie. "Fraser versus the University College Union: A Personal Reflection." Anti-Zionism on Campus: The University, Free Speech, and BDS, edited by Andrew Pessin and Doron S. Ben-Atar, Indiana University Press, 2018, pp. 105-121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aurdip.org/boycott_2002.html">Coordination des Scientifiques pour une Paix Juste au Proche-Orient</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/01/06/verbatim-les-echanges-scientifiques-ne-sont-pas-exempts-de-politique_304392_1819218.html">"Verbatim : "Les échanges scientifiques ne sont pas exempts de politique"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i> (in French). 6 January 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Verbatim+%3A+%22Les+%C3%A9changes+scientifiques+ne+sont+pas+exempts+de+politique%22&rft.date=2003-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F2003%2F01%2F06%2Fverbatim-les-echanges-scientifiques-ne-sont-pas-exempts-de-politique_304392_1819218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2002/10/01/le-boycottage-des-cerveaux-et-produits-israeliens_292503_1819218.html">"Le boycottage des cerveaux et produits israéliens"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i> (in French). 1 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Le+boycottage+des+cerveaux+et+produits+isra%C3%A9liens&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F2002%2F10%2F01%2Fle-boycottage-des-cerveaux-et-produits-israeliens_292503_1819218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F417001a">"Don't boycott Israel's scientists"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>417</b> (6884): 1. May 2002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F417001a">10.1038/417001a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11986623">11986623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Don%27t+boycott+Israel%27s+scientists&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=6884&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-05&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11986623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F417001a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F417001a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbesBalabaneFarjounHarris2002" class="citation journal cs1">Abbes, Ahmed; Balabane, Mikhael; Farjoun, Emmanuel; Harris, Michael; Rouquier, Raphael; Schapira, Pierre (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F417221c">"Palestinian scientists are already restricted"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>417</b> (6886): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.417..221A">2002Natur.417..221A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F417221c">10.1038/417221c</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12015568">12015568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Palestinian+scientists+are+already+restricted&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=6886&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F417221c&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12015568&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.417..221A&rft.aulast=Abbes&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Balabane%2C+Mikhael&rft.au=Farjoun%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Harris%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rouquier%2C+Raphael&rft.au=Schapira%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F417221c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/notices/200211/commentary.pdf">Universities under Curfew</a></i>, in the <i>Notices of the AMS</i>, December 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapaixmaintenant.org/communique301">"Communiqué de la paix maintenant"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030830031213/http://www.lapaixmaintenant.org:80/communique301">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+de+la+paix+maintenant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapaixmaintenant.org%2Fcommunique301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBéréziat2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Béréziat, Gilbert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bxqCmahk80C&dq=Gilbert+B%C3%A9r%C3%A9ziat+affirme+son+opposition+%C3%A0+tout+moratoire+ou+boycott+dans+les+relations+entre+universit%C3%A9s+et+universitaires&pg=PA86"><i>Quand l'université se réveille, tout devient possible</i></a> (in French). Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-06499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-06499-7"><bdi>978-2-296-06499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quand+l%27universit%C3%A9+se+r%C3%A9veille%2C+tout+devient+possible&rft.pub=Harmattan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-296-06499-7&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9r%C3%A9ziat&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bxqCmahk80C%26dq%3DGilbert%2BB%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A9ziat%2Baffirme%2Bson%2Bopposition%2B%25C3%25A0%2Btout%2Bmoratoire%2Bou%2Bboycott%2Bdans%2Bles%2Brelations%2Bentre%2Buniversit%25C3%25A9s%2Bet%2Buniversitaires%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/node/412179">"Il faut mettre fin à l'impunité d'Israël"</a>. <i>L'Humanité</i> (in French). 3 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Humanit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Il+faut+mettre+fin+%C3%A0+l%27impunit%C3%A9+d%27Isra%C3%ABl&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanite.fr%2Fnode%2F412179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bdsfrance.org/">BDS France</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aurdip.org/objectifs-en.html?lang=fr">"Mission - AURDIP"</a>. <i>www.aurdip.