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<span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-99902 apercu surlignable"><p>Bid rigging is a form of coordination between firms that may adversely affect the outcome of any sale or purchasing process in which bids are submitted. Such processes often, though not exclusively, relate to public procurement. Bid rigging may take a number of forms including: Bid suppression, where one or more parties agree not to bid; cover bidding, where parties agree to bid an artificially high price and bid rotation, where parties may agree to bid, or bid only at an artificially high price, in rotation according to the number or value of contracts.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-99902 texte surlignable"><p>Bid rigging is an egregious form of anti-competitive behaviour, in part because it normally includes elements of other serious anti-competitive conduct such as price-fixing, the sharing of markets/customers and the exchange of confidential information between competitors. The gravity is exacerbated by the fact that it often involves public contracts with consequent loss to taxpayers and the undermining of important public purposes in areas such as defence and national infrastructure.</p> <p>Bid rigging is an object infringement under Article 101(1) TFEU. In the <i>PreInsulated Pipes </i> case, for each supply contract the existing supplier would inform other suppliers participating in the arrangement of the price they intended to quote, the other suppliers would provide quotations at higher prices to ensure the maintenance of existing customer relationships. This was found by the European Commission to restrict competition by its very nature.</p> <p>In the USA bid rigging is a per se violation of the US Sherman Act 1890 (<i>USA v Javier Sanchez</i> (2019)). ‘<i>An agreement to interfere with competition for a transaction conducted by bid</i>’ is a standalone infringement of the Sherman Act independent of any element of collusion which may also be present (<i>United States v Guthrie</i> (1993)).</p> <p>Bid rigging is unlawful in all OECD member countries. In the EU, UK and Japan, 33% of competition authority fining decisions by volume concerned bid rigging activities; in the US the percentage was 46% and in South Korea it was 89% (<i>Allen & Overy, Global Cartel Enforcement Report, 2020</i>). Bid rigging will normally fall within the scope of national criminal prohibitions on anti-competitive practices (for example, the ‘cartel offence’ under section 188 of the UK Enterprise Act 2002). Even in jurisdictions where cartel activity is not criminalised, bid rigging may be a criminal offence. Ten jurisdictions can impose criminal sanctions exclusively for bid rigging conspiracies (<i>OECD Working Party No 3, 2020</i>). Bid rigging may be associated with other unlawful activities such as bribery, for example where a purchaser or an intermediary receives a payment to favour certain bidders or to ignore coordinated bidding practices.</p> <p>Under EU law a joint bidding or consortia agreement is not unlawful if the parties to the agreement are not actual or potential competitors. It is not always easy to distinguish legitimate pro-competitive cooperation through teaming, joint bidding and subcontracting arrangements from unlawful bid rigging agreements.</p> <p>How public authorities choose to combine or fragment potential projects may therefore impact whether potential bidders can bid individually or whether they need to combine with others. In the <i>Danish Road Marking Consortium case (Dansk Vejmarkerings Konsortium)</i> tenders were invited for road markings in three different districts. Two of the biggest undertakings submitted a joint bid covering three districts. Each party had what was needed to bid for one lot. The Danish Supreme Court upheld a decision by the Danish Competition Council which found that the parties to the consortium agreement were actual competitors since both had the financial resources, know-how and access to the requirements concerning machines and staff in order to bid for one lot. Consequently, their bidding arrangement, which involved price-fixing and contract sharing, was anti-competitive by object thereby infringing Article 101(1) TFEU. The contracting authority had encouraged bids for all three contracts collectively but did not make this a requirement. Presumably, if the public authority had not offered bidders the option of bidding for individual road marking projects, that is if the only contract available had been for the three combined projects, the outcome would have been different if the two tenderers did not have the resources to individually bid for the combined project. A more difficult question is if the two tenderers had anticipated bids from third parties for the combined contracts, and therefore taken the view that in practice the real competition was for the combined package, should their joint bidding agreement have been considered as an object infringement? Although they could in practice have bid for the individual contracts the economic and business reality in such circumstances was that the contest was for the combined project.</p> <p>An agreement under which the bidders materially integrate their assets and resources in order to bid is, depending on circumstances. less likely to be considered to be anti-competitive by object than one where they simply allocate particular contracts or geographic areas between themselves though may still, on analysis, be anti-competitive by effect.