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scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-99965 apercu surlignable"><p>The “European Competition Network” (ECN) is a network formed by the competition authorities of the EU Member States (NCAs) and the European Commission in 2004 at the time of the adoption of Regulation 1/2003. The ECN functions as a forum for discussion and close cooperation in the application and enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The ECN aims at ensuring the coherent application of competition rules across the EU. It also allows the European competition authorities to pool their experience, discuss competition related topics and identify best practices.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-99965 texte surlignable"><p>Regulation 1/2003 introduced a system of parallel competences in which the European Commission and the NCAs have the power to apply Articles 101 and 102 TFEU in full. The same Regulation established the ECN as the new form of close cooperation between the Commission and the NCAs in order to ensure both an effective and consistent application of EU competition rules and an efficient division of work.</p> <p>The main principles on the functioning of the ECN are set out in the Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities (ECN Notice) and the Joint Statement of the Council and the Commission on the Functioning of the Network of Competition Authorities. According to the case law in DHL and in Pfleiderer, the ECN does not adopt legally binding rules for NCAs or national courts.</p> <p>The ECN is responsible to ensure the efficient division of work on the investigation of cases. The ECN members have agreed on flexible work-sharing mechanisms, including non-binding case allocation rules. The ECN Notice sets out the criteria that indicate when an ECN member is considered well placed to deal with a case. Neither Regulation 1/2003 nor the ECN Notice creates rights or expectations for an undertaking to have its case dealt with by a particular competition authority.</p> <p>In addition, the NCAs and the Commission cooperate with each other through the ECN by various means, such as by: (i) informing the ECN members of new cases and proposed enforcement decisions; (ii) exchanging evidence and other information; (iii) helping each other with investigations; and (iv) discussing various competition law related issues.</p> <p>At an early stage of an investigation under Articles 101 and/or Article 102 TFEU, the Commission and the NCAs need to inform each other in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation 1/2003 to ensure an efficient and quick (re-)allocation of cases and avoid multiple procedures.</p> <p>The NCAs are obliged to inform the Commission of a proposed enforcement decision at least 30 days before its adoption in line with Article 11(4) of Regulation 1/2003. This consultation between the NCAs and the Commission is important to ensure the coherent application of the EU competition rules by all competition enforcers. This consultation is an internal process of the ECN and the exchanges between the Commission and an NCA are treated as ‘network internal documents’ and cannot be shared outside the ECN.</p> <p>The NCAs and the Commission can also exchange information, including documents and digital information, and use this information in their investigations pursuant to Article 12 of Regulation 1/2003. Finally, an NCA and the Commission may ask another NCA to carry out an inspection or other fact-finding measures (e.g. requests for information or interviews) to collect information on its behalf in the context of the enforcement of EU competition rules.</p> <p>Over time, the ECN has developed different fora in which its members discuss various issues at different levels, namely the meeting of the heads of the European competition authorities, the so-called DGs’ Meeting, the ECN Plenary, the meeting of the working groups of the ECN dealing with horizontal matters of legal, economic or procedural nature, as well as the meeting of the sectoral subgroups dealing with particular sectors. The work in these fora includes fruitful discussions, exchanges of views and the development of common positions and policies.</p> <p>Since its creation, the ECN has published statements, reports, resolutions, best practices and recommendations on different matters (for example, the Joint statement on application of competition law during the Corona crisis in 2021 and the ECN Model Leniency Programme in 2012). These ECN documents set out the ECN’s position and are intended to be used mainly as advocacy tools.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-99965 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2017/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-use-of-evidence-from-noncompetition-authority">Case C-469/15 P FSL Holdings and Others v European Commission, EU:C:2017:308</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2016/Alertes-1828/Leniency-The-Court-of-Justice-of-79633">Case C-428/14 DHL Express (Italy) S.r.l. and Others v Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato and Others, EU:C:2016:27</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2015/alertes/Obligation-to-state-reasons-The-73263">Case T-355/13 EasyJet Airline v Commission, ECLI:EU:T:2015:36</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2014/The-EU-General-Court-extends-the">Case T-201/11 Si.mobil telekomunikacijske storitve d.d. v Commission, ECLI:EU:T:2014:1096</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2012/The-European-Court-of-Justice-42840">Case C‑17/10 Toshiba Corporation and Others v Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže, EU:C:2012:72</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-3-2011/Alertes-1634/Leniency-The-CJEU-refers-back-to">Case C-360/09 Pfleiderer AG v Bundeskartellamt., EU:C:2011:389</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-99965 jurisprudence"><p>B. Rayment and N. Grubeck, ‘The Enforcement of the Competition Rules by National Competition Authorities, The European Competition Network’ in D. Bailey and L. E. John (eds), <i>Bellamy & Child: European Union Law of Competition</i> (8th edn, Oxford University Press, 2019), Chapter 15.