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aurdip.org&rft.atitle=Mission+-+AURDIP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aurdip.org%2Fobjectifs-en.html%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhren" class="citation news cs1">Ahren, Raphael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.5069013">"For first time, U.S. professors call for academic and cultural boycott of Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Studies+Association&rft.atitle=Middle+East+Scholars+Vote+to+Endorse+BDS&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmesana.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F03%2F23%2Fmiddle-east-scholars-vote-to-endorse-bds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/172752/judith-butlers-remarks-brooklyn-college-bds#">"Judith Butler's Remarks to Brooklyn College on BDS"</a>. <i>The Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Judith+Butler%27s+Remarks+to+Brooklyn+College+on+BDS&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2F172752%2Fjudith-butlers-remarks-brooklyn-college-bds%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/main_Anti_Israel/boycott_divestment_campus_09.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_2">"Boycott & Divestment Efforts Proliferate on Campus"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213221324/http://www.adl.org/main_Anti_Israel/boycott_divestment_campus_09.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_2">Archived</a> 13 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL), 8 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JTA-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JTA_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/01/05/3091044/penn-distances-itself-from-bds-conference">"Penn distances itself from BDS conference"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>, 5 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jta.org/news/article/2009/03/12/1003651/aft-rejects-academic-boycott-of-israel">"U.S. teachers reject academic boycott of Israel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005193640/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2009/03/12/1003651/aft-rejects-academic-boycott-of-israel">Archived</a> 5 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a> (JTA), 12 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaomi_Zeveloff2012" class="citation news cs1">Naomi Zeveloff (17 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/articles/149684/?p=2">"College Leaders Balance Israel and Speech"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=College+Leaders+Balance+Israel+and+Speech&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.au=Naomi+Zeveloff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forward.com%2Farticles%2F149684%2F%3Fp%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosen, David M. "The Magic of Myth: Fashioning the BDS Narrative in the New Anthropology." <i>Anti-Zionism on Campus: The University, Free Speech, and BDS</i>, edited by Andrew Pessin and Doron S. Ben-Atar, Indiana University Press, 2018, pp. 280-297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacAskill-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacAskill_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/16/harvard-israeli-shares-sale-boycott">"Harvard insists Israeli shares sale not driven by boycott"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewen_MacAskill" title="Ewen MacAskill">Ewen MacAskill</a>, 16 August 2010, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boston_Globe-Schworm-2009-02-12-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boston_Globe-Schworm-2009-02-12_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schworm, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/02/hamphire_colleg.html">"Hampshire College cuts ties with fund invested in Israel"</a>, Peter Schworm, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>, 12 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParas_D._Bhayani2006" class="citation news cs1">Paras D. Bhayani (2 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/6/2/summers-says-british-boycott-of-israeli/">"Summers Says British Boycott of Israeli Academics Is Intentionally 'Anti-Semitic'; President's words are strongest condemnation of Israel critics to date; remarks divide Harvard professors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Summers+Says+British+Boycott+of+Israeli+Academics+Is+Intentionally+%27Anti-Semitic%27%3B+President%27s+words+are+strongest+condemnation+of+Israel+critics+to+date%3B+remarks+divide+Harvard+professors&rft.date=2006-06-02&rft.au=Paras+D.+Bhayani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2006%2F6%2F2%2Fsummers-says-british-boycott-of-israeli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Pages/ACE-President-Molly-Corbett-Broad-Statement-on-Boycotts-of-Israeli-Academic-Institutions.aspx">"ACE President Molly Corbett Broad's Statement on Boycotts of Israeli Academic Institutions"</a>. American Council on Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACE+President+Molly+Corbett+Broad%27s+Statement+on+Boycotts+of+Israeli+Academic+Institutions&rft.pub=American+Council+on+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acenet.edu%2Fnews-room%2FPages%2FACE-President-Molly-Corbett-Broad-Statement-on-Boycotts-of-Israeli-Academic-Institutions.