</p> <p>The impact of bid rigging on public authorities requires close cooperation between competition authorities and other public bodies to maximise the possibility of detection. In November 2019 the US Justice Department announced the formation of a Procurement Collusion Strike Force (PCSF), which now includes 29 public agencies, focusing on deterring, detecting, investigating and prosecuting antitrust crimes, including bid rigging, which undermine competition in government procurement, grant and program funding. In its first year the PCSF opened over two dozen grand jury investigations across the United States spanning the range of procurement collusion and fraud matters including domestic and international investigations into conduct affecting U.S. government procurement overseas.</p> <p>On the one hand, the transparency of public bidding processes makes bid rigging easier because it is harder for parties to secretly ‘cheat’ on each other. On the other hand, detection is helped by the standardisation and digitisation of procurement processes which enable authorities to access transparent and comparable data. Many competition authorities produce guidelines to assist purchasing authorities in detecting bid rigging, for example warning buyers to look out for, changes in bid patterns, pricing irregularities and suspicious behaviour. Bid rigging screening tools may be helpful to complement other cartel detection methods (such as encouraging leniency, whistleblowing and intelligence functions). The UK CMA was one of the first competition authorities to develop a digital bid rigging screening tool in 2017. After encountering some initial difficulties when applying the tool it was withdrawn to allow further work on its effectiveness. Several other authorities have introduced, or are developing, bid rigging screening tools, for example, the Spanish competition authority has established a specialised new economic intelligence unit which conducts market screening activities and targets in particular potential bid rigging in public procurement activities.</p> <p>The end date of a bid rigging scheme matters in order to determine the limitation period and the size of any penalty. In <i>Kilpailu- ja kuluttajavirasto</i> (2021), the European Court of Justice held that a bid rigging scheme ends on the date that the infringing company signs a contract with the party that put out the tender (not when tenders are submitted or when the price is paid in full). The financial consequences of such activity may have a longer term effect and might be taken into account in any damages action.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-99902 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-1-2021/alerts/tender-offer-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-rules-that-in-the">Kilpailu- ja kuluttajavirasto, C-450/19 (14 January 2021)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2019/case-comments/bid-rigging-the-u-s-court-of-appeals-for-the-ninth-circuit-denies-a-challenge">United States v. Javier Sanchez, US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Jan. 25th, 2019, No. 17/10519</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2019/the-danish-supreme-court-renders-a-judgement-on-the-legality-of-consortium"><i>Dansk Vejmarkerings Konsortium</i>, Danish Competition Council case 14/04158. Decision upheld by the Competition Appeal Tribunal in the decision of 11 April 2016 (cases KL-2-2015 and KL3-2015). Decision of the Competition Appeal Tribunal revoked by the Maritime and Commercial High Court in the judgment of 27 August 2018 (cases U-2-16 and U3-16). The Supreme Court revoked the Maritime and Commercial High Court’s judgment, and thereby upheld the decision of the Competition Council, in its judgment of 27 November 2019 (case 191/2018).</a></p> <p>European Commission Decision 1999/60/EC of 21 October 1998 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EEC Treaty (Case No IV/35.691/E-4 – Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel) (OJ 1999 L 24/1)</p> <p>United States v. Guthrie, 814 F. Supp. 942 (E.D. Wash. 1993)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-99902 jurisprudence"><p>Allen & Overy, Global Cartel Enforcement Report, February 2020.</p> <p>Heidi Sander Løjmand, The Danish Supreme Court’s Ruling in the "Road Marking Case": The End of a Joint Bidding Era, How to Crack a Nut, 28 November 2019.</p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2019/the-us-doj-announces-the-formation-of-an-agency-entitled-procurement-collusion" class="spip_in">Justice Department Announces Procurement Collusion Strike Force: a Coordinated National Response to Combat Antitrust Crimes and Related Schemes in Government Procurement, Grant and Program Funding, 5 November 2019, Press Release Number: 19-1,189</a> and speech by Assistant Attorney General Makan Delrahim, “Here I Go Again”: New Developments for the Future of the Antitrust Division, 12 November 2020.</p> <p><a href="art95318.">OECD, Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement Executive Summary of the roundtable on Criminalisation of cartels and bid rigging conspiracies Annex to the Summary Record of the 131st Meeting of Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement 9 June 2020</a></p> <p>OECD, Ex officio cartel investigations and the use of screens to detect, 7 July 2014, DAF/COMP(2013)27 and see also: M Huber and D Imhof, Machine Learning with Screens for Detecting Bid-Rigging Cartels (2018) University of Fribourg Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences Working Paper Series No 494.