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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Colonial and early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1945 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coeducation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coeducation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Coeducation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coeducation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Campus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nassau_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nassau_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Nassau Hall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nassau_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Art Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_Chapel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_Chapel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 University Chapel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_Chapel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization and administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization and administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Governance and structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Academics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undergraduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Undergraduate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grade_deflation_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grade_deflation_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Grade deflation policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grade_deflation_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Graduate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Library system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_laboratories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_laboratories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 National laboratories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_laboratories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admissions_and_financial_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions_and_financial_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Admissions and financial aid </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Admissions_and_financial_aid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Admissions and financial aid subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Admissions_and_financial_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Admissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_and_financial_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_and_financial_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Costs and financial aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_and_financial_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Student life and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Student life and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residential_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Residential colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eating_clubs_and_dining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_clubs_and_dining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Eating clubs and dining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_clubs_and_dining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Campus organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alma_mater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alma_mater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Alma mater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alma_mater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Student body </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Athletics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Athletics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varsity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varsity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Varsity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varsity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Club_and_intramural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Club_and_intramural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Club and intramural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Club_and_intramural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Alumni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Faculty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Princeton University</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton-universiteit" title="Princeton-universiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Princeton-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جامعة برينستون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة برينستون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Princeton" title="Universidá de Princeton – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Princeton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinston_Universiteti" title="Prinston Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Prinston Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پرینستون بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پرینستون بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="প্রিন্সটন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রিন্সটন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Прынстанскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прынстанскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Прынстанскі ўнівэрсытэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прынстанскі ўнівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रिंसटन विस्वविद्यालय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रिंसटन विस्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Принстънски университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Принстънски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Princeton" title="Univerzitet Princeton – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitet Princeton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Princeton" title="Universitat de Princeton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Princeton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetonsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Princetonská univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Princetonská univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Princeton" title="Prifysgol Princeton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Princeton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Princeton University" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Princeton University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetoni_%C3%9Clikool" title="Princetoni Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Princetoni Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Πανεπιστήμιο Πρίνστον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο Πρίνστον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Princeton" title="Universidad de Princeton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Princeton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Princeton" title="Universitato Princeton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato Princeton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetongo_Unibertsitatea" title="Princetongo Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Princetongo Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="دانشگاه پرینستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه پرینستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Princeton" title="Université de Princeton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de Princeton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil_Princeton" title="Ollscoil Princeton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollscoil Princeton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Phrinceton" title="Oilthigh Phrinceton – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Phrinceton" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Princeton" title="Universidade de Princeton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de Princeton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Princeton Thai-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Princeton Thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="프린스턴 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프린스턴 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Փրինսթոնի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փրինսթոնի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रिंसटन विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रिंसटन विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Princeton" title="Sveučilište Princeton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište Princeton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Princeton" title="Universitas Princeton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Princeton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitate_de_Princeton" title="Universitate de Princeton – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Universitate de Princeton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Princeton-háskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Princeton-háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Princeton" title="Università di Princeton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università di Princeton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אוניברסיטת פרינסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת פרינסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პრინსტონის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრინსტონის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Принстон университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Принстон университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_kikuu_cha_Princeton" title="Chuo kikuu cha Princeton – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuo kikuu cha Princeton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Princetoniensis" title="Universitas Princetoniensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Princetoniensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinstonas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Prinstonas Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prinstonas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Universit%C3%A9it" title="Princeton Universitéit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Princeton Universitéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinstono_universitetas" title="Prinstono universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prinstono universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetoni_Egyetem" title="Princetoni Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Princetoni Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="പ്രിൻസ്ടൺ സർവ്വകലാശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രിൻസ്ടൺ സർവ്വകലാശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0" title="प्रिन्स्टन विद्यापीठ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रिन्स्टन विद्यापीठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პრინსთონიშ უნივერსიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პრინსთონიშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جامعة پرينستون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة پرينستون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Princeton" title="Universiti Princeton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Princeton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Принстон Их сургууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Принстон Их сургууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton-universiteit" title="Princeton-universiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Princeton-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="プリンストン大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プリンストン大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Princeton University" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Princeton University" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinston_universiteti" title="Prinston universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prinston universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਪ੍ਰਿੰਸਟਨ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਿੰਸਟਨ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="پرنسٹن یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرنسٹن یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_di_Princeton" title="Universidat di Princeton – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universidat di Princeton" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_%C3%ABd_Princeton" title="Università ëd Princeton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Università ëd Princeton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Princeton University" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Princeton" title="Uniwersytet Princeton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Princeton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Princeton" title="Universidade de Princeton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de Princeton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinston_universiteti" title="Prinston universiteti – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Prinston universiteti" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Princeton" title="Universitatea Princeton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea Princeton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Принстонска универзита – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Принстонска универзита" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Принстонский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Принстонский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_Princeton" title="Universiteti Princeton – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti Princeton" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Princeton University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Princeton University" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Princeton" title="Univerza Princeton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza Princeton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="زانکۆی پرینستۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی پرینستۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Универзитет Принстон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет Принстон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Princeton" title="Univerzitet Princeton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet Princeton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetonin_yliopisto" title="Princetonin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Princetonin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Princeton University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasang_Princeton" title="Pamantasang Princeton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantasang Princeton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரின்ஸ்டன் பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரின்ஸ்டன் பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinston_universitet%C4%B1" title="Prinston universitetı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Prinston universitetı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="ప్రిన్స్‌టన్ యూనివర్శిటీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రిన్స్‌టన్ యూనివర్శిటీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="มหาวิทยาลัยพรินซ์ตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยพรินซ์ตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Донишгоҳи Принстон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Принстон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Princeton Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Princeton Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinston_uniwersiteti" title="Prinston uniwersiteti – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Prinston uniwersiteti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Принстонський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Принстонський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="جامعہ پرنسٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جامعہ پرنسٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89" title="پرىنسېتون ئۇنىۋېرستېتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پرىنسېتون ئۇنىۋېرستېتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Princeton" title="Đại học Princeton – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Princeton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_han_Princeton" title="Unibersidad han Princeton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad han Princeton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="普林斯顿大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="普林斯顿大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunif%C3%A1s%C3%ADt%C3%AC_Princeton" title="Yunifásítì Princeton – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yunifásítì Princeton" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="普林斯頓大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普林斯頓大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="普林斯顿大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普林斯顿大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersit%C3%A8t_Prinsten" title="Uniwersitèt Prinsten – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Uniwersitèt Prinsten" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21578#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" 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For the municipality in New Jersey, see <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Princeton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Princeton (disambiguation)">Princeton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Princeton University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shield of Princeton University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Princeton_seal.svg/140px-Princeton_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Princeton_seal.svg/210px-Princeton_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Princeton_seal.svg/280px-Princeton_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="335" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Princetoniensis<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">College of New Jersey (1746–1896)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Dei Sub Numine Viget (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-motto-2">[2]</a> On seal: Vet[us] Nov[um] Testamentum (Latin)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"Under God's Power She Flourishes"<a href="#cite_note-motto-2">[2]</a> On seal: "Old Testament and New Testament"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">October 22, 1746; 278 years ago (1746-10-22)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_States_Commission_on_Higher_Education" title="Middle States Commission on Higher Education">MSCHE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education" title="Consortium on Financing Higher Education">COFHE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities" title="National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities">NAICU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$35.8 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-endowment-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_L._Eisgruber" title="Christopher L. Eisgruber">Christopher L. Eisgruber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Rexford" title="Jennifer Rexford">Jennifer Rexford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,068 (fall 2021)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,300<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-About-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">8,478 (fall 2021)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,321 (fall 2021)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,157 (fall 2021)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctoral students</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,631 (fall 2019)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Princeton_University&params=40_20_43_N_74_39_22_W_region:US-NJ_type:edu">40°20′43″N 74°39′22″W / 40.34528°N 74.65611°W / 40.34528; -74.65611</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">Small city</a>, 600 acres (2.4 km2)<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-About-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Princetonian" title="The Daily Princetonian">The Daily Princetonian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Black and orange<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Tigers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FCS">NCAA Division I FCS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey" title="ECAC Hockey">ECAC Hockey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges">EARC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association" title="Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association">EIVA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association" title="Collegiate Water Polo Association">CWPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association" title="Intercollegiate Rowing Association">IRA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges">EAWRC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data">The Tiger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://princeton.edu">princeton.edu</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21578#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of Princeton University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Princeton_logo.svg/260px-Princeton_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Princeton_logo.svg/390px-Princeton_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Princeton_logo.svg/520px-Princeton_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="86" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Princeton University is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, United States. Founded in 1746 in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a> as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Colonial_Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Colonial Colleges">fourth-oldest institution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">higher education in the United States</a> and one of the nine <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a> chartered before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HarvardCrimson-1883-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-History-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-15">[a]</a> The institution moved to <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a> in 1747 and then to its <a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Mercer County, New Jersey">Mercer County</a> campus in Princeton nine years later. It officially became a university in 1896 and was subsequently renamed Princeton University. The university is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Trustees_of_Princeton_University" title="Trustees of Princeton University">Trustees of Princeton University</a> and has an endowment of $37.7 billion, the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment" title="List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment">endowment per student</a> in the United States. Princeton provides <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graduate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate education">graduate instruction</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> to approximately 8,500 students on its main campus spanning 600 acres (2.4 km2) within the <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_Jersey)" title="Borough (New Jersey)">borough</a> of Princeton. It offers postgraduate degrees through the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="Princeton School of Public and International Affairs">Princeton School of Public and International Affairs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_School_of_Architecture" title="Princeton University School of Architecture">School of Architecture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bendheim_Center_for_Finance" title="Bendheim Center for Finance">Bendheim Center for Finance</a>. The university also manages the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy's</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</a> and is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA's</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Fluid_Dynamics_Laboratory" title="Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory">Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and has one of the largest university libraries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanLibraryAssociation-2009-16">[15]</a> Princeton uses a <a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">residential college</a> system and is known for its <a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs at Princeton University">eating clubs</a> for juniors and seniors. The university has over 500 student organizations. Princeton students embrace a wide variety of traditions from both the past and present. The university is an <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> school and competes in the Ivy League. The school's athletic team, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a>, has won the most titles in its conference and has sent many students and alumni to the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a>. As of October 2021, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">75 Nobel laureates</a>, 16 Fields Medalists and 16 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni, faculty members, or researchers. In addition, Princeton has been associated with 21 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> awardees, 5 <a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a> awardees, 11 <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a> recipients, 217 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholars">Rhodes Scholars</a>, 137 <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholars</a>, and 62 <a href="/wiki/Gates_Cambridge_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates Cambridge Scholars">Gates Cambridge Scholars</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. presidents</a>, twelve <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> justices (three of whom serve on the court as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit">[update]</a>) and numerous living industry and media tycoons and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton's alumni body. Princeton has graduated many members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Cabinet">U.S. Cabinet</a>, including eight <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretaries of state</a>, three <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">secretaries of defense</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Princeton_University" title="History of Princeton University">History of Princeton University</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of the Log College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Log_College.jpg/240px-Log_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Log_College.jpg/360px-Log_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Log_College.jpg/480px-Log_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Log_College" title="Log College">Log College</a>, an influential aspect of Princeton's development</figcaption></figure> Princeton University, founded as the College of New Jersey, was shaped much in its formative years by the "<a href="/wiki/Log_College" title="Log College">Log College</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> founded by the Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_Tennent" title="William Tennent">William Tennent</a> at <a href="/wiki/Neshaminy,_Pennsylvania" title="Neshaminy, Pennsylvania">Neshaminy, Pennsylvania</a>, in about 1726. While no legal connection ever existed, many of the pupils and adherents from the Log College would go on to financially support and become substantially involved in the early years of the university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978291–292-13">[13]</a> While early writers considered it as the predecessor of the university,<a href="#cite_note-Holland-1877-17">[16]</a> the idea has been rebuked by Princeton historians.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978291–292-13">[13]</a> The founding of the university itself originated from a split in the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> church following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199511-19">[18]</a> In 1741, <a href="/wiki/Old_Side%E2%80%93New_Side_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Side–New Side Controversy">New Light</a> Presbyterians were expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Philadelphia">Synod of Philadelphia</a> in defense of how the Log College ordained ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978198-20">[19]</a> The four founders of the College of New Jersey, who were New Lights, were either expelled or withdrew from the Synod and devised a plan to establish a new college, for they were disappointed with <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>'s opposition to the Great Awakening and dissatisfied with the limited instruction at the Log College.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978198-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199511-19">[18]</a> They convinced three other Presbyterians to join them and decided on New Jersey as the location for the college, as at the time, there was no institution between Yale College in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>; it was also where some of the founders preached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199512-21">[20]</a> Although their initial request was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris_(governor)" title="Lewis Morris (governor)">Lewis Morrison</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acting_governor" title="Acting governor">acting governor</a> after Morrison's death, <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hamilton (New Jersey politician)">John Hamilton</a>, granted a charter for the College of New Jersey on October 22, 1746.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978199-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199512-21">[20]</a> In 1747, approximately five months after acquiring the charter, the trustees elected <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dickinson_(New_Jersey_minister)" title="Jonathan Dickinson (New Jersey minister)">Jonathan Dickinson</a> as president and opened in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978199-22">[21]</a> where classes were held in Dickinson's <a href="/wiki/Clergy_house" title="Clergy house">parsonage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> With its founding, it became the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">fourth-oldest institution</a> of higher education in the United States, and one of nine colonial colleges chartered before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HarvardCrimson-1883-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-History-10">[10]</a> The founders aimed for the college to have an expansive curriculum to teach people of various professions, not solely ministerial work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison200547-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978199-22">[21]</a> Though the school was open to those of any religious denomination,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199515-25">[24]</a> with many of the founders being of Presbyterian faith, the college became the educational and religious capital of <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a> Presbyterian America.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_and_early_years">Colonial and early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial and early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aula_Nassovica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraving of Nassau Hall from 1760" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aula_Nassovica.jpg/220px-Aula_Nassovica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aula_Nassovica.jpg/330px-Aula_Nassovica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aula_Nassovica.jpg/440px-Aula_Nassovica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5857" data-file-height="3449" /></a><figcaption>From 1760, the first picture of <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a></figcaption></figure> In 1747, following the death of then President Jonathan Dickinson, the college moved from Elizabeth to <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, as that was where presidential successor <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr_Sr." title="Aaron Burr Sr.">Aaron Burr Sr.