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost.com-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpost.com_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpost.com_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/International/Top-US-schools-reject-boycott-of-Israel-336022">"Top US schools reject boycott of Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Top+US+schools+reject+boycott+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2FTop-US-schools-reject-boycott-of-Israel-336022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ninetytwo-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ninetytwo_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ninetytwo_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/International/92-universities-reject-academic-boycott-of-Israel-336771">"92 universities reject academic boycott of Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=92+universities+reject+academic+boycott+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2F92-universities-reject-academic-boycott-of-Israel-336771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2013/12/23/dozens-of-u-s-universities-reject-academic-boycott-of-israel/">"Dozens of universities reject academic boycott of Israel (update)"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dozens+of+universities+reject+academic+boycott+of+Israel+%28update%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fanswer-sheet%2Fwp%2F2013%2F12%2F23%2Fdozens-of-u-s-universities-reject-academic-boycott-of-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIU-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIU_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/12/26/3838708/fiu-becomes-latest-college-to.html">"FIU becomes latest college to oppose boycott of Israel"</a>. <i>Miami Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=FIU+becomes+latest+college+to+oppose+boycott+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2F2013%2F12%2F26%2F3838708%2Ffiu-becomes-latest-college-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller_(Kentucky_politician)" title="Jonathan Miller (Kentucky politician)">Miller, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therecoveringpolitician.com/the-rp/western-kentucky-university-president-gary-ransdell-denounces-anti-israel-boycott">"Western Kentucky University President Gary Ransdell Denounces Anti-Israel Boycott"</a>. The Recovering politician<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Kentucky+University+President+Gary+Ransdell+Denounces+Anti-Israel+Boycott&rft.pub=The+Recovering+politician&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftherecoveringpolitician.com%2Fthe-rp%2Fwestern-kentucky-university-president-gary-ransdell-denounces-anti-israel-boycott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADL-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADL_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/israel-international/israel-middle-east/content/backgroundersarticles/american-university-officials-institutions-respond-to-asa-boycott.html">"University Officials and Academic Institutions Respond to ASA Boycott"</a>. ADL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+Officials+and+Academic+Institutions+Respond+to+ASA+Boycott&rft.pub=ADL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fisrael-international%2Fisrael-middle-east%2Fcontent%2Fbackgroundersarticles%2Famerican-university-officials-institutions-respond-to-asa-boycott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriet Sherwood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/17/us-american-studies-association-boycott-israel">"Major US academic body backs boycott of Israeli educational institutions"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 17 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarden Skop, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.563875">"U.S. academic group votes to boycott Israel"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>, 16 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lori Lowenthal Marcus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/house-bill-to-slap-financial-penalties-on-anti-israel-boycotts/2014/02/06/">"House Bill to Slap Financial Penalties on anti-Israel Boycotts"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a></i>, 6 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Francis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/us-mulls-bill-punishing-israel-boycotters-20142179325139666.html">"US mulls bill punishing Israel boycotters"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>, 19 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Shimoni Stoil, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/illinois-congressmen-submit-anti-boycott-bill/">"Illinois congressmen submit anti-boycott bill"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>, 7 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4776?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%224776%22%5D%7D">"H.R.4776 - To prohibit an institution of higher education that participates in a boycott of the Israeli government, economy, or academia from receiving funds from the U.S. Federal Government"</a>. Congress.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.4776+-+To+prohibit+an+institution+of+higher+education+that+participates+in+a+boycott+of+the+Israeli+government%2C+economy%2C+or+academia+from+receiving+funds+from+the+U.S.+Federal+Government.&rft.pub=Congress.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F4776%3Fq%3D%257B%2522search%2522%253A%255B%25224776%2522%255D%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanessa Kortekaas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1144758">"Ontario union calls for ban on Israeli professors"</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>, 5 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cupe.on.ca/doc.php?document_id=658&lang=en">"CUPE Ontario to recommend support for ban on Israeli academics in response to Gaza bombings"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706192031/http://www.cupe.on.ca/doc.php?document_id=658&lang=en">Archived</a> 6 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Press Release from CUPE Ontario, 5 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUPEoffices-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CUPEoffices_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily Mathieu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/printArticle/564586">"CUPE