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/martin-coleman" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH99/auton12164-9b941.jpg?1711359442) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Martin Coleman</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">UK Competition & Markets Authority - CMA (London)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>11</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>23618</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Martin Coleman, </span> <span class="entry-title">Bid rigging</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12291</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">30976</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12291 texte surlignable"><p>Particular form of co-ordination between firms which can adversely affect the outcome of any sale or purchasing process in which bids are submitted. For example, firms may agree their bids in advance, deciding which firm will be the lowest bidder. Alternatively, they may agree not to bid or to rotate their bids in number or value of contracts. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p> <p>Bid rigging is a particular form of collusive price-fixing behaviour by which firms coordinate their bids on procurement or project contracts. There are two common forms of bid rigging. In the first, firms agree to submit common bids, thus eliminating price competition. In the second, firms agree on which firm will be the lowest bidder and rotate in such a way that each firm wins an agreed upon number or value of contracts.<br class='autobr' /> Since most (but not all) contracts open to bidding involve governments, it is they who are most often the target of bid rigging. Bid rigging is one of the most widely prosecuted forms of collusion. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p> <p>See also <a href="en/dictionary/cartel" class="spip_in">Cartel</a> and <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement" class="spip_in">Price-fixing agreement</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QhWtpyjR6PNYiF4LuyGj46lgzOQDy4Sj2UPQpp1CIKsGp9XBsiMU/rqJyrj9XEmgC3D0Y4oOX3Wb/Q0xvZIYTkY+OKporvdfIGKMed4myneNcN0DQ82FLi/qZjJ8dkVis1Odd3b7xourMFMjicSrkqB+vYOiHymtRdfUWYAanTaAqmJvOCJEBA4zC4VjwSAOJ0SySWVoz9W4OygvOo1kGnNiBnC0ysf4xMpQTvkx+oBy6ZF3drXAXMv0F3V7uyL+tgjgYKmP04xgdTsemziZEgzgDrNFliFo5FtEOIX9josvTa+OSNtlzQOTghr0oASqkoplCKrQD72Q7sggItgMcasRWOJbg20=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/danish-competition-authority">Danish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/the-danish-competition-appeals-tribunal-price-coordination-and-bid-rigging-in" rel="bookmark">The Danish Competition Appeals Tribunal finds an energy company and 8 power plants guilty of price coordination and bid rigging in auctions for manual Frequency Restoration Reserve <em>(Effekthandel / Haderup Kraftvarmeværk / Vildbjerg Varme...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-19T23:00:00Z">20 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121964 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Danish Competition Appeals Tribunal: Price coordination and bid rigging in the energy sector in West Denmark (DK1)* <br class='autobr' /> The company Effekthandel ApS (“Effekthandel”) and eight combined cogeneration plants and power plants (“the plants”) have illegally engaged in price coordination and bid (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hong-kong-competition-commission">Hong Kong Competition Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-hong-kong-competition-authority-conducts-dawn-raids-at-5-premises" rel="bookmark">The Hong Kong Competition Authority conducts dawn raids at 6 premises over concerns of bid rigging, price fixing and market sharing</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-12T23:00:00Z">13 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121805 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Commission conducts search in case relating to government subsidy scheme* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Commission (Commission) executed search warrants this morning at six premises –the registered address of an IT service provider and the residences of five individuals, as part of its probe (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeffrey-martino">Jeffrey Martino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ashley-eickhof">Ashley Eickhof</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-loertscher">Stephen Loertscher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/byron-tuyay">Byron Tuyay</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-us-supreme-court-refuses-to-review-the-reversal-of-a-criminal-conviction" rel="bookmark">The US Supreme Court refuses to review the reversal of a criminal conviction for bid rigging by the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit potentially constraining the DoJ’s approach in dual distribution contexts <em>(Brewbaker)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121819 introduction entry-content"> <p>In brief <br class='autobr' /> This alert was initially published on December 21, 2023, and has been updated to reflect the Supreme Court’s denial of DOJ’s Petition for Writ of Certiorari on November 12, 2024. <br class='autobr' /> The U.S. Supreme Court has denied appeals from both parties from the December 1, 2023, decision of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/fine-imposed-on-strabag-ag-for-collusive-tendering-in-relation-to-renovation-of" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority fines a construction company €2.79M for bid rigging in relation to the renovation of Cologne’s Zoobrücke bridge <em>(Strabag)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T23:00:00Z">6 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121614 introduction entry-content"> <p>Fine imposed on Strabag AG for collusive tendering in relation to renovation of Cologne’s Zoobrücke bridge* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt has imposed a fine of 2.79 million euros on Strabag AG, Cologne, for collusive behaviour in a tender procedure (bid rigging). The collusive behaviour related to a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lisa-rotterdam">Lisa Rotterdam</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/arne-gayk">Arne Gayk</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-german-competition-authority-imposes-a-eur2-79m-fine-on-a-construction" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority imposes a €2.79M fine on a construction company for bid rigging in the renovation of the Zoobrücke bridge <em>(Strabag)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T23:00:00Z">6 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121818 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 6 November 2024, the German Federal Cartel Office ("German FCO") announced that it has imposed a fine of EUR 2.79 million on Strabag AG ("Strabag") for collusive tendering (so called bid rigging) in relation to the renovation of Cologne’s Zoobrücke bridge. <br class='autobr' /> Strabag, a German construction (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/croatian-competition-authority">Croatian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-croatian-constitutional-court-upholds-after-multiple-appeals-the" rel="bookmark">The Croatian Constitutional Court upholds, after multiple appeals, the Competition Authority’s decision to fine 4 bus transport companies €137M for market sharing <em>(Presečki grupa)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-28T23:00:00Z">29 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121467 introduction entry-content"> <p>Constitutional Court rejects the constitutional complaint filed by Presečki grupa* <br class='autobr' /> The aim of the protection of market competition is primarily to create benefits for consumers and equal conditions for all entrepreneurs on the market, who, acting in accordance with the existing rules and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/singaporean-competition-authority">Singaporean Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-singaporean-competition-authority-issues-a-proposed-infringement-decision" rel="bookmark">The Singaporean Competition Authority issues a proposed infringement decision against 2 construction companies for rigging bids in public sector tenders <em>(Hunan Fengtian / Trust-Build)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-24T22:00:00Z">25 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121638 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCCS Issues Proposed Infringement Decision to Two Construction Companies for Rigging Bids in Public Sector Tenders* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore (“CCCS”) has issued a Proposed Infringement Decision (“PID”) against Hunan Fengtian Construction Group Co., Ltd and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-us-doj-secures-a-sentencing-of-five-defendants-for-their-roles-in-a-long" rel="bookmark">The US DoJ secures a sentencing of five defendants for their roles in a long-running bid-rigging conspiracy in the Georgia concrete industry <em>(Gregory Melton / David Melton)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-16T22:00:00Z">17 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121071 introduction entry-content"> <p>Five Defendants Sentenced for Long-Running Bid-Rigging Conspiracy in Georgia Concrete Industry* <br class='autobr' /> Four executives and a corporation were sentenced for participating in a long-running conspiracy to fix prices, rig bids and allocate jobs for ready-mix concrete in the greater Savannah, Georgia (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bulgarian-competition-authority-sofia">Bulgarian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-bulgarian-competition-authority-fines-2-flower-wholesalers-for-their" rel="bookmark">The Bulgarian Competition Authority fines 2 flower wholesalers for their participation in a bid-rigging cartel <em>(Total / S.I.I.)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-14T22:00:00Z">15 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121629 introduction entry-content"> <p>CPC sanctioned Total LC Ltd and the consultant S.I.I. for their participation in a bid-rigging cartel for the manipulation of public procurement procedures* <br class='autobr' /> By Decision № 1058/10.10.2024 the Commission established committed infringement of art. 15 of the LPC and art. 101 of the TFEU and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-austrian-cartel-court-finds-that-a-businesswoman-has-participated-in-cartel" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Cartel Court finds that a businesswoman has participated in cartel agreements in the area of market studies <em>(Geppel-Mikes)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-10T22:00:00Z">11 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121628 introduction entry-content"> <p>Decision in opinion research cartel: Cartel Court finds, at AFCA’s request, that businesswoman Geppel-Mikes had participated in cartel agreements* <br