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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1920s–1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s–2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1990s–2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s–2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Campus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Main campus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Satellite campuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Administration and finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Academics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reputation_and_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_and_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Reputation and rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_and_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undergraduate_college" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate_college"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Undergraduate college </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate_college-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate_schools_and_committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate_schools_and_committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Graduate schools and committees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduate_schools_and_committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Professional schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_academic_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_academic_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Associated academic institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_academic_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Library system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_body_and_admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_body_and_admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Student body and admissions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_body_and_admissions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Student body and admissions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Student_body_and_admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Admissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Athletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Student life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Student life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Student organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Student government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraternities_and_sororities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraternities_and_sororities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Fraternities and sororities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraternities_and_sororities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Student housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 People </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle People subsection </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Alumni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Faculty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">University of Chicago</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88" title="جامعة شيكاغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة شيكاغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Chicago" title="Universidá de Chicago – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Chicago" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ikaqo_Universiteti" title="Çikaqo Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çikaqo Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="شیکاقو بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیکاقو بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A9rsitas_Chicago" title="Univérsitas Chicago – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Univérsitas Chicago" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="শিকাগো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিকাগো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Чыкагскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чыкагскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Чыкагаўскі ўнівэрсытэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чыкагаўскі ўнівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Чикагски университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чикагски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Chicago" title="Universitat de Chicago – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Chicago" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Chicagská univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chicagská univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Chicago" title="Prifysgol Chicago – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Chicago" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="University of Chicago" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="University of Chicago" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_%C3%9Clikool" title="Chicago Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chicago Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Σικάγου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Σικάγου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Chicago" title="Universidad de Chicago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Chicago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_de_%C4%88ikago" title="Universitato de Ĉikago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato de Ĉikago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagoko_Unibertsitatea" title="Chicagoko Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chicagoko Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="دانشگاه شیکاگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه شیکاگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Chicago" title="Université de Chicago – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de Chicago" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil_Chicago" title="Ollscoil Chicago – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollscoil Chicago" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Chicago" title="Universidade de Chicago – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de Chicago" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Chicago Thai-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chicago Thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%B4%EA%B3%A0_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="시카고 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시카고 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չիկագոյի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չիկագոյի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="शिकागो विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिकागो विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Chicagu" title="Sveučilište u Chicagu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište u Chicagu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Chicago" title="Universitas Chicago – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Chicago" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Chicago-háskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chicago-háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Chicago" title="Università di Chicago – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università di Chicago" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%92%D7%95" title="אוניברסיטת שיקגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת שיקגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჩიკაგოს უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩიკაგოს უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Чикаго университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чикаго университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Chicago" title="Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%C3%AEngeha_Chicagoy%C3%AA" title="Zanîngeha Chicagoyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zanîngeha Chicagoyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Чикаго Университети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чикаго Университети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Chicaginiensis" title="Universitas Chicaginiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Chicaginiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cik%C4%81gas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Čikāgas Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čikāgas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cikagos_universitetas" title="Čikagos universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čikagos universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicag%C3%B3i_Egyetem" title="Chicagói Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chicagói Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Чикашки универзитет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чикашки универзитет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B" title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ഷിക്കാഗോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ഷിക്കാഗോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="युनिव्हर्सिटी ऑफ शिकागो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिव्हर्सिटी ऑफ शिकागो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჩიკაგოშ უნივერსიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩიკაგოშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88" title="جامعة شيكاجو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة شيكاجو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Chicago" title="Universiti Chicago – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Chicago" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чикагогийн Их сургууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чикагогийн Их сургууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_Chicago" title="Universiteit van Chicago – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit van Chicago" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="シカゴ大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シカゴ大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="University of Chicago" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="University of Chicago" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Chicago" title="Universitat de Chicago – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Universitat de Chicago" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikago_universiteti" title="Chikago universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chikago universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਸ਼ਿਕਾਗੋ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਕਾਗੋ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="یونیورسٹی آف شیکاگو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونیورسٹی آف شیکاگو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="University of Chicago" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Chicago" title="Universidade de Chicago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de Chicago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_din_Chicago" title="Universitatea din Chicago – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea din Chicago" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Чикагский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чикагский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_%C3%87ikagos" title="Universiteti i Çikagos – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Çikagos" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of Chicago" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="University of Chicago" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_v_Chicagu" title="Univerza v Chicagu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza v Chicagu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Универзитет у Чикагу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет у Чикагу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_u_Chicagu" title="Univerzitet u Chicagu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet u Chicagu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagon_yliopisto" title="Chicagon yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chicagon yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="University of Chicago" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Chicago" title="Unibersidad ng Chicago – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unibersidad ng Chicago" 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data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="มหาวิทยาลัยชิคาโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยชิคาโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Донишгоҳи Чикаго – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Chicago Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chicago Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ikago_Uniwersiteti" title="Çikago Uniwersiteti – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çikago Uniwersiteti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Чиказький університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чиказький університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Chicago&params=41_47_23_N_87_35_59_W_type:edu_region:US-IL">41°47′23″N 87°35′59″W / 41.78972°N 87.59972°W / 41.78972; -87.59972</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Private university in Chicago, Illinois, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="University of Illinois Chicago">University of Illinois Chicago</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The University of Chicago</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chicago_shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/University_of_Chicago_shield.svg/130px-University_of_Chicago_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/University_of_Chicago_shield.svg/195px-University_of_Chicago_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/University_of_Chicago_shield.svg/260px-University_of_Chicago_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="250" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Chicaginiensis<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Crescat scientia; vita excolatur (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"Let knowledge grow from more to more; and so be human life enriched"<a href="#cite_note-History_and_Traditions-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1890; 134 years ago (1890)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission" title="Higher Learning Commission">HLC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education" title="Consortium on Financing Higher Education">COFHE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities" title="National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities">NAICU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$10 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Baicker" title="Katherine Baicker">Katherine Baicker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,859<a href="#cite_note-UC_DATA-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,949 (including <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center" title="University of Chicago Medical Center">Medical Center</a>)<a href="#cite_note-UC_DATA-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">18,452</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,559<a href="#cite_note-About-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,893<a href="#cite_note-About-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Chicago&params=41_47_23_N_87_35_59_W_type:edu_region:US-IL">41°47′23″N 87°35′59″W / 41.78972°N 87.59972°W / 41.78972; -87.59972</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Large city<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>, 217 acres (87.8 ha) (main campus)<a href="#cite_note-About-7">[7]</a> Warren Woods Ecological Field Station, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Woods_State_Park" title="Warren Woods State Park">Warren Woods State Park</a>, 42 acres (17.0 ha)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Other campuses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Maroon" title="The Chicago Maroon">The Chicago Maroon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Maroon<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Maroons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">NCAA Division III</a> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">UAA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Conference" title="Midwest Conference">MWC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/College_Conference_of_Illinois_and_Wisconsin" title="College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin">CCIW</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data">Phil the Phoenix</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uchicago.edu">uchicago.edu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chicago_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/University_of_Chicago_wordmark.svg/220px-University_of_Chicago_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/University_of_Chicago_wordmark.svg/330px-University_of_Chicago_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/University_of_Chicago_wordmark.svg/440px-University_of_Chicago_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="63" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, United States. Its main campus is in the <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">Hyde Park</a> neighborhood on Chicago's <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>, near the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> about 7 miles (11 km) from <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">the Loop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The university is composed of the undergraduate <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_University_of_Chicago" title="College of the University of Chicago">College of the University of Chicago</a> and four graduate research divisions: Biological Science, Humanities, Physical Science, and Social Science, which also include various organized institutes. In addition, the university includes eight professional schools, which also house academic research: the <a href="/wiki/Booth_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth School of Business">Booth School of Business</a>; <a href="/wiki/Crown_Family_School_of_Social_Work,_Policy,_and_Practice" title="Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice">Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School" title="University of Chicago Divinity School">Divinity School</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_School_of_Continuing_Liberal_and_Professional_Studies" title="Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies">Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harris_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Harris School of Public Policy">Harris School of Public Policy</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">Law School</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_School_of_Medicine" title="Pritzker School of Medicine">Pritzker School of Medicine</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_School_of_Molecular_Engineering_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago">Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering</a>. The university has additional campuses and centers in London, Paris, Beijing, Delhi, and Hong Kong, as well as in downtown Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of many academic disciplines, including economics, law, literary criticism, mathematics, physics, religion, sociology, and political science, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chicago school (disambiguation)">Chicago schools</a> of thought in various fields.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Metallurgical Laboratory</a> produced the world's first human-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction in <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a> beneath the viewing stands of the university's <a href="/wiki/Stagg_Field" title="Stagg Field">Stagg Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Advances in chemistry led to the "radiocarbon revolution" in the <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon-14 dating</a> of ancient life and objects.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The university research efforts include administration of <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory" title="Marine Biological Laboratory">Marine Biological Laboratory</a>. The university is also home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">university press</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-press-24">[24]</a> The university's students, faculty, and staff has included <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">101 Nobel laureates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The university's <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_people" title="List of University of Chicago people">faculty members and alumni</a> also include 10 Fields Medalists,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> 4 Turing Award winners, 52 <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellows</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> 26 <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Scholars">Marshall Scholars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> 54 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-29">[29]</a> 27 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winners,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> 20 <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medalists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> 29 living billionaire graduates,<a href="#cite_note-Janhavi_Kumar_Sapra-32">[32]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American universities with Olympic medals">8 Olympic medalists</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Chicago" title="History of the University of Chicago">History of the University of Chicago</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_University_of_Chicago">Old University of Chicago</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old University of Chicago">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Chicago" title="Old University of Chicago">Old University of Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uchicago_convocation_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Uchicago_convocation_1894.jpg/250px-Uchicago_convocation_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Uchicago_convocation_1894.jpg/375px-Uchicago_convocation_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Uchicago_convocation_1894.jpg/500px-Uchicago_convocation_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a>, Professor of Physics and first American Nobel laureate, delivers the second <a href="/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">Convocation</a> Address in front of Goodspeed and Gates-Blake Halls, with President <a href="/wiki/William_Rainey_Harper" title="William Rainey Harper">William Rainey Harper</a>, professors, and trustees in attendance, July 1, 1894.