</a>'s parsonage was located.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978199-22">[21]</a> That same year, Princeton's first charter came under dispute by Anglicans, but on September 14, 1748, the recently appointed governor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Jonathan Belcher</a> granted a second charter.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Belcher-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978200-28">[27]</a> Belcher, a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a>, had become alienated from his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>, Harvard, and decided to "adopt" the infant college.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Belcher-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199515-25">[24]</a> Belcher would go on to raise funds for the college and donate his 474-volume library, making it one of the largest libraries in the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Belcher-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199516-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peale,_Charles_Willson,_John_Witherspoon_(1723-1794),_President_(1768-94).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of John Witherspoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Peale%2C_Charles_Willson%2C_John_Witherspoon_%281723-1794%29%2C_President_%281768-94%29.jpg/220px-Peale%2C_Charles_Willson%2C_John_Witherspoon_%281723-1794%29%2C_President_%281768-94%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Peale%2C_Charles_Willson%2C_John_Witherspoon_%281723-1794%29%2C_President_%281768-94%29.jpg/330px-Peale%2C_Charles_Willson%2C_John_Witherspoon_%281723-1794%29%2C_President_%281768-94%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Peale%2C_Charles_Willson%2C_John_Witherspoon_%281723-1794%29%2C_President_%281768-94%29.jpg/440px-Peale%2C_Charles_Willson%2C_John_Witherspoon_%281723-1794%29%2C_President_%281768-94%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a>, President of the college (1768–94) and signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></figcaption></figure> In 1756, the college moved again to its present home in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, because Newark was felt to be too close to New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunning2005443-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199518–19-31">[30]</a> Princeton was chosen for its location in <a href="/wiki/Central_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Central New Jersey">central New Jersey</a> and by strong recommendation by Belcher.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Belcher-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199519-32">[31]</a> The college's home in Princeton was <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a>, named for the royal <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978329-33">[32]</a> The trustees of the College of New Jersey initially suggested that Nassau Hall be named in recognition of Belcher because of his interest in the institution; the governor vetoed the request.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Belcher-27">[26]</a> Burr, who would die in 1757, devised a <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> for the school and enlarged the student body.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Following the untimely death of Burr and the college's next three <a href="/wiki/President_of_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Princeton University">presidents</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll200417-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a> became president in 1768 and remained in that post until his death in 1794.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Witherspoon-36">[35]</a> With his presidency, Witherspoon focused the college on preparing a new generation of both educated clergy and secular leadership in the new American nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison200547–48-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978525-38">[37]</a> To this end, he tightened academic standards, broadened the curriculum, solicited investment for the college, and grew its size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll200429–30-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978525-38">[37]</a> A signatory of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, Witherspoon and his leadership led the college to becoming influential to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Witherspoon-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunning2005454-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In 1777, the college became the site for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Witherspoon-36">[35]</a> During the battle, British soldiers briefly occupied Nassau Hall before eventually surrendering to American forces led by General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> During the summer and fall of 1783, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> and Washington met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">country's capital</a> for four months;<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Nassau Hall is where Congress learned of the peace treaty between the colonies and the British.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199523-45">[44]</a> The college did suffer from the revolution, with a depreciated <a href="/wiki/College_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="College endowment">endowment</a> and hefty repair bills for Nassau Hall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunning2005455-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> In 1795, President <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Samuel Stanhope Smith</a> took office, the first alumnus to become president.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Smith-47">[46]</a> Nassau Hall suffered a large fire that destroyed its interior in 1802, which Smith blamed on rebellious students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199531-48">[47]</a> The college raised funds for reconstruction, as well as the construction of two new buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978444-49">[48]</a> In 1807, a large student riot occurred at Nassau Hall, spurred by underlying distrust of educational reforms by Smith away from the Church.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Smith-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Following Smith's mishandling of the situation, falling enrollment, and faculty resignations, the trustees of the university offered resignation to Smith, which he accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978444-49">[48]</a> In 1812, <a href="/wiki/Ashbel_Green" title="Ashbel Green">Ashbel Green</a> was unanimously elected by the trustees of the college to become the eighth president.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1957-51">[50]</a> After the liberal tenure of Smith, Green represented the conservative "Old Side", in which he introduced rigorous disciplinary rules and heavily embraced religion.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Green-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978229-53">[52]</a> Even so, believing the college was not religious enough, he took a prominent role in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a> next door.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Green-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1957-51">[50]</a> While student riots were a frequent occurrence during Green's tenure, enrollment did increase under his administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978230-54">[53]</a> In 1823, <a href="/wiki/James_Carnahan" title="James Carnahan">James Carnahan</a> became president, arriving as an unprepared and timid leader.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Carnahan-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199552-56">[55]</a> With the college riven by conflicting views between students, faculty, and trustees, and enrollment hitting its lowest in years, Carnahan considered closing the university.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Carnahan-55">[54]</a> Carnahan's successor, <a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_Jr." title="John Maclean Jr.">John Maclean Jr.</a>, who was only a professor at the time, recommended saving the university with the help of alumni; as a result, Princeton's alumni association, led by <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, was created and began raising funds.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Carnahan-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch197881-57">[56]</a> With Carnahan and Maclean, now vice-president, working as partners, enrollment and faculty increased, tensions decreased, and the college campus expanded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch197881-57">[56]</a> Maclean took over the presidency in 1854, and led the university through the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Maclean-58">[57]</a> When Nassau Hall burned down again in 1855,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Maclean raised funds and used the money to rebuild Nassau Hall and run the university on an <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> budget during the war years.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Maclean-58">[57]</a> With a third of students from the college being from the South, enrollment fell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978298-60">[59]</a> Once many of the Southerners left, the campus became a sharp proponent for the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199564-61">[60]</a> even bestowing an honorary degree to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199565-62">[61]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_McCosh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of James McCosh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/James_McCosh.jpg/200px-James_McCosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/James_McCosh.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_McCosh" title="James McCosh">James McCosh</a>, President of the college (1868–88)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/James_McCosh" title="James McCosh">James McCosh</a> became the college's president in 1868, and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978301–304-63">[62]</a> During his two decades of service, he overhauled the curriculum, oversaw an expansion of inquiry into the sciences, recruited distinguished faculty, and supervised the addition of a number of buildings in the <a href="/wiki/High_Victorian_Gothic" title="High Victorian Gothic">High Victorian Gothic</a> style to the campus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978301–304-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199572-64">[63]</a> McCosh's tenure also saw the creation and rise of many extracurricular activities, like the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Glee_Club" title="Princeton Glee Club">Princeton Glee Club</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Triangle_Club" title="Princeton Triangle Club">Triangle Club</a>, the first intercollegiate football team, and the first permanent <a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs at Princeton University">eating club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> as well as the elimination of fraternities and sororities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199582-66">[65]</a> In 1879, Princeton conferred its first <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">doctorates</a> on James F. Williamson and William Libby, both members of the Class of 1877.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Landey_Patton" title="Francis Landey Patton">Francis Patton</a> took the presidency in 1888, and although his election was not met by unanimous enthusiasm, he was well received by undergraduates.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Patton-68">[67]</a> Patton's administration was marked by great change, for Princeton's enrollment and faculty had doubled. At the same time, the college underwent large expansion and social life was changing in reflection of the rise in <a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs">eating clubs</a> and burgeoning interest in athletics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978355-69">[68]</a> In 1893, the honor system was established, allowing for unproctored exams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995102-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019566-71">[70]</a> In 1896, the college officially became a university,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199591-72">[71]</a> and as a result, it officially changed its name to Princeton University.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_School" title="Princeton University Graduate School">Graduate School</a> was formally established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199591-72">[71]</a> Even with such accomplishments, Patton's administration remained lackluster with its administrative structure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978356-74">[73]</a> and towards its educational standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995102-70">[69]</a> Due to profile changes in the board of trustees and dissatisfaction with his administration, he was forced to resign in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978356-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodrow_Wilson_1902_cph.3b11773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Woodrow Wilson as president of Princeton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Woodrow_Wilson_1902_cph.3b11773.jpg/220px-Woodrow_Wilson_1902_cph.3b11773.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Woodrow_Wilson_1902_cph.3b11773.jpg/330px-Woodrow_Wilson_1902_cph.3b11773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Woodrow_Wilson_1902_cph.3b11773.jpg/440px-Woodrow_Wilson_1902_cph.3b11773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, President of Princeton University (1902–10) and 28th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a></figcaption></figure> Following Patton's resignation, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, an alumnus and popular professor, was elected the 13th president of the university.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Wilson-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer199596-76">[75]</a> Noticing falling academic standards, Wilson orchestrated significant changes to the curriculum, where freshman and sophomores followed a unified curriculum while juniors and seniors concentrated study in one discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978513-77">[76]</a> Ambitious seniors were allowed to undertake independent work, which would eventually shape Princeton's emphasis on the practice for the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995104-78">[77]</a> Wilson further reformed the educational system by introducing the preceptorial system in 1905,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978513-77">[76]</a> a then-unique concept in the United States that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form in which small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The changes brought about many new faculty and cemented Princeton's academics for the first half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995107-80">[79]</a> Due to the tightening of academic standards, enrollment declined severely until 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978513-77">[76]</a> In 1906, the reservoir <a href="/wiki/Lake_Carnegie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Carnegie">Lake Carnegie</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995268–269-81">[80]</a> and the university officially became <a href="/wiki/Nonsectarian" title="Nonsectarian">nonsectarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxtell2006330-82">[81]</a> Before leaving office, Wilson strengthened the science program to focus on "pure" research and broke the Presbyterian lock on the board of trustees.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Wilson-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> However, he did fail in winning support for the permanent location of the Graduate School and the elimination of the eating clubs, which he proposed replacing with quadrangles, a precursor to the residential college system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxtell20061-84">[83]</a> Wilson also continued to keep Princeton closed off from accepting Black students.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> When an aspiring Black student wrote a letter to Wilson, he got his secretary to reply telling him to attend a university where he would be more welcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2010112-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Grier_Hibben" title="John Grier Hibben">John Grier Hibben</a> became president in 1912, and would remain in the post for two decades.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> On October 2, 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_College" title="Princeton University Graduate College">Princeton University Graduate College</a> was dedicated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995268–269-81">[80]</a> When the United States entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1917, Hibben allocated all available University resources to the government. As a result, military training schools opened on campus and laboratories and other facilities were used for research and operational programs. Overall, more than 6,000 students served in the armed forces, with 151 dying during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978252–253-88">[87]</a> After the war, enrollment spiked and the trustees established the system of selective admission in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995117–118-89">[88]</a> From the 1920s to the 1930s, the student body featured many students from preparatory schools, zero Black students, and dwindling Jewish enrollment because of quotas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995119-90">[89]</a> Aside from managing Princeton during WWI, Hibben introduced the senior thesis in 1923 as a part of The New Plan of Study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978253–254-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995122-92">[91]</a> He also brought about great expansion to the university, with the creation of the School of Architecture in 1919, the School of Engineering in 1921, and the School of Public and International Affairs in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978254-93">[92]</a> By the end of his presidency, the endowment had increased by 374 percent, the total area of the campus doubled, the faculty experienced impressive growth, and the enrollment doubled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978254–255-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995122-92">[91]</a> Hibben's successor, <a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Dodds" title="Harold W. Dodds">Harold Willis Dodds</a> would lead the university through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean Conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Dodds-95">[94]</a> With the Great Depression, many students were forced to withdraw due to financial reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995123-96">[95]</a> At the same time, Princeton's reputation in physics and mathematics surged as many European scientists left for the United States due to uneasy tension caused by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995125-97">[96]</a> In 1930, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> was founded to provide a space for the influx of scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995125–126-98">[97]</a> Many Princeton scientists would work on the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> during the war, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995127-99">[98]</a> including the entire physics department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995164-100">[99]</a> During World War II, Princeton offered an accelerated program for students to graduate early before entering the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978138-101">[100]</a> Student enrollment fluctuated from month to month, and many faculty were forced to teach unfamiliar subjects. Still, Dodds maintained academic standards and would establish a program for servicemen, so they could resume their education once discharged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978138–139-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_to_present">1945 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1945 to present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_University_Forrestal_Campus_(1),_Oct._2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Princeton_University_Forrestal_Campus_%281%29%2C_Oct._2024.jpg/220px-Princeton_University_Forrestal_Campus_%281%29%2C_Oct._2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Princeton_University_Forrestal_Campus_%281%29%2C_Oct._2024.jpg/330px-Princeton_University_Forrestal_Campus_%281%29%2C_Oct._2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Princeton_University_Forrestal_Campus_%281%29%2C_Oct._2024.jpg/440px-Princeton_University_Forrestal_Campus_%281%29%2C_Oct._2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Center of Forrestal Campus</figcaption></figure> The post-war years saw scholars renewing broken bonds through numerous conventions, expansion of the campus, and the introduction of distribution requirements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978139-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995137-104">[103]</a> The period saw the desegregation of Princeton, which was stimulated by changes to the New Jersey constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2010115-105">[104]</a> Princeton began undertaking a sharper focus towards research in the years after the war, with the construction of Firestone Library in 1948 and the establishment of the Forrestal Research Center in nearby <a href="/wiki/Plainsboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Plainsboro Township, New Jersey">Plainsboro Township</a> in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995158-106">[105]</a> Government sponsored research increased sharply, particularly in the physics and engineering departments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995165–166-107">[106]</a> with much of it occurring at the new Forrestal campus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995168-108">[107]</a> Though, as the years progressed, scientific research at the Forrestal campus declined, and in 1973, some of the land was converted to commercial and residential spaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995170-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Goheen" title="Robert F. Goheen">Robert Goheen</a> would succeed Dodds by unanimous vote and serve as president until 1972.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Goheen's presidency was characterized as being more liberal than previous presidents, and his presidency would see a rise in Black applicants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2010116-111">[110]</a> as well as the eventual coeducation of the university in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Library-112">[111]</a> During this period of rising diversity, the Third World Center (now known as the Carl A. Fields Center) was dedicated in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978466-113">[112]</a> Goheen also oversaw great expansion for the university, with square footage increasing by 80 percentage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978219-114">[113]</a> Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Princeton experienced unprecedented activism, with most of it centered on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2019-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995196-116">[115]</a> While Princeton activism initially remained relatively timid compared to other institutions,<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2019-115">[114]</a> protests began to grow with the founding of a local chapter of <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (SDS) in 1965, which organized many of the later Princeton protests.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2019-115">[114]</a> In 1966, the SDS gained prominence on campus following <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">picketing</a> against a speech by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, which gained frontpage coverage by the New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995199-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> A notable point of contention on campus was the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" title="Institute for Defense Analyses">Institute for Defense Analyses</a> (IDA) and would feature multiple protests,<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2019-115">[114]</a> some of which required police action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995209–211-119">[118]</a> In 1967, SDS members and sympathizers beat the campus <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">R.O.T.C.</a> chapter in a game of <a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">touch football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> As the years went on, the protests' agenda broadened to investments in South Africa, environmental issues, and women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2019-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995202-121">[120]</a> In response to these broadening protests, the Council of the Princeton University Community (CPUC) was founded to serve as a method for greater student voice in governance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995204-122">[121]</a> Activism culminated in 1970 with a student, faculty, and staff member <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">strike</a>, so the university could become an "institution against expansion of the war."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995207–209-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[b]</a> Princeton's protests would taper off later that year, with The Daily Princetonian saying that, "Princeton 1970–71 was an emotionally burned out university." In 1982, the residential college system was officially established under Goheen's successor <a href="/wiki/William_G._Bowen" title="William G. Bowen">William G. Bowen</a>, who would serve until 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995269-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Bowen-126">[124]</a> During his presidency, Princeton's endowment increased from $625 million to $2 billion, and a major fundraising drive known as "A Campaign for Princeton" was conducted.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Presidents-Bowen-126">[124]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Harold_Tafler_Shapiro" title="Harold Tafler Shapiro">Harold T. Shapiro</a> would succeed Bowen and remain president until 2001. Shapiro would continue to increase the endowment, expand academic programs, raise student diversity, and oversee the most renovations in Princeton's history.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> One of Shapiro's initiatives was the formation of the multidisciplinary Princeton Environmental Institute in 1994, renamed the <a href="/wiki/High_Meadows_Environmental_Institute" title="High Meadows Environmental Institute">High Meadows Environmental Institute</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Wohlforth-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valenti-129">[127]</a> In 2001, Princeton shifted the financial aid policy to a system that replaced all loans with grants.<a href="#cite_note-Moroz-2001-130">[128]</a> That same year, Princeton elected its first female president, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-2001-131">[129]</a> Before retiring in 2012, Tilghman expanded financial aid offerings and conducted several major construction projects like the Lewis Center for the Arts and a sixth residential college.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Tilghman also lead initiatives for more global programs, the creation of an office of sustainability, and investments into the sciences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurkee202214-133">[131]</a> Princeton's 20th and current president, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_L._Eisgruber" title="Christopher L. Eisgruber">Christopher Eisgruber</a>, was elected in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Yee-2013-134">[132]</a> In 2017, Princeton University unveiled a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Public_history" title="Public history">public history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">digital humanities</a> investigation into its historical involvement with <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> called the Princeton & Slavery Project. The project saw the publication of hundreds of primary sources, 80 scholarly essays, a scholarly conference, a series of short plays, and an art project.<a href="#cite_note-Schuessler-2017-135">[133]</a> In April 2018, university trustees announced that they would name two public spaces for James Collins Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Betsey_Stockton" title="Betsey Stockton">Betsey Stockton</a>, enslaved people who lived and worked on Princeton's campus and whose stories were publicized by the project.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In 2019, large-scale student activism again entered the mainstream concerning the school's implementation of federal <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a> policy relating to <a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">campus sexual assault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The activism consisted of <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a> in response to a student's disciplinary sentence.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In April 2024, students joined <a href="/wiki/List_of_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses_in_the_United_States_in_2024" title="List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the United States in 2024">other campuses across the United States</a> in protests and establishing encampments against the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">alleged genocide of Palestinians</a> in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> The protestors called for <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">divestment from Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dailyprincetonian.com-143">[141]</a> started a hunger strike and were joined by faculty.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> of Clio Hall led to arrests by police.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailyprincetonian.com-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Activism and protests continued in the new academic year starting September 2024 with administrators facing calls for resignation from faculty.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coeducation">Coeducation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coeducation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyne_Hall,_Princeton_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pyne_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/240px-Pyne_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pyne_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/360px-Pyne_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pyne_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/480px-Pyne_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Pyne Hall, where the first female students lived on campus.</figcaption></figure> Princeton explicitly prohibited the admission of women from its founding in 1746 until 1969. Since it lacked an affiliated women's college, it was often referred to as a "monastery", both lovingly and derisively, by members of the Princeton community.<a href="#cite_note-Markham-1962-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> For about a decade, from 1887 to 1897, nearby <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_College_for_Women" title="Evelyn College for Women">Evelyn College for Women</a> was largely composed of daughters of professors and sisters of Princeton undergraduates. While no legal connection existed, many Princeton professors taught there and several Princeton administrators, such as Francis Patton, were on its board of trustees. It closed in 1897 following the death of its founder, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Hall_McIlvaine" title="Joshua Hall McIlvaine">Joshua McIlvaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978170–171-152">[150]</a> In 1947, three female members of the library staff enrolled in beginning Russian courses to deal with an increase in Russian literature in the library.