class='autobr' /> After the Austrian Federal Competition Authority (AFCA) had initially filed an application with the Cartel Court to impose an appropriate fine, it (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/chilean-competition-authority-132330">Chilean Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-chilean-competition-authority-files-a-lawsuit-against-3-casino-operators" rel="bookmark">The Chilean Competition Authority files a lawsuit against 3 casino operators and 5 executives for bid rigging <em>(Dreams / Enjoy / Marina del Sol)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-03T22:00:00Z">4 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120947 introduction entry-content"> <p>The National Economic Prosecutor’s Office (FNE) has accused Dreams, Enjoy, Marina del Sol, and five of their top executives of colluding in submitting bids for casino operating licenses between 2020 and 2021* <br class='autobr' /> The FNE filed an antitrust suit before the Competition Tribunal (TDLC) against (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-us-doj-secures-a-guilty-plea-for-bid-rigging-from-an-executive-of-an" rel="bookmark">The US DoJ secures a guilty plea for bid rigging from an executive of an asphalt paving company <em>(David A. Coppola)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-01T22:00:00Z">2 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120866 introduction entry-content"> <p>Vice President of Asphalt Paving Company Pleads Guilty to Bid Rigging* <br class='autobr' /> Sixth Individual Pleads Guilty in Ongoing Investigation of Collusion in Michigan-Area Asphalt Industry <br class='autobr' /> A senior executive of a Michigan asphalt paving company pleaded guilty today for his role in two separate conspiracies (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-austrian-cartel-court-imposes-a-fine-of-eur1-25m-on-a-construction-company" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Cartel Court imposes a fine of €1.25M on a construction company for its involvement in a price fixing cartel <em>(Leithäusl)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-23T22:00:00Z">24 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120944 introduction entry-content"> <p>Construction cartel: Court imposes a fine of EUR 1.25 million on Leithäusl at AFCA’s request* <br class='autobr' /> Following a request submitted by the Austrian Federal Competition Authority (AFCA), the Cartel Court has imposed a fine of EUR 1.25 million on Leithäusl Gesellschaft m.b.H. (“Leithäusl”). <br class='autobr' /> In (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-austrian-competition-authority-applies-to-the-cartel-court-for-the" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Competition Authority applies to the Cartel Court for the imposition of a fine of €98K on a construction company for its involvement in the construction cartel <em>(Malaschofsky)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-17T22:00:00Z">18 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120945 introduction entry-content"> <p>Construction cartel update: AFCA applies for Malaschofsky to be fined EUR 98,000* <br class='autobr' /> As part of its investigations into the Austrian construction industry, the Austrian Federal Competition Authority (AFCA) filed another application with the Cartel Court on 16 September 2024 to impose a fine on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/slovak-competition-authority-17056">Slovak Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-slovak-competition-authority-imposes-a-fine-of-eur261k-on-3-bakery" rel="bookmark">The Slovak Competition Authority imposes a fine of €261K on 3 bakery equipment manufacturers for participating in a bid rigging cartel <em>(RM Gastro - JAZ / PekaStroj / Albertina Packaging)</em> </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-17T22:00:00Z">18 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120968 introduction entry-content"> <p>Council of AMO factually upheld AMO´s first-instance decision on a cartel in public tender concerning food industry* <br class='autobr' /> On 18 September 2024 the Council of the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic (AMO) imposed a fine of more than 261 thousand euros on undertakings RM Gastro - JAZ s. r. o. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/bid-rigging?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds/gr0/lQa3ns+aCNxLLBzHMYRDLCuXV0c5tVhSQvYm5v8gTZkZGueNfcbyOlHVe0u8fcOYSX93phNxd47LTCJJ3N5G5HXYZWMY7k6mA26JT8qOP3lcFvxbv+Znki2hDr3kopghQ16GOcma8+BbbTFKyb5DwWm9ZxSie7AcXcBa4d/DshGBlgyn2V9b3bihTBCBZ1EI2FxEfb/ST5i/ejrTv0nNS4gq2f6VK8axNzfxRyeUA6u7XkI26gw6wPWCBKalb2qDuWLD/yP2PhnnS2xYIqEPZyY2onOTvV1KjzSoWQVavSMOLDILIcqiJ0/sjgg9y+RvmGc+SM=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrik-ducrey">Patrik Ducrey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marquard-christen">Marquard Christen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mario-strebel">Mario Strebel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2023/interview/patrik-ducrey-hindsight-and-prospect-on-swiss-competition-policy" rel="bookmark">Patrik Ducrey (Swiss Competition Commission) : Hindsight and prospect on Swiss Competition Policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112189 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Marquard Christen, Partner at CMS in Zurich and Mario Strebel, Partner at CORE in Zurich. <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> At the moment, various parliamentary motions are pending, addressing, among other things, the length of procedures in competition proceedings. 