</p> <p>E. Arsenidou, J. Capiau, A. Sinclair, J. Stanciute, ‘Cooperation Within the ECN and Strengthening of National Competition Authorities’ in E. Rousseva (ed), <i>EU Antitrust Procedure</i> (1st edn, Oxford University Press, 2020), Chapter 19.</p> <p>E. De Smijter and A. Sinclair, ‘The Enforcement System under Regulation 1/2003, Cooperation between Enforcers’ in J. Faull and A. Nikpay (eds), <i>The EU Law of Competition</i> (3rd edn, Oxford University Press, 2014), Chapter 2.</p> <p>Richard Whish and David Bailey, Competition Law (10th end, Oxford University Press, 2021), Chapter 7.</p> <p><i>The views expressed are purely those of the author and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission.</i></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteur/pantopoulou" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L99xH100/auton50988-3c901.jpg?1711365264) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Efstathia Pantopoulou</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Commission - DG COMP (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>5180</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Efstathia Pantopoulou, </span> <span class="entry-title">European Competition Network</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86025</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">5186</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86025 texte surlignable"><p>The European Competition Network (ECN) has been established as a forum for discussion and cooperation of European competition authorities in cases where Articles 101 and and 102 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union are applied. It should ensure an efficient division of work and an effective and consistent application of EC competition rules. The EU Commission and competition authorities from EU member states cooperate with each other through the ECN by: (i) informing each other of new cases and envisaged enforcement decisions; (ii) coordinating investigations, where necessary; (iii) helping each other with investigations; (iv) exchanging evidence and other information; and (v) discussing various issues of common interest.</p> <p>The objective of the European Competition Network is to build an effective legal framework to enforce EC competition law against companies who engage in cross-border business practices which restrict competition and are therefore anti-consumer. The basic foundations of the functioning of the ECN are laid out in the "Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities" and in the "Joint Statement of the Council and the Commission on the Functioning of the Network of Competition Authorities".<br class='autobr' /> Within the ECN, groups of experts in specific sectors (banking, securities, energy, insurance, food, pharmaceuticals, professional services, healthcare, environment, motor vehicles, telecommunications, media, IT & information & communication, Abuse of dominant positions, Competition Chief Economists and railways) discuss competition problems and promote a common approach. In this way, the ECN allows competition authorities to pool their experience and identify best practices. <strong>©</strong> <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/competition/ecn/more_details.html" class="spip_out" rel="external"><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjRxW9uyhvoads3oqv+ZGMMzMqZVUc+BZxHMYgmN9P4Q/0TSmMCa3mGyImLCfuW3T4vkQV6p9sbMvtJ1NOv7N8Lgo61xhNlTvDb06LzuO2SJkhHXvEUq1uWkO1b+tJpXe+eKZKD0smmpTodgKaEaE/T5CSwQSlYF1nV0dyotjMPduDmxc6G1F5ALB440qz8mGzyaIxnbhNDMGldYir60e3OcE+SUTqIxdwHHT1OGwkSWAavqHNxgAhcgVeTJOUBbWs8nga2pll5T107lIcO+Q2+bjI9lyv/mOHNOfK7xsaeaN6Ud2aqv45xeCfrYbLHBAcEZOkfq6fz2+GoVGGvTE9ZfBLoQFsmNxJ' data-origin="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-lacresse">Alexandre Lacresse</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/evaluation-d-application-the-european-commission-publishes-an-assessment-of" rel="bookmark"><strong> Regulation</strong>: The European Commission publishes an assessment of twenty years’ application of the procedural framework laid down by regulations n°1/2003 and n°773/2004</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-27T11:58:00Z">27 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121738 introduction entry-content"> <p>On the strength of twenty years’ experience in applying regulations no. 1/2003 and no. 773/2004, the Commission has recently published a working document evaluating the procedural framework established by these texts, which have been in force since 2004. This evaluation is a synthesis of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/competition-policy-the-commission-publishes-the-assessment-of-regulations-1" rel="bookmark"><strong>Competition policy</strong>: The European Commission publishes the assessment of Regulations 1/2003 and 773/2004, as well as an interesting study on interim measures in Europe</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-05T22:00:00Z">6 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120585 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 6, 2024, the Commission published a working document in English summarizing the findings of the evaluation of the EU regulations defining the procedures for applying the EU competition rules [regulation (EC) no. 1/2003 and regulation (EC) no. 773/2004. This working document is (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sebastien-martin">Sébastien Martin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/rail-transport-the-french-transport-regulator-askes-the-government-to-clarify" rel="bookmark"><strong>Rail transport</strong>: The French transport regulator askes the government to clarify the practical application of the criterion for considering railway lines to be ‘dedicated to freight traffic’</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-26T22:00:00Z">27 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122066 introduction entry-content"> <p>On May 14, 2024, the French Transport Regulatory Authority (Autorité de Régulation des Transports) was asked to give its opinion on a draft regulatory act designed to facilitate the operation of low-traffic lines that are intended to give priority to freight services. <br class='autobr' /> Under IV of Article L. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-dezobry">Guillaume Dezobry</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ilona-corvaisier">Ilona Corvaisier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/chroniques/electricity-the-european-parliament-and-council-adopt-regulation-2024-1747-and" rel="bookmark"><strong>Energy :</strong> The European Parliament and Council adopt Regulation 2024/1747 and Directive 2024/1711, which ratify the reform of the European electricity market initiated in March 2023 by the European Commission</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-12T22:00:00Z">13 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119947 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European electricity market experienced a major crisis in 2021 and 2022, illustrated by unprecedented volatility and price rises. The war in Ukraine and international sanctions against Russia led to a rise in gas prices, and revealed the supply difficulties faced by the European Union. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sebastien-martin">Sébastien Martin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/122076" rel="bookmark"><strong>Gambling</strong>: The European gambling regulators adopt a joint declaration on scratch card games and preliminary ruling proceedings before the Court of Justice of the European Union</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-11T22:00:00Z">12 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122076 introduction entry-content"> <p>Meeting in Vienna on June 11 and 12, 2024, the authorities responsible for regulating gambling in Austria, France, Germany, the UK, Spain and Portugal addressed two subjects related to their areas of competence, which they felt were sensitive issues deserving special attention. <br class='autobr' /> The first topic (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/digital-markets-act-the-european-commission-ensures-the-alignment-of-ai" rel="bookmark"><strong>Digital Markets Act</strong>: The European Commission ensures that the development of artificial intelligence is aligned with the objectives of digital market legislation through the High-Level Group of the DMA</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-21T22:00:00Z">22 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118943 introduction entry-content"> <p>On May 22, 2024, the High Level Group for the DMA - comprising representatives of the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC), the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) and the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), the European Competition Network (ECN), the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-report-providing-an-overview-of-the-enforcement" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a report providing an overview of the enforcement of competition and merger rules by the Commission and National Competition Authorities in the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-25T23:00:00Z">26 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116875 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission report finds active competition enforcement continues to contribute to affordable and innovative medicines* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has published a report providing an overview of the enforcement of EU antitrust and merger rules by the Commission and the national competition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/may-lyn-yuen">May Lyn Yuen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wallace-wright">Alice Wallace-Wright</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ashley-howlett">Ashley Howlett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fabien-roy">Fabien Roy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-report-on-competition-enforcement-in-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a report on competition enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector which highlights the role of EU competition law in safeguarding market participants and consumers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-25T23:00:00Z">26 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117035 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 26 January 2024, the European Commission published a report on competition enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector, highlighting the role of EU competition law in safeguarding market participants and consumers, particularly amid the challenges posed by the Covid-19 crisis. The report looks (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/catherine-longeval">Catherine Longeval</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/koen">Koen T’Syen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-report-summarising-recent-competition-law" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a report summarising recent competition law enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-25T23:00:00Z">26 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117048 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 26 January 2024, the European Commission (the Commission ) published a report summarizing recent competition law enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector during 2018-2022 (the Report ). The Report covers EU antitrust and merger control activities by the Commission and national competition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/peter-rowland">Peter Rowland</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/max-kaufman">Max Kaufman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jose-munoz-ec-europa-eu">Jose Munoz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-comprehensive-report-showcasing-the-strengthening" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a comprehensive report showcasing the strengthening of competition and merger control enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector over the last five