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Library-112">[111]</a> In 1961, Princeton admitted its first female graduate student, Sabra Follett Meservey,<a href="#cite_note-Markham-1962-150">[148]</a> who would go on to be the first woman to earn a master's degree at Princeton.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Library-112">[111]</a> Meservey was, at the time of her admission, already a member of the faculty at Douglass College within Princeton. The dean of the graduate school issued a statement clarifying that Meservey's admission was an exception, and that "Princeton may permit other women in the future as special cases, but does not plan to make general admissions of women graduate students."<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[151]</a> The student-run Daily Princetonian ran four articles about Meservey in one issue,<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-156">[154]</a> including an editorial lamenting the potential "far reaching implications" of Meservey's admission which concluded: "Princeton is unique as an undergraduate men's college and must remain so."<a href="#cite_note-:1-156">[154]</a> Eight more women enrolled the following year in the Graduate School.<a href="#cite_note-Markham-1962-150">[148]</a> In 1964, T'sai-ying Cheng became the first woman at Princeton to receive a Ph.D. In 1963, five women came to Princeton for one year to study "critical languages" as undergraduates, but were not candidates for a Princeton degree.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Library-112">[111]</a> Following abortive discussions with <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College" title="Sarah Lawrence College">Sarah Lawrence College</a> to relocate the women's college to Princeton and merge it with the university in 1967,<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> the administration commissioned a report on admitting women. The final report was issued in January 1969, supporting the idea.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Library-112">[111]</a> That same month, Princeton's trustees voted 24–8 in favor of coeducation and began preparing the institution for the transition.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The university finished these plans in April 1969 and announced there would be coeducation in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978530-159">[157]</a> Ultimately, 101 female freshman and 70 female transfer students enrolled at Princeton in September 1969.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978530-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[c]</a> Those admitted were housed in Pyne Hall, a fairly isolated dormitory; a security system was added, although the women deliberately broke it within a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995185-163">[160]</a> In 1971, Mary St. John Douglas and Susan Savage Speers became the first female trustees,<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Library-112">[111]</a> and in 1974, quotas for men and women were eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995187-164">[161]</a> Following a 1979 lawsuit, the eating clubs were required to go coeducational in 1991, after an appeal to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> was denied.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> In 2001, Princeton elected its first female president.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-2001-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 700px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 700px; height: 480px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="700" data-height="480" data-zoom="15" data-lat="40.3427" data-lon="-74.6523" data-overlays="["_51d55bd507cc4854e509f28d85f359381a7ba620"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/15/40.3427/-74.6523/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,40.3427,-74.6523,700x480.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Princeton_University&revid=1258573635&groups=_51d55bd507cc4854e509f28d85f359381a7ba620" width="700" height="480" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,40.3427,-74.6523,700x480@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Princeton_University&revid=1258573635&groups=_51d55bd507cc4854e509f28d85f359381a7ba620 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Princeton University Campus <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Historic buildings</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Libraries</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Arts venues</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Housing and dining</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Open spaces</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sports</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Princeton campus</div> </div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e_(east_side).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of Washington Road Elm Allée, which is one of the entrances to the campus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e_%28east_side%29.jpg/220px-Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e_%28east_side%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e_%28east_side%29.jpg/330px-Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e_%28east_side%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e_%28east_side%29.jpg/440px-Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e_%28east_side%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e" title="Washington Road Elm Allée">Washington Road Elm Allée</a>, one of the entrances to the campus</figcaption></figure> The main campus consists of more than 200 buildings on 600 acres (2.4 km2) in Princeton, New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-About-5">[5]</a> The James Forrestal Campus, a smaller location designed mainly as a research and instruction complex, is split between nearby <a href="/wiki/Plainsboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Plainsboro Township, New Jersey">Plainsboro</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="South Brunswick, New Jersey">South Brunswick</a>. The campuses are situated about one hour from both New York City and Philadelphia on the train.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019567-166">[163]</a> The university also owns more than 520 acres (2.1 km2) of property in <a href="/wiki/West_Windsor_Township,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="West Windsor Township, New Jersey">West Windsor Township</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-About-5">[5]</a> and is where Princeton is planning to construct a graduate student housing complex, which will be known as "Lake Campus North".<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> The first building on campus was Nassau Hall, completed in 1756, and situated on the northern edge of the campus facing Nassau Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978328-168">[165]</a> The campus expanded steadily around Nassau Hall during the early and middle 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> The McCosh presidency (1868–88) saw the construction of a number of buildings in the <a href="/wiki/High_Victorian_Gothic" title="High Victorian Gothic">High Victorian Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival</a> styles, although many of them are now gone, leaving the remaining few to appear out of place.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> At the end of the 19th century, much of Princeton's architecture was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Cope_and_Stewardson" title="Cope and Stewardson">Cope and Stewardson</a> firm (led by the same University of Pennsylvania professors of architecture who designed a large part of <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>) resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a> style for which Princeton is known for today.<a href="#cite_note-pu-aich-chap5-172">[169]</a> Implemented initially by <a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_Potter" title="William Appleton Potter">William Appleton Potter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pu-aich-chap5-172">[169]</a> and later enforced by the university's supervising architect, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram" title="Ralph Adams Cram">Ralph Adams Cram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> the Collegiate Gothic style remained the standard for all new building on the Princeton campus until 1960.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> A flurry of construction projects in the 1960s produced a number of new buildings on the south side of the main campus, many of which have been poorly received.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Several prominent architects have contributed some more recent additions, including <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> (Lewis Library),<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a> (Spelman Halls),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978447-178">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetri_Porphyrios" title="Demetri Porphyrios">Demetri Porphyrios</a> (<a href="/wiki/Whitman_College,_Princeton_University" title="Whitman College, Princeton University">Whitman College</a>, a Collegiate Gothic project),<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denise_Scott_Brown" title="Denise Scott Brown">Denise Scott Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frist_Campus_Center" title="Frist Campus Center">Frist Campus Center</a>, among several others),<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Yamasaki" title="Minoru Yamasaki">Minoru Yamasaki</a> (Robertson Hall),<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Vi%C3%B1oly" title="Rafael Viñoly">Rafael Viñoly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Icahn" title="Carl Icahn">Carl Icahn</a> Laboratory).<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> A group of 20th-century sculptures scattered throughout the campus forms the Putnam Collection of Sculpture. It includes works by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a> (Five Disks: One Empty), <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a> (Albert Einstein), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oval_with_Points" title="Oval with Points">Oval with Points</a>), <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a> (White Sun), and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> (Head of a Woman).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978398-183">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hedgehog_and_the_Fox_(sculpture)" title="The Hedgehog and the Fox (sculpture)">The Hedgehog and The Fox</a> is located between Peyton and Fine halls next to Princeton Stadium and the Lewis Library.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> At the southern edge of the campus is Lake Carnegie, an artificial lake named for Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie financed the lake's construction in 1906 at the behest of a friend and his brother who were both Princeton alumni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch197882-185">[182]</a> Carnegie hoped the opportunity to take up rowing would inspire Princeton students to forsake <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a>, which he considered "not gentlemanly."<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shea_Rowing_Center" title="Shea Rowing Center">Shea Rowing Center</a> on the lake's shore continues to serve as the headquarters for Princeton rowing.<a href="#cite_note-rowing-recruiting-187">[184]</a> Princeton's grounds were designed by <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Farrand" title="Beatrix Farrand">Beatrix Farrand</a> between 1912 and 1943. Her contributions were most recently recognized with the naming of a courtyard for her.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Subsequent changes to the landscape were introduced by Quennell Rothschild & Partners in 2000. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Van_Valkenburgh" title="Michael Van Valkenburgh">Michael Van Valkenburgh</a> was hired as the new consulting landscape architect for Princeton's 2016 Campus Plan.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynden_B._Miller" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynden B. Miller">Lynden B. Miller</a> was invited to work with him as Princeton's consulting gardening architect, focusing on the 17 gardens that are distributed throughout the campus.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildings">Buildings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buildings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nassau_Hall">Nassau Hall</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nassau Hall">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall,_Princeton_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of Nassau Hall, the university's oldest building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/220px-Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/330px-Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/440px-Cannon_Green_and_Nassau_Hall%2C_Princeton_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a>, the university's oldest building and former capitol of the United States. Pictured in front is Cannon Green.</figcaption></figure> Nassau Hall is the oldest building on campus. Begun in 1754 and completed in 1756,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978328–329-191">[188]</a> it was the first seat of the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature" title="New Jersey Legislature">New Jersey Legislature</a> in 1776,<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> was involved in the Battle of Princeton in 1777,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978330-193">[190]</a> and was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (and thus capitol of the United States) from June 30, 1783, to November 4, 1783.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> Since 1911, the front entrance has been flanked by two bronze tigers, a gift of the Princeton Class of 1879, which replaced two lions previously given in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Starting in 1922, commencement has been held on the front lawn of Nassau Hall when there is good weather.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> In 1966, Nassau Hall was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Nowadays, it houses the office of the university president and other administrative offices.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> To the south of Nassau Hall lies a courtyard that is known as Cannon Green.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Buried in the ground at the center is the "Big Cannon", which was left in Princeton by British troops as they fled following the Battle of Princeton. It remained in Princeton until the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, when it was taken to <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> In 1836, the cannon was returned to Princeton and placed at the eastern end of town. Two years later, it was moved to the campus under cover of night by Princeton students, and in 1840, it was buried in its current location.<a href="#cite_note-Hageman-1879-202">[199]</a> A second "Little Cannon" is buried in the lawn in front of nearby Whig Hall. The cannon, which may also have been captured in the Battle of Princeton, was stolen by students of <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> in 1875. The theft ignited the <a href="/wiki/Rutgers-Princeton_Cannon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War">Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War</a>. A compromise between the presidents of Princeton and Rutgers ended the war and forced the return of the Little Cannon to Princeton.<a href="#cite_note-Hageman-1879-202">[199]</a> The protruding cannons are occasionally painted scarlet by Rutgers students who continue the traditional dispute.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_Museum">Art Museum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Art Museum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Museum_Princeton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of Princeton University Art Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Art_Museum_Princeton.JPG/220px-Art_Museum_Princeton.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Art_Museum_Princeton.JPG/330px-Art_Museum_Princeton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Art_Museum_Princeton.JPG/440px-Art_Museum_Princeton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a>, which holds over 112,000 objects</figcaption></figure> Though art collection at the university dates back to its very founding, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a> was not officially established until 1882 by President McCosh. Its establishment arose from a desire to provide direct access to works of art in a museum for a curriculum in the arts, an education system familiar to many European universities at the time. The museum took on the purposes of providing "exposure to original works of art and to teach the history of art through an encyclopedic collection of world art."<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> Numbering over 112,000 objects, the collections range from ancient to contemporary art and come from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> The museum's art is divided into ten extensive curatorial areas.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> There is a collection of Greek and Roman <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">antiquities</a>, including ceramics, marbles, bronzes, and Roman mosaics from faculty excavations in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, as well as other art from the ancient Egyptian, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>, and Islamic worlds.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> The non-Islamic coins were catalogued by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_B._Waage" title="Dorothy B. Waage">Dorothy B. Waage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-1954-209">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> Europe is represented by sculpture, metalwork, and stained glass. The collection of Western European paintings includes examples from the early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> through the 19th century, with pieces by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> and features a growing collection of 20th-century and contemporary art, including paintings such as <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s Blue Marilyn.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> The museum features a collection of Chinese and Japanese art, with holdings in bronzes, tomb figurines, painting, and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, as well as collections of Korean, Southeast, and Central Asian art.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> Its collection of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> art includes examples of <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmec</a> art, and its indigenous art ranges from Chile to Alaska to Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> The museum has collections of <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">old master prints</a> and drawings,<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> and it has a comprehensive collection of over 20,000 photographs.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Approximately 750 works of <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a> are represented.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> The Museum oversees the outside <a href="/wiki/Putnam_Collection_of_Sculpture,_Princeton_University" title="Putnam Collection of Sculpture, Princeton University">John B. Putnam Jr., Memorial Collection of Sculpture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_Chapel">University Chapel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: University Chapel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pu-chapel-front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of the Princeton University Chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pu-chapel-front.jpg/220px-Pu-chapel-front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pu-chapel-front.jpg/330px-Pu-chapel-front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pu-chapel-front.jpg/440px-Pu-chapel-front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Finished in 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Chapel" title="Princeton University Chapel">Princeton University Chapel</a> seats 2,000 people.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Chapel" title="Princeton University Chapel">Princeton University Chapel</a> is located on the north side of campus near Nassau Street. It was built between 1924 and 1928 at a cost of $2.3 million,<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> approximately $40.8 million adjusted for inflation in 2020. Ralph Adams Cram, the university's supervising architect, designed the chapel, which he viewed as the crown jewel for the Collegiate Gothic motif he had championed for the campus.<a href="#cite_note-milliner-pip-219">[216]</a> At the time of its construction, it was the second largest university chapel in the world, after <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> It underwent a two-year, $10 million restoration campaign between 2000 and 2002.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> The Chapel seats around 2,000 and serves as a site for religious services and local celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Measured on the exterior, the chapel is 277 feet (84 m) long, 76 feet (23 m) wide at its <a href="/wiki/Transepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepts">transepts</a>, and 121 feet (37 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-Stillwell-1971-223">[220]</a> The exterior is <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, trimmed with <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, and the interior is made of limestone and <a href="/wiki/Aquia_Creek_sandstone" title="Aquia Creek sandstone">Aquia Creek sandstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stillwell-1971-223">[220]</a> The design evokes characteristics of an <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">English church of the Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stillwell-1971-223">[220]</a> The extensive iconography, in stained glass, stonework, and wood carvings, has the common theme of connecting religion and scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-milliner-pip-219">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sustainability">edit</a>]</div> Published in 2008, the Sustainability Action Plan was the first formal plan for sustainability enacted by the university.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> It focused on reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions, conservation of resources, and research, education, and civic engagement for sustainability through 10 year objectives.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aronson-2019-226">[223]</a> Since the 2008 plan, Princeton has aimed at reducing its carbon dioxide emissions to 1990 levels without the purchase of market <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">offsets</a> and predicts to meet the goal by 2026 (the former goal was by 2020 but <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> requirements delayed this).<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Sustain-2021-227">[224]</a> Princeton released its second Sustainability Action Plan in 2019 on <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> with its main goal being reducing campus greenhouse gases to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">net zero</a> by 2046 as well as other objectives building on those in the 2008 plan.<a href="#cite_note-Aronson-2019-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Sustain-2021-227">[224]</a> In 2021, the university agreed to divest from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">thermal coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">tar sand</a> segments of the fossil fuel industry and from companies that are involved in climate disinformation after student protest.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Princeton is a member of the Ivy Plus Sustainability Consortium, through which it has committed to best-practice sharing and the ongoing exchange of campus sustainability solutions along with other member institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Partnerships-229">[226]</a> Princeton's Sustainability Action Plan also aims to have zero waste through recycling programs, sustainable purchasing, and behavioral and operational strategies.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_administration">Organization and administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Organization and administration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance_and_structure">Governance and structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Governance and structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Eisgruber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image that shows Christopher Eisgruber signing a paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Christopher_Eisgruber.jpg/220px-Christopher_Eisgruber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Christopher_Eisgruber.jpg/330px-Christopher_Eisgruber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Christopher_Eisgruber.jpg/440px-Christopher_Eisgruber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_L._Eisgruber" title="Christopher L. Eisgruber">Christopher Eisgruber</a>, the 20th and current president of the university</figcaption></figure> Princeton's 20th and current president is Christopher Eisgruber, who was appointed by the university's <a href="/wiki/Trustees_of_Princeton_University" title="Trustees of Princeton University">board of trustees</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Yee-2013-134">[132]</a> The board is responsible for the overall direction of the university. It consists of no fewer than 23 and no more than 40 members at any one time, with the president of the university and the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">governor of New Jersey</a> serving as <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member">ex officio members</a>. It approves the operating and capital budgets, supervises the investment of the university's endowment, and oversees campus real estate and long-range physical planning. The trustees also exercise prior review and approval concerning changes in major policies such as those in instructional programs and admission as well as tuition and fees and the hiring of faculty members.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> The university is composed of the Undergraduate College, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_School" title="Princeton University Graduate School">Graduate School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_School_of_Architecture" title="Princeton University School of Architecture">School of Architecture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="Princeton School of Public and International Affairs">School of Public and International Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a> Additionally, the school's <a href="/wiki/Bendheim_Center_for_Finance" title="Bendheim Center for Finance">Bendheim Center for Finance</a> provides education for the area of money and finance in lieu of a <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Princeton did host a <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Law_School" title="Princeton Law School">Princeton Law School</a> for a short period, before eventually closing in 1852 due to poor income.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> Princeton's lack of other professional schools can be attributed to a university focus on undergraduates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019564-235">[232]</a> The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study,<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a>, Rutgers University, and the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Choir_College" title="Westminster Choir College">Westminster Choir College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rider_University" title="Rider University">Rider University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Princeton is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">Universities Research Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities" title="National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities">National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> The university is accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_States_Commission_on_Higher_Education" title="Middle States Commission on Higher Education">Middle States Commission on Higher Education</a> (MSCHE), with its last reaffirmation in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> Princeton University's endowment of $37 billion (per 2021 figures) was ranked as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_US_colleges_and_universities_by_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of US colleges and universities by endowment">fourth</a> largest endowment in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> and it had the greatest per-student endowment in the world at over $4.4 million per student.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> The endowment is sustained through continued donations and is maintained by investment advisers.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Princeton's operating budget is over $2 billion per year, with 50% going to academic departments and programs, 33% to administrative and student service departments, 10% to financial aid departments, and 7% to the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Academics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate">Undergraduate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Undergraduate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McCosh_50_Renovated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/McCosh_50_Renovated.jpg/260px-McCosh_50_Renovated.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/McCosh_50_Renovated.jpg/390px-McCosh_50_Renovated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/McCosh_50_Renovated.jpg/520px-McCosh_50_Renovated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>McCosh 50, the largest lecture hall on campus</figcaption></figure> Princeton follows a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts</a> curriculum,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019564-235">[232]</a> and offers two bachelor's degrees to students: a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> (A.B.) and a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Science in Engineering">Bachelor of Science in Engineering</a> (B.S.E.).<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a> Typically, A.B. students choose a major (called a concentration) at the end of sophomore year, while B.S.E. students declare at the end of their freshman year.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Students must complete distribution requirements, departmental requirements, and independent work to graduate with either degree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019564-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a> A.B. students must complete distribution requirements in literature and the arts, science and engineering, social analysis, cultural difference, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and cognition, ethical thought and moral values, historical analysis, and quantitative and computational reasoning; they must also have satisfactory ability in a foreign language.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a> Additionally, they must complete two papers of independent work during their junior year—known as the junior papers—and craft a senior thesis to graduate;<a href="#cite_note-Gullickson-2014-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019565-249">[246]</a> both revolve around the concentration they are pursuing.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-IndResearch-250">[247]</a> B.S.E. majors complete fewer courses in the humanities and social sciences and instead fulfill requirements in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and computer programming.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a> They likewise must complete independent work, which typically involves a design project or senior thesis, but not the junior papers.<a href="#cite_note-Gullickson-2014-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-IndResearch-250">[247]</a> A.B. majors must complete 31 courses, whereas B.S.E. majors must complete 36 courses.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> Students can choose from either 36 concentrations or create their own. They can also participate in 55 interdisciplinary certificate programs;<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a> since Princeton does not offer an <a href="/wiki/Academic_minor" title="Academic minor">academic minor</a>, the certificates effectively serve as one.