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This is a very (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jan-bouckaert">Jan Bouckaert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/geert-van-moer">Geert Van Moer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2022/droit-et-economie/when-rivals-team-up-in-procurement-does-it-distort-competition-106201-en" rel="bookmark">When rivals team up in procurement: Does it distort competition?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106201 introduction entry-content"> <p>The purpose of this article is to offer insights to courts and competition authorities on how to assess horizontal agreements to team up in a procured project. We argue that agreements that are specified in advance of bidding should be evaluated against the counterfactual whereby firms negotiate (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-bridoux">Vincent Bridoux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2021/legal-practice/the-france-agrimer-decision-between-hasty-withdrawal-from-competition-law-and" rel="bookmark">The <em>France AgriMer</em> decision: Between hasty withdrawal from competition law and forced emancipation from public procurement law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99694 introduction entry-content"> <p>The lastest France AgriMer decision of 25th November 2020 marked a significant change in the practice of the French Competition Authority regarding the submission of tenders by companies belonging to the same group. While this decision is hardly surprising, given the particularly strict case law (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-bridoux">Vincent Bridoux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2021/livres/combating-collusion-in-public-procurement-legal-limitations-on-joint-bidding-98939" rel="bookmark">Combating Collusion in Public Procurement: Legal Limitations on Joint Bidding, Katarzyna KUŹMA and Wojciech HARTUNG</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98939 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/soumya-hariharan">Soumya Hariharan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sakshi-agarwal">Sakshi Agarwal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/akrathi-shetty">Akrathi Shetty</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2020/international/india-supreme-court-on-competition-law-decisions-that-shaped-the-decade-en" rel="bookmark">India: Supreme Court on competition law - Decisions that shaped the decade</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96916 introduction entry-content"> <p>The evolution and journey of competition law jurisprudence in India has been extremely dynamic and exciting. The Competition Act, 2002 was implemented in a phased manner and the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India over the last decade has laid down landmark judgements across a wide spectrum of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nils-monnerie">Nils Monnerie</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2020/international/usa-is-the-wind-really-turning-towards-an-overhaul-of-us-antitrust-through" rel="bookmark">USA: Is the wind really turning? Towards an overhaul of US antitrust through compliance programs and deferred prosecution agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95468 introduction entry-content"> <p>’Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set off a Tornado in Texas?’ Predictability is a central issue for the risk practitioner. In this study, it will be highlighted that the flapping of the wings of a division of the US Department of Justice can have important consequences for the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/soumya-hariharan">Soumya Hariharan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nandita-sahai-trilegal-com">Nandita Sahai</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sakshi-agarwal">Sakshi Agarwal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/akrathi-shetty">Akrathi Shetty</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2020/international/india-trends-and-evolution-in-bid-rigging-cartels-93973-en" rel="bookmark">India: Trends and evolution in bid-rigging cartels</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93973 introduction entry-content"> <p>Cartels have been at the forefront of the Competition Commission of India’s (CCI) enforcement regime. This article assesses the elements of bid rigging cartels, constituents that create a case for bid rigging, the CCI’s approach in India based on the standard of proof adopted and evidentiary (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/paula-farani-de-azevedo-silveira">Paula Farani De Azevedo Silveira</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paula-baqueiro-cade-gov-br">Paula de Andrade Baqueiro</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mor-bakhoum">Mor Bakhoum</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/arsenio-m-balisacan">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luis-batista-unb-br">Luis Guilherme Ahlo Batista</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurie-binge">Laurie Binge</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/davis">Kevin E. Davis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eleanor-m-fox">Eleanor M. Fox</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/timothy-t-hughes">Timothy T. Hughes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/helen-kean">Helen