offices picketed over Ryan boycott call"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013023004/http://www.thestar.com/printArticle/564586">Archived</a> 13 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>, 9 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2009/01/14/steve-janke-cupe-pulls-ryan-proposal-from-union-web-site.aspx">"Steve Janke: CUPE pulls Ryan proposal from union web site"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>, 14 January 2009. The <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i> noted that while the original resolution mentioned Ryan three times and listed him a point of contact, the new resolution did not mention Ryan's name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJN26209-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CJN26209_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheri Shefa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16357&Itemid=86">"CUPE Ontario calls for Israel boycott"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_News" title="Canadian Jewish News">Canadian Jewish News</a></i> (CJN), 26 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MichaelN-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MichaelN_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katie Daubs and Lee Greenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1148748">"Ontario union's proposed Israeli ban not anti-Semitic: academics"</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Canwest News Service, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>, 6 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianbdscampaign.wordpress.com/2009/02/07/australian-university-students-support-bds-campaign/">"Australian University students support BDS campaign"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618082354/http://australianbdscampaign.wordpress.com/2009/02/07/australian-university-students-support-bds-campaign/">Archived</a> 18 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 February 2009 (Posted on the website of the Australian Boycott, Divestment & Sanctions Campaign for Palestine).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jwire.com.au/news/sydney-students-call-for-israel-boycott/1516">"Sydney students call for Israel boycott"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823113949/http://www.jwire.com.au/news/sydney-students-call-for-israel-boycott/1516">Archived</a> 23 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jwire, 8 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/court-told-dan-avnon-not-hurt-by-jake-lynchs-bds-campaign/story-e6frg6nf-1226854464059">"Court told Dan Avnon not hurt by Jake Lynch's BDS campaign"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>, 14 March 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/anti-israeli-bds-campaign-facing-court-test/story-fn59nm2j-1226750044189#">"Anti-Israeli BDS campaign facing court test"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>, 31 October 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/12/israel-race-case-judge-questions-class-action-against-sydney-academic">"Israel race case: judge questions class action against Sydney academic"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 12 February 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/2014/07/10/news-opinion/world/israeli-ngo-quits-bds-case-against-sydney-academic">Israeli"NGO quits BDS case against Sydney academic"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a> (JTA), 10 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/italian-scholars-boycott-israeli-academic-institutions-160129100916262.html">"Italian scholars boycott Israeli academic institutions"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>, 30 January 2016<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4759523,00.html">"Italian academics call for boycott of Israeli universities"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a> 29 January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rabble.ie/2013/04/04/academic-boycott-of-israel-called-by-irish-teachers-union/">"Academic Boycott of Israel Called by Irish Teachers Union"</a> (Rabble, 4 April 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.578543144">"Irish student union endorses Israel boycott"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>, 7 March 2014 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universitytimes.ie/2023/04/usi-votes-to-support-bds-campaign/">"USI Votes to Support BDS Campaign"</a>. <i>universitytimes.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=universitytimes.ie&rft.atitle=USI+Votes+to+Support+BDS+Campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversitytimes.ie%2F2023%2F04%2Fusi-votes-to-support-bds-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ujpetition-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ujpetition_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ujpetition_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927171559/http://www.ujpetition.com/2010/09/south-african-academics-support-call.html">"South African Academics Support the Call for UJ to Terminate Relationship with Israeli Institution"</a>. University of Johannesburg Petition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ujpetition.com/2010/09/south-african-academics-support-call.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Academics+Support+the+Call+for+UJ+to+Terminate+Relationship+with+Israeli+Institution&rft.pub=University+of+Johannesburg+Petition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ujpetition.com%2F2010%2F09%2Fsouth-african-academics-support-call.