years</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-25T23:00:00Z">26 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117381 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Commission (“Commission“) has published a comprehensive report showcasing the strengthening of antitrust and merger control enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector in the EU over the last five years (2018-2022). <br class='autobr' /> The report, produced by the Commission in cooperation with the 27 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/imelda-maher">Imelda Maher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mina-hosseini">Mina Hosseini</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/cooperation-between-national-competition-authorities/cooperation-between-national-competition-authorities-an-overview-of-eu-and" rel="bookmark"> Cooperation between National Competition Authorities: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-17T23:00:00Z">18 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116089 introduction entry-content"><p>The European Competition Network (ECN) is almost 20 years old. Its foundational statute, Regulation 1/2003, came into effect in May 2004, and its members had their powers and responsibilities enhanced by the ECN+ Directive in 2019. The most integrated competition enforcement network in the world, its membership consists of 27 national competition agencies (NCAs) from each of the Member States and the European Commission. All members have the power to apply the same competition rules: Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. Although the European Commission has the power to pull a case from a national agency and decide the matter itself, it has not done so. Instead, what has emerged is increasing cooperation between member agencies. Cooperation is most common among agencies that share borders, business and cultural links: the Nordic states, Latvia and Lithuania, Spain and Portugal. A counter-trend is a consolidation of power under the Digital Markets Act in the European Commission despite the clear willingness of NCAs to assume greater responsibility in this significant field.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martine-behar-touchais">Martine Behar-Touchais</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/european-business-code-the-association-henri-capitant-and-the-fondation-pour-le" rel="bookmark"><strong>European Business Code</strong>: The Association Henri Capitant and the Fondation pour le Droit Continental make public the draft European Business Code marking an offer of a code for Europe including Book II on market law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-23T22:00:00Z">24 October 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115470 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Business Code project is supported by the Association Henri Capitant and the Fondation pour le Droit Continental, and was mentioned in the Treaty of Aix La Chapelle, signed on January 22, 2019, between France and Germany. It marks the desire to create a common legal framework for (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/efta-surveillance-authority-112306">EFTA Surveillance Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2023/the-efta-surveillance-authority-adopts-a-revised-more-flexible-notice-on" rel="bookmark">The EFTA Surveillance Authority adopts a revised, more flexible, Notice on informal guidance for novel or unresolved questions concerning EEA competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-13T22:00:00Z">14 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112878 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition: ESA adopts revised Informal Guidance Notice* <br class='autobr' /> The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) has today adopted a revised, more flexible, Notice on informal guidance for novel or unresolved questions concerning EEA competition law. <br class='autobr' /> The notice helps businesses to seek informal guidance, in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/polish-competition-authority">Polish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2023/the-polish-competition-authority-concludes-an-investigation-over-an-alleged" rel="bookmark">The Polish Competition Authority concludes an investigation over an alleged abuse of dominance in the fuel market <em>(PKN Orlen)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-06T22:00:00Z">7 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112894 introduction entry-content"> <p>Fuel market - conclusions of the investigation procedure* The investigation procedure regarding the fuel market has been completed. The prices charged by PKN Orlen at the end of 2022 were without prejudice to competition law. The case was consulted with the European Commission. UOKiK’s findings (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/1612">European Competition Network Brief</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2023/the-european-competition-network-releases-a-joint-statement-over-the-eu" rel="bookmark">The European Competition Network releases a joint statement over the EU Commission’s review of the Market Definition Notice</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-04T22:00:00Z">5 April 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112045 introduction entry-content"> <p>Joint statement by the European Competition Network (ECN) on the European Commission’s review of the Market Definition Notice* <br class='autobr' /> With the present statement the ECN welcomes the initiative to review the Commission’s Market Definition Notice used in EU competition law (OJ C 372, 9.12.1997, p. 5 – (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' 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The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-mundt">Andreas Mundt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-vinje">Thomas Vinje</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/interview/andreas-mundt-bundeskartellamt-giving-back-to-digital-consumers" rel="bookmark">Andreas Mundt (German Competition Authority) : Giving back to digital consumers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105066 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Thomas Vinje, Partner, Co-Chair, Global Antitrust Group, Clifford Chance, Brussels. <br class='autobr' /> You have been president of the Bundeskartellamt since 2009 and worked in competition law for several years before that. 