Kean</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/liberty-mncube">Liberty Macebo Mncube</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcio-de-oliveira-jr">Marcio De Oliveira Junior</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/leni-papa">Leni Papa</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/george-paul">George Paul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-rubinfeld">Daniel L. Rubinfeld</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pablo-trevisan">Pablo Trevisán</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2020/conferences/rooting-out-cartels-and-corruption-where-are-the-synergies-antitrust-and-94272-en" rel="bookmark">Competition law and developing countries: Overarching themes from Africa, cartels and corruption, and mergers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94272 introduction entry-content"> <p>In this edition we present an overarching view of competition law and developing countries, then pick up themes, such as cartels, corruption and mergers, from the “Antitrust and developing and emerging economies” annual Concurrences review Conference held on November 1st, 2019, at the New York (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2020/livres/droit-materiel-europeen-des-ententes-textes-et-commentaires-luc-desaunettes-92906" rel="bookmark">Droit matériel européen des ententes: Textes et commentaires, Luc DESAUNETTES-BARBERO and Étienne THOMAS</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92906 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcel-boyer">Marcel Boyer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anne-catherine-faye">Anne Catherine Faye</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eric-gravel">Éric Gravel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rachidi-kotchoni">Rachidi Kotchoni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2019/droit-et-economie/guiding-principles-in-setting-cartel-sanctions-91218-en" rel="bookmark">Guiding principles in setting cartel sanctions</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91218 introduction entry-content"> <p>We discuss various theoretical and empirical hurdles that antitrust authorities and courts must overcome to determine appropriate cartel sanctions, namely regarding the probability of detection, cartel dynamics, cartel duration, and cartel overcharge. <br class='autobr' /> I. Introduction <br class='autobr' /> 1. Many antitrust (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Charlotte-Michellet">Charlotte Michellet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-ayache">Laurent Ayache</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2015/Doctrines-1728/Exclusionary-conduct-against-the" rel="bookmark">Exclusionary conduct against the applicant companies in tender procedures</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-72274 introduction entry-content"> <p>Traditionally, exclusionary conduct includes strategies aiming at excluding competitors from the market, the wrongdoer and his victim being in competition. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that, beside this traditional understanding, competition law also apprehends exclusionary (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-handoll">John Handoll</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2015/international/india-bid-rigging-and-competition-law" rel="bookmark">India: Bid rigging and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-72436 introduction entry-content"> <p>The importance of public procurement in the Indian economy is undeniable and great strides have been made over the last decade to build an effective procurement regime consonant with best global practice. Bid rigging is thought to be endemic in India and effective competition law and enforcement (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stefan-e-weishaar">Stefan E. Weishaar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2013/books/cartels-competition-and-public-procurement-law-and-economics-approaches-to-bid" rel="bookmark">Cartels, Competition and Public Procurement: Law and Economics Approaches to Bid Rigging, Stefan E. WEISHAAR</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104786 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/sabine-nauges">Sabine Nauges</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Severine-Risser">Séverine Risser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Valerie-Meunier">Valerie Meunier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2013/droit-et-economie/exchange-of-information-can-exchange-be-pro-competitive" rel="bookmark">Exchange of information: Can exchange be pro-competitive?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-53053 introduction entry-content"> <p>This set of two papers is derived from the training session on the exchange of information organized by the Concurrences Review that has held on April 3, 2013 in Paris. In the first contribution, Sabine Naugès and Severine Rissier, lawyers at Mc Dermott Will & Emery, compare and contrast the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/bid-rigging?