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> Course structure is determined by the instructor and department. Classes vary in their format, ranging from small seminars to medium-sized lecture courses to large lecture courses.<a href="#cite_note-Lestition-2021-253">[250]</a> The latter two typically have <a href="/wiki/Precept#Higher_education" title="Precept">precepts</a>, which are extra weekly discussion sessions that are led by either the professor or a graduate student.<a href="#cite_note-Lestition-2021-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Precept-254">[251]</a> The average class meeting time is 3–4 hours a week, although this can vary depending on the course.<a href="#cite_note-Lestition-2021-253">[250]</a> The student to faculty ratio is 5 to 1,<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Precept-254">[251]</a> and a majority of classes have fewer than 20 students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019565-249">[246]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Fiske_Guide_to_Colleges" title="Fiske Guide to Colleges">Fiske Guide to Colleges</a>, academic culture is considered as "tight-knit, extremely hardworking, highly cooperative, and supportive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019566-71">[70]</a> Undergraduates agree to adhere to an academic integrity policy called the Honor Code. Under the Honor Code, faculty do not proctor examinations; instead, the students proctor one another and must report any suspected violation to an Honor Committee made up of undergraduates.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> The Committee investigates reported violations and holds a hearing if it is warranted. An acquittal at such a hearing results in the destruction of all records of the hearing; a conviction results in the student's suspension or expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> Violations pertaining to all other academic work fall under the jurisdiction of the Faculty-Student Committee on Discipline.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> Undergraduates are expected to sign a pledge on their written work affirming that they have not <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarized</a> the work.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grade_deflation_policy">Grade deflation policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Grade deflation policy">edit</a>]</div> The first focus on issues of grade inflation by the Princeton administration began in 1998 when a university report was released showcasing a steady rise in undergraduate grades from 1973 to 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Princetonian-2004-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foderaro-2010-260">[257]</a> Subsequent reports and discussion from the report culminated to when in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-Princetonian-2004-259">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Weiss_Malkiel" title="Nancy Weiss Malkiel">Nancy Weiss Malkiel</a>, the dean of the college, implemented a grade deflation policy to address the findings.<a href="#cite_note-On_grade_deflation-261">[258]</a> Malkiel's reason for the policy was that an A was becoming devalued as a larger percentage of the student body received one.<a href="#cite_note-On_grade_deflation-261">[258]</a> Following its introduction, the number of A's and average GPA on campus dropped, although A's and B's were still the most frequent grades awarded.<a href="#cite_note-Foderaro-2010-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> The policy received mixed approval from both faculty and students when first instituted.<a href="#cite_note-Princetonian-2004-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Criticism for grade deflation continued through the years, with students alleging negative effects like increased competition and lack of willingness to choose challenging classes.<a href="#cite_note-On_grade_deflation-261">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> Other criticism included job market and graduate school prospects, although Malkiel responded by saying that she sent 3,000 letters to numerous institutions and employers informing them.<a href="#cite_note-Foderaro-2010-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-On_grade_deflation-261">[258]</a> In 2009, transcripts began including a statement about the policy.<a href="#cite_note-Levenson-2013-265">[262]</a> In October 2013, Princeton President Christopher Eisgruber created a faculty committee to review the deflation policy.<a href="#cite_note-Levenson-2013-265">[262]</a> In August 2014, the committee released a report recommending the removal of the policy and instead develop consistent standards for grading across individual departments.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> In October 2014, following a faculty vote, the numerical targets were removed in response to the report.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> In a 2020 analysis of undergraduate grades following the removal of a policy, there were no long-lasting effects, with the percent of students receiving A's higher than in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate">Graduate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Graduate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Tower,_Princeton_University_Graduate_College,_NJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cleveland_Tower%2C_Princeton_University_Graduate_College%2C_NJ.jpg/220px-Cleveland_Tower%2C_Princeton_University_Graduate_College%2C_NJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cleveland_Tower%2C_Princeton_University_Graduate_College%2C_NJ.jpg/330px-Cleveland_Tower%2C_Princeton_University_Graduate_College%2C_NJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cleveland_Tower%2C_Princeton_University_Graduate_College%2C_NJ.jpg/440px-Cleveland_Tower%2C_Princeton_University_Graduate_College%2C_NJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="2519" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Tower" title="Cleveland Tower">Cleveland Tower</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_College" title="Princeton University Graduate College">Princeton University Graduate College</a></figcaption></figure> For the 2019–2020 academic year, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_School" title="Princeton University Graduate School">Graduate School</a> enrolled 2,971 students. Approximately 40% of the students were female, 42% were international, and 35% of domestic students were a member of a U.S. minority group. The average time to complete a doctoral degree was 5.7 years.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Costs-269">[266]</a> The university awarded 318 Ph.D. degrees and 174 final master's degrees for the 2019–2020 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Costs-269">[266]</a> The Graduate School offers degrees in 42 academic departments and programs, which span the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a>, and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Costs-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctoral education</a> is available for all departments while master's degrees are only available in the architecture, engineering, finance, and public policy departments.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> Doctoral education focuses on original, independent scholarship whereas master's degrees focus more on career preparation in both public life and professional practice. Graduate students can also concentrate in an interdisciplinary program and be granted a certificate. <a href="/wiki/Joint_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint degrees">Joint degrees</a> are available for several disciplines, as are dual <a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">M.D./Ph.D.</a> or M.P.A./J.D. programs.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[d]</a> Students in the graduate school can participate in regional cross-registration agreements, domestic exchanges with other <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> schools and similar institutions, and in international partnerships and exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Grad-2021b-272">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-273">[269]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-274">[270]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings">Washington Monthly</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-275">[271]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>/College Pulse<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-276">[272]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-277">[273]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">17 (tie)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-278">[274]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-279">[275]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">18</td></tr></tbody></table> Princeton is one of the world's most prominent <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research universities</a>, featured at the top of <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>'s national university rankings for the ninth consecutive year in 2024, as well as topping comparable lists by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PrincetonTopUniversityUSNews-280">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForbesPrincetonTopUniversity-281">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_JournalPrincetonTopUniversity-282">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Princeton is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity."<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> Based on data for the 2020 fiscal year, the university received approximately US$250 million in sponsored research for its main campus, with 81.4% coming from the government, 12.1% from foundations, 5.5% from industry, and 1.0% from private and other. An additional $120 million in sponsored research was for the Plasma Physics Lab; the main campus and the lab combined totaled to $370 million for sponsored research.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> Based on 2017 data, the university ranked 72nd among 902 institutions for research expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> Based on 2018 data, Princeton's <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academy</a> Membership totaled to 126, ranking 9th in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> The university hosts 75 research institutes and centers and two national laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> Princeton is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Grant">New Jersey Space Grant Consortium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Library_system">Library system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Library system">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firestone_Library_Princeton_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of Firestone Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Firestone_Library_Princeton_front.jpg/220px-Firestone_Library_Princeton_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Firestone_Library_Princeton_front.jpg/330px-Firestone_Library_Princeton_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Firestone_Library_Princeton_front.jpg/440px-Firestone_Library_Princeton_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="2922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Library" title="Princeton University Library">Firestone Library</a>, the largest of Princeton's libraries</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Library" title="Princeton University Library">Princeton University Library</a> system houses over 13 million holdings through 11 buildings,<a href="#cite_note-Facilities-2021-289">[285]</a> including seven million bound volumes, making it one of the largest university libraries in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanLibraryAssociation-2009-16">[15]</a> Built in 1948, the main campus library is <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Firestone Library">Firestone Library</a> and serves as the main repository for the humanities and social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-Facilities-2021-289">[285]</a> Its collections include the autographed manuscript of <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby" title="The Great Gatsby">The Great Gatsby</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Long_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Telegram">Long Telegram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> In addition to Firestone library, specialized libraries exist for architecture, art and archaeology, East Asian studies, engineering, music, public and international affairs, public policy and university archives, and the sciences.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> The library system provides access to subscription-based electronic resources and databases to students.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_laboratories">National laboratories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: National laboratories">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</a> (PPPL) stemmed from <a href="/wiki/Project_Matterhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Matterhorn">Project Matterhorn</a>, a top secret cold war project created in 1951 aimed at achieving controlled <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Nuclear-2021-294">[290]</a> Princeton astrophysics professor <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a> became the first director of the project and remained director until the lab's declassification in 1961 when it received its current name.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Nuclear-2021-294">[290]</a> Today, it is an institute for fusion energy research and plasma physics research.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> Founded in 1955 and located at Princeton's Forrestal Campus since 1968, the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Fluid_Dynamics_Laboratory" title="Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory">Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory</a> (GFDL) conducts climate research and modeling.<a href="#cite_note-GFDL-2021-296">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> Princeton faculty, research scientists, and graduate scientists can participate in research with the lab.<a href="#cite_note-GFDL-2021-296">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admissions_and_financial_aid">Admissions and financial aid</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Admissions and financial aid">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Admissions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Undergraduate admissions statistics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="position:relative;">2022 entering class<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a>Change vs. 2017<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a></div><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admit rate</th><td class="infobox-data">5.6% <div style="float:right;">(<img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> −1.6)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">Yield rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">69.1% <div style="float:right;">(<img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> −0.7)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Test scores <a href="/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">middle 50%</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> <abbr title="Evidence-Based Reading and Writing">EBRW</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data">760</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> Math</th><td class="infobox-data">790 <div style="float:right;">(<img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> +40 median)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a> Composite</th><td class="infobox-data">35 <div style="float:right;">(<img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> +2 median)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">High school <a href="/wiki/GPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPA">GPA</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average</th><td class="infobox-data">3.95 <div style="float:right;">(<img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> +0.04)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table>Princeton offers several methods to apply: the <a href="/wiki/Common_Application" title="Common Application">Common Application</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_College" title="Coalition for College">Coalition Application</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/QuestBridge" title="QuestBridge">QuestBridge Application</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Apply-2016-300">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> Princeton's application requires several writing supplements and submitting a graded written paper.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Apply-2016-300">[296]</a> Princeton's undergraduate program is highly selective, admitting 5.8% of undergraduate applicants in the 2019–2020 admissions cycle (for the Class of 2024).<a href="#cite_note-CDS-4">[4]</a> The middle 50% range of <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> scores was 1470–1560, the middle 50% range of the <a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a> composite score was 33–35, and the average high school GPA was a 3.91.<a href="#cite_note-CDS-4">[4]</a> For graduate admissions, in the 2021–2022 academic year, Princeton received 12,553 applications for admission and accepted 1,322 applicants, with a yield rate of 51%.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Costs-269">[266]</a> In the 1950s, Princeton used an ABC system to function as a precursory early program, where admission officers would visit <a href="/wiki/Feeder_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeder schools">feeder schools</a> and assign A, B, or C ratings to students.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[e]</a> From 1977 to 1995, Princeton employed an <a href="/wiki/Early_action" title="Early action">early action</a> program, and in 1996, transitioned to an <a href="/wiki/Early_decision" title="Early decision">early decision</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-PrincetonUniversity-2011-304">[299]</a> In September 2006, the university announced that all applicants for the Class of 2012 would be considered in a single pool, ending the school's early decision program.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> In February 2011, following decisions by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> and Harvard University to reinstate their early admissions programs, Princeton announced it would institute a single-choice early action option for applicants,<a href="#cite_note-PrincetonUniversity-2011-304">[299]</a> which it still uses.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Apply-2016-300">[296]</a> Princeton reinstated its <a href="/wiki/Transfer_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer students">transfer students</a> program in 2018 after a three decade moratorium; the program encourages applicants from low-income families, the military, and community colleges.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs_and_financial_aid">Costs and financial aid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Costs and financial aid">edit</a>]</div> As of the 2021–2022 academic year, the total cost of attendance is $77,690.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> 61% of all undergraduates receive financial aid, with the average financial aid grant being $57,251.<a href="#cite_note-CDS-4">[4]</a> Tuition, room, and board is free for families making up to $65,000, and financial aid is offered to families making up to $180,000.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> In 2001, expanding on earlier reforms, Princeton became the first university to eliminate the use of <a href="/wiki/Student_loan" title="Student loan">student loans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Student financial aid (United States)">financial aid</a>, replacing them with grants.<a href="#cite_note-Moroz-2001-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019566-71">[70]</a> In addition, all admissions are <a href="/wiki/Need-blind_admission" title="Need-blind admission">need-blind</a>, and financial aid meets 100% of demonstrated financial need.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> The university does not use academic or athletic merit scholarships.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> In September 2022, Princeton announced that it would cover all costs for families earning $100,000 a year or less, with reduced costs for higher income families as well.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiplinger" title="Kiplinger">Kiplinger</a> magazine in 2019 ranked Princeton as the fifth best value school in a combined list comparing <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private universities</a>, private <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts colleges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public colleges</a>, noting that the average graduating debt was $9,005.<a href="#cite_note-Pitsker-2019-313">[308]</a> For its 2021 rankings, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> ranked it second in its category for "Best Value Schools".<a href="#cite_note-Sheinerman-2020-314">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life_and_culture">Student life and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Student life and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_colleges">Residential colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Residential colleges">edit</a>]</div> The university guarantees housing for students for all four years,<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Housing-2016-315">[310]</a> with more than 98% of undergraduates living on campus.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Life-316">[311]</a> Freshman and sophomores are required to live on campus, specifically in one of the university's seven <a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">residential colleges</a>. Once put into a residential college, students have an upperclassmen residential college adviser to adjust to college life and a faculty academic adviser for academic guidance.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-ResColleges-317">[312]</a> Upperclassmen are given the option to keep living in the college or decide to move into upperclassmen dorms;<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Life-316">[311]</a> upperclassmen still remain affiliated with their college even if they live somewhere else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019566-71">[70]</a> Each residential college has its own distinct layout and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-ResColleges-317">[312]</a> Additionally, each college has its own faculty head, dean, director of studies, and director of student life. The colleges feature various amenities, such as dining halls, common rooms, laundry rooms, academic spaces, and arts and entertainment resources. Out of the seven undergraduate colleges (excluding the Graduate College) three of the colleges house students from all classes while the other four house only underclassmen.<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> Present-day residential colleges are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Rockefeller_College_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Princeton_Rockefeller_College_CoA.svg/48px-Princeton_Rockefeller_College_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Princeton_Rockefeller_College_CoA.svg/72px-Princeton_Rockefeller_College_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Princeton_Rockefeller_College_CoA.svg/96px-Princeton_Rockefeller_College_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_College" title="Rockefeller College">Rockefeller College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Mathey_College_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Princeton_Mathey_College_CoA.svg/48px-Princeton_Mathey_College_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Princeton_Mathey_College_CoA.svg/72px-Princeton_Mathey_College_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Princeton_Mathey_College_CoA.svg/96px-Princeton_Mathey_College_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mathey_College" title="Mathey College">Mathey College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Butler_College_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Princeton_Butler_College_CoA.svg/48px-Princeton_Butler_College_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Princeton_Butler_College_CoA.svg/72px-Princeton_Butler_College_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Princeton_Butler_College_CoA.svg/96px-Princeton_Butler_College_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Butler_College" title="Butler College">Butler College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Forbes_College_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Princeton_Forbes_College_CoA.svg/48px-Princeton_Forbes_College_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Princeton_Forbes_College_CoA.svg/72px-Princeton_Forbes_College_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Princeton_Forbes_College_CoA.svg/96px-Princeton_Forbes_College_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Forbes_College" title="Forbes College">Forbes College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Whitman_College_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Princeton_Whitman_College_CoA.svg/48px-Princeton_Whitman_College_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Princeton_Whitman_College_CoA.svg/72px-Princeton_Whitman_College_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Princeton_Whitman_College_CoA.svg/96px-Princeton_Whitman_College_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Whitman_College,_Princeton_University" title="Whitman College, Princeton University">Whitman College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Yeh_College_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Princeton_Yeh_College_CoA.svg/48px-Princeton_Yeh_College_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Princeton_Yeh_College_CoA.svg/72px-Princeton_Yeh_College_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Princeton_Yeh_College_CoA.svg/96px-Princeton_Yeh_College_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yeh_College" title="Yeh College">Yeh College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_NCW_College_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Princeton_NCW_College_CoA.svg/48px-Princeton_NCW_College_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Princeton_NCW_College_CoA.svg/72px-Princeton_NCW_College_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Princeton_NCW_College_CoA.svg/96px-Princeton_NCW_College_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_College_West" title="New College West">New College West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_GC_College_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Princeton_GC_College_CoA.svg/48px-Princeton_GC_College_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Princeton_GC_College_CoA.svg/72px-Princeton_GC_College_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Princeton_GC_College_CoA.svg/96px-Princeton_GC_College_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_College" title="Princeton University Graduate College">Graduate College</a></li></ul></div> Princeton's residential college system dates back to when university president Woodrow Wilson's proposed the creation of quadrangles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxtell20061-84">[83]</a> While the plan was vetoed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxtell20061-84">[83]</a> it eventually made a resurgence with the creation of Wilson Lodge (now known as <a href="/wiki/First_College" title="First College">First College</a>) in 1957 to provide an alternative to the eating clubs.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-HistColleges-319">[314]</a> Wilson Lodge was dedicated as Wilson College in 1968 and served as an experiment for the residential college system. In 2020, Princeton University elected to change the name of Wilson College to First College after the recent deaths involving police brutality of black individuals.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> When enrollment increased in the 1970s, a university report in 1979 recommended the establishment of five residential colleges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995236–238-321">[316]</a> Funding was raised within a year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995239-322">[317]</a> leading to the development of <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_College" title="Rockefeller College">Rockefeller College</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Mathey_College" title="Mathey College">Mathey College</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Butler_College" title="Butler College">Butler College</a> (1983), and <a href="/wiki/Forbes_College" title="Forbes College">Forbes College</a> (1984).<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-HistColleges-319">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whitman_College,_Princeton_University" title="Whitman College, Princeton University">Whitman College</a> was founded and constructed in 2007 at a cost of $100 million.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> Butler's dorms were demolished in 2007 and a new complex was built in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Res-Butler-324">[319]</a> Butler and Mathey previously acted as only underclassmen colleges, but transitioned to four-year colleges in fall 2009.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> Princeton completed and opened two new residential colleges—<a href="/wiki/Residential_College_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential College 7">Yeh College</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_College_West" title="New College West">New College West</a>—at the beginning of the academic year in September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[f]</a> The university plans to construct a new residential college named Hobson College where First College currently stands.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> Princeton has one graduate residential college, known as the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_College" title="Princeton University Graduate College">Graduate College</a>, located on a hill about half a mile from the main campus.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Grad-2021a-330">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[g]</a> The location of the Graduate College was the result of a dispute between Woodrow Wilson and then-Graduate School Dean <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fleming_West" title="Andrew Fleming West">Andrew Fleming West</a>. Wilson preferred a central location for the college; West wanted the graduate students as far as possible from the campus, and ultimately, he prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978502–503-333">[326]</a> The Graduate College is composed of a large <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a> section crowned by <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Tower" title="Cleveland Tower">Cleveland Tower</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Grad-2021a-330">[324]</a> a memorial tower for former Princeton trustee <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978131-335">[328]</a> The tower also has 67 <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a> bells, making it one of the largest carillons in the world.<a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a> The attached New Graduate College provides a modern contrast in architectural style to the gothic Old Graduate College.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Res-NGC-337">[330]</a> Graduate students also have the option of living in student apartments.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Res-Genl-338">[331]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Forbes_College_from_College_Rd_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forbes College (founded 1984)"><img alt="A picture of Forbes College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Forbes_College_from_College_Rd_West.jpg/320px-Forbes_College_from_College_Rd_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Forbes_College_from_College_Rd_West.jpg/480px-Forbes_College_from_College_Rd_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Forbes_College_from_College_Rd_West.jpg/640px-Forbes_College_from_College_Rd_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Forbes_College" title="Forbes College">Forbes College</a> (founded 1984)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathey_College,_Princeton_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mathey College (founded 1983)"><img alt="The exterior of Mathey College, specifically Blair Arch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mathey_College%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/320px-Mathey_College%2C_Princeton_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mathey_College%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/480px-Mathey_College%2C_Princeton_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mathey_College%2C_Princeton_University.jpg/640px-Mathey_College%2C_Princeton_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mathey_College" title="Mathey College">Mathey College</a> (founded 1983)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_(6035183309).