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure>The first University of Chicago was founded by a small group of <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a> educators in 1856 through a land endowment from Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>. It closed in 1886 after years of financial struggle and a final annus horribilis in which the campus was badly damaged by fire and the school was foreclosed on by its creditors.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Several years later, its trustees elected to change the school's name to the "<a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Chicago" title="Old University of Chicago">Old University of Chicago</a>" so that a new school could go by the name of the city.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chicago,_University_of" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chicago, University of">the founding and early years</a>.</div></div> </div> In 1890, the <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Education Society</a> incorporated a new University of Chicago as a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_education" title="Mixed-sex education">coeducational</a><a href="#cite_note-goodspeed-36">[36]</a>: 137  institution, using $400,000 donated to the ABES to supplement a $600,000 donation from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and land donated by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field" title="Marshall Field">Marshall Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> While the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">Hyde Park</a> campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans such as <a href="/wiki/Silas_B._Cobb" title="Silas B. Cobb">Silas B. Cobb</a>, who provided the funds for the campus's first building, <a href="/wiki/Cobb_Lecture_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobb Lecture Hall">Cobb Lecture Hall</a>, and matched Marshall Field's pledge of $100,000. Other early benefactors included businessmen <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Hutchinson" title="Charles L. Hutchinson">Charles L. Hutchinson</a> (trustee, treasurer and donor of <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Commons" title="Hutchinson Commons">Hutchinson Commons</a>), <a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Ryerson" title="Martin A. Ryerson">Martin A. Ryerson</a> (president of the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory) <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Clay_Bartlett" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphus Clay Bartlett">Adolphus Clay Bartlett</a> and Leon Mandel, who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall, and George C. Walker of the Walker Museum, a relative of Cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The new university acknowledged its predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-frederick-40">[40]</a> The university's coat of arms has a phoenix rising from the ashes, a reference to the fire and foreclosure of the Old University of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A single stone from the rubble of the original Douglas Hall on 34th Place was set into the wall of the Classics Building. The dean of the college and University of Chicago and professor of history John Boyer has argued that the University of Chicago has "a plausible genealogy as a pre–Civil War institution".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Alumni from the Old University of Chicago are recognized as alumni of the University of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Rainey_Harper" title="William Rainey Harper">William Rainey Harper</a> became the university's president on July 1, 1891, and the Hyde Park campus opened for classes on October 1, 1892.<a href="#cite_note-frederick-40">[40]</a> Harper worked on building up the faculty and in two years he had a faculty of 120, including eight former university or college presidents.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Harper was an accomplished scholar (<a href="/wiki/Semiticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiticist">Semiticist</a>) and a member of the Baptist clergy who believed that a great university should maintain the study of faith as a central focus.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> To fulfill this commitment, he brought the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> seminary that had begun as an independent school "alongside" the Old University of Chicago and separated from the old school decades earlier to Morgan Park. This became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School" title="University of Chicago Divinity School">Divinity School</a> in 1891, the first professional school at the University of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-goodspeed-36">[36]</a>: 20–22  Harper recruited acclaimed Yale baseball and football player <a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a> from the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">Young Men's Christian Association</a> training school at <a href="/wiki/Springfield_College_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield College (Massachusetts)">Springfield</a> to coach the school's football program.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Stagg was given a position on the faculty, the first such athletic position in the United States.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While coaching at the university, Stagg invented the numbered football jersey and the huddle.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Stagg is the namesake of the university's <a href="/wiki/Stagg_Field" title="Stagg Field">Stagg Field</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Booth_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth School of Business">business school</a> was founded in 1898,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">law school</a> was founded in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Harper died in 1906<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Cultures,_West_Asia_%26_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa">Oriental Institute</a> was founded to support and interpret <a href="/wiki/Archeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological">archeological</a> work in what was then called the Near East.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the 1890s, the university, fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities: <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Moines College">Des Moines College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_College" title="Kalamazoo College">Kalamazoo College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butler_University" title="Butler University">Butler University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stetson_University" title="Stetson University">Stetson University</a>. In 1896, the university affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Shimer_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer College</a> in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the affiliation, the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university, to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals, to make no faculty appointment without the university's approval, and to send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago. A student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the University of Chicago, and Chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work. The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost; special instructors and lecturers without cost except for travel expenses; and a copy of every book and journal published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> at no cost. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program was ended by 1910.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s–1980s">1920s–1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1920s–1980s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChicagoPileTeam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of people in suits standing in three rows on the steps in front of a stone building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChicagoPileTeam.png/220px-ChicagoPileTeam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChicagoPileTeam.png/330px-ChicagoPileTeam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChicagoPileTeam.png/440px-ChicagoPileTeam.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Some of the University of Chicago team that worked on the production of the world's first human-caused self-sustaining nuclear reaction, including <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> in the front row and <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a> in the second</figcaption></figure> In 1929, the university's fifth president, 30-year-old legal philosophy scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a>, took office. The university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. Hutchins reformed the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum known as the Common Core,<a href="#cite_note-commoncore-54">[54]</a> organized the university's graduate work into four divisions,<a href="#cite_note-hutchins-55">[55]</a> and eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics.<a href="#cite_note-hutchins-55">[55]</a> During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals (now called the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center" title="University of Chicago Medical Center">University of Chicago Medical Center</a>) finished construction and enrolled their first medical students.<a href="#cite_note-hospitalhistory-56">[56]</a> Also, the philosophy oriented <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Social_Thought" title="Committee on Social Thought">Committee on Social Thought</a>, an institution distinctive of the university, was created.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> helped the school to survive through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hutchins-55">[55]</a> Nonetheless, in 1933, Hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the University of Chicago and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merger-58">[58]</a> During World War II, the university's <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Metallurgical Laboratory</a> made ground-breaking contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-manhattan-59">[59]</a> The university was the site of the first isolation of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> and of the creation of the first artificial, self-sustained nuclear reaction by <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-manhattan-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The university did not provide standard oversight of <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim">Bruno Bettelheim</a> and his tenure as director of the <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Shankman_Orthogenic_School" title="Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School">Orthogenic School for Disturbed Children</a> from 1944 to 1973.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago#Urban_renewal" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">urban renewal project for Hyde Park</a>, which profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> During this period the university, like Shimer College and 10 others, adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college; also, students enrolled at Shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the University of Chicago after their second year, having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Maroon_(January_17,_1962).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chicago_Maroon_%28January_17%2C_1962%29.pdf/page1-170px-Chicago_Maroon_%28January_17%2C_1962%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chicago_Maroon_%28January_17%2C_1962%29.pdf/page1-255px-Chicago_Maroon_%28January_17%2C_1962%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chicago_Maroon_%28January_17%2C_1962%29.pdf/page1-340px-Chicago_Maroon_%28January_17%2C_1962%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6950" data-file-height="10362" /></a><figcaption>Front page of <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Maroon" title="The Chicago Maroon">Chicago Maroon</a> breaking the news of the university's segregationist off-campus rental policies</figcaption></figure> The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s, beginning in 1962 when then-freshman <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> helped lead a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">15-day sit-in at the college's administration building</a> in a protest over the university's segregationist off-campus rental policies. After continued turmoil, a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy in "social and political action," declared that "To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university's refusal to divest from South Africa in the 1980s and Darfur in the late 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1969, more than 400 students, angry about the dismissal of a popular professor, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlene Dixon">Marlene Dixon</a>, occupied the Administration Building for two weeks. After the sit-in ended, when Dixon turned down a one-year reappointment, 42 students were expelled and 81 were suspended,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> the most severe response to student occupations of any American university during the student movement.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1978, history scholar <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Holborn_Gray" title="Hanna Holborn Gray">Hanna Holborn Gray</a>, then the provost and acting president of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, became president of the University of Chicago, a position she held for 15 years. She was the first woman in the United States to hold the presidency of a major university.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s–2010s">1990s–2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1990s–2010s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/220px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/330px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/440px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>View from the <a href="/wiki/Midway_Plaisance" title="Midway Plaisance">Midway Plaisance</a></figcaption></figure> In 1999, then-President <a href="/wiki/Hugo_F._Sonnenschein" title="Hugo F. Sonnenschein">Hugo Sonnenschein</a> announced plans to relax the university's famed <a href="/wiki/Core_curriculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Core curriculum">core curriculum</a>, reducing the number of required courses from 21 to 15. When <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, and other major news outlets picked up this story, the university became the focal point of a national debate on education. The changes were ultimately implemented, but the controversy played a role in Sonnenschein's decision to resign in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-corewar-70">[70]</a> From the mid-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Friedman Institute">Milton Friedman Institute</a>, which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-petition-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The institute would cost around $200 million and occupy the buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Theological_Seminary" title="Chicago Theological Seminary">Chicago Theological Seminary</a>. During the same year, investor <a href="/wiki/David_G._Booth" title="David G. Booth">David G. Booth</a> donated $300 million to the university's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Booth_School_of_Business" title="University of Chicago Booth School of Business">Booth School of Business</a>, which is the largest gift in the university's history and the largest gift ever to any business school.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2009, planning or construction on several new buildings, half of which cost $100 million or more, was underway.<a href="#cite_note-construction-77">[77]</a> Since 2011, major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, a ten-story medical research center, and further additions to the medical campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center" title="University of Chicago Medical Center">University of Chicago Medical Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-knapp-78">[78]</a> In 2014 the university launched the public phase of a $4.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> campaign.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In September 2015, the university received $100 million from The Pearson Family Foundation to establish The Pearson Institute for the Study and Resolution of Global Conflicts and The Pearson Global Forum at the <a href="/wiki/Harris_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Harris School of Public Policy">Harris School of Public Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2019, the university created its first school in three decades, the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_School_of_Molecular_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering">Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wsjarticleonnewengineeringschool-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On April 29, 2024, students at the University of Chicago set up <a href="/wiki/List_of_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses_in_the_United_States_in_2024#Illinois" title="List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the United States in 2024">an encampment on the university's main quad</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> as a part of <a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses">the nationwide movement</a> in support of Palestine at institutions of higher learning across the country. The encampment was cleared by the University of Chicago Police Department on May 7.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_campus">Main campus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Main campus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1057px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The campus of the University of Chicago, from the top of Rockefeller Chapel. The Main Quadrangles can be seen on the left (west), the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa and the Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics can be seen in the center (north) and the Booth School of Business and Laboratory Schools can be seen on the right (east), as the panoramic is bounded on both sides by the Midway Plaisance (south)."><img alt="The campus of the University of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg/1049px-UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="1049" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg/1574px-UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg/2098px-UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22016" data-file-height="4175" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg" title="File:UniversityofChicagoPanoramic.jpg"> </a></div>The campus of the University of Chicago, from the top of <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Chapel" title="Rockefeller Chapel">Rockefeller Chapel</a>. The Main Quadrangles can be seen on the left (west), the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Cultures,_West_Asia_%26_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa">Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Becker_Friedman_Institute_for_Research_in_Economics" title="Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics">Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics</a> can be seen in the center (north) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Booth_School_of_Business" title="University of Chicago Booth School of Business">Booth School of Business</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">Laboratory Schools</a> can be seen on the right (east), as the panoramic is bounded on both sides by the <a href="/wiki/Midway_Plaisance" title="Midway Plaisance">Midway Plaisance</a> (south).</div></div></div> The main campus of the University of Chicago consists of 217 acres (87.8 ha) in the Chicago neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">Hyde Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn,_Chicago" title="Woodlawn, Chicago">Woodlawn</a>, approximately eight miles (13 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">downtown Chicago</a>. The northern and southern portions of campus are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Midway_Plaisance" title="Midway Plaisance">Midway Plaisance</a>, a large, linear park created for the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a>. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Travel%2BLeisure" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel+Leisure">Travel+Leisure</a> listed the university as one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv/220px--John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="390" data-mwtitle="John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv/John_List-_Extra_footage_3-VPRO-The_Mind_of_the_Universe.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Aerial shots from the University of Chicago campus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper_Quadrangle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Harper_Quadrangle.jpg/220px-Harper_Quadrangle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Harper_Quadrangle.jpg/330px-Harper_Quadrangle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Harper_Quadrangle.jpg/440px-Harper_Quadrangle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>View of university building from the Harper Quadrangle</figcaption></figure> The first buildings of the campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a master plan conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ives_Cobb" title="Henry Ives Cobb">Henry Ives Cobb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-famousbldgs-86">[86]</a> The Main Quadrangles consist of six <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(architecture)" title="Quadrangle (architecture)">quadrangles</a>, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle.<a href="#cite_note-goodspeed-36">[36]</a>: 221  The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb, <a href="/wiki/Shepley,_Rutan_and_Coolidge" title="Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge">Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holabird_%26_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Holabird & Roche">Holabird & Roche</a>, and other architectural firms in a mixture of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Gothic">Victorian Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a> styles, patterned on the colleges of the University of Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-famousbldgs-86">[86]</a> (Mitchell Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Tower,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalen Tower, Oxford">Magdalen Tower</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mitchell-87">[87]</a> and the university Commons, <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson Hall">Hutchinson Hall</a>, replicates <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a> Hall.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>) In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the University of Chicago Quadrangles<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> were selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> Illinois component (AIA Illinois).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitchell-Magdalen_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mitchell-Magdalen_comparison.jpg/220px-Mitchell-Magdalen_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mitchell-Magdalen_comparison.jpg/330px-Mitchell-Magdalen_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mitchell-Magdalen_comparison.jpg/440px-Mitchell-Magdalen_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Many older buildings of the University of Chicago employ <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a> architecture like that of the University of Oxford. For example, Chicago's Mitchell Tower (left) was modeled after Oxford's <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Tower,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalen Tower, Oxford">Magdalen Tower</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> After the 1940s, the campus's Gothic style began to give way to modern styles.<a href="#cite_note-famousbldgs-86">[86]</a> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a> was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen);<a href="#cite_note-famousbldgs-86">[86]</a> a series of arts buildings;<a href="#cite_note-famousbldgs-86">[86]</a> a building designed by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> for the university's School of Social Service Administration,<a href="#cite_note-famousbldgs-86">[86]</a> a building which is to become the home of the <a href="/wiki/Harris_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Harris School of Public Policy">Harris School of Public Policy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Durrell_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Durrell Stone">Edward Durrell Stone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Regenstein_Library" title="Regenstein Library">Regenstein Library</a>, the largest building on campus, a <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">brutalist</a> structure designed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Netsch" title="Walter Netsch">Walter Netsch</a> of the Chicago firm <a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings & Merrill">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Another master plan, designed in 1999 and updated in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-twentytwenty-92">[92]</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ratner_Athletics_Center" title="Gerald Ratner Athletics Center">Gerald Ratner Athletics Center</a> (2003),<a href="#cite_note-twentytwenty-92">[92]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Max_Palevsky_Residential_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Palevsky Residential Commons">Max Palevsky Residential Commons</a> (2001),<a href="#cite_note-famousbldgs-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Campus_Residence_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="South Campus Residence Hall">South Campus Residence Hall</a> and dining commons (2009), a new children's hospital,<a href="#cite_note-milestones-93">[93]</a> and other construction, expansions, and restorations.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2011, the university completed the glass dome-shaped <a href="/wiki/Joe_and_Rika_Mansueto_Library" title="Joe and Rika Mansueto Library">Joe and Rika Mansueto Library</a>, which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The site of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a> is a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> and is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a> sculpture <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_(sculpture)" title="Nuclear Energy (sculpture)">Nuclear Energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robie_House" title="Robie House">Robie House</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> building acquired by the university in 1963, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> as well as a National Historic Landmark,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> as is room 405 of the <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Jones_Laboratory" title="George Herbert Jones Laboratory">George Herbert Jones Laboratory</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> and his team were the first to isolate plutonium.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitchcock Hall">Hitchcock Hall</a>, an undergraduate dormitory, is on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nrhp-100">[100]</a> The campus is soon to be the home of the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Obama Presidential Center</a>, the Presidential Library for the 44th president of the United States <a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> with expected completion in 2026. The Obamas settled in the university's Hyde Park neighborhood where they raised their children and where <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> began his political career. <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> served as an administrator at the university and founded the university's Community Service Center.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Campus of the University of Chicago</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Snell_Hitchcock1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Snell-Hitchcock, an undergraduate dormitory constructed in the early 20th century, is part of the Main Quadrangles."><img alt="Snell-Hitchcock, an undergraduate dormitory constructed in the early 20th century, is part of the Main Quadrangles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Snell_Hitchcock1.JPG/269px-Snell_Hitchcock1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Snell_Hitchcock1.JPG/404px-Snell_Hitchcock1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Snell_Hitchcock1.JPG/538px-Snell_Hitchcock1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Snell-Hitchcock" class="mw-redirect" title="Snell-Hitchcock">Snell-Hitchcock</a>, an undergraduate dormitory constructed in the early 20th century, is part of the Main Quadrangles. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockefeller_Chapel_Entire_Structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rockefeller Chapel, constructed in 1928, was designed by Bertram Goodhue in the neo-Gothic style."><img alt="Rockefeller Chapel, constructed in 1928, was designed by Bertram Goodhue in the neo-Gothic style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Rockefeller_Chapel_Entire_Structure.jpg/240px-Rockefeller_Chapel_Entire_Structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Rockefeller_Chapel_Entire_Structure.jpg/360px-Rockefeller_Chapel_Entire_Structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Rockefeller_Chapel_Entire_Structure.jpg/480px-Rockefeller_Chapel_Entire_Structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Chapel" title="Rockefeller Chapel">Rockefeller Chapel</a>, constructed in 1928, was designed by <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Goodhue" title="Bertram Goodhue">Bertram Goodhue</a> in the neo-Gothic style.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Hinds_Laboratory_at_University_of_Chicago5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Henry Hinds Laboratory for Geophysical Sciences was built in 1969.[104]"><img alt="The Henry Hinds Laboratory for Geophysical Sciences was built in 1969.[104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Henry_Hinds_Laboratory_at_University_of_Chicago5.jpg/135px-Henry_Hinds_Laboratory_at_University_of_Chicago5.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Henry_Hinds_Laboratory_at_University_of_Chicago5.jpg/202px-Henry_Hinds_Laboratory_at_University_of_Chicago5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Henry_Hinds_Laboratory_at_University_of_Chicago5.jpg/270px-Henry_Hinds_Laboratory_at_University_of_Chicago5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Henry Hinds Laboratory for Geophysical Sciences was built in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratner_Athletic_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, opened in 2003 and designed by Cesar Pelli, houses the volleyball, wrestling, swimming, and basketball teams.[105]"><img alt="The Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, opened in 2003 and designed by Cesar Pelli, houses the volleyball, wrestling, swimming, and basketball teams.[105]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ratner_Athletic_Center.jpg/312px-Ratner_Athletic_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ratner_Athletic_Center.jpg/468px-Ratner_Athletic_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ratner_Athletic_Center.jpg/624px-Ratner_Athletic_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="461" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ratner_Athletics_Center" title="Gerald Ratner Athletics Center">Gerald Ratner Athletics Center</a>, opened in 2003 and designed by <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Pelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesar Pelli">Cesar Pelli</a>, houses the volleyball, wrestling, swimming, and basketball teams.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safety">Safety</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> In November 2021, a university graduate was robbed and fatally shot on a sidewalk in a residential area in Hyde Park near campus;<a href="#cite_note-could_be_anyone-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suspect_Charged-107">[107]</a> a total of three University of Chicago students were killed by gunfire incidents in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Suspect_Charged-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-could_be_anyone-106">[106]</a> These incidents prompted student protests and an open letter to university leadership signed by more than 300 faculty members.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_campuses">Satellite campuses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Satellite campuses">edit</a>]</div> The university also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Booth_School_of_Business" title="University of Chicago Booth School of Business">Booth School of Business</a> maintains campuses in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and the downtown <a href="/wiki/Streeterville" title="Streeterville">Streeterville</a> neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">left bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> in Paris, hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In fall 2010, the university opened a center in Beijing, near <a href="/wiki/Renmin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Renmin University">Renmin University</a>'s campus in <a href="/wiki/Haidian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidian District">Haidian District</a>. The most recent additions are a center in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India, which opened in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_finance">Administration and finance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration and finance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hutchinson_Commons_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hutchinson_Commons_2014.jpg/220px-Hutchinson_Commons_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hutchinson_Commons_2014.jpg/330px-Hutchinson_Commons_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hutchinson_Commons_2014.jpg/440px-Hutchinson_Commons_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Hutchinson Commons</figcaption></figure> The university is governed by a board of trustees. The board of trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of 55 members including the university president.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Directly beneath the president are the provost, fourteen vice presidents (including the chief financial officer, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Investment_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Investment Officer">chief investment officer</a>, and vice president for campus life and student services), the directors of <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>, the secretary of the university, and the student <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsperson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-orgchart-114">[114]</a> As of May 2022, the current chairman of the board of trustees is <a href="/wiki/David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The current provost is <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Baicker" title="Katherine Baicker">Katherine Baicker</a> since March 2023.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The current president of the University of Chicago is chemist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alivisatos" title="Paul Alivisatos">Paul Alivisatos</a>, who assumed the role on September 1, 2021. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zimmer" title="Robert Zimmer">Robert Zimmer</a>, the previous president, transitioned into the new role of chancellor of the university.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The university's endowment was the 12th largest among American educational institutions and state university systems in 2013<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit">[update]</a> was valued at $10 billion.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Since 2016, the university's board of trustees has resisted pressure from students and faculty to divest its investments from fossil fuel companies.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Part of former university President Zimmer's financial plan for the university was an increase in accumulation of debt to finance large building projects.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> This drew both support and criticism from many in the university community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2023 the university agreed to pay $13.5 million to settle a lawsuit that it and other universities conspired to limit financial aid to students.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Academics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chicago_July_2013_19_(Main_Quadrangles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/University_of_Chicago_July_2013_19_%28Main_Quadrangles%29.jpg/220px-University_of_Chicago_July_2013_19_%28Main_Quadrangles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/University_of_Chicago_July_2013_19_%28Main_Quadrangles%29.jpg/330px-University_of_Chicago_July_2013_19_%28Main_Quadrangles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/University_of_Chicago_July_2013_19_%28Main_Quadrangles%29.jpg/440px-University_of_Chicago_July_2013_19_%28Main_Quadrangles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The University of Chicago Main Quadrangles, looking north</figcaption></figure> The academic bodies of the University of Chicago consist of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_University_of_Chicago" title="College of the University of Chicago">College</a>, four divisions of graduate research, seven professional schools, and the <a href="/wiki/Graham_School_of_Continuing_Liberal_and_Professional_Studies" title="Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies">Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The university also contains a library system, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center" title="University of Chicago Medical Center">University of Chicago Medical Center</a>, and oversees several laboratories, including <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory" title="Marine Biological Laboratory">Marine Biological Laboratory</a>. The university is accredited by <a href="/wiki/The_Higher_Learning_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="The Higher Learning Commission">The Higher Learning Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collegenavigator-125">[125]</a> The university runs on a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter system">quarter system</a> in which the academic year is divided into four terms: Summer (June–August), Autumn (September–December), Winter (January–March), and Spring (April–June).<a href="#cite_note-calendar-126">[126]</a> Full-time undergraduate students take three to four courses every quarter<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> for approximately nine weeks before their quarterly academic breaks. The school year typically begins in late September and ends in late May.<a href="#cite_note-calendar-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_and_rankings">Reputation and rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reputation and rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-128">[128]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">14</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-129">[129]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">11 (tie)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings">Washington Monthly</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-130">[130]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">35</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>/College Pulse<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-131">[131]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">75</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-132">[132]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-133">[133]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">14 (tie)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-134">[134]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">25</td></tr></tbody></table> After its foundation in the late 19th century, the University of Chicago quickly became established as one of the wealthiest and, according to Henry S. Webber, one of the most prestigious universities in America.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> To elevate higher education standards and practices, the university was a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Cole" title="Jonathan R. Cole">Jonathan R. Cole</a>, universities such as Chicago leveraged endowments to fund research, attracting accomplished faculty and producing academic advancements, leading to sustained growth and maintenance of their institutional profile such that Chicago has been among the most distinguished research universities in the US for more than a century.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The university is described by the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a> as "one of the United States' most outstanding universities".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a> has consistently placed the University of Chicago among the top 10 universities in the world,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and the 2021 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> placed the university in 9th place worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE World University Rankings</a> has ranked it among the global top 10 for eleven consecutive years (from 2012 to 2022).