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXnRhK9uyjRgL9dg9HPtc08hM9GvS3VX0EkMpOo5OL3YTRWRrmUWQKoAeAcb37jqooG8+vEx8LNrdkgAyuyAQiSd0ftGaWUfVkxoOSbTjwpK5YHtCJFPo7pQBSw9mpviGs3LFxt2CXwUzSRvAAGeA4pnaD1f2HYXU0szxXKT1/yvWErgwouza8z9D3D8OTJ/QLXoCMKhmzh9GVwqpdk44bmSN/iFMQdJtZAmnqf8ClN1MAnKZD4lWGt5PRwmIMA4s1J16xhnjD0Dd+mMbGAYo/Yapg59vzhLEEtoz0ajBrnY11MUyZPspex9nReQfkb5rNFKtH9reoZJQJYQS05Tj9Mq43J' data-origin="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/samuel-chan-ka-yan">Samuel Chan Ka-yan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sandra-marco-colino">Sandra Marco Colino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yan-yu">Yan Yu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirstie-nicholson">Kirstie Nicholson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-crosswell">Stephen Crosswell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-ryan-2177">Stephen Ryan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/grant-chamberlain">Grant Chamberlain</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wendy-peter">Wendy Peter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-development-of-individual-and-criminal-sanctions-in-the-asia-pacific-region-107225" rel="bookmark">The development of individual and criminal sanctions in the Asia-Pacific Region (Antitrust in Asia #1)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-17T06:30:00Z">17 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-107225 introduction entry-content"><p>1st webinar of the “Antitrust in Asia: One Size Fits All?” Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker McKenzie and RBB Economics. Welcome Remarks by <a href="en/authors/sandra-marco-colino" class="spip_in">Sandra Marco Colino</a> (Associate Professor, The Chinese University of Hong Kong). Opening Keynote Speech by <a href="en/authors/samuel-chan-ka-yan" class="spip_in">Samuel Chan</a> (Chairperson, Hong Kong Competition Commission). The first panel “The Development of Individual and Criminal Sanctions in the Asia-Pacific Region” with <a href="en/authors/grant-chamberlain" class="spip_in">Grant Chamberlain</a> (Cartel Investigations Manager, New Zealand Commerce Commission), <a href="en/authors/stephen-crosswell" class="spip_in">Stephen Crosswell</a> (Partner, Baker McKenzie), <a href="en/authors/kirstie-nicholson" class="spip_in">Kirstie Nicholson</a> (Competition Counsel, BHP), <a href="en/authors/wendy-peter" class="spip_in">Wendy Peter</a> (General Counsel, Specialist Advice and Services Division, Australian Competition & Consumer Commission), <a href="en/authors/stephen-ryan-2177" class="spip_in">Stephen Ryan</a> (Head Legal Advisory, Hong Kong Competition Commission), <a href="en/authors/yan-yu" class="spip_in">Yan Yu</a> (Partner, RBB Economics).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos">Alvaro Ramos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anthony-woolich">Anthony Woolich</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/carter-chim">Carter Chim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/clara-ingen-housz">Clara Ingen-Housz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-caffarra">Cristina Caffarra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/deborah-healey">Deborah Healey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dennis-beling-1000">Dennis Beling</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/derek-ritzmann">Derek Ritzmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/emanuela-lecchi">Emanuela Lecchi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/geronimo-l-sy">Geronimo L. Sy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/godfrey-lam">Godfrey Lam</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/hiroyuki-odagiri">Hiroyuki Odagiri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/ir-muhammad-nawir-messi">Ir. Muhammad Nawir Messi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/jenny-huang">Jenny Huang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Joy-Fuyuno">Joy Fuyuno</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirstie-nicholson">Kirstie Nicholson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/knut-fournier">Knut Fournier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Mark-Williams">Mark Williams</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/natalie-yeung">Natalie Yeung</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philip-monaghan">Philip Monaghan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/richard-blewett">Richard Blewett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rose-webb">Rose Webb</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sandra-marco-colino">Sandra Marco Colino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-crosswell">Stephen Crosswell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/susan-ning">Susan Ning</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-k-cheng-20736">Thomas K. Cheng</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/toh-han-li">Toh Han Li</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-in-asia-one-size-fits-all-asean-china-hong-kong-india-83679" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Asia: One size fits all? ASEAN, China, Hong Kong, India...</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-04-07T10:00:00Z">7 April 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83679 introduction entry-content"><p>This third edition of the Antitrust in Asia conference was jointly organised by Concurrences Review and the Chinese University of Hong Kong with the support of the Hong Kong Competition Asssociation, ESSEC Singapore and Sorbonne-Assas International Law School and in partnership with Baker McKenzie, Charles River Associates, Clifford Chance, Compass Lexecon, Holman Fenwick Willan, King & Wood Mallesons, Linklaters, Qualcomm, Slaughter and May (Panel sponsors), as well as PaRR Global and MLex (Media sponsors).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/edouard-sarrazin">Edouard Sarrazin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-genevaz">