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rockefeller College (founded 1982)"><img alt="A picture of Rockefeller College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Princeton_%286035183309%29.jpg/320px-Princeton_%286035183309%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Princeton_%286035183309%29.jpg/480px-Princeton_%286035183309%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Princeton_%286035183309%29.jpg/640px-Princeton_%286035183309%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_College" title="Rockefeller College">Rockefeller College</a> (founded 1982)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_University_Whitman_College.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Whitman College (founded 2007)"><img alt="The exterior of Whitman College." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Princeton_University_Whitman_College.JPG/320px-Princeton_University_Whitman_College.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Princeton_University_Whitman_College.JPG/480px-Princeton_University_Whitman_College.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Princeton_University_Whitman_College.JPG/640px-Princeton_University_Whitman_College.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="2005" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Whitman_College,_Princeton_University" title="Whitman College, Princeton University">Whitman College</a> (founded 2007)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_clubs_and_dining">Eating clubs and dining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Eating clubs and dining">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_eating_clubs" title="Princeton University eating clubs">Princeton University eating clubs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Ivy_Club_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of Ivy Club, the oldest eating club on campus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Princeton_Ivy_Club_2023.jpg/220px-Princeton_Ivy_Club_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Princeton_Ivy_Club_2023.jpg/330px-Princeton_Ivy_Club_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Princeton_Ivy_Club_2023.jpg/440px-Princeton_Ivy_Club_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3476" data-file-height="2642" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1879, <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Club" title="Ivy Club">Ivy Club</a> is the oldest and wealthiest <a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs at Princeton University">eating club</a> on campus</figcaption></figure> Each residential college has a dining hall for students in the college, and they vary in their environment and food served.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Dining-339">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> Upperclassmen who no longer live in the college can choose from a variety of options: join an <a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs at Princeton University">eating club</a> and choose a shared meal plan; join a dining co-op, where groups of students eat, prepare, and cook food together; or organize their own dining.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Dining-339">[332]</a> The university offers <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">kosher</a> dining through the Center for Jewish Life and <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> dining options for Muslim students in the dining halls.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Dining-339">[332]</a> Social life takes place primarily on campus and is involved heavily with one's residential college or eating club.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Housing-2016-315">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019567-166">[163]</a> Residential colleges host a variety of social events and activities, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> show outings to regular barbecues.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-ResColleges-317">[312]</a> Eating clubs, while not affiliated with the university, are co-ed organizations that serve as social centers, host events, and invite guest speakers.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-EatingClubs-1-341">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019566-71">[70]</a> Additionally, they serve as a place of community for upperclassmen.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-EatingClubs-1-341">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019567-166">[163]</a> Five of the clubs have first-serve memberships called "sign-ins" and six clubs use a selective process, in which students must "bicker".<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-EatingClubs-2-342">[335]</a> This requires prospective members to undergo an interviewing process.<a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> Each eating club has a fee to join which ranges from around $9,000 to $10,000. As a result, Princeton increases financial aid for upperclassmen, and the eating clubs also offer financial assistance.<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> Cumulatively, there are ten clubs located on Prospect Avenue—<a href="/wiki/Cannon_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Club">Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_Gown_Club" title="Cap and Gown Club">Cap and Gown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Charter_Club" title="Princeton Charter Club">Charter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloister_Inn" title="Cloister Inn">Cloister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Club" title="Colonial Club">Colonial</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_Cottage_Club" title="University Cottage Club">Cottage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Club" title="Ivy Club">Ivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_Club" title="Quadrangle Club">Quadrangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Inn" title="Tiger Inn">Tiger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Club" title="Tower Club">Tower</a>—and one located on Washington Road—<a href="/wiki/Terrace_Club" title="Terrace Club">Terrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-EatingClubs-2-342">[335]</a> Sixty-eight percent of upperclassmen are members of a club, with each one containing around 150 to 200 students<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-EatingClubs-2-342">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campus_organizations">Campus organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Campus organizations">edit</a>]</div> Princeton hosts around 500 recognized student organizations and several campus centers.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Life-316">[311]</a> The Undergraduate Student Government (USG) serves as Princeton's <a href="/wiki/Student_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Student Government">student government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-StudGovt-347">[340]</a> The USG funds student organization events, sponsors campus events, and represents the undergraduate student body when convening with faculty and administration.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-StudGovt-347">[340]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whig_Hall_Princeton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of Whig Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Whig_Hall_Princeton.jpg/220px-Whig_Hall_Princeton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Whig_Hall_Princeton.jpg/330px-Whig_Hall_Princeton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Whig_Hall_Princeton.jpg/440px-Whig_Hall_Princeton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Whig Hall, where the <a href="/wiki/American_Whig-Cliosophic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Whig-Cliosophic Society">American Whig-Cliosophic Society</a> resides</figcaption></figure> Founded in about 1765, the <a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">American Whig-Cliosophic Society</a> is the nation's oldest collegiate political, literary, and debate society,<a href="#cite_note-Salant-2021-348">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019567-166">[163]</a> and is the largest and oldest student organization on campus.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> The Whig-Clio Society has several subsidiary organizations, each specialized to different areas of politics: the Princeton Debate Panel, International Relations Council, Princeton Mock Trial, and Princeton Model Congress.<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> The International Relations Council manages two Model United Nations conferences: the Princeton Diplomatic Invitational (PDI) for collegiate competition and the Princeton Model United Nations Conference (PMUNC) for high school competition.<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> There are several publications on campus and a radio station. Founded in 1876, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Princetonian" title="The Daily Princetonian">The Daily Princetonian</a>, otherwise known as The Prince, is the second oldest college daily <a href="/wiki/Student_publication" title="Student publication">student newspaper</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-TDP-352">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewYorkTimes-1950-353">[346]</a> Other publications include The Nassau Literary Review,<a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a> the <a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Tory" title="The Princeton Tory">Princeton Tory</a>, a campus journal of conservative thought,<a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a> The Princeton Diplomat, the only student-run magazine on global affairs,<a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a> the Princeton Political Review, the only multi-partisan political publication on campus,<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a> and the recently revived Princeton Progressive, the only left-leaning political publication on campus,<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurkee2022458-359">[352]</a> among others. Princeton's <a href="/wiki/WPRB" title="WPRB">WPRB</a> (103.3 FM) radio station is the oldest licensed college radio station in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiskeLecuyer2019567-166">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McCarter_Theater2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of McCarter Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/McCarter_Theater2.JPG/220px-McCarter_Theater2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/McCarter_Theater2.JPG/330px-McCarter_Theater2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/McCarter_Theater2.JPG/440px-McCarter_Theater2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McCarter_Theatre" title="McCarter Theatre">McCarter Theatre</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Triangle_Club" title="Princeton Triangle Club">Princeton Triangle Club</a> premiers its Triangle Show<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978294-360">[353]</a></figcaption></figure> Princeton is home to a variety of performing arts and music groups. Many of the groups are represented by the Performing Arts Council.<a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> Dating back to 1883, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Triangle_Club" title="Princeton Triangle Club">Princeton Triangle Club</a> is America's oldest touring musical-comedy theater group.<a href="#cite_note-NJ.com-2021-362">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Triangle-363">[356]</a> It performs its annual Triangle Show every fall at the 1,000 seat McCarter Theatre,<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978294-360">[353]</a> as well as original <a href="/wiki/Musical_comedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical comedies">musical comedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revues</a>, and other shows throughout campus.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Triangle-363">[356]</a> Princeton's oldest choir is the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Glee_Club" title="Princeton Glee Club">Glee Club</a>, which began in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Singing-365">[358]</a> The comedic <a href="/wiki/Scramble_band" title="Scramble band">scramble</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Band" title="Princeton University Band">Tiger Band</a> was formed in 1919 and plays at halftime shows and other events.<a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> Other groups include the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Orchestra" title="Princeton University Orchestra">Princeton University Orchestra</a>, the flagship symphony orchestra group founded in 1896,<a href="#cite_note-PrincetonUniversityOrchestra-1896-367">[360]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Princeton Symphony Orchestra">Princeton Symphony Orchestra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a> both of which perform at <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hall_(Princeton_University)" title="Alexander Hall (Princeton University)">Alexander Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-PrincetonUniversityOrchestra-1896-367">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a> groups are a staple of campus life, with many holding concerts, informal shows, and arch sings.<a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Singing-365">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aronson-2011-370">[363]</a> Arch sings are where a cappella performances are held in one of Princeton's many gothic arches. The oldest a cappella ensemble is the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Nassoons" title="Princeton Nassoons">Nassoons</a>, which were formed in 1941. All-male groups include the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigertones" title="Princeton Tigertones">Tigertones</a> (1946) and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Footnotes" title="Princeton Footnotes">Footnotes</a> (1959); all-female groups include the Tigerlilies (1971), Tigressions (1981), Wildcats (1987); the oldest coed a cappella group in the Ivy League is the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Katzenjammers" title="Princeton Katzenjammers">Princeton Katzenjammers</a> (1973), which was followed by the Roaring 20 (1983) and Shere Khan (1994).<a href="#cite_note-Aronson-2011-370">[363]</a> Princeton features several campus centers for students that provide resources and information for students with certain identities. These include the Center for Jewish Life, the Davis International Center, the Carl A. Fields Center for Equality and Cultural Understanding, the Women's Center, and the LGBT Center. The Frist Campus Center and the Campus Club are additional facilities for the entire campus community that hold various activities and events.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Life-316">[311]</a> Princeton features 15 chaplaincies and multiple religious student groups. The following faiths are represented on campus: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baha'i</a>, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fitzrandolph_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of FitzRandolph Gates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fitzrandolph_Gate.jpg/220px-Fitzrandolph_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fitzrandolph_Gate.jpg/330px-Fitzrandolph_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fitzrandolph_Gate.jpg/440px-Fitzrandolph_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FitzRandolph_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="FitzRandolph Gates">FitzRandolph Gates</a>, which by tradition undergraduates do not exit until graduation.</figcaption></figure> Princeton students partake in a wide variety of campus traditions, both past and present.<a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> Current traditions Princeton students celebrate include the ceremonial bonfire, which takes place on the Cannon Green behind Nassau Hall. It is held only if Princeton beats both Harvard University and Yale University at <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">football</a> in the same season.<a href="#cite_note-Pryor-2018-373">[366]</a> Another tradition is the use of traditional college cheers at events and reunions, like the "Locomotive", which dates back to before 1894.<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princetoniana-Cheers-375">[368]</a> Princeton students abide by the tradition of never exiting the campus through <a href="/wiki/FitzRandolph_Gate" title="FitzRandolph Gate">FitzRandolph Gates</a> until one graduates. According to tradition, anyone who exits campus before their graduation will not graduate.<a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a> A more controversial tradition is <a href="/wiki/Newman_Day" title="Newman Day">Newman's Day</a>, where some students attempt to drink 24 beers in the 24 hours of April 24. According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, "the day got its name from an apocryphal quote attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>: '24 beers in a case, 24 hours in a day. Coincidence? I think not.'"<a href="#cite_note-Cheng-2004-378">[371]</a> Newman has spoken out against the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng-2004-378">[371]</a> One of the biggest traditions celebrated annually are <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Reunions" title="Princeton Reunions">Reunions</a>, which are massive annual gatherings of alumni.<a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a> At Reunions, a traditional parade of alumni and their families, known as the "P-rade", process through the campus.<a href="#cite_note-380">[373]</a> Princeton also has several traditions that have faded into the past. One of them was <a href="/wiki/Bell_clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell clapper">clapper</a> theft, the act of climbing to the top of Nassau Hall to steal the bell clapper, which rings to signal the start of classes on the first day of the school year. For safety reasons, the clapper was permanently removed.<a href="#cite_note-381">[374]</a> Another was the Nude Olympics, an annual nude and partially nude frolic in Holder Courtyard that used to take place during the first snow of the winter. Started in the early 1970s, the Nude Olympics went co-educational in 1979 and gained much notoriety with the American press. Due to issues of sexual harassment and safety reasons, the administration banned the Olympics in 2000 to the disappointment of students.<a href="#cite_note-382">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxtell2006370-383">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alma_mater">Alma mater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Alma mater">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Nassau.ogg" title="File:Old Nassau.ogg">Old Nassau</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Old_Nassau.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Old_Nassau.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Old_Nassau.ogg/Old_Nassau.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> "<a href="/wiki/Old_Nassau" title="Old Nassau">Old Nassau</a>" has been Princeton University's school song since 1859, when it was written that year by freshman Harlan Page Peck. It was originally published in the Nassau Literary Magazine, where it won the magazine's prize for best college song. After an unsuccessful attempt at singing it to <a href="/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne" title="Auld Lang Syne">Auld Lang Syne</a>'s melody, Karl Langlotz, a Princeton professor, wrote the music for it.<a href="#cite_note-384">[377]</a> In 1987, the university changed the gendered lyrics of "Old Nassau" to reflect the school's co-educational student body.<a href="#cite_note-385">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Transit" title="Tiger Transit">Tiger Transit</a> is the bus system of the university, mostly open to the public and linking university campuses and areas around Princeton;<a href="#cite_note-386">[379]</a> routes are updated upon community feedback. The service sees an average of 3,500 boardings per day on weekdays and 1,100 boardings per day on weekends.<a href="#cite_note-387">[380]</a> <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a> provides bus service on the <a href="/wiki/600_(New_Jersey_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="600 (New Jersey bus)">600</a>, <a href="/wiki/606_(New_Jersey_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="606 (New Jersey bus)">606</a> and <a href="/wiki/609_(New_Jersey_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="609 (New Jersey bus)">609</a> lines and rail service on the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Branch" title="Princeton Branch">Dinky</a>, a small commuter train that provides service to the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Junction_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton Junction Station">Princeton Junction Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Transp-2020-388">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coach_USA" title="Coach USA">Coach USA</a>, through their subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Suburban_Transit" title="Suburban Transit">Suburban Transit</a>, provides bus service to New York City and other destinations in New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Transp-2020-388">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_body">Student body</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Student body">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible" style="width: 10%;"> <caption style="font-size:85%">Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-389">[382]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">36% </td> <td align="left">36<div style="width:72px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">25% </td> <td align="left">25<div style="width:50px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">12% </td> <td align="left">12<div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">11% </td> <td align="left">11<div style="width:22px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">9% </td> <td align="left">9<div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-390">[h]</a> </td> <td align="right">7% </td> <td align="left">7<div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[i]</a> </td> <td align="right">23% </td> <td align="left">23<div style="width:46px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[j]</a> </td> <td align="right">77% </td> <td align="left">77<div style="width:154px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Princeton has made significant progress in expanding the diversity of its student body in recent years. The 2021 admitted freshman class was one of the most diverse in the school's history, with 68% of students identifying as <a href="/wiki/Students_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Students of color">students of color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[383]</a> The university has worked to increase its enrollment of first-generation and low-income students in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-394">[384]</a> The median family income of Princeton students is $186,100, with 72% of students coming from the top 20% highest-earning families.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_mobility_index-395">[385]</a> In 2017, 22% of freshman qualified for federal Pell Grants, above the 16% average for the top 150 schools ranked by the U.S. News & World Report; nationwide, the average was 44%.<a href="#cite_note-396">[386]</a> Based on data in a 2019 article in The Daily Princetonian, 10% of students hail from <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg's</a> 2018 list of "100 richest places", and that the top 20% of high schools send as many students to Princeton as the bottom 80%.<a href="#cite_note-397">[387]</a> In 1999, 10% of the student body was Jewish, a percentage lower than those at other Ivy League schools. 16% of the student body was Jewish in 1985; the number decreased by 40% from 1985 to 1999. This decline prompted The Daily Princetonian to write a series of articles on the decline and its reasons. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a> wrote that Princeton was "long dogged by a reputation for <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>" and that this history as well as Princeton's elite status caused the university and its community to feel sensitivity towards the decrease of Jewish students. In the Observer, several theories are proposed for the drop, ranging from campus culture to changing admission policies to national patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Pam,_Caroline-398">[388]</a> As of 2021, according to the Center for Jewish Life on campus, the university has approximately 700 Jewish students.<a href="#cite_note-399">[389]</a> Starting in 1967, African American enrollment surged from 1.7% to 10% but has stagnated ever since.<a href="#cite_note-400">[390]</a> Bruce M. Wright was admitted into the university in 1936 as the first <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a>; however, his admission was a mistake and when he got to campus he was asked to leave. Three years later Wright asked the dean for an explanation on his dismissal and the dean suggested to him that "a member of your race might feel very much alone" at Princeton University.<a href="#cite_note-401">[391]</a> Princeton would not admit its first Black students until in 1945 when Princeton instituted the <a href="/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program" title="V-12 Navy College Training Program">V-12 program</a> on campus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2010113-402">[392]</a> In 1947, John L. Howard, one of the four naval cadets admitted to the program, would become the first Black student to graduate with a bachelor's degree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2010114-403">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_University_Cleo_tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of a tiger statue on Princeton's campus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Princeton_University_Cleo_tiger.jpg/220px-Princeton_University_Cleo_tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Princeton_University_Cleo_tiger.jpg/330px-Princeton_University_Cleo_tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Princeton_University_Cleo_tiger.jpg/440px-Princeton_University_Cleo_tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Princeton's mascot is the tiger.</figcaption></figure> Princeton supports organized athletics at three levels: varsity intercollegiate, club intercollegiate, and <a href="/wiki/Intramural_sports" title="Intramural sports">intramural</a>. It also provides "a variety of physical education and recreational programs" for members of the Princeton community.<a href="#cite_note-405">[395]</a> Most undergraduates participate in athletics at some level.<a href="#cite_note-puathfit-main-406">[396]</a> Princeton's colors are orange and black.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-2021-407">[397]</a> The school's athletes are known as the Tigers, and the mascot is a tiger.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-2021-407">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[398]</a> The Princeton administration considered naming the mascot in 2007, but the effort was dropped in the face of alumni and student opposition.<a href="#cite_note-409">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varsity">Varsity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Varsity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Tigers_vs_Lehigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture showing a football match between Princeton University and Lehigh University in September 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Princeton_Tigers_vs_Lehigh.jpg/220px-Princeton_Tigers_vs_Lehigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Princeton_Tigers_vs_Lehigh.jpg/330px-Princeton_Tigers_vs_Lehigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Princeton_Tigers_vs_Lehigh.jpg/440px-Princeton_Tigers_vs_Lehigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Princeton vs. <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh</a> football, September 2007</figcaption></figure> Princeton hosts 37 men's and women's varsity sports.<a href="#cite_note-puathfit-main-406">[396]</a> Princeton is an <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> school, with its athletic conference being the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-2021-407">[397]</a> Its rowing teams compete in the <a href="/wiki/College_rowing_in_the_United_States#Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="College rowing in the United States">Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges</a>, and its men's volleyball team competes in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association" title="Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association">Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-410">[400]</a> Princeton's sailing team, though a club sport, competes at the varsity level in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlantic_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association" title="Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association">MAISA</a> conference of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Collegiate_Sailing_Association" title="Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association">Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[401]</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">Princeton's football team</a> competes in the Football Championship Subdivision of NCAA Division I with the rest of the Ivy League.<a href="#cite_note-412">[402]</a> Princeton played against Rutgers University in the <a href="/wiki/1869_New_Jersey_vs._Rutgers_football_game" class="mw-redirect" title="1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game">first intercollegiate football game in the U.S.</a> on November 6, 1869; Rutgers won the game.<a href="#cite_note-413">[403]</a> From 1877 until at least 1903, Princeton played football using rugby rules.<a href="#cite_note-414">[404]</a> As of 2021, Princeton claims 28 national football championships, which would make it the most of any school, although the NCAA only recognizes 15 of the wins.<a href="#cite_note-415">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[406]</a> With its last win being in 2018, Princeton has won 12 Ivy League championships.<a href="#cite_note-417">[407]</a> In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Kazmaier" title="Dick Kazmaier">Dick Kazmaier</a> won Princeton its only <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a>, the last to come from the Ivy League.<a href="#cite_note-418">[408]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_basketball" title="Princeton Tigers men's basketball">men's basketball program</a> is noted for its success under <a href="/wiki/Pete_Carril" title="Pete Carril">Pete Carril</a>, the head coach from 1967 to 1996. During this time, Princeton won 13 Ivy League titles and made 11 <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship">NCAA tournament</a> appearances.<a href="#cite_note-carril-nyt-419">[409]</a> Carril introduced the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_offense" title="Princeton offense">Princeton offense</a>, an offensive strategy that has since been adopted by a number of college and professional basketball teams.<a href="#cite_note-carril-nyt-419">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[410]</a> Carril's final victory at Princeton came when the Tigers beat <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, the defending national champion, in the opening round of the <a href="/wiki/1996_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament">1996 NCAA tournament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carril-nyt-419">[409]</a> On December 14, 2005, Princeton tied the record for the fewest points in a Division I game since the institution of the three-point line in 1986–87, when the Tigers scored 21 points in a loss against <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_University" title="Monmouth University">Monmouth University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[411]</a> Princeton women's soccer team advanced to the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Soccer_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship">NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship</a> semi-finals in 2004, becoming the first Ivy League team to do so in a 64 team setting.