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The university's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booth_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth School of Business">business</a> schools rank among the top three professional schools in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The business school is currently ranked first in the US by US News & World Report<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and first in the world by The Economist,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> while the law school is ranked third by US News & World Report<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and first by <a href="/wiki/Above_the_Law_(website)" title="Above the Law (website)">Above the Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The university has an extensive record of producing successful business leaders and billionaires.<a href="#cite_note-Janhavi_Kumar_Sapra-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-mic.com-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-timeshighereducation.co.uk-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate_college">Undergraduate college</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Undergraduate college">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_University_of_Chicago" title="College of the University of Chicago">College of the University of Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper_Library_from_the_Midway_Plaisance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Harper_Library_from_the_Midway_Plaisance.JPG/200px-Harper_Library_from_the_Midway_Plaisance.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Harper_Library_from_the_Midway_Plaisance.JPG/300px-Harper_Library_from_the_Midway_Plaisance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Harper_Library_from_the_Midway_Plaisance.JPG/400px-Harper_Library_from_the_Midway_Plaisance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Harper Memorial Library was dedicated in 1912, and its architecture takes inspiration from various colleges in England.</figcaption></figure> The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 51 <a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">academic majors</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and 33 minors.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division.<a href="#cite_note-collegiatedivisions-152">[152]</a> The first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions, while the New Collegiate Division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions.<a href="#cite_note-ncd-153">[153]</a> Undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university's general education requirements, commonly known as the Core Curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 2012–2013, the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 courses, and are generally led by a full-time professor (as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant">teaching assistant</a>).<a href="#cite_note-curriculum2-155">[155]</a> As of the 2013–2014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core.<a href="#cite_note-core-156">[156]</a> Undergraduate courses at the University of Chicago are known for their demanding standards, heavy workload and academic difficulty; according to <a href="/wiki/Uni_in_the_USA" title="Uni in the USA">Uni in the USA</a>, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience."<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eckhart_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Eckhart_Hall.jpg/200px-Eckhart_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Eckhart_Hall.jpg/300px-Eckhart_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Eckhart_Hall.jpg/400px-Eckhart_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Eckhart Hall houses the university's math department.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate_schools_and_committees">Graduate schools and committees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Graduate schools and committees">edit</a>]</div> The university graduate schools and committees are divided into four divisions: Biological Sciences, Humanities, Physical Sciences, and Social Sciences, and eight professional schools.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In the autumn quarter of 2022, the university enrolled 10,546 graduate students on degree-seeking courses: 569 in the Biological Sciences Division, 612 in the Humanities Division, 2,103 in the Physical Sciences Division, 972 in the Social Sciences Division, and 6,290 in the professional schools (including the Graham School).<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The university is home to several committees for interdisciplinary scholarship, including the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Social_Thought" title="Committee on Social Thought">John U. Nef Committee on Social Thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_schools">Professional schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Professional schools">edit</a>]</div> The university contains eight professional schools: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Pritzker_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine">Pritzker School of Medicine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Booth_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth School of Business">Booth School of Business</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School" title="University of Chicago Divinity School">University of Chicago Divinity School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harris_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Harris School of Public Policy">University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_School_of_Social_Service_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration">University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Graham_School_of_Continuing_Liberal_and_Professional_Studies" title="Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies">Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies</a> (which offers non-degree courses and certificates as well as degree programs) and the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_School_of_Molecular_Engineering_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago">Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsjarticleonnewengineeringschool-81">[81]</a> The Law School is accredited by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>, the Divinity School is accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Theological_Schools_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada">Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada</a>, and Pritzker is accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Liaison_Committee_on_Medical_Education" title="Liaison Committee on Medical Education">Liaison Committee on Medical Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collegenavigator-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_academic_institutions">Associated academic institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Associated academic institutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools_exterior.jpg/200px-University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools_exterior.jpg/300px-University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools_exterior.jpg/400px-University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, a private day school run by the university</figcaption></figure> The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It operates the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a> (a private <a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">day school</a> for <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 (education)">K-12</a> students and <a href="/wiki/Day_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care">day care</a>),<a href="#cite_note-lab-162">[162]</a> and a public <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter school</a> with four campuses on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Side (Chicago)">South Side</a> of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute.<a href="#cite_note-charter-163">[163]</a> In addition, the Hyde Park Day School, a school for students with learning disabilities,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Shankman_Orthogenic_School" title="Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School">Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School</a>, a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> maintains a location on the University of Chicago campus. Since 1983, the University of Chicago has maintained the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_School_Mathematics_Project" title="University of Chicago School Mathematics Project">University of Chicago School Mathematics Project</a>, a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-ucsmp-166">[166]</a> The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences, which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students, faculty, and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress.<a href="#cite_note-CAS-167">[167]</a> The university also operates the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/University_press" title="University press">university press</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Library_system">Library system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Library system">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chicago,_Harper_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg/220px-University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg/330px-University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg/440px-University_of_Chicago%2C_Harper_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3231" /></a><figcaption>University of Chicago, Harper Library</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">University of Chicago Library</a> system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 11 million volumes, the 9th most among library systems in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The university's main library is the <a href="/wiki/Regenstein_Library" title="Regenstein Library">Regenstein Library</a>, which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Joe_and_Rika_Mansueto_Library" title="Joe and Rika Mansueto Library">Joe and Rika Mansueto Library</a>, built in 2011, houses a large study space and an automated book storage and retrieval system. The <a href="/wiki/John_Crerar_Library" title="John Crerar Library">John Crerar Library</a> contains more than 1.4 million volumes in the biological, medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science, medicine, and technology.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The university also operates a number of special libraries, including the D'Angelo Law Library, the Social Service Administration Library, and the Eckhart Library for mathematics and computer science.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-petersons-172">[172]</a> Harper Memorial Library is now a reading and study room. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fermilab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fermilab.jpg/220px-Fermilab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fermilab.jpg/330px-Fermilab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fermilab.jpg/440px-Fermilab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>, a science research laboratory co-managed by the University of Chicago</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, University of Chicago spent $423.9 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 60th in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity"<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> and was a member of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation from 1946 through June 29, 2016, when the group's name was changed to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Academic_Alliance" title="Big Ten Academic Alliance">Big Ten Academic Alliance</a>. The University of Chicago is not a member of the rebranded consortium, but will continue to be a collaborator.<a href="#cite_note-btaa_chicago-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Among these are the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Cultures" title="Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures">Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa</a>—a museum and research center for <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of <a href="/wiki/National_Resource_Center" title="National Resource Center">National Resource Centers</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago">Center for Middle Eastern Studies</a>. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>'s national laboratory system, and co-manages <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)</a>, a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Point_Observatory" title="Apache Point Observatory">Apache Point Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunspot,_New_Mexico" title="Sunspot, New Mexico">Sunspot, New Mexico</a>. Faculty and students at the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Technological_Institute_at_Chicago" title="Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago">Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago</a> collaborate with the university.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory" title="Marine Biological Laboratory">Marine Biological Laboratory</a> in Woods Hole, Mass.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Opinion_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Opinion Research Center">National Opinion Research Center</a> maintains an office at the Hyde Park campus and is affiliated with multiple academic centers and institutes.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chicago_at_Fall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/University_of_Chicago_at_Fall.jpg/220px-University_of_Chicago_at_Fall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/University_of_Chicago_at_Fall.jpg/330px-University_of_Chicago_at_Fall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/University_of_Chicago_at_Fall.jpg/440px-University_of_Chicago_at_Fall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>University of Chicago building during fall</figcaption></figure> The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> and is the namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>, the school of economic thought supported by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and other economists. The university's <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> department was the first independent sociology department in the United States and gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago school of sociology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In physics, the university was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a> (the first controlled, self-sustaining human-made nuclear chain reaction, part of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>), of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oil-drop_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil-drop experiment">oil-drop experiment</a> that calculated the charge of the electron,<a href="#cite_note-oildrop-184">[184]</a> and of the development of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> by <a href="/wiki/Willard_F._Libby" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard F. Libby">Willard F. Libby</a> in 1947. The chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" title="Miller–Urey experiment">Miller–Urey experiment</a>, was conducted at the university. <a href="/wiki/REM_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="REM sleep">REM sleep</a> was discovered at the university in 1953 by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Kleitman" title="Nathaniel Kleitman">Nathaniel Kleitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Aserinsky" title="Eugene Aserinsky">Eugene Aserinsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The University of Chicago (Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics) operated the <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williams_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Williams Bay, Wisconsin">Williams Bay, Wisconsin</a> from 1897 until 2018,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> where the largest operating <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a> in the world and other telescopes are located.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chicago_USA3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/University_of_Chicago_USA3.jpg/170px-University_of_Chicago_USA3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/University_of_Chicago_USA3.jpg/255px-University_of_Chicago_USA3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/University_of_Chicago_USA3.jpg/340px-University_of_Chicago_USA3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Saieh Hall for Economics, houses the Department of Economics and the <a href="/wiki/Becker_Friedman_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Becker Friedman Institute">Becker Friedman Institute</a>.</figcaption></figure> The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the college, as well as professional organizations including the <a href="/wiki/Court_Theatre_(Chicago)" title="Court Theatre (Chicago)">Court Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Cultures,_West_Asia_%26_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa">Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smart_Museum_of_Art" title="Smart Museum of Art">Smart Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Society" title="Renaissance Society">Renaissance Society</a>, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and cinema and media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a Master of Arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, cinema and media studies (1996) and theater and performance studies (2002). The college's general education core includes a "dramatic, musical, and visual arts" requirement, inviting students to study the history of the arts, stage design, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> UChicago is often considered the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvisational comedy">improvisational comedy</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Compass_Players" title="Compass Players">Compass Players</a> student comedy troupe evolved into <a href="/wiki/The_Second_City" title="The Second City">The Second City</a> improvisation theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Williams_Billie_Tsien_Architects" title="Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects">Tod Williams and Billie Tsien</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_body_and_admissions">Student body and admissions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Student body and admissions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Admissions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Undergraduate admissions statistics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="position:relative;">2023 entering class<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a>Change vs. 2018</div><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admit rate</th><td class="infobox-data">4.8% <div style="float:right;">(<img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> −3.3)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">Yield rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">87.9% <div style="float:right;">(<img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> +24.2)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> In Fall 2021, the university enrolled 7,559 undergraduate students, 10,893 graduate students, and 449 non-degree students.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The college class of 2025 is composed of 53% male students and 47% female students. Twenty-seven percent of the class identify as Asian, 19% as Hispanic, and 10% as Black. Eighteen percent of the class is international.<a href="#cite_note-collegeadmissions.uchicago.edu-190">[190]</a> The university is <a href="/wiki/Need-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Need-blind">need-blind</a> for domestic applicants.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Admissions to the University of Chicago has become highly selective over the past two decades, reflecting changes in the application process, school popularity, and marketing strategy.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Between 1996 and 2023, the acceptance rate of the college fell from 71% to 4.7%.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> For the Class of 2027, the acceptance rate was 4.7%.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The middle 50% band of <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> scores for the undergraduate class of 2025 was 1510–1570 (98th–99th percentiles),<a href="#cite_note-collegeadmissions.uchicago.edu-190">[190]</a> the average <a href="/wiki/MCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MCAT">MCAT</a> score for students entering the Pritzker School of Medicine class of 2024 was 519 (97th percentile),<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> the median <a href="/wiki/GMAT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMAT">GMAT</a> score for students entering the full-time Booth MBA program class of 2023 was 740 (97th percentile),<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and the median <a href="/wiki/LSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="LSAT">LSAT</a> score for students entering the Law School class of 2021 was 172 (99th percentile).<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In 2018, the University of Chicago attracted national headlines by becoming the first major research university to no longer require SAT/ACT scores from college applicants.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Maroons_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chicago_Maroons_logo.svg/220px-Chicago_Maroons_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chicago_Maroons_logo.svg/330px-Chicago_Maroons_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chicago_Maroons_logo.svg/440px-Chicago_Maroons_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Official athletics logo</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Chicago Maroons</a></div> The University of Chicago hosts 19 varsity sports teams: 10 men's teams and 9 women's teams,<a href="#cite_note-sportsfacts-201">[201]</a> all called the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Maroons</a>, with 502 students participating in the 2012–2013 school year.