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Carstensen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/johan-hedelin">Johan Hedelin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/mino-lopez">Antonio Miño López</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/on-topic/unfair-trading-practices-in-the-food-supply-chain-90847-en" rel="bookmark">Unfair trading practices in the food supply chain</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90847 introduction entry-content"> <p>This On-Topic issue is dedicated to the regulation of unfair trading practices in the food supply chain and brings along selected contributions on different aspects on this highly debated and timely topic. 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In thirty years, European agriculture has experienced numerous crises, the intensity of which has particularly increased (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2019/articles/legal-professional-privilege-in-eu-antitrust-enforcement-law-policy-procedure-90634" rel="bookmark">Legal professional privilege in EU antitrust enforcement: Law, policy & procedure</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90634 introduction entry-content"> <p>This paper discusses the law, policy and procedure of legal professional privilege in EU antitrust enforcement. It focuses primarily on the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU by the European Commission, but also touches briefly on the enforcement of EU antitrust law by the competition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2018/conferences/urgency-in-antitrust-cases-always-too-late-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-paris-11" rel="bookmark">Urgency in antitrust cases: Always too late? (New Frontiers of Antitrust - Paris, 11 June 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87851 introduction entry-content"> <p>After an alignment of French rules to European rules, the two sets of rules have evolved differently from one another. The topic is once again at the forefront, following the first Google case, but even more following the ECN+ submission, which stipulates that all NCA must be provided with this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ronan-scanlan">Ronan Scanlan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2018/international/uk-brexit-the-need-for-a-special-approach-to-eu-mergers-86683-en" rel="bookmark">UK: Brexit - The need for a special approach to EU mergers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86683 introduction entry-content"> <p>The United Kingdom (UK) is expected to leave the European Union (EU) in the near future. When it does so, mergers affecting both the EU and the UK will lose the benefit of the “one stop shop” under the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR) and the European Commission (the Commission) will have no right or (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ekaterina-rousseva">Ekaterina Rousseva</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2018/pratiques/article-13-of-regulation-1-2003-animated-86514-en" rel="bookmark">Article 13 of Regulation 1/2003 animated</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86514 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article 13 of Regulation 1/2003 entitles a national competition authority or the Commission to suspend proceedings or reject a complaint on the grounds that the same agreement, decision of an association or practice brought to its attention, is being dealt, or has already been dealt with, by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679l0Gjyvml+n8nyzaEl28Gl+EPg2vwGOK3asHZ5o3rJeM0IUl+KlEvbn6sSiPpjJUM7rwitFPsRjmrt5vHrQPASQOhsVoHupY3ElmQkfP1Tgyubc318//o8LI95UGALSzbhvHAmmO5pmPx1NK3pZoalhbAZPVi4ZGfVat/AYTehTmlnpLm2w0O+0dC5xU5LFu6TfNwovclztws7YZ4MOUukOWl0HT0w4sBy6dH+HbSuow5YjfqTpl5eYTk7fKGP04xgdToemziZFixr9lzOLiCM+4ISYfRtUDjpD6SBX9uM48hGsznL4ze0tGEjuObZMLIGgSwIEfHgEJhA0SBqRQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-nihoul">Paul Nihoul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau">Pierre Régibeau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aleksandra-boutin">Aleksandra Boutin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/xavier-boutin">Xavier Boutin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/fireside-chat-judges-and-economists-let-s-bridge-the-gap" rel="bookmark">Fireside Chat - Judges and economists: Let’s bridge the gap!</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-03-09T16:00:00Z">9 March 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109951 introduction entry-content"><p>The fireside chat "Judges and Economists: Let’s bridge the gap! 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Mark Gidley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Miguel-de-la-Mano">Miguel De La Mano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/dominance-in-the-pharma-sector-an-eu-us-perspective-83030" rel="bookmark">Dominance in the pharma sector - An EU/US Perspective </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-12T10:00:00Z">12 April 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83030 introduction entry-content"><p>Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Compass Lexecon and White & Case.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhKtp6jRgLddd8oCnW023bI3qRWT0QiEueGUw3HcJ9aTCxBuTdnHziYLrR/luWi7IOT7lEwpVf6aV3G1FP9pTBqesHsOCKjQxNMx8ernEytFTmW1zAspq1oOmZ8lIkg06laJyJ2/9orKxq+bUM+grhVAiSEqF+duSZ7qmpf6eK7er05ZstPkRU0W8AacdfjR0+/FdYYoJxWOJ6w/QFqoHtJy0IsaMu3NgVvYAOljOeFuiEpWl680Uie0c9GFzAs7gD9QwWkpW9y95Q95dcATQBWsqC1VFDxcKtckYWS6Jly8QgEWjbgWFyC+1H7uU5LRQOZSOackQquPZBCLOF6CupX48bQ=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic">William E. 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data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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