<a href="#cite_note-422">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[413]</a> The men's soccer team was coached from 1984 to 1995 by Princeton alumnus and future <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="United States men's national soccer team">United States men's national team</a> manager <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bradley" title="Bob Bradley">Bob Bradley</a>, who lead the Tigers to win two Ivy League titles and make an appearance at the NCAA Final Four in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-424">[414]</a> Princeton's <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse">men's lacrosse program</a> undertook a period of notable success from 1992 to 2001, during which time it won six national championships.<a href="#cite_note-425">[415]</a> In 2012, its field hockey team became the first in the Ivy League to win a national championship.<a href="#cite_note-Selover-2020-426">[416]</a> Princeton has won at least one Ivy League title every year since 1957, and it became the first university in its conference to win over 500 Ivy League athletic championships.<a href="#cite_note-Selover-2020-426">[416]</a> From 1896 to 2018, 113 athletes from Princeton have competed in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a>, winning 19 gold medals, 24 silver medals, and 23 bronze medals.<a href="#cite_note-427">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Club_and_intramural">Club and intramural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Club and intramural">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1877_Cane_Spree,_Scribner%27s_Magazine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1877_Cane_Spree%2C_Scribner%27s_Magazine.png/220px-1877_Cane_Spree%2C_Scribner%27s_Magazine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1877_Cane_Spree%2C_Scribner%27s_Magazine.png/330px-1877_Cane_Spree%2C_Scribner%27s_Magazine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1877_Cane_Spree%2C_Scribner%27s_Magazine.png/440px-1877_Cane_Spree%2C_Scribner%27s_Magazine.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>The annual <a href="/wiki/Cane_Spree" title="Cane Spree">Cane Spree</a> depicted in 1877</figcaption></figure> In addition to varsity sports, Princeton hosts 37 club sports teams, which are open to all Princeton students of any skill level.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Recreation-2021a-428">[418]</a> Teams compete against other collegiate teams both in the Northeast and nationally.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Recreation-2021a-428">[418]</a> The intramural sports program is also available on campus, which schedules competitions between residential colleges, eating clubs, independent groups, students, and faculty and staff.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Life-316">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[419]</a> Several leagues with differing levels of competitiveness are available.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-Recreation-2021b-430">[420]</a> In the fall, freshman and sophomores participate in the intramural athletic competition called <a href="/wiki/Cane_Spree" title="Cane Spree">Cane Spree</a>. Although the event centers on cane wrestling, freshman and sophomores compete in other sports and competitions. This commemorates a time in the 1870s when sophomores, angry with the freshmen who strutted around with fancy canes, stole all of the canes from the freshmen, hitting them with their own canes in the process.<a href="#cite_note-431">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Princeton_University_people" title="List of Princeton University people">List of Princeton University people</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Alumni">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Princeton_University_alumni" title="Category:Princeton University alumni">Princeton University alumni</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_University_Class_of_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of the Princeton University Class of 1879, posing on the steps of the John C. Green School of Science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Princeton_University_Class_of_1879.jpg/220px-Princeton_University_Class_of_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Princeton_University_Class_of_1879.jpg/330px-Princeton_University_Class_of_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Princeton_University_Class_of_1879.jpg/440px-Princeton_University_Class_of_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2927" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption>The Princeton University Class of 1879, which included <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Mahlon Pitney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barringer_(geologist)" title="Daniel Barringer (geologist)">Daniel Barringer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Talcott">Charles Talcott</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. Presidents</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and vice presidents <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John Breckinridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> graduated from Princeton,<a href="#cite_note-Napoliello-2013-432">[422]</a> as did <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-433">[423]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> was an alumnus, as are current <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-434">[424]</a> Alumnus <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> was appointed as Chair of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-435">[425]</a> Princeton graduates played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, including the first and last Colonels to die on the Patriot side <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnston_(New_Jersey_soldier)" title="Philip Johnston (New Jersey soldier)">Philip Johnston</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[426]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Scudder" title="Nathaniel Scudder">Nathaniel Scudder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-437">[427]</a> as well as the highest ranking civilian leader on the British side <a href="/wiki/David_Mathews" title="David Mathews">David Mathews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[428]</a> Notable graduates of Princeton's School of Engineering and Applied Science include Apollo astronaut and commander of Apollo 12 <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-439">[429]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> CEO and founder <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-440">[430]</a> former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-441">[431]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a>, former Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-442">[432]</a> Actors <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Stewart">Jimmy Stewart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-443">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Miller" title="Wentworth Miller">Wentworth Miller</a>,<a href="#cite_note-444">[434]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer" title="José Ferrer">José Ferrer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-445">[435]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Duchovny" title="David Duchovny">David Duchovny</a>,<a href="#cite_note-446">[436]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Shields" title="Brooke Shields">Brooke Shields</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[437]</a> graduated from Princeton, as did composers <a href="/wiki/Edward_T._Cone" title="Edward T. Cone">Edward T. Cone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-448">[438]</a> Soccer-player alumna, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Matheson" title="Diana Matheson">Diana Matheson</a>, scored the game-winning goal that earned Canada their <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> bronze medal in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-449">[439]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_(1912-1954)_at_Princeton_University_in_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_at_Princeton_University_in_1936.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_at_Princeton_University_in_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_at_Princeton_University_in_1936.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_at_Princeton_University_in_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_at_Princeton_University_in_1936.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_at_Princeton_University_in_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2961" data-file-height="2097" /></a><figcaption> Archival record from the Graduate School detailing <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>'s academic journey.</figcaption></figure> Writers <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-450">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>,<a href="#cite_note-451">[441]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[442]</a> attended but did not graduate. Writer <a href="/wiki/Selden_Edwards" title="Selden Edwards">Selden Edwards</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[443]</a> and poet <a href="/wiki/W._S._Merwin" title="W. S. Merwin">W. S. Merwin</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[444]</a> graduated from Princeton. American novelist <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Picoult" title="Jodi Picoult">Jodi Picoult</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[445]</a> and author <a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[446]</a> graduated. <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer prize</a>-winning journalists <a href="/wiki/Barton_Gellman" title="Barton Gellman">Barton Gellman</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[447]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Adams" title="Lorraine Adams">Lorraine Adams</a>,<a href="#cite_note-458">[448]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-459">[449]</a> are Princeton alumni. <a href="/wiki/William_P._Ross" title="William P. Ross">William P. Ross</a>, Principal Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> and founding editor of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Phoenix" title="Cherokee Phoenix">Cherokee Advocate</a>, graduated in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-460">[450]</a> Notable graduate alumni include <a href="/wiki/Allen_Shenstone" title="Allen Shenstone">Allen Shenstone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-461">[451]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a>,<a href="#cite_note-462">[452]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-463">[453]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-464">[454]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Iacocca" title="Lee Iacocca">Lee Iacocca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-465">[455]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Nash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-466">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-467">[457]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-468">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-469">[459]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a>,<a href="#cite_note-470">[460]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-471">[461]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-472">[462]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-473">[463]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tate_(mathematician)" title="John Tate (mathematician)">John Tate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-474">[464]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-475">[465]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Moulay_Hicham_of_Morocco" title="Prince Moulay Hicham of Morocco">Prince Moulay Hicham of Morocco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-476">[466]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turki_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki bin Faisal Al Saud">Prince Turki bin Faisal Al Saud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-477">[467]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Noor_of_Jordan" title="Queen Noor of Jordan">Queen Noor of Jordan</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[468]</a> attended Princeton. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty">Faculty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Faculty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Princeton_University_faculty" title="Category:Princeton University faculty">Princeton University faculty</a></div> As of 2021, notable current faculty members include <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-479">[469]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-480">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-481">[471]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Felten" title="Edward Felten">Edward W. Felten</a>,<a href="#cite_note-482">[472]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Anthony Grafton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-483">[473]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-484">[474]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Jim Peebles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-485">[475]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manjul_Bhargava" title="Manjul Bhargava">Manjul Bhargava</a>,<a href="#cite_note-486">[476]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-487">[477]</a> <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Levy_Paluck" title="Betsy Levy Paluck">Betsy Levy Paluck</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[478]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-489">[479]</a> Notable former faculty members include <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-490">[480]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-491">[481]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-492">[482]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-493">[483]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-494">[484]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-495">[485]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>,<a href="#cite_note-496">[486]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-497">[487]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen">Michael Mullen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-498">[488]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-499">[489]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri" title="Jhumpa Lahiri">Jhumpa Lahiri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-500">[490]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-501">[491]</a> and alumnus <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Napoliello-2013-432">[422]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, though on the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> rather than at Princeton, came to be associated with the university through frequent lectures and visits on the campus.<a href="#cite_note-502">[492]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(colleges)" title="Big Three (colleges)">Big Three (colleges)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_New_Jersey" title="Higher education in New Jersey">Higher education in New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Department_of_Physics" title="Princeton University Department of Physics">Princeton University Department of Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_University_Summer_Journalism_Program" title="The Princeton University Summer Journalism Program">The Princeton University Summer Journalism Program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-founding-15"><a href="#cite_ref-founding_15-0">^</a> Princeton is the fourth institution of higher learning to obtain a collegiate charter, conduct classes, or grant degrees, based upon dates that do not seem to be in dispute. Princeton and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> both claim the fourth oldest founding date and the University of Pennsylvania once claimed 1749 as its founding date, making it fifth oldest, but in 1899 its trustees adopted a resolution which asserted 1740 as the founding date.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> To further complicate the comparison of founding dates, a <a href="/wiki/Log_College" title="Log College">Log College</a> was operated by <a href="/wiki/William_Tennent" title="William Tennent">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Tennent" title="Gilbert Tennent">Gilbert Tennent</a>, the Presbyterian ministers, in <a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks County, Pennsylvania</a>, from 1726 until 1746 and it was once common to assert a formal connection between it and the College of New Jersey, which would justify Princeton pushing its founding date back to 1726. However, Princeton has never done so and a Princeton historian says that the facts "do not warrant" such an interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978291–292-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> was chartered and began collegiate classes in 1754. Columbia considers itself to be the fifth institution of higher learning in the United States, based upon its charter date of 1754 and Penn's charter date of 1755.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> The strike was part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Student_Strike_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Student Strike of 1970">Student Strike of 1970</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> 505 women applied to join the Princeton freshman class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer1995183-161">[159]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> The M.D./Ph.D. is granted in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Medical_School" title="Robert Wood Johnson Medical School">Robert Wood Johnson Medical School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Graduate_School_of_Biomedical_Sciences" title="Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences">Rutgers–New Brunswick Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences</a>. The M.P.A/J.D. program is offered in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Law">Columbia Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New York University Law">New York University Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Law">Stanford Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law">Yale Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-AcadLife-232">[229]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Example feeder schools visited included <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy_Andover" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips Academy Andover">Phillips Academy Andover</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a>, among others. Moreover, an A was likely admission, B was possible, and C was unlikely. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> College 7 was initially going to be called Perelman College; however, due to lack of on time payments by the Perelman Family Foundation, the name was removed. As a result, there is no official name for either College 7 or College 8.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> The "Graduate College" refers to the residential and dining halls while the "Graduate School" refers to the academics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978223-331">[325]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> & those who prefer to not say. </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students. </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> at the bare minimum. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_de_Witt1899" class="citation book cs1">John de Witt (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6QcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA285">"Princeton University"</a>. In David Murray (ed.). History of Education in New Jersey. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Princeton+University&rft.btitle=History+of+Education+in+New+Jersey&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1899&rft.au=John+de+Witt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6QcAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-motto-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-motto_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-motto_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.princeton.edu/princeton-milestones">"Princeton Milestones"</a>. A Princeton Profile. Princeton University. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628023836/https://profile.princeton.edu/princeton-milestones">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Princeton+Profile&rft.atitle=Princeton+Milestones&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofile.princeton.edu%2Fprinceton-milestones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endowment-3"><a href="#cite_ref-endowment_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/news/2022/10/28/markets-fluctuate-princeton-endowment-supports-almost-every-aspect-university">"As markets fluctuate, Princeton's endowment supports almost every aspect of the University"</a>. princeton.edu. 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Retrieved July 9, 2023. <q>In reply to criticisms of the university as a 'secular monastery,' Dr. Dodds observed, 'the undergraduate of years ago would have been shocked by anything different from the monastic atmosphere of which he was so proud.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Princetonian&rft.atitle=Dodds%2C+Firstenberg+Air+Views+on+Responsibility&rft.volume=LXXVIII&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1954-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprince.princeton.edu%2Fprincetonperiodicals%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DPrincetonian19540514-01.2.5%26srpos%3D61%26e%3D-------en-20-Princetonian-61-byDA-txt-txIN-monastery------&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch1978170–171-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch1978170–171_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeitch1978">Leitch 1978</a>, p. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1961" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, Donald R. 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The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 74: 233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F627648">10.2307/627648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-4099">2041-4099</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/627648">627648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164052522">164052522</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122163639/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-hellenic-studies/article/abs/antiochontheorontes-iv-part-2-greek-roman-byzantine-and-crusaders-coins-by-dorothy-b-waage-princeton-university-press-1952-london-oxford-univeristy-press-pp-xii-187-8-pll-8-2s-6d/19A0B8A9BD7B113CE03339934C860B13">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Antioch-on-the-Orontes%2C+IV%2C+part+2%3A+Greek%2C+Roman%2C+Byzantine+and+Crusaders%27+Coins.+By+Dorothy+B.+Waage.+Princeton%3A+University+Press%2C+1952+%28London%3A+Oxford+University+Press%29.+Pp.+xii+%2B+187%2C+8+pll.+%C2%A38+2s.+6d.&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=233&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=2041-4099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164052522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F627648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F627648&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-hellenic-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fantiochontheorontes-iv-part-2-greek-roman-byzantine-and-crusaders-coins-by-dorothy-b-waage-princeton-university-press-1952-london-oxford-univeristy-press-pp-xii-187-8-pll-8-2s-6d%2F19A0B8A9BD7B113CE03339934C860B13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/599">"European Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506113615/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/599">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=European+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartmuseum.princeton.edu%2Fcollections%2F599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/2712">"Modern and Contemporary Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512194419/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/2712">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2021. 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Retrieved July 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Art+of+the+Ancient+Americas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartmuseum.princeton.edu%2Fcollections%2F604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/601">"Prints and Drawings"</a>. Princeton University Art Museum. Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508213335/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/601">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Prints+and+Drawings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartmuseum.princeton.edu%2Fcollections%2F601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/600">"Photography"</a>. Princeton University Art Museum. Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506014649/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/600">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021. 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Retrieved July 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=African+and+Oceanic+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartmuseum.princeton.edu%2Fcollections%2F150860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/1416">"Campus Collections"</a>. Princeton University Art Museum. Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506124838/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/1416">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021. 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The Princeton University Library Chronicle. 70 (3): 471–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.70.3.0471">10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.70.3.0471</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.70.3.0471">10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.70.3.0471</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813054834/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.70.3.0471">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_new/PAW01-02/11-0313/features1.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Alumni+Weekly&rft.atitle=Features%3A+Chapel+gets+facelift+and+a+new+dean&rft.date=2002-03-13&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+Federici&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fpaw%2Farchive_new%2FPAW01-02%2F11-0313%2Ffeatures1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.princeton.edu/default/map/detail?feed=campus_map&parentId=campus_map%2FBuilding&filter=Chapel&id=_0051">"Chapel"</a>. Princeton Mobile. Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628180422/https://m.princeton.edu/default/map/detail?feed=campus_map&parentId=campus_map%2FBuilding&filter=Chapel&id=_0051">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2021. 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Retrieved September 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princetoniana&rft.atitle=Cheers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprincetoniana.princeton.edu%2Ftraditions%2Fcurrent%2Fcheers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpano1996" class="citation news cs1">Spano, Susan (October 13, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/13/travel/in-princeton-a-brief-ivy-interlude.html">"In Princeton, a Brief Ivy Interlude"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625003502/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/13/travel/in-princeton-a-brief-ivy-interlude.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021. <q>Fearing dire consequences (like the flu during finals), undergraduates never walk out of FitzRandolph Gate on Nassau Street at the north side of campus, separating gown from town. Passage is reserved for graduating seniors, for whom it is a rite symbolizing entrance into the real world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Princeton%2C+a+Brief+Ivy+Interlude&rft.date=1996-10-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Spano&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F10%2F13%2Ftravel%2Fin-princeton-a-brief-ivy-interlude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2008" class="citation news cs1">O'Toole, Christine H. (May 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/13/AR2008051302752.html">"Princeton Review; For Those Majoring in Sightseeing, Admission Is a Two-Wheel Breeze"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515021545/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/13/AR2008051302752.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2021. <q>We leave campus through the FitzRandolph Gates. Superstition keeps undergraduates from walking through to Nassau Street until graduation, but since that's not an issue for us, we cycle carefully across Nassau Street.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Princeton+Review%3B+For+Those+Majoring+in+Sightseeing%2C+Admission+Is+a+Two-Wheel+Breeze&rft.date=2008-05-14&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Christine+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F05%2F13%2FAR2008051302752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheng-2004-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng-2004_378-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng-2004_378-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2004" class="citation news cs1">Cheng, Jonathan (April 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/22/education/22princeton.html">"Film Legend Bothered by Use of Name in Stunt at Princeton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029175958/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/22/education/22princeton.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2015. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41472298">"The Southern-Most Ivy: Princeton University from Jim Crow Admissions to Anti-Apartheid Protests, 1794-1969"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Studies_(journal)" title="American Studies (journal)">American Studies</a>. 51 (3/4). Mid-America American Studies Association: 109–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fams.2010.0129">10.1353/ams.2010.0129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41472298">41472298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144474494">144474494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Southern-Most+Ivy%3A+Princeton+University+from+Jim+Crow+Admissions+to+Anti-Apartheid+Protests%2C+1794-1969&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=109-130&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144474494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41472298%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fams.2010.0129&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Stefan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41472298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiskeLecuyer2019" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, Edward B.; Lecuyer, Michelle (2019). Fiske Guide to Colleges 2020. Naperville: Sourcebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4926-6494-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4926-6494-9"><bdi>978-1-4926-6494-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiske+Guide+to+Colleges+2020&rft.place=Naperville&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4926-6494-9&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft.au=Lecuyer%2C+Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunning2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gunning, Wanda S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.66.3.0439">"The Town of Princeton and the University, 1756–1946"</a>. The Princeton University Library Chronicle. 