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article675369.ece/Israeli-ties--a-chance-to-do-the-right-thing">"Israeli ties: a chance to do the right thing"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times (South Africa)">The Times</a></i> (South Africa) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101002000204/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article675369.ece/Israeli-ties--a-chance-to-do-the-right-thing">Archived</a> 2 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kasrils" title="Ronnie Kasrils">Ronnie Kasrils</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/sep/29/south-africa-boycott-israel">"South Africa's Israel boycott"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 29 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UJ press statement released on 30 September 2010 headed "UJ sets conditions for link with Israeli university"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mg.co.za-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mg.co.za_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mg.co.za_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Macfarlane2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Macfarlane" title="David Macfarlane">David Macfarlane</a> (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-10-01-more-varsities-check-israel-links">"More varsities check Israel links"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=More+varsities+check+Israel+links&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.au=David+Macfarlane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2010-10-01-more-varsities-check-israel-links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Wits-students-boycott-Israel-20120903">"Wits students boycott Israel"</a>, News24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoxanne_Joseph2014" class="citation news cs1">Roxanne Joseph (4 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://witsvuvuzela.com/2014/09/04/wits-gives-pya-edge-in-src-elections-eff-shut-out/">"Wits gives PYA edge in SRC elections, EFF shut out"</a>. <i>Wits Vuvuzela</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wits+Vuvuzela&rft.atitle=Wits+gives+PYA+edge+in+SRC+elections%2C+EFF+shut+out&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft.au=Roxanne+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwitsvuvuzela.com%2F2014%2F09%2F04%2Fwits-gives-pya-edge-in-src-elections-eff-shut-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Jamaine_Mithi2016" class="citation news cs1">Leon Jamaine Mithi (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2016/05/calling_israel_an_apartheid_st.html">"Calling Israel an apartheid state is an insult to black South African"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregonian" title="The Oregonian">The Oregonian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oregonian&rft.atitle=Calling+Israel+an+apartheid+state+is+an+insult+to+black+South+African&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.au=Leon+Jamaine+Mithi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonlive.com%2Fopinion%2Findex.ssf%2F2016%2F05%2Fcalling_israel_an_apartheid_st.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLesiba_Bapela2016" class="citation news cs1">Lesiba Bapela (21 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Stop-using-apartheid-for-your-own-agenda-445654">"Stop using apartheid for your own agenda"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Stop+using+apartheid+for+your+own+agenda&rft.date=2016-02-21&rft.au=Lesiba+Bapela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FOpinion%2FStop-using-apartheid-for-your-own-agenda-445654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Ngo2016" class="citation news cs1">Andy Ngo (7 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psuvanguard.com/south-african-tour/">"South African activists tour to reclaim narrative on apartheid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Vanguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Vanguard">Daily Vanguard</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Vanguard&rft.atitle=South+African+activists+tour+to+reclaim+narrative+on+apartheid&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft.au=Andy+Ngo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsuvanguard.com%2Fsouth-african-tour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoopnest.com/user/IsraelinSA/598092725867716608">"Leading Israeli author Eshkol Nevo speaking to students at Wits University as part of his tour of South Africa"</a>. Embassy of Israel SA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leading+Israeli+author+Eshkol+Nevo+speaking+to+students+at+Wits+University+as+part+of+his+tour+of+South+Africa&rft.pub=Embassy+of+Israel+SA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoopnest.com%2Fuser%2FIsraelinSA%2F598092725867716608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_Ahren2016" class="citation news cs1">Raphael Ahren (14 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/dore-gold-south-africa-ready-to-hear-israels-arguments/">"Dore Gold: South Africa 'ready to hear' Israel's arguments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Dore+Gold%3A+South+Africa+%27ready+to+hear%27+Israel%27s+arguments&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.au=Raphael+Ahren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fdore-gold-south-africa-ready-to-hear-israels-arguments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nusseibeh1-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nusseibeh1_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Palestinian university president comes out against boycott of Israeli academics". Associated Press. 