<a href="#cite_note-sportsfacts-201">[201]</a> The Maroons compete in the <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">Division III</a> as members of the <a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">University Athletic Association</a> (UAA). The university was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a> and participated in the NCAA Division I men's basketball and football and was a regular participant in the men's basketball tournament. In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-sportsfacts-201">[201]</a> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football" title="Chicago Maroons football">Chicago Maroons football</a> player <a href="/wiki/Jay_Berwanger" title="Jay Berwanger">Jay Berwanger</a> became the first winner of the <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a>. However, the university chose to withdraw from the Big Ten Conference in 1946 after University president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a> de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In 1969, Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team, resuming playing its home games at the new <a href="/wiki/Stagg_Field" title="Stagg Field">Stagg Field</a>. UChicago is also the home of the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_frisbee" title="Ultimate frisbee">ultimate frisbee</a> team UChicago Fission.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Student life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reynoldsclub.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Reynoldsclub.JPG/200px-Reynoldsclub.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Reynoldsclub.JPG/300px-Reynoldsclub.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Reynoldsclub.JPG/400px-Reynoldsclub.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The university's Reynolds Club, the student center</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">36% </td> <td align="left">36<div style="width:72px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">20% </td> <td align="left">20<div style="width:40px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">15% </td> <td align="left">15<div style="width:30px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">15% </td> <td align="left">15<div style="width:30px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-205">[a]</a> </td> <td align="right">9% </td> <td align="left">9<div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">5% </td> <td align="left">5<div style="width:10px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[b]</a> </td> <td align="right">12% </td> <td align="left">12<div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[c]</a> </td> <td align="right">88% </td> <td align="left">88<div style="width:176px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_organizations">Student organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Student organizations">edit</a>]</div> Students at the University of Chicago operate more than 400 clubs and organizations known as Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs).<a href="#cite_note-activities-208">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-rsodatabase-209">[206]</a> These include cultural and religious groups, academic clubs and teams, and common-interest organizations.<a href="#cite_note-rsodatabase-209">[206]</a> Notable extracurricular groups include the University of Chicago College Bowl Team, which has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships, leading both categories internationally. The university's competitive Model United Nations team was the top-ranked team in North America in 2013–2014, 2014–2015, 2015–2016, and again for the 2017–2018 season. The university's Model UN team is also the first to be in the top 5 for almost a decade, according to Best Delegate. Among notable student organizations are the nation's longest continuously running student film society <a href="/wiki/Doc_Films" title="Doc Films">Doc Films</a>; the organizing committee for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Scavenger_Hunt" title="University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt">University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt</a>; the weekly student newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Maroon" title="The Chicago Maroon">The Chicago Maroon</a>; the satirical <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Shady_Dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Shady Dealer">Chicago Shady Dealer</a>;<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> an improvisational theater and sketch comedy group <a href="/wiki/Off-Off_Campus" title="Off-Off Campus">Off-Off Campus</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Blue_Chips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Blue Chips (page does not exist)">The Blue Chips</a>, an investing club managing $150k in assets; <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Theater_(University_of_Chicago)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Theater (University of Chicago) (page does not exist)">UT</a>, performing up to 12 shows a year across campus[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Japanese_Animation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Japanese Animation Society (page does not exist)">UCJAS</a>, organizers of UChi-Con, a yearly <a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">anime convention</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> The University of Chicago is home to eight student-run a cappella groups, several of which compete regularly at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA). The school's two most prominent co-ed a cappella groups are <a href="/wiki/Voices_in_Your_Head" title="Voices in Your Head">Voices in Your Head</a>, which competed at the ICCA finals in 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2022, as well as the Ransom Notes, which competed at the ICCA finals in 2021. Other successful a cappella groups on campus include the all-female group Unaccompanied Women, which is also the school's oldest established group, as well as the all-male group Run For Cover, which performs in prolific events across the Midwest every year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_government">Student government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Student government">edit</a>]</div> All recognized student organizations, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Scavenger_Hunt" title="University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt">University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt</a> to Model UN, in addition to academic teams, sports clubs, arts groups, and more are funded by <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Student_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Student Government">The University of Chicago Student Government</a>. Student Government consists of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic units. It is led by an executive committee, chaired by a president with the assistance of two vice presidents, one for administration and the other for student life, elected together as a slate by the student body each spring. Its annual budget is greater than $2 million.<a href="#cite_note-studgovt-212">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraternities_and_sororities">Fraternities and sororities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fraternities and sororities">edit</a>]</div> There are 13 <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_Sororities" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities and Sororities">fraternities</a> at the university: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a> (Chicago chapter), <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">Alpha Epsilon Pi</a> (Lambda chapter), <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi" title="Alpha Sigma Phi">Alpha Sigma Phi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> (Delta Delta), <a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">Delta Upsilon</a> (Chicago chapter), <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Phi_Epsilon" title="Lambda Phi Epsilon">Lambda Phi Epsilon</a> (Psi chapter), <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a> (IL Beta chapter), <a href="/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">Phi Gamma Delta</a> (Chi Upsilon chapter), <a href="/wiki/Phi_Iota_Alpha" title="Phi Iota Alpha">Phi Iota Alpha</a> (Chicago Colony chapter), <a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">Psi Upsilon</a> (Omega chapter), <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a> (Omicron Omicron chapter), <a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Alpha" title="Pi Kappa Alpha">Pi Kappa Alpha</a> (Iota Xi chapter) and <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a> (Omega Alpha chapter). There are four <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_Sororities" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities and Sororities">sororities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Pi" title="Alpha Omicron Pi">Alpha Omicron Pi</a> (Phi Chi chapter), <a href="/wiki/Delta_Gamma" title="Delta Gamma">Delta Gamma</a> (Eta Zeta chapter), <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta" title="Kappa Alpha Theta">Kappa Alpha Theta</a> (Epsilon Phi chapter) and <a href="/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">Pi Beta Phi</a> (IL Kappa chapter) at the University of Chicago,<a href="#cite_note-Greek-213">[210]</a> as well as one co-ed community service fraternity are <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Omega" title="Alpha Phi Omega">Alpha Phi Omega</a> (Gamma Sigma chapter).<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> Social fraternities and sororities are not recognized by the university as registered student organizations. Four of the sororities are members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Panhellenic_Conference" title="National Panhellenic Conference">National Panhellenic Conference</a><a href="#cite_note-frats-215">[212]</a> There is no <a href="/wiki/Interfraternity_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfraternity Council">Interfraternity Council</a> on campus. The Multicultural Greek Council (MGC) consists of three fraternities and four sororities: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> fraternity (Theta chapter), <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">Alpha Kappa Alpha</a> sorority (Beta chapter), <a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta" title="Delta Sigma Theta">Delta Sigma Theta</a> sorority (Lambda chapter), <a href="/wiki/Phi_Iota_Alpha" title="Phi Iota Alpha">Phi Iota Alpha</a> fraternity (University of Chicago Colony), <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Phi_Epsilon" title="Lambda Phi Epsilon">Lambda Phi Epsilon</a> fraternity (Psi chapter), <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Pi_Chi" title="Lambda Pi Chi">Lambda Pi Chi</a> sorority (Chi chapter), and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Kappa Delta Phi">alpha Kappa Delta Phi</a> sorority (University of Chicago, associate chapter). As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit">[update]</a>, approximately 20 to 25 percent of students are members of fraternities or sororities.<a href="#cite_note-frats-215">[212]</a> This is an increase from the numbers published in 2007 by the student activities office, stating that one in ten undergraduates participated in Greek life.<a href="#cite_note-Greek-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_housing">Student housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Student housing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue,_orange_and_pink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An orange brick building with pink window frames and a blue roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue%2C_orange_and_pink.jpg/140px-Blue%2C_orange_and_pink.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue%2C_orange_and_pink.jpg/210px-Blue%2C_orange_and_pink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue%2C_orange_and_pink.jpg/280px-Blue%2C_orange_and_pink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Palevsky_Residential_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Palevsky Residential Commons">Max Palevsky Residential Commons</a> is a dormitory completed in 2001 designed by postmodernist Mexican architect <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Legorreta" title="Ricardo Legorreta">Ricardo Legorreta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Housing_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="Housing at the University of Chicago">Housing at the University of Chicago</a></div> On-campus undergraduate students at the University of Chicago participate in a <a href="/wiki/House_system" title="House system">house system</a> in which each student is assigned to one of the university's seven <a href="/wiki/Residence_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Residence hall">residence hall</a> buildings and to a smaller community within their residence hall called a "house". There are 39 houses, with an average of 70 students in each house.<a href="#cite_note-collegehousing-216">[213]</a> The houses are named after former professors and other historical figures in the university community, such as <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene Fama</a>. Traditionally only first years were required to live in housing, but starting with the Class of 2023, students are required to live in housing for the first 2 years of enrollment.<a href="#cite_note-housing2-217">[214]</a> About 60% of undergraduate students live on campus.<a href="#cite_note-housing2-217">[214]</a> For graduate students, the university owns and operates 28 apartment buildings near campus.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scavrace1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scavrace1.jpg/180px-Scavrace1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scavrace1.jpg/270px-Scavrace1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scavrace1.jpg/360px-Scavrace1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Qwazy Quad Rally, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Scavenger_Hunt" title="University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt">Scav Hunt</a> 2005</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Doc_Films" title="Doc Films">Doc Films</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Scavenger_Hunt" title="University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt">University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt</a></div> Every May since 1987, the University of Chicago has held the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Scavenger_Hunt" title="University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt">University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt</a>, in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> Every January, the university holds a week-long winter festival, Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko (Kuvia), which includes early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops. The university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called Summer Breeze that hosts outside musicians and is home to <a href="/wiki/Doc_Films" title="Doc Films">Doc Films</a>, a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university. Since 1946, the university has organized the <a href="/wiki/Latke-Hamantash_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latke-Hamantash Debate">Latke-Hamantash Debate</a>, which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">latkes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamantash" title="Hamantash">hamantashen</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_people" title="List of University of Chicago people">List of University of Chicago people</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_University_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago">List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago</a></div> As of October 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit">[update]</a>, there have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_University_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago">101 Nobel laureates</a> affiliated with the University of Chicago,<a href="#cite_note-uchicago1-220">[217]</a> 21 of whom were pursuing research or on faculty at the university at the time of the award announcement.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Notable alumni and faculty affiliated with the university include <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_University_of_Chicago#Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago">33 Nobel laureates in Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Laureates-222">[219]</a> In addition, many Chicago alumni and scholars have won the <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright awards</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> and 53 have matriculated as <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Alumni">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_alumni" title="List of University of Chicago alumni">List of University of Chicago alumni</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/150px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/225px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/300px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="2927" /></a><figcaption>Physicist <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></figcaption></figure> In 2019, the University of Chicago claimed 188,000 alumni.<a href="#cite_note-About-7">[7]</a> While the university's first president, <a href="/wiki/William_Rainey_Harper" title="William Rainey Harper">William Rainey Harper</a> stressed the importance of perennial theory over practicality in his institution's curriculum, this has not stopped the alumni of Chicago from being among the wealthiest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-mic.com-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-timeshighereducation.co.uk-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-149">[149]</a> In business, notable alumni include <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> founder and the sixth-richest man in America <a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a> (who attended for one term but chose to leave before final exams), <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/MF_Global" title="MF Global">MF Global</a> CEO as well as former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">governor of New Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Corzine" title="Jon Corzine">Jon Corzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a> founder and author of the first <a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">management accounting</a> textbook <a href="/wiki/James_O._McKinsey" title="James O. McKinsey">James O. McKinsey</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstone Group">Blackstone Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/AQR_Capital_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="AQR Capital Management">AQR Capital Management</a> <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Asness" title="Cliff Asness">Cliff Asness</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Dimensional_Fund_Advisors" title="Dimensional Fund Advisors">Dimensional Fund Advisors</a> <a href="/wiki/David_G._Booth" title="David G. Booth">David Booth</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group" title="The Carlyle Group">the Carlyle Group</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a>, former COO of Goldman Sachs <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Alper" title="Andrew Alper">Andrew Alper</a>, billionaire investor and founder of <a href="/wiki/Oaktree_Capital_Management" title="Oaktree Capital Management">Oaktree Capital Management</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Marks_(investor)" title="Howard Marks (investor)">Howard Marks (investor)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Doctoroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Doctoroff">Daniel Doctoroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Brady_Dougan" title="Brady Dougan">Brady Dougan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morningstar,_Inc." title="Morningstar, Inc.">Morningstar, Inc.