66 (3): 439–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.66.3.0439">10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.66.3.0439</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.66.3.0439">10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.66.3.0439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Princeton+University+Library+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Town+of+Princeton+and+the+University%2C+1756%E2%80%931946&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-492&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.66.3.0439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.66.3.0439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gunning&rft.aufirst=Wanda+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.66.3.0439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitch1978" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Alexander (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0zx2">A Princeton Companion</a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04654-9"><bdi>978-0-691-04654-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0zx2">j.ctt13x0zx2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Princeton+Companion&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt13x0zx2%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04654-9&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt13x0zx2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2005" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Jeffry H. (2005). John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic. Notre Dame: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Press" title="University of Notre Dame Press">University of Notre Dame Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvpg86g6.7">10.2307/j.ctvpg86g6.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-03485-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-03485-6"><bdi>978-0-268-03485-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Witherspoon+and+the+Founding+of+the+American+Republic&rft.place=Notre+Dame&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvpg86g6.7&rft.isbn=978-0-268-03485-6&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2004" class="citation book cs1">Noll, Mark A. (2004) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VvBqTUJjiIC">Princeton and the Republic, 1768-1822: The Search for a Christian Enlightenment in the Era of Samuel Stanhope Smith</a>. Vancouver: Regent College Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57383-315-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57383-315-8"><bdi>978-1-57383-315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+and+the+Republic%2C+1768-1822%3A+The+Search+for+a+Christian+Enlightenment+in+the+Era+of+Samuel+Stanhope+Smith&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Regent+College+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57383-315-8&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VvBqTUJjiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberdorfer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Oberdorfer" title="Don Oberdorfer">Oberdorfer, Don</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princetonunivers0000ober/mode/2up">Princeton University: The First 250 Years</a> (First ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01122-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01122-6"><bdi>978-0-691-01122-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+University%3A+The+First+250+Years&rft.place=Princeton&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01122-6&rft.aulast=Oberdorfer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincetonunivers0000ober%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurkee2022" class="citation book cs1">Durkee, Robert K. (2022). The New Princeton Companion. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21044-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21044-5"><bdi>978-0-691-21044-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Princeton+Companion&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21044-5&rft.aulast=Durkee&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragdon1967" class="citation book cs1">Bragdon, Henry W. (1967). Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press-Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73395-4"><bdi>978-0-674-73395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woodrow+Wilson%3A+The+Academic+Years&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Belknap+Press-Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73395-4&rft.aulast=Bragdon&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsch2012" class="citation book cs1">Borsch, Frederick H. (2012). Keeping Faith at Princeton: A Brief History of Religious Pluralism at Princeton and Other Universities. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14573-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14573-0"><bdi>978-0-691-14573-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+Faith+at+Princeton%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Religious+Pluralism+at+Princeton+and+Other+Universities&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14573-0&rft.aulast=Borsch&rft.aufirst=Frederick+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemeny1998" class="citation book cs1">Kemeny, Paul Charles (1998). Princeton in the Nation's Service: Religious Ideals and Educational Practice, 1868–1928. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512071-4"><bdi>978-0-19-512071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+in+the+Nation%27s+Service%3A+Religious+Ideals+and+Educational+Practice%2C+1868%E2%80%931928&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512071-4&rft.aulast=Kemeny&rft.aufirst=Paul+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkiel2016" class="citation book cs1">Malkiel, Nancy Weiss (2016). "Keep the Damned Women Out": The Struggle for Coeducation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17299-6"><bdi>978-0-691-17299-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Keep+the+Damned+Women+Out%22%3A+The+Struggle+for+Coeducation&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17299-6&rft.aulast=Malkiel&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Weiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard2012" class="citation book cs1">Maynard, William Barksdale (2012). Princeton : America's Campus. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-05085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-05085-0"><bdi>978-0-271-05085-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+%3A+America%27s+Campus&rft.place=University+Park%2C+PA&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-271-05085-0&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=William+Barksdale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynnott2010" class="citation book cs1">Synnott, Marcia Graham (2010) [1979]. The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900–1970. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1334-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1334-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-1334-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Half-Opened+Door%3A+Discrimination+and+Admissions+at+Harvard%2C+Yale%2C+and+Princeton%2C+1900%E2%80%931970&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1334-1&rft.aulast=Synnott&rft.aufirst=Marcia+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertenbaker2014" class="citation book cs1">Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson (2014) [1946]. Princeton, 1746–1896. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5743-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5743-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-5743-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton%2C+1746%E2%80%931896&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5743-2&rft.aulast=Wertenbaker&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jefferson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+University" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princeton" title="Template:Princeton"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princeton" title="Template talk:Princeton"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princeton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princeton"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princeton_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princeton University</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Princeton_University" title="History of Princeton University">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trustees_of_Princeton_University" title="Trustees of Princeton University">Trustees</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%">Schools and departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Department of <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Department_of_Economics" title="Princeton University Department of Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Department_of_Mathematics" title="Princeton University Department of Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Department_of_Physics" title="Princeton University Department of Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Department_of_Psychology" title="Princeton University Department of Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_School" title="Princeton University Graduate School">Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_School_of_Architecture" title="Princeton University School of Architecture">School of Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="Princeton School of Public and International Affairs">School of Public and International Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%">Centers and institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendheim_Center_for_Finance" title="Bendheim Center for Finance">Bendheim Center for Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Information_Technology_Policy" title="Center for Information Technology Policy">Center for Information Technology Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julis-Rabinowitz_Center_for_Public_Policy_and_Finance" title="Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Policy and Finance">Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Policy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Institute_on_Self-Determination" title="Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination">Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Neuroscience_Institute" title="Princeton Neuroscience Institute">Princeton Neuroscience Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Institute_for_International_and_Regional_Studies" title="Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies">Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Population_Research" title="Office of Population Research">Office of Population Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%">Laboratories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Fluid_Dynamics_Laboratory" title="Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory">Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:East_Pyne_Straight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/East_Pyne_Straight.jpg/150px-East_Pyne_Straight.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/East_Pyne_Straight.jpg/225px-East_Pyne_Straight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/East_Pyne_Straight.jpg/300px-East_Pyne_Straight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4972" data-file-height="3394" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs at Princeton University">Eating clubs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs at Princeton University">Eating clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Club">Cannon Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_and_Gown_Club" title="Cap and Gown Club">Cap and Gown Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Charter_Club" title="Princeton Charter Club">Charter Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloister_Inn" title="Cloister Inn">Cloister Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Club" title="Colonial Club">Colonial Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Cottage_Club" title="University Cottage Club">Cottage Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Club" title="Ivy Club">Ivy Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_Club" title="Quadrangle Club">Quadrangle Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_Club" title="Terrace Club">Terrace Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Inn" title="Tiger Inn">Tiger Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Club" title="Tower Club">Tower Club</a></li> <li>former: <a href="/wiki/Campus_Club" title="Campus Club">Campus Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hall_(Princeton_University)" title="Alexander Hall (Princeton University)">Alexander Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Chapel" title="Princeton University Chapel">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Tower" title="Cleveland Tower">Cleveland Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frist_Campus_Center" title="Frist Campus Center">Frist Campus Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_House" title="Joseph Henry House">Joseph Henry House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Princeton_University)" title="President's House (Princeton University)">Maclean House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Carnegie_(New_Jersey)" title="Lake Carnegie (New Jersey)">Lake Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Library" title="Princeton University Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarter_Theatre" title="McCarter Theatre">McCarter Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Branch" title="Princeton Branch">Princeton Branch (The Dinky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Transit" title="Tiger Transit">Tiger Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_House_(Princeton,_New_Jersey)" title="Prospect House (Princeton, New Jersey)">Prospect House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_Collection_of_Sculpture,_Princeton_University" title="Putnam Collection of Sculpture, Princeton University">Putnam Collection of Sculpture</a></li> <li>Residential Colleges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler_College" title="Butler College">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_College" title="Forbes College">Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathey_College" title="Mathey College">Mathey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_College" title="Rockefeller College">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitman_College,_Princeton_University" title="Whitman College, Princeton University">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College_West" title="New College West">New College West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeh_College" title="Yeh College">Yeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_College" title="Princeton University Graduate College">Graduate</a></li> <li>future: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hobson_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hobson College (page does not exist)">Hobson</a></li> <li>former: <a href="/wiki/First_College" title="First College">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hedgehog_and_the_Fox_(sculpture)" title="The Hedgehog and the Fox (sculpture)">The Hedgehog and the Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_House_(Princeton,_New_Jersey)" title="Walter Lowrie House (Princeton, New Jersey)">Walter Lowrie House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e" title="Washington Road Elm Allée">Washington Road Elm Allée</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%">Princetoniana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princeton_University_people" title="List of Princeton University people">Lists of people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American Whig–Cliosophic Society people">American Whig-Clisophic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Princeton_University" title="List of presidents of Princeton University">Presidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_College_for_Women" title="Evelyn College for Women">Evelyn College for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitzRandolph_Gate" title="FitzRandolph Gate">FitzRandolph Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman_Day" title="Newman Day">Newman Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Nassau" title="Old Nassau">Old Nassau</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Reunions" title="Princeton Reunions">Reunions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eliza_Procter_Fellowship" title="Jane Eliza Procter Fellowship">Jane Eliza Procter Fellowship</a></li> <li>former: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Club_of_New_York" title="Princeton Club of New York">Princeton Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Law_School" title="Princeton Law School">Princeton Law School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dickinson_(New_Jersey_minister)" title="Jonathan Dickinson (New Jersey minister)">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr_Sr." title="Aaron Burr Sr.">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Davies_(clergyman)" title="Samuel Davies (clergyman)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Finley" title="Samuel Finley">Finley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashbel_Green" title="Ashbel Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carnahan" title="James Carnahan">Carnahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_Jr." title="John Maclean Jr.">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McCosh" title="James McCosh">McCosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Landey_Patton" title="Francis Landey Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grier_Hibben" title="John Grier Hibben">Hibben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Dodds" title="Harold W. Dodds">Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Goheen" title="Robert F. Goheen">Goheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Bowen" title="William G. Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Tafler_Shapiro" title="Harold Tafler Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_L._Eisgruber" title="Christopher L. Eisgruber">Eisgruber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;">Acting presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cowell" title="David Cowell">Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Green_(pastor)" title="Jacob Green (pastor)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(pastor)" title="John Blair (pastor)">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lindsley" title="Philip Lindsley">Lindsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aikman_Stewart" title="John Aikman Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Duffield" title="Edward D. Duffield">Duffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Princetonian" title="The Daily Princetonian">The Daily Princetonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Tory" title="The Princeton Tory">The Princeton Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Weekly" title="Nassau Weekly">The Nassau Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="The Princeton Progressive">The Princeton Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Alumni_Weekly" title="Princeton Alumni Weekly">Princeton Alumni Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tiger_Magazine" title="Princeton Tiger Magazine">Princeton Tiger Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_AlumniCorps" title="Princeton AlumniCorps">AlumniCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">American Whig-Cliosophic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Footnotes" title="Princeton Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Orchestra" title="Princeton University Orchestra"> Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Glee_Club" title="Princeton Glee Club">Glee Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Katzenjammers" title="Princeton Katzenjammers">Katzenjammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Nassoons" title="Princeton Nassoons">Nassoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Intime" title="Theatre Intime">Theatre Intime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigertones" title="Princeton Tigertones">Tigertones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Triangle_Club" title="Princeton Triangle Club">Triangle Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Dickinson_Street_Co-op" title="Two Dickinson Street Co-op">Two Dickinson Street Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPRB" title="WPRB">WPRB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Athletics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_baseball" title="Princeton Tigers baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_basketball" title="Princeton Tigers men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_women%27s_basketball" title="Princeton Tigers women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey">Men's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Princeton Tigers women's ice hockey">Women's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse">Men's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_women%27s_lacrosse" title="Princeton Tigers women's lacrosse">Women's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Rugby" title="Princeton Rugby">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_soccer" title="Princeton Tigers men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_squash" title="Princeton Tigers men's squash">Men's squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Memorial_Rink" title="Hobey Baker Memorial Rink">Hobey Baker Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clarke_Field" title="Bill Clarke Field">Bill Clarke Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_of_1952_Stadium" title="Class of 1952 Stadium">Class of 1952 Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon_Gymnasium" title="Dillon Gymnasium">Dillon Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwin_Gymnasium" title="Jadwin Gymnasium">Jadwin Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_Field_at_Princeton_Stadium" title="Powers Field at Princeton Stadium">Powers Field at Princeton Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Stadium_(New_Jersey)" title="Roberts Stadium (New Jersey)">Roberts Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_Rowing_Center" title="Shea Rowing Center">Shea Rowing Center</a></li> <li>former: <a href="/wiki/University_Field_(Princeton)" title="University Field (Princeton)">University Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Stadium" title="Palmer Stadium">Palmer Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;">Rivalries and games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_New_Jersey_vs._Rutgers_football_game" class="mw-redirect" title="1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game">Rutgers (football, 1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers%E2%80%93Princeton_Cannon_War" title="Rutgers–Princeton Cannon War">Rutges (Cannon War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Princeton_vs._Chicago_football_game" title="1922 Princeton vs. Chicago football game">Chicago (football, 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(colleges)" title="Big Three (colleges)">Big Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Cannon_Song" title="Princeton Cannon Song">Canon Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Game" title="The First Game">The First Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Band" title="Princeton University Band">University Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_football_helmet" title="Winged football helmet">Winged football helmet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #EE7F2D, inset -2px -2px 0 #EE7F2D;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Princeton_University" title="Category:Princeton University">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Princeton_University" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Princeton University">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Princeton_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:black; color:white; border: 2px solid #E77500"><div id="Articles_related_to_Princeton_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Princeton University</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_American_Universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template talk:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Discuss 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href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_New_Jersey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_New_Jersey" title="Template:Colleges and universities in New Jersey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_New_Jersey" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in New Jersey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_New_Jersey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in New 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href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers%E2%80%93New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers–New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers%E2%80%93Newark" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers–Newark">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers%E2%80%93Camden" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers–Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Biomedical_and_Health_Sciences" title="Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences">Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_College_of_New_Jersey" title="The College of New Jersey">The College of New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_City_University" title="New Jersey City University">New Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramapo_College" title="Ramapo College">Ramapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_University" title="Stockton University">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_State_University" title="Thomas Edison State University">Thomas Edison State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_University" title="William Paterson University">William Paterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent four-year colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_College" title="Bloomfield College">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_University" title="Caldwell University">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_University" title="Centenary University">Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_University" title="Drew University">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University">Fairleigh Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felician_University" title="Felician University">Felician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Court_University" title="Georgian Court University">Georgian Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_University" title="Monmouth University">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_College" title="Pillar College">Pillar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_University" title="Rider University">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elizabeth_University" title="Saint Elizabeth University">Saint Elizabeth University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_University" title="Saint Peter's University">Saint Peter's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seton_Hall_University" title="Seton Hall University">Seton Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Jersey_County_Colleges" title="List of New Jersey County Colleges">Community colleges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Cape_Community_College" title="Atlantic Cape Community College">Atlantic Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_Community_College" title="Bergen Community College">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookdale_Community_College" title="Brookdale Community College">Brookdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_County_College" title="Camden County College">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County_College" title="Essex County College">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_County_Community_College" title="Hudson County Community College">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County_Community_College" title="Mercer County Community College">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesex County College">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_College_of_Morris" title="County College of Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_County_College" title="Ocean County College">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaic_County_Community_College" title="Passaic County Community College">Passaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raritan_Valley_Community_College" title="Raritan Valley Community College">Raritan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_College_at_Burlington_County" title="Rowan College at Burlington County">Rowan College at Burlington County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_College_of_South_Jersey" title="Rowan College of South Jersey">Rowan College of South Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Community_College" title="Salem Community College">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_County_Community_College" title="Sussex County Community College">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_College_(New_Jersey)" title="Union College (New Jersey)">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County_Community_College" title="Warren County Community College">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_colleges_and_schools_in_New_Jersey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_Colleges_and_Schools_in_New_Jersey" title="Template:Religious Colleges and Schools in New Jersey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_Colleges_and_Schools_in_New_Jersey" title="Template talk:Religious Colleges and Schools in New Jersey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_Colleges_and_Schools_in_New_Jersey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious Colleges and Schools in New Jersey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_colleges_and_schools_in_New_Jersey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religious colleges and schools in New Jersey</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protestant theological seminaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Theological_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Drew Theological Seminary">Drew Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Theological_Seminary" title="New Brunswick Theological Seminary">New Brunswick Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rabbinical schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bais Medrash Toras Chesed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Medrash_Govoha" title="Beth Medrash Govoha">Beth Medrash Govoha</a></li> <li>Mesivta Keser Torah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Jacob_Joseph_School" title="Rabbi Jacob Joseph School">Rabbi Jacob Joseph School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_America" title="Rabbinical College of America">Rabbinical College of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudical_Academy_of_Central_New_Jersey" title="Talmudical Academy of Central New Jersey">Talmudical Academy of Central New Jersey</a></li> <li>Yeshivas Be'er Yitzchok</li> <li>Yeshiva Gedolah Zichron Leyma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Toras_Chaim" title="Yeshiva Toras Chaim">Yeshiva Toras Chaim</a></li> <li>Yeshiva Yesodei Hatorah</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent religious colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_College_for_Sisters" title="Assumption College for Sisters">Assumption College for Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_College" title="Pillar College">Pillar College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junior_College_of_Bergen_County" title="Junior College of Bergen County">Junior College of Bergen County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsala_College" title="Upsala College">Upsala College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_colleges" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_Colleges" title="Template:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_Colleges" title="Template talk:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_Colleges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">Colonial colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">William & Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="QuestBridge_partner_institutions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:QuestBridge" title="Template:QuestBridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:QuestBridge" title="Template talk:QuestBridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="QuestBridge_partner_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/QuestBridge" title="QuestBridge">QuestBridge</a> partner institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College" title="Claremont McKenna College">Claremont McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colby_College" title="Colby College">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_College" title="Colorado College">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_College" title="Scripps College">Scripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidmore_College" title="Skidmore