18 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Palestinian+university+president+comes+out+against+boycott+of+Israeli+academics&rft.date=2006-06-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeckettGuardian-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeckettGuardian_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeckettGuardian_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Beckett2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Beckett" title="Andy Beckett">Andy Beckett</a> (12 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,2763,858360,00.html">"It's water on stone – in the end the stone wears out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=It%27s+water+on+stone+%E2%80%93+in+the+end+the+stone+wears+out&rft.date=2002-12-12&rft.au=Andy+Beckett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fisrael%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C858360%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParas_D._Bhayani2006" class="citation news cs1">Paras D. Bhayani (5 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/6/5/summers-attacks-british-boycott-university-president/">"Summers Attacks British Boycott; President links boycott of Israeli academics with trend of anti-semitism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Summers+Attacks+British+Boycott%3B+President+links+boycott+of+Israeli+academics+with+trend+of+anti-semitism&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.au=Paras+D.+Bhayani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2006%2F6%2F5%2Fsummers-attacks-british-boycott-university-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+boycott+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n16/butl02_.html">"No, it's not anti-semitic"</a>, <i>London Review of Books</i>, 21 August 2003. Retrieved 23 June 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/martinkramer/files/the_unspoken_purpose_of_the_academic_boycott_1.pdf">The unspoken purpose of the academic boycott</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/684910">The Ethics of Academic Boycott</a>, University of Chicago Press</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/IsraelonCampusReport2012.pdf">Israel and the Campus</a>, American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opponents_of_the_BDS_movement" title="List of opponents of the BDS movement">List of opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supporters_of_the_BDS_movement" title="List of supporters of the BDS movement">List of supporters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_that_have_endorsed_the_BDS_movement" title="List of organizations that have endorsed the BDS movement">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Reactions to Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns<br />and groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Humboldt_University_lecture_incident" title="2017 Humboldt University lecture incident">2017 Humboldt University lecture incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott_from_Within" title="Boycott from Within">Boycott from Within</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUPE_Ontario_and_disinvestment_from_Israel" title="CUPE Ontario and disinvestment from Israel">CUPE Ontario and disinvestment from Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Campaign_for_the_Academic_and_Cultural_Boycott_of_Israel" title="Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel">Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Academic boycott of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Studies_Association%27s_boycott_of_Israel" title="American Studies Association's boycott of Israel">American Studies Association's boycott of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Committee_for_the_Universities_of_Palestine" title="British Committee for the Universities of Palestine">British Committee for the Universities of Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMCHA_Initiative" title="AMCHA Initiative">AMCHA Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-BDS_laws" title="Anti-BDS laws">Anti-BDS laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendment_No._28_to_the_Entry_Into_Israel_Law" title="Amendment No. 28 to the Entry Into Israel Law">Amendment No. 28 to the Entry Into Israel Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combating_BDS_Act" title="Combating BDS Act">Combating BDS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Anti-Boycott_Act" title="Israel Anti-Boycott Act">Israel Anti-Boycott Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Prevention_of_Damage_to_State_of_Israel_through_Boycott" title="Law for Prevention of Damage to State of Israel through Boycott">Law for Prevention of Damage to State of Israel through Boycott</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Community_for_Peace" title="Creative Community for Peace">Creative Community for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_Task_Force" title="Maccabee Task Force">Maccabee Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Strategic_Affairs" title="Ministry of Strategic Affairs">Ministry of Strategic Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Barghouti" title="Omar Barghouti">Omar Barghouti</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boycott_(2021_film)" title="Boycott (2021 film)">Boycott</a></i> (documentary film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Israel" title="Boycotts of Israel">Boycotts of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Israel" title="Disinvestment from Israel">Disinvestment from Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Territories_Bill" title="Occupied Territories Bill">Occupied Territories Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exception" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Exception">Palestine Exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Profits%3F" title="Who Profits?">Who Profits?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_boycott_of_Israel&oldid=1274213389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_boycott_of_Israel&oldid=1274213389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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