</a> founder and CEO <a href="/wiki/Joe_Mansueto" title="Joe Mansueto">Joe Mansueto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> owner and chairman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Ricketts" title="Thomas S. Ricketts">Thomas S. Ricketts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> commissioner <a href="/wiki/Adam_Silver" title="Adam Silver">Adam Silver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/120px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/180px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/240px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> in 1947</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Paul_Stevens,_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Paul_Stevens%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/120px-John_Paul_Stevens%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Paul_Stevens%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/180px-John_Paul_Stevens%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Paul_Stevens%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/240px-John_Paul_Stevens%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg/120px-Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg/180px-Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg/240px-Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></figcaption></figure> Notable alumni in the field of law, government and politics include <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">lord chief justice of England and Wales</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Cwmgiedd" title="John Thomas, Baron Thomas of Cwmgiedd">Lord Thomas of Cwmgiedd</a>; President of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Agranat" title="Shimon Agranat">Shimon Agranat</a>; <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General</a> and federal judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>; <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">attorneys general</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Levi">Edward Levi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">33rd prime minister of New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">11th prime minister of Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Marek_Belka" title="Marek Belka">Marek Belka</a>; former <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Taiwan Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a>; Governor of the Bank of Japan <a href="/wiki/Masaaki_Shirakawa" title="Masaaki Shirakawa">Masaaki Shirakawa</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a>, advisor to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidents</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>; the founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">community organizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> agent <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Ness" title="Eliot Ness">Eliot Ness</a>; former Chicago mayor <a href="/wiki/Lori_Lightfoot" title="Lori Lightfoot">Lori Lightfoot</a>; the first female <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">African-American senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and Democratic presidential candidate in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates,_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2020">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>; former <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> president <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>; Chinese jurist <a href="/wiki/Mei_Ju-ao" title="Mei Ju-ao">Mei Ju-ao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amien_Rais" title="Amien Rais">Amien Rais</a>, professor and former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a> of the Republic of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> Notable alumni who are leaders in higher education, have emerged from almost all parts of the university: college president and chancellor <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Chopp" title="Rebecca Chopp">Rebecca Chopp</a>; current president of <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury College</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurie_L._Patton" title="Laurie L. Patton">Laurie L. Patton</a>; master of <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College, Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice-chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-chancellor">vice-chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ashby,_Baron_Ashby" title="Eric Ashby, Baron Ashby">Lord Ashby</a>; president of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_L._Eisgruber" title="Christopher L. Eisgruber">Christopher L. Eisgruber</a>; former president of <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Franklin,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Franklin, Jr.">Robert M. Franklin, Jr.</a>; president of the <a href="/wiki/Open_University_of_Israel" title="Open University of Israel">Open University of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Metzer" title="Jacob Metzer">Jacob Metzer</a>; and president of <a href="/wiki/Shimer_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer College</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Henking" title="Susan Henking">Susan Henking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Sheppard" title="Harold L. Sheppard">Harold L. Sheppard</a> received his <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> from the University of Chicago in 1945 and his <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> in sociology and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-225">[222]</a> In journalism, notable alumni include <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> columnist and commentator on <a href="/wiki/PBS_News_Hour" title="PBS News Hour">PBS News Hour</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)">David Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> columnist <a href="/wiki/David_S._Broder" title="David S. Broder">David Broder</a>, Washington Post publisher <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a>, reporter and commentator <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Graham" title="Virginia Graham">Virginia Graham</a>, investigative journalist and political writer <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a> columnist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Mayer" title="Milton Mayer">Milton Mayer</a>, four-time Pulitzer Prize winning journalist <a href="/wiki/Rick_Atkinson" title="Rick Atkinson">Rick Atkinson</a>, baseball statistician <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Langs" title="Sarah Langs">Sarah Langs</a>, statistical analyst and <a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight" title="FiveThirtyEight">FiveThirtyEight</a> founder and creator <a href="/wiki/Nate_Silver" title="Nate Silver">Nate Silver</a>, and ABC News correspondent <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Jarvis" title="Rebecca Jarvis">Rebecca Jarvis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller <a href="/wiki/Before_I_Fall" title="Before I Fall">Before I Fall</a> <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Oliver" title="Lauren Oliver">Lauren Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning novelist <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>; Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> winning writer <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a>; political philosopher, literary critic and author of the New York Times bestseller <a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>; author of <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Country_(Hamilton_novel)" title="The Big Country (Hamilton novel)">The Big Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Helm" title="Matt Helm">Matt Helm</a> spy novels <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hamilton" title="Donald Hamilton">Donald Hamilton</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Good_War" title="The Good War">The Good War</a> author <a href="/wiki/Studs_Terkel" title="Studs Terkel">Studs Terkel</a>; writer, essayist, filmmaker, teacher, and political activist <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a>; <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">Comparative literature</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>; professor of government and author of <a href="/wiki/The_Rhetorical_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rhetorical Presidency">The Rhetorical Presidency</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_K._Tulis" title="Jeffrey K. Tulis">Jeffrey K. Tulis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural commentator</a>, author, and president of St. Stephen's College (now <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Iddings_Bell" title="Bernard Iddings Bell">Bernard Iddings Bell</a>; and novelist and satirist <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> are notable alumni.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> In the arts and entertainment, <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">minimalist</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>, dancer, choreographer and leader in the field of <a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">dance anthropology</a> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Dunham" title="Katherine Dunham">Katherine Dunham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a> founder and developer of the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halo (series)">Halo</a> video game series <a href="/wiki/Alex_Seropian" title="Alex Seropian">Alex Seropian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_(podcast)" title="Serial (podcast)">Serial</a> host <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Koenig" title="Sarah Koenig">Sarah Koenig</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Ed_Asner" title="Ed Asner">Ed Asner</a>, actress <a href="/wiki/Anna_Chlumsky" title="Anna Chlumsky">Anna Chlumsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Criticism" title="Pulitzer Prize for Criticism">Pulitzer Prize for Criticism</a> winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film <a href="/wiki/Life_Itself_(2014_film)" title="Life Itself (2014 film)">Life Itself</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>, director, writer, and comedian <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a>, film director and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a>, and photographer and writer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a>, photographer and writer, are graduates.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Sagan_-_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Carl_Sagan_-_1980.jpg/120px-Carl_Sagan_-_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Carl_Sagan_-_1980.jpg/180px-Carl_Sagan_-_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Carl_Sagan_-_1980.jpg/240px-Carl_Sagan_-_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> in 1980</figcaption></figure> In science, alumni include astronomers <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, a prominent contributor to the scientific research of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a>, known for "<a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a>", <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/John_M._Grunsfeld" title="John M. Grunsfeld">John M. Grunsfeld</a>, geneticist <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a>, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, vaccinologist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a>, whose vaccines save nearly 8 million lives each year, experimental physicist <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a>, popular environmentalist <a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki" title="David Suzuki">David Suzuki</a>, astronomer <a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek" title="J. Allen Hynek">J. Allen Hynek</a>, nuclear physicist and researcher <a href="/wiki/Stanton_T._Friedman" title="Stanton T. Friedman">Stanton T. Friedman</a>, balloonist <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Piccard" title="Jeannette Piccard">Jeannette Piccard</a>, biologists <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a>, computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a>, the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Hamming_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamming Code">Hamming Code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a> developer <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a>, mathematician and <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> recipient <a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Joseph Cohen">Paul Joseph Cohen</a>, geochemist <a href="/wiki/Clair_Cameron_Patterson" title="Clair Cameron Patterson">Clair Cameron Patterson</a>, who developed the <a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">uranium–lead dating</a> method into <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">lead–lead dating</a>, geologist and geophysicist <a href="/wiki/M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a>, known for the <a href="/wiki/Hubbert_curve" title="Hubbert curve">Hubbert curve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory" title="Hubbert peak theory">Hubbert peak theory</a>, the main components of <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>, and "Queen of Carbon" <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Solomonoff" title="Ray Solomonoff">Ray Solomonoff</a>, one of the founders of the field of <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a>, got a BS and MS in physics in 1951, studying under <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/225px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> In economics, notable <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> winners <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (a major advisor to Republican U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, Conservative British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and Chilean military dictator <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> (Nobel laureate and proponent of <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">regulatory capture</a> theory) <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making) <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> (the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene Fama</a> (known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory" title="Modern portfolio theory">portfolio theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valuation_(finance)" title="Valuation (finance)">asset pricing</a> and stock market behavior) are all graduates. American <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theorist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher</a>, and author <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a> is also an alumnus. Brazil's minister of the economy <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Guedes" title="Paulo Guedes">Paulo Guedes</a> received his Ph.D. from UChicago in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> Other prominent alumni include anthropologists <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Johanson" title="Donald Johanson">Donald Johanson</a>, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">australopithecine</a> known as "<a href="/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a> region, psychologist <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a>, American psychologist who established the <a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">psychological school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">communication theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold Innis</a>, political theorist <a href="/wiki/Anne_Norton" title="Anne Norton">Anne Norton</a>, chess grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky">Samuel Reshevsky</a>, and conservative international relations scholar and <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> coordinator of security planning for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Rights Movement">American Civil Rights Movement</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a>, considered by some to be the founder of the American Civil Rights Movement, American educator, socialist and cofounder of the Highlander Folk School <a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a>, civil rights attorney and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practices_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Employment Practices Committee">Fair Employment Practices Committee</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_B._Dickerson" title="Earl B. Dickerson">Earl B. Dickerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_O._Davis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.">Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.</a>, African-American history scholar and journalist <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a>, and Nubian scholar <a href="/wiki/Solange_Ashby" title="Solange Ashby">Solange Ashby</a> are all alumni.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> Three students from the university have been prosecuted in notable court cases: the infamous thrill killers <a href="/wiki/Leopold_and_Loeb" title="Leopold and Loeb">Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb</a> and high school science teacher <a href="/wiki/John_T._Scopes" title="John T. Scopes">John T. Scopes</a> who was tried in the <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Monkey_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Monkey Trial">Scopes Monkey Trial</a> for teaching <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty">Faculty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Faculty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_faculty" title="List of University of Chicago faculty">List of University of Chicago faculty</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archway_at_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archway_at_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg/220px-Archway_at_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archway_at_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg/330px-Archway_at_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archway_at_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg/440px-Archway_at_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The archway between Bond Chapel and Swift Hall, home of the university's Divinity School</figcaption></figure> Notable faculty in economics include <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James Heckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lucas, Jr.">Robert Lucas, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._List" title="John A. List">John A. List</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene Fama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Laureates-222">[219]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a>, which is rewarded annually to the best economist under the age of 40, has also been awarded to 4 current members of the university faculty.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator <a href="/wiki/A._A._Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="A. A. Michelson">A. A. Michelson</a>, elementary charge calculator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a>, discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Compton_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton Effect">Compton Effect</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Compton">Arthur H. Compton</a>, the creator of the first nuclear reactor <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, "the father of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>" <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, "one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century" <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> who introduced the <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a>, second female Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a>, the youngest American winner of the Nobel Prize <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysicist">astrophysicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Faculty-227">[224]</a> In law, people that have served on the faculty include former U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, the most cited legal scholar of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a>, Supreme Court justices <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, and Nobel laureate in economics <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a>. Other distinguished scholars who have served on the faculty include <a href="/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn" title="Karl Llewellyn">Karl Llewellyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Levi">Edward Levi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a>, and legal historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Nider_Katz" title="Stanley Nider Katz">Stanley Nider Katz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Faculty-227">[224]</a> Philosophers who were members of the faculty include <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a>-winning philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> (central figure in <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">functional psychology</a>), philosopher and political theorist <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Mead" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Mead">George H. Mead</a> (who is considered one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> and the American sociological tradition), and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> (prominent philosopher and the founder of the Straussian School in philosophy). Notable writers <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> have all served on the faculty. Past faculty have also included astronomer <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a>, biochemist and <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> member <a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a>, biologist <a href="/wiki/Susan_Lindquist" title="Susan Lindquist">Susan Lindquist</a>, Nobel Prize winning chemists <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (the developer of the <a href="/wiki/Actinide_concept" title="Actinide concept">actinide concept</a>), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a>, egyptologist <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a>, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> (one of the leading figures of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School of Economics">Austrian School of Economics</a> and Nobel prize winner), meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Ted_Fujita" title="Ted Fujita">Ted Fujita</a>, linguistic anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverstein" title="Michael Silverstein">Michael Silverstein</a>, Nobel Prize winning novelist <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a>, American politics scholar <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Storing" title="Herbert Storing">Herbert Storing</a>, political philosopher and author <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> political philosopher and historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Richard M. Weaver</a>, cancer researchers <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles Brenton Huggins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a>, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="McKinsey & Co.">McKinsey & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/James_O._McKinsey" title="James O. McKinsey">James O. McKinsey</a>, and Nobel Prize-winning physicist <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Faculty-227">[224]</a> Current faculty include the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_F._Conant" title="James F. Conant">James F. Conant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pippin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Pippin">Robert Pippin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a>; political scientists <a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pape" title="Robert Pape">Robert Pape</a>; anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a>; historians <a href="/wiki/Dipesh_Chakrabarty" title="Dipesh Chakrabarty">Dipesh Chakrabarty</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Nirenberg" title="David Nirenberg">David Nirenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pomeranz" title="Kenneth Pomeranz">Kenneth Pomeranz</a>; paleontologists <a href="/wiki/Neil_Shubin" title="Neil Shubin">Neil Shubin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sereno" title="Paul Sereno">Paul Sereno</a>; evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a>; Nobel Prize-winning economists <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene Fama</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James Heckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger Myerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a>; <a href="/wiki/Freakonomics" title="Freakonomics">Freakonomics</a> author and noted economist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitt" title="Steven Levitt">Steven Levitt</a>; Voltage Effect author and noted economist <a href="/wiki/John_A._List" title="John A. List">John List</a>; former governor of India's <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">central bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan" title="Raghuram Rajan">Raghuram Rajan</a>; and former chairman of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> <a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UChicago_Faculty-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> & those who prefer to not say. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> or wealthier. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1903" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, William (1903). Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney. <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">The University of Sydney</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781112213304" title="Special:BookSources/9781112213304"><bdi>9781112213304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Jubilee+Celebrations+of+the+University+of+Sydney&rft.place=Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=The+University+of+Sydney&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=9781112213304&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Anderson" title="Peter John Anderson">Anderson, Peter John</a> (1907). Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Aberdeen University Press (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001PK7B5G">B001PK7B5G</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781363625079" title="Special:BookSources/9781363625079"><bdi>9781363625079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Celebration+of+the+Quatercentenary+of+the+University+of+Aberdeen%3A+From+25th+to+28th+September%2C+1906&rft.place=Aberdeen%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press+%28University+of+Aberdeen%29&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9781363625079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001PK7B5G%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_and_Traditions-3"><a href="#cite_ref-History_and_Traditions_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/history-and-traditions">"History and Traditions"</a>. The University of Chicago. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108092105/https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/history-and-traditions">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Traditions&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uchicago.edu%2Fwho-we-are%2Fhistory-and-traditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/history-and-traditions">"University of Chicago History and Traditions"</a>. 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National Academies Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09312-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09312-5"><bdi>978-0-309-09312-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308042353/https://books.google.com/books?id=BMPSJTQaFTQC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2009. <q>In 1947, at the University of Chicago, chemist Willard F. Libby discovered a powerful new technology known as radiocarbon dating. 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Retrieved July 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Graduate+students+win+Fulbright-Hays+fellowships&rft.volume=8&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft.aulast=Harms&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.uchicago.edu%2F060608%2Ffulbright.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UChicago_Alumni-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Alumni_224-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-chicago/alumni/">"Notable alumni of University of Chicago"</a>. Edurank. August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edurank&rft.atitle=Notable+alumni+of+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedurank.org%2Funi%2Funiversity-of-chicago%2Falumni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-225"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxon1997" class="citation news cs1">Saxon, Wolfgang (August 4, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/04/us/harold-sheppard-75-teacher-and-researcher-on-the-elderly.html">"Harold Sheppard, 75, Teacher And Researcher on the Elderly"</a>. The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harold+Sheppard%2C+75%2C+Teacher+And+Researcher+on+the+Elderly&rft.date=1997-08-04&rft.aulast=Saxon&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F04%2Fus%2Fharold-sheppard-75-teacher-and-researcher-on-the-elderly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuibert2014" class="citation news cs1">Guibert, Susan (April 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/04/18/chicago-booth-s-gentzkow-awarded-2014-clark-medal">"Chicago Booth's Gentzkow awarded 2014 Clark Medal"</a>. UChicago News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113035/https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/04/18/chicago-booth-s-gentzkow-awarded-2014-clark-medal">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chicago+Booth%27s+Gentzkow+awarded+2014+Clark+Medal&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.aulast=Guibert&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.uchicago.edu%2Farticle%2F2014%2F04%2F18%2Fchicago-booth-s-gentzkow-awarded-2014-clark-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UChicago_Faculty-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Faculty_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Faculty_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Faculty_227-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UChicago_Faculty_227-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanities.uchicago.edu/articles/2021/07/twenty-one-uchicago-faculty-receive-named-distinguished-service-professorships">"Twenty-One UChicago Faculty Receive Distinguished Service Professorships"</a>. University of Chicago. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Twenty-One+UChicago+Faculty+Receive+Distinguished+Service+Professorships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanities.uchicago.edu%2Farticles%2F2021%2F07%2Ftwenty-one-uchicago-faculty-receive-named-distinguished-service-professorships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu/db.xqy?one=apf1-05960.xml">"Ellison, Ralph : Photographic Archive : The University of Chicago"</a>. photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901213406/http://photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu/db.xqy?one=apf1-05960.xml">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Ellison%2C+Ralph+%3A+Photographic+Archive+%3A+The+University+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fdb.xqy%3Fone%3Dapf1-05960.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030925/dsp-named.shtml">"Faculty receive DSPs, named professorships"</a>. chronicle.uchicago.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720082006/http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030925/dsp-named.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chronicle.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Faculty+receive+DSPs%2C+named+professorships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.uchicago.edu%2F030925%2Fdsp-named.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2015" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, John (2015). The University of Chicago: A History. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Chicago%3A+A+History&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstein2019" class="citation journal cs1">Burstein, Stanley M. (2019). "Werner Jaeger Comes to Chicago". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 26 (3): 319–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12138-018-0484-8">10.1007/s12138-018-0484-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255504312">255504312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.atitle=Werner+Jaeger+Comes+to+Chicago&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-332&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12138-018-0484-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255504312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2019" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, William N. (2019). Pragmatism and the origins of the policy sciences: rediscovering Lasswell and the Chicago school. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatism+and+the+origins+of+the+policy+sciences%3A+rediscovering+Lasswell+and+the+Chicago+school&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldred2019" class="citation journal cs1">Eldred, Juliet Sprung (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6082%2Fuchicago.5538">"'A Highly Complex Set of Interventions': The University of Chicago as Urban Planner, 1890-2017"</a>. Chicago Studies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6082%2Fuchicago.5538">10.6082/uchicago.5538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Studies&rft.atitle=%27A+Highly+Complex+Set+of+Interventions%27%3A+The+University+of+Chicago+as+Urban+Planner%2C+1890-2017&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6082%2Fuchicago.5538&rft.aulast=Eldred&rft.aufirst=Juliet+Sprung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.6082%252Fuchicago.5538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, Douglas A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/80417983">"The midway and beyond: recent work on economics at Chicago"</a>. History of Political Economy. 50 (4): 735–775. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-7202548">10.1215/00182702-7202548</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158553976">158553976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+midway+and+beyond%3A+recent+work+on+economics+at+Chicago&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=735-775&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182702-7202548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158553976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F80417983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaworski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jaworski, Gary D. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdclv.unlv.edu/ega/articles/gj_on_loyalty_21.pdf">"On loyalty and betrayal in postwar social science, mainly in Chicago"</a> (PDF). Journal of Classical Sociology. 22 (3): 320–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468795X211042550">10.1177/1468795X211042550</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238677255">238677255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Classical+Sociology&rft.atitle=On+loyalty+and+betrayal+in+postwar+social+science%2C+mainly+in+Chicago&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=320-349&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1468795X211042550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238677255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jaworski&rft.aufirst=Gary+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdclv.unlv.edu%2Fega%2Farticles%2Fgj_on_loyalty_21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStigler2013" class="citation book cs1">Stigler, Stephen M. (2013). "University of Chicago Department of Statistics". In Agresti, A.; Meng, X. L. (eds.). Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U.S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=University+of+Chicago+Department+of+Statistics&rft.btitle=Strength+in+Numbers%3A+The+Rising+of+Academic+Statistics+Departments+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Stigler&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorr1966" class="citation book cs1">Storr, Richard J. (1966). Harper's University: The Beginnings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper%27s+University%3A+The+Beginnings&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Storr&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"> (a major scholarly history)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeithMcLean1952" class="citation book cs1">Veith, Ilza; McLean, Franklin C. (1952). The University of Chicago Clinics and Clinical Departments, 1927–1952: A Brief Outline of the Origins, the Formative Years, and the Present State of Medicine at the University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Chicago+Clinics+and+Clinical+Departments%2C+1927%E2%80%931952%3A+A+Brief+Outline+of+the+Origins%2C+the+Formative+Years%2C+and+the+Present+State+of+Medicine+at+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Veith&rft.aufirst=Ilza&rft.au=McLean%2C+Franklin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeulen1977" class="citation book cs1">Vermeulen, Cornelius W. (1977). For the Greatest Good to the Largest Number: A History of the Medical Center, the University of Chicago, 1927–1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Greatest+Good+to+the+Largest+Number%3A+A+History+of+the+Medical+Center%2C+the+University+of+Chicago%2C+1927%E2%80%931977&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Vermeulen&rft.aufirst=Cornelius+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber2005" class="citation book cs1">Webber, Henry S. (2005). "The University of Chicago and Its Neighbors: A Case Study in Community Development". In Perry, David C.; Wiewel, Wim (eds.). The University as Urban Developer: Case Studies and Analysis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+University+of+Chicago+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Community+Development&rft.btitle=The+University+as+Urban+Developer%3A+Case+Studies+and+Analysis&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1977" class="citation thesis cs1">White, Woodie T. (1977). The Study of Education at the University of Chicago 1892–1958 (PhD dissertation). University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Study+of+Education+at+the+University+of+Chicago+1892%E2%80%931958&rft.inst=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Woodie+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWind1987" class="citation book cs1">Wind, James P. (1987). The Bible and the University: The Messianic Vision of William Rainey Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+University%3A+The+Messianic+Vision+of+William+Rainey+Harper&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Wind&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Chicago" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131252#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoisgreatplaces.com/#welcome">Illinois Great Places</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoisgreatplaces.com/#detail/university_of_chicago_quadrangle-081/type=educational/city=chicago">University of Chicago Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/IL-01-031-0093">Society of Architectural Historians SAH ARCHIPEDIA entry on the University of Chicago Quadrangles</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Chicago" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#800000;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UChicago" title="Template:UChicago"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UChicago" title="Template talk:UChicago"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UChicago" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UChicago"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Chicago" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Chicago</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#800000;color:white;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#800000;color:white;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_University_of_Chicago" title="College of the University of Chicago">The College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth School of Business">Booth School of Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School" title="University of Chicago Divinity School">Divinity School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_School_of_Continuing_Liberal_and_Professional_Studies" title="Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies">Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_School_of_Public_Policy_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris School of Public Policy Studies">Harris School of Public Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritzker_School_of_Medicine" title="Pritzker School of Medicine">Pritzker School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Pritzker_School_of_Molecular_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering">Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_School_of_Social_Service_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration">School of Social Service Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#800000;color:white;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becker_Friedman_Institute_for_Research_in_Economics" title="Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics">Becker Friedman Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago">Center for Middle Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Population_Economics" title="Center for Population Economics">Center for Population Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Research_in_Security_Prices" title="Center for Research in Security Prices">Center for Research in Security Prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Project_on_Security_and_Threats" title="Chicago Project on Security and Threats">Chicago Project on Security and Threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comer_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Comer Children's Hospital">Comer Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Social_Thought" title="Committee on Social Thought">Committee on Social Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center">Comprehensive Cancer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Institute" title="Enrico Fermi Institute">Enrico Fermi Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck_Institute" title="James Franck Institute">James Franck Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Cultures,_West_Asia_%26_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa">Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Institute_of_Politics" title="University of Chicago Institute of Politics">Institute of Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">Laboratory Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory" title="Marine Biological Laboratory">Marine Biological Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center" title="University of Chicago Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORC_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="NORC at the University of Chicago"> National Opinion Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Obama Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulson_Institute" title="Paulson Institute">Paulson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Shankman_Orthogenic_School" title="Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School">Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieglitz_Lecture" title="Stieglitz Lecture">Stieglitz Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Technological_Institute_at_Chicago" title="Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago">Toyota Technological Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_Press_journals" title="List of University of Chicago Press journals">Journals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#800000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Housing_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="Housing at the University of Chicago">Residence halls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burton%E2%80%93Judson_Courts" title="Burton–Judson Courts">Burton–Judson Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snell%E2%80%93Hitchcock" title="Snell–Hitchcock">Snell–Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="Housing at the University of Chicago">Housing at the University of Chicago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#800000;color:white;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartlett_Gymnasium" title="Bartlett Gymnasium">Bartlett Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Jones_Laboratory" title="George Herbert Jones Laboratory">George Herbert Jones Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ratner_Athletics_Center" title="Gerald Ratner Athletics Center">Gerald Ratner Athletics Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crown_Fieldhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Crown Fieldhouse">Henry Crown Fieldhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Hong Kong">Francis and Rose Yuen (Hong Kong) campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Commons" title="Hutchinson