College">Skidmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DAF0FD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Big Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a> <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Big Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas" title="Georgetown Hoyas">Hoyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders" title="Holy Cross Crusaders">Crusaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Athletics" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen" title="Navy Midshipmen">Midshipmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies" title="Northeastern Huskies">Huskies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a> <a href="/wiki/College_Boat_Club" title="College Boat Club">Quakers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princeton</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights">Scarlet Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange" title="Syracuse Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers" title="Wisconsin Badgers">Badgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Bulldogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#004D81; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F5443C, inset -2px -2px 0 #F5443C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association_navbox" title="Template:Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association_navbox" title="Template talk:Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" 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Golden Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Patriots" title="George Mason Patriots">George Mason Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_volleyball" title="Harvard Crimson men's volleyball">Harvard Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NJIT_Highlanders" title="NJIT Highlanders">NJIT Highlanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_men%27s_volleyball" title="Penn State Nittany Lions men's volleyball">Penn State Nittany Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers" title="Sacred Heart Pioneers">Sacred Heart Pioneers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#004D81; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F5443C, inset -2px -2px 0 #F5443C;;width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_College_(New_York)" title="Concordia College (New York)">Concordia Clippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Stroudsburg_Warriors" title="East Stroudsburg Warriors">East Stroudsburg Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniata_College" title="Juniata College">Juniata Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Chargers" title="New Haven Chargers">New Haven Chargers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_New_Paltz" title="State University of New York at New Paltz">New Paltz Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Violets" title="NYU Violets">NYU Violets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Knights" title="Queens Knights">Queens Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93Newark" title="Rutgers University–Newark">Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Brooklyn_Terriers" title="St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers">St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Red_Flash" title="Saint Francis Red Flash">Saint Francis Red Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_College_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield College (Massachusetts)">Springfield Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar Brewers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ivy_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ivy_League" title="Template:Ivy League"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ivy_League" title="Template talk:Ivy League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy League"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ivy_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Brown Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Columbia Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Cornell Big Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Dartmouth Big Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale Bulldogs</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_league_simple_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/50px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/75px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/100px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="319" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Baseball_Championship_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy League Baseball Championship Series">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_basketball" title="Ivy League men's basketball">Basketball (men's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Ivy League women's basketball tournament">Basketball (women's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Fencing_Championships" title="Ivy League Fencing Championships">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference" title="Ivy Rugby Conference">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_soccer_tournament" title="Ivy League men's soccer tournament">Soccer (men's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_soccer_tournament" title="Ivy League women's soccer tournament">Soccer (women's)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(colleges)" title="Big Three (colleges)">Big Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools" title="List of Ivy League business schools">Business schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Digital_Network" title="Ivy League Digital Network">Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Council" title="Ivy Council">Ivy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_law_schools" title="List of Ivy League law schools">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_medical_schools" title="List of Ivy League medical schools">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_nude_posture_photos" title="Ivy League nude posture photos">Nude posture photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Ivy" title="Public Ivy">Public Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_public_policy_schools" title="List of Ivy League public policy schools">Public policy schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_Ivy" title="Take Ivy">Take Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Tu_Tambien" title="Y Tu Tambien">Y Tu Tambien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princeton,_New_Jersey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Template:Princeton, New Jersey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Template talk:Princeton, New Jersey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princeton, New Jersey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princeton,_New_Jersey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Historic_District_(Princeton,_New_Jersey)" title="Princeton Historic District (Princeton, New Jersey)">Princeton Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Battlefield" title="Princeton Battlefield">Stony Brook Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugtown_Historic_District" title="Jugtown Historic District">Jugtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_Historic_District_(New_Jersey)" title="King's Highway Historic District (New Jersey)">King's Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Mill_Historic_District" title="Kingston Mill Historic District">Kingston Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Avenue_Historic_District" title="Mountain Avenue Historic District">Mountain Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Drumthwacket1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Drumthwacket1.jpg/250px-Drumthwacket1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Drumthwacket1.jpg/375px-Drumthwacket1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Drumthwacket1.jpg/500px-Drumthwacket1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Borough of Princeton, New Jersey">Borough of Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton Township, New Jersey">Princeton Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Public_Schools" title="Princeton Public Schools">Princeton Public Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_High_School_(New_Jersey)" title="Princeton High School (New Jersey)">Princeton High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Street_School_for_Colored_Children" title="Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children">Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children</a> (defunct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Charter_School" title="Princeton Charter School">Princeton Charter School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hun_School_of_Princeton" title="Hun School of Princeton">Hun School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lewis_School_of_Princeton" title="The Lewis School of Princeton">Lewis School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Academy_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Princeton Academy of the Sacred Heart">Princeton Academy of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Day_School" title="Princeton Day School">Princeton Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Friends_School" title="Princeton Friends School">Princeton Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_International_School_of_Mathematics_and_Science" title="Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science">Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(Princeton,_New_Jersey)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's School (Princeton, New Jersey)">St. Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Country_Day_School" title="Stuart Country Day School">Stuart Country Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Princeton_University_people" title="List of Princeton University people">people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Choir_College" title="Westminster Choir College">Westminster Choir College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_College_for_Women" title="Evelyn College for Women">Evelyn College for Women</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Community_Japanese_Language_School" title="Princeton Community Japanese Language School">Princeton Community Japanese Language School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Public_Library" title="Princeton Public Library">Princeton Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Chapel" title="Miller Chapel">Miller Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Christian_Center" title="Nassau Christian Center">Nassau Christian Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Presbyterian_Church" title="Nassau Presbyterian Church">Nassau Presbyterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_United_Methodist_Church" title="Princeton United Methodist Church">Princeton United Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Chapel" title="Princeton University Chapel">Princeton University Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Hill_Church_of_Princeton" title="Stone Hill Church of Princeton">Stone Hill Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_Meeting_House_and_Cemetery" title="Stony Brook Meeting House and Cemetery">Stony Brook Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Princeton" title="Trinity Church, Princeton">Trinity Episcopal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_and_Raritan_Canal" title="Delaware and Raritan Canal">Delaware and Raritan Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrontown_Woods_Arboretum" title="Herrontown Woods Arboretum">Herrontown Woods Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasna_Polana" title="Jasna Polana">Jasna Polana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Carnegie_(New_Jersey)" title="Lake Carnegie (New Jersey)">Lake Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquand_Park" title="Marquand Park">Marquand Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ice_Company" title="Princeton Ice Company">Mountain Lakes Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Battlefield" title="Princeton Battlefield">Princeton Battlefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Street_(Princeton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau Street (Princeton)">Nassau Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Square" title="Palmer Square">Palmer Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_(restaurant)" title="Elements (restaurant)">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoagie_Haven" title="Hoagie Haven">Hoagie Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Club" title="Nassau Club">Nassau Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Inn" title="Nassau Inn">Nassau Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_Inn_(Princeton,_New_Jersey)" title="Peacock Inn (Princeton, New Jersey)">Peacock Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Record_Exchange" title="Princeton Record Exchange">Princeton Record Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Brewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph Brewing">Triumph Brewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Shopping_Center" title="Princeton Shopping Center">Princeton Shopping Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Transit" title="Tiger Transit">Tiger Transit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performing arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hall_(Princeton_University)" title="Alexander Hall (Princeton University)">Alexander Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Garden_Theatre" title="Princeton Garden Theatre">Garden Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarter_Theatre" title="McCarter Theatre">McCarter Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Princeton Symphony Orchestra">Princeton Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_Voices" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamson Voices">Williamson Voices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Grew_Up_in_Princeton" title="I Grew Up in Princeton">I Grew Up in Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Minus_One" title="Comedy Minus One">Comedy Minus One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Community_Television" title="Princeton Community Television">Princeton Community Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Packet" title="Princeton Packet">Princeton Packet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Topics_(newspaper)" title="Town Topics (newspaper)">Town Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_House" title="Albert Einstein House">Albert Einstein House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumthwacket" title="Drumthwacket">Drumthwacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_House" title="Joseph Henry House">Joseph Henry House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Grant_Herring_Estate" title="Donald Grant Herring Estate">Donald Grant Herring Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Princeton_University)" title="President's House (Princeton University)">Maclean House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybury_Hill" title="Maybury Hill">Maybury Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Oak" title="Mercer Oak">Mercer Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morven_(Princeton,_New_Jersey)" title="Morven (Princeton, New Jersey)">Morven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Battle_Monument" title="Princeton Battle Monument">Princeton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Cemetery" title="Princeton Cemetery">Princeton Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_(NJT_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton (NJT station)">Princeton Railroad Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_House_(Princeton,_New_Jersey)" title="Prospect House (Princeton, New Jersey)">Prospect House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusculum_(Princeton,_New_Jersey)" title="Tusculum (Princeton, New Jersey)">Tusculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Cottage_Club" title="University Cottage Club">Cottage Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Oak" title="Washington Oak">Washington Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Mansion" title="Westland Mansion">Westland Mansion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Princeton addressed landmarks outside the municipality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Boychoir_School" title="American Boychoir School">American Boychoir School</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapin_School_(New_Jersey)" title="Chapin School (New Jersey)">Chapin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Testing_Service" title="Educational Testing Service">Educational Testing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrestal_Village" title="Forrestal Village">Forrestal Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarketFair_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="MarketFair Mall">MarketFair Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Airport_(New_Jersey)" title="Princeton Airport (New Jersey)">Princeton Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center" title="Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center">Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center</a> (formerly located on Witherspoon Street, now in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Plainsboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Plainsboro Township, New Jersey">Plainsboro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Seminary_(Plainsboro,_New_Jersey)" title="Saint Joseph's Seminary (Plainsboro, New Jersey)">St. Joseph's Seminary</a> (in Plainsboro; defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnoff_Corporation" title="Sarnoff Corporation">Sarnoff Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terhune_Orchards" title="Terhune Orchards">Terhune Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e" title="Washington Road Elm Allée">Washington Road Elm Allée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_School" title="Wilberforce School">Wilberforce School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Princeton" title="Template:Princeton">Princeton University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:NRHP_in_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Template:NRHP in Mercer County, New Jersey">National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Template:Presbyterian Church in the United States of America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Template talk:Presbyterian Church in the United States of America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presbyterian Church in the United States of America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Synod of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">in the United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Side%E2%80%93New_Side_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Side–New Side Controversy">Old Side–New Side Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopting_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Adopting Act">Adopting Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_the_Trinity" title="Synod of the Trinity">Synod of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_New_York" title="Synod of New York">Synod of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Moderators of the General Assembly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Union_of_1801" title="Plan of Union of 1801">Plan of Union of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Presbyterian_Seminary" title="Union Presbyterian Seminary">Union Presbyterian Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_Theological_Seminary" title="Auburn Theological Seminary">Auburn Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Mission_Agency" title="Presbyterian Mission Agency">Presbyterian Mission Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Home_Missionary_Society" title="American Home Missionary Society">American Home Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_theology" title="New England theology">New England theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_William_Taylor" title="Nathaniel William Taylor">Nathaniel William Taylor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_theology" title="Princeton theology">Princeton theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archibald_Alexander" title="Archibald Alexander">Archibald Alexander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_School%E2%80%93New_School_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old School–New School Controversy">Old School–New School Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Spring_Resolutions" title="Gardiner Spring Resolutions">Gardiner Spring Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy">Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_Affirmation" title="Auburn Affirmation">Auburn Affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">Evangelical Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Churches" title="Federal Council of Churches">Federal Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchurch_World_Movement" title="Interchurch World Movement">Interchurch World Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Andean_Indian_Mission" title="United Andean Indian Mission">United Andean Indian Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_and_Reformed_denominations_in_North_America" title="List of Presbyterian and Reformed denominations in North America">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_School%E2%80%93New_School_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old School–New School Controversy">New School Presbyterians</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_(United_States)" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church (United States)">Evangelical Presbyterian Church</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECO:_A_Covenant_Order_of_Evangelical_Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians">ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Presbytery" title="Springfield Presbytery">Springfield Presbytery</a> (1803)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christians_(Stone_Movement)" title="Christians (Stone Movement)">Christians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Connection" title="Christian Connection">Christian Connection</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Christian_Missionary_Society" title="American Christian Missionary Society">American Christian Missionary Society</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian Churches and Churches of Christ</a> (1927–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church">Cumberland Presbyterian Church</a> (1810)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America">Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church">Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States">Presbyterian Church in the United States</a> (1861)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States">Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_%E2%80%93_Hanover_Presbytery" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery">Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_General_Assembly" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly">Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Presbyterian_Church" title="Covenant Presbyterian Church">Covenant Presbyterian Church</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Presbyterian_Church" title="Vanguard Presbyterian Church">Vanguard Presbyterian Church</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Presbyterian_Church" title="Orthodox Presbyterian Church">Orthodox Presbyterian Church</a> (1936)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Presbyterian_Church" title="Bible Presbyterian Church">Bible Presbyterian Church</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_(established_1956)" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church (established 1956)">Evangelical Presbyterian Church</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Presbyterian_Church#Second_split" title="Bible Presbyterian Church">American Presbyterian Church</a> (1979)</li> <li>Faith Presbytery, Bible Presbyterian Church (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presbyterianism" title="Category:Presbyterianism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/10px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/16px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/21px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21578#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21578#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21578#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120975006">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000419369078">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142470589">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/532857/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/30381-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055384">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118669434">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118669434">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35433805">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20051122017&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005310336&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX130043">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97046605">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810650702905606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/46818">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007525258605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/10000545">Structurae</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/6bf4e8f5-7f86-46b3-82fc-3216db867905">MusicBrainz place</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01220727?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500310235">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1063367">Trove</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/951333">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliatt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorzine2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraven1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrook2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemasters1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDienst2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubrovsky1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurkee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisgruber\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFallows2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFink\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiskeLecuyer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoderaro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolsom1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarton1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleick1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoode2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottlieb2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwood2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullickson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunning2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHageman1879\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHale2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeckscher1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorwitz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHotchkiss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbal2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiang2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_de_Witt1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKRISTY_BLEIZEFFER2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaminer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemeny1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowarski2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLack2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeitch1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLestition\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLocke2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardiAbbeyCraig2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkiel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargaret2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkham1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaynard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbugua2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhirter1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiao2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilliner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoroz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuchhal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherji2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulvaney2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMundy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadworny2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNapoliello2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNetburn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Reilly1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Toole2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberdorfer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPam,_Caroline_C.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilips1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPichini2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitsker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPristin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiñones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiñones2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavindran2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedmond\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalant2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuessler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuessler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelover2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShane2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheinerman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkemer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpano1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStamato2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStillwell1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStryker1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSupiano2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyken\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSynnott2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToscano2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVagianos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValenti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeil1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertenbaker1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertenbaker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitford2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitman1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilco2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindemuth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWohlforth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"College_of_New_Jersey\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Asof\"] = 1,\n [\"Association of American Universities\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bartable\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite gnis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 101,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 249,\n [\"College color list\"] = 1,\n [\"CollegeSecondaryHex\"] = 3,\n [\"Colleges and universities in New Jersey\"] = 1,\n [\"Colonial Colleges\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Coord\"] = 49,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox U.S. college admissions\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox US university ranking\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox university\"] = 1,\n [\"Ivy League navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 7,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Main category\"] = 2,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"NJ bus link\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Ofurl\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Presbyterian Church in the United States of America\"] = 1,\n [\"Princeton\"] = 1,\n [\"Princeton, New Jersey\"] = 1,\n [\"QuestBridge\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 136,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource portal-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","460","13.3"],["?","440","12.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","5.8"],["dataWrapper 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