Commons">Hutchinson Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Noyes_Hall" title="Ida Noyes Hall">Ida Noyes Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_and_Rika_Mansueto_Library" title="Joe and Rika Mansueto Library">Joe and Rika Mansueto Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crerar_Library" title="John Crerar Library">John Crerar Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenstein_Library" title="Regenstein Library">Regenstein Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorado_Taft_Midway_Studios" title="Lorado Taft Midway Studios">Lorado Taft Midway Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Plaisance" title="Midway Plaisance">Midway Plaisance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_Club_(University_of_Chicago)" title="Quadrangle Club (University of Chicago)">Quadrangle Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Society" title="Renaissance Society">Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robie_House" title="Robie House">Robie House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Chapel" title="Rockefeller Chapel">Rockefeller Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary_Co-op" title="Seminary Co-op">Seminary Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Museum_of_Art" title="Smart Museum of Art">Smart Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagg_Field" title="Stagg Field">Stagg Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#800000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Chicago" title="History of the University of Chicago">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_v._University_of_Chicago" title="Cannon v. University of Chicago">Cannon v. University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_(sculpture)" title="Nuclear Energy (sculpture)">Nuclear Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Graduate_Library_School" title="University of Chicago Graduate Library School">Graduate Library School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenwood_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory">Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Metallurgical Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Chicago" title="Old University of Chicago">Old University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#800000;color:white;;width:1%">Sports and traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football" title="Chicago Maroons football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_men%27s_basketball" title="Chicago Maroons men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_women%27s_basketball" title="Chicago Maroons women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascivious_Costume_Ball" title="Lascivious Costume Ball">Lascivious Costume Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Scavenger_Hunt" title="University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt">Scavenger Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">University Athletic Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#800000;color:white;;width:1%">Student organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Band" title="University of Chicago Band">Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Maroon" title="The Chicago Maroon">The Chicago Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Review" title="Chicago Review">Chicago Review</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMAC_(UChicago)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CMAC (UChicago) (page does not exist)">CMAC (UChicago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Contemporary_Chamber_Players" title="University of Chicago Contemporary Chamber Players">Contemporary Chamber Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Films" title="Doc Films">Doc Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-Off_Campus" title="Off-Off Campus">Off-Off Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Poetry_Club" title="University of Chicago Poetry Club">Poetry Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Student_Government" title="University of Chicago Student Government">Student Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voices_in_Your_Head" title="Voices in Your Head">Voices in Your Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHPK" title="WHPK">WHPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#800000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_people" title="List of University of Chicago people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_alumni" title="List of University of Chicago alumni">Alumni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_Booth_School_of_Business_alumni" title="List of University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni">School of Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_Law_School_alumni" title="List of University of Chicago Law School alumni">Law School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_faculty" title="List of University of Chicago faculty">Faculty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Chicago_Booth_School_of_Business_faculty" title="List of University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty">School of Business</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible 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Alliance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln" title="University of Nebraska–Lincoln">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93New_Brunswick" title="Rutgers University–New Brunswick">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="QuestBridge_partner_institutions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College" title="Claremont McKenna College">Claremont McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colby_College" title="Colby College">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_College" title="Colorado College">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a 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title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a> <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Spartans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chicago</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a> <a href="/wiki/Emory_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="Emory Eagles">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a> <a href="/wiki/NYU_Violets" title="NYU Violets">Violets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a> <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Yellowjackets" title="Rochester Yellowjackets">Yellowjackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_Bears" title="Washington University Bears">Bears</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Midwest_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Midwest_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Midwest Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" 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College">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_College" title="Cornell College">Cornell</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornell_College#Athletics" title="Cornell College">Rams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell</a> <a href="/wiki/Grinnell_Pioneers" title="Grinnell Pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_College" title="Illinois College">Illinois College</a> <a href="/wiki/Illinois_College#Athletics" title="Illinois College">Blue Boys & Lady Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox</a> <a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)#Athletics" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Prairie Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Forest_College" title="Lake Forest College">Lake Forest</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Forest_College#Athletics" title="Lake Forest College">Foresters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_University" title="Lawrence University">Lawrence</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_University#Athletics" title="Lawrence University">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_College" title="Monmouth College">Monmouth</a> <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_College#Athletics" title="Monmouth College">Fighting Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_College_(Wisconsin)" title="Ripon College (Wisconsin)">Ripon</a> <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Red_Hawks" title="Ripon Red Hawks">Red Hawks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Multi-sport affiliate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chicago</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Maroons</a> (baseball and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football" title="Chicago Maroons football">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustana_College_(Illinois)" title="Augustana College (Illinois)">Augustana (IL)</a> Vikings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_University" title="Carroll University">Carroll (WI)</a> Pioneers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage_College" title="Carthage College">Carthage</a> Firebirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_University" title="Elmhurst University">Elmhurst</a> Bluejays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University" title="Illinois Wesleyan University">Illinois Wesleyan</a> Titans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millikin_University" title="Millikin University">Millikin</a> <a href="/wiki/Millikin_Big_Blue" title="Millikin Big Blue">Big Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_College" title="North Central College">North Central (IL)</a> Cardinals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Park_University" title="North Park University">North Park</a> Vikings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton (IL)</a> Thunder</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#05458F; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 black, inset -2px -2px 0 black;;width:1%">Bowling affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_University" title="Aurora University">Aurora</a> Spartans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland_University" title="Lakeland University">Lakeland</a> Muskies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_University_(Wisconsin)" title="Marian University (Wisconsin)">Marian (WI)</a> Sabres</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#05458F; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 black, inset -2px -2px 0 black;;width:1%">Football affiliate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_Bears_football" title="Washington University Bears football">Bears</a> (leaving in 2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#05458F; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 black, inset -2px -2px 0 black;;width:1%">Lacrosse affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chicago</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Maroons</a> (women only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dubuque" title="University of Dubuque">Dubuque</a> Spartans (men and women)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#05458F; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 black, inset -2px -2px 0 black;;width:1%">Men's volleyball affiliate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loras_College" title="Loras College">Loras</a> Duhawks</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#05458F; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 black, inset -2px -2px 0 black;;width:1%">Wrestling affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_University" title="Aurora University">Aurora</a> Spartans (men and women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_Wisconsin" title="Concordia University Wisconsin">Concordia (WI)</a> Falcons (men only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland_University" title="Lakeland University">Lakeland</a> Muskies (men and women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_School_of_Engineering" title="Milwaukee School of Engineering">MSOE</a> Raiders (men only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Chicago" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Chicago" title="Template:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Chicago"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Chicago" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Chicago"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Chicago" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Chicago"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Chicago" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Chicago" title="List of colleges and universities in Chicago">Colleges and universities in metropolitan Chicago</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Community_College_System" title="Illinois Community College System">Community and junior colleges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_DuPage" title="College of DuPage">DuPage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Community_College" title="Elgin Community College">Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_College" title="Generations College">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_College" title="Harper College">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_Junior_College" title="Joliet Junior College">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Lake_County" title="College of Lake County">Lake County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McHenry_County_College" title="McHenry County College">McHenry County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine_Valley_Community_College" title="Moraine Valley Community College">Moraine Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_College" title="Morton College">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakton_College" title="Oakton College">Oakton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_State_College" title="Prairie State College">Prairie State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Suburban_College" title="South Suburban College">South Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_College" title="Triton College">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsee_Community_College" title="Waubonsee Community College">Waubonsee</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="City_Colleges_of_Chicago" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_Colleges_of_Chicago" title="City Colleges of Chicago">City Colleges of Chicago</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley_College" title="Richard J. Daley College">Richard J. Daley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_College" title="Malcolm X College">Malcolm X</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olive%E2%80%93Harvey_College" title="Olive–Harvey College">Olive–Harvey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Truman_College" title="Truman College">Truman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington_College" title="Harold Washington College">Harold Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Wright_College" title="Wilbur Wright College">Wilbur Wright</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">Colleges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calumet_College_of_St._Joseph" title="Calumet College of St. Joseph">Calumet College of St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage_College" title="Carthage College">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago" title="Columbia College Chicago">Columbia Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Theological_College" title="Hebrew Theological College">Hebrew Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Forest_College" title="Lake Forest College">Lake Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_College" title="North Central College">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_College_(Illinois)" title="St. Augustine College (Illinois)">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="School of the Art Institute of Chicago">School of the Art Institute of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimer_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telshe_Yeshiva_(Chicago)" title="Telshe Yeshiva (Chicago)">Telshe Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Christian_College" title="Trinity Christian College">Trinity Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VanderCook_College_of_Music" title="VanderCook College of Music">VanderCook College of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_University" title="Aurora University">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_University" title="Benedictine University">Benedictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_State_University" title="Chicago State University">Chicago State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_Chicago" title="Concordia University Chicago">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DePaul_University" title="DePaul University">DePaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_University_(Illinois)" title="Dominican University (Illinois)">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_University" title="East–West University">East–West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_University" title="Elmhurst University">Elmhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_State_University" title="Governors State University">Governors State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Northwest" title="Indiana University Northwest">Indiana University Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_University" title="Judson University">Judson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_University" title="Lewis University">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Louis_University" title="National Louis University">National Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="National University of Health Sciences">National University of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Park_University" title="North Park University">North Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Illinois_University" title="Northeastern Illinois University">Northeastern Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Northwest" title="Purdue University Northwest">Purdue University Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University_Illinois" title="Robert Morris University Illinois">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_University" title="Roosevelt University">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Francis" title="University of St. Francis">St. Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Lake" title="University of Saint Mary of the Lake">Saint Mary of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Xavier_University" title="Saint Xavier University">Saint Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_International_University" title="Trinity International University">Trinity International</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="University of Illinois Chicago">University of Illinois Chicago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">Graduate schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_University" title="Adler University">Adler University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Theological_Union" title="Catholic Theological Union">Catholic Theological Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_School" title="The Chicago School">The Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Theological_Seminary" title="Chicago Theological Seminary">Chicago Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson_Institute" title="Erikson Institute">Erikson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett%E2%80%93Evangelical_Theological_Seminary" title="Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary">Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_College_of_Optometry" title="Illinois College of Optometry">Illinois College of Optometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Clinical_Social_Work" title="Institute for Clinical Social Work">Institute for Clinical Social Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Forest_Graduate_School_of_Management" title="Lake Forest Graduate School of Management">Lake Forest Graduate School of Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_School_of_Theology_at_Chicago" title="Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago">Lutheran School of Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCormick_Theological_Seminary" title="McCormick Theological Seminary">McCormick Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadville_Lombard_Theological_School" title="Meadville Lombard Theological School">Meadville Lombard Theological School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-America_Reformed_Seminary" title="Mid-America Reformed Seminary">Mid-America Reformed Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_University" title="Midwestern University">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seminary" title="Northern Seminary">Northern Baptist Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science" title="Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science">Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_University" title="Rush University">Rush University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spertus_Institute_for_Jewish_Learning_and_Leadership" title="Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership">Spertus Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Technological_Institute_at_Chicago" title="Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago">Toyota Technological Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_American_Universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template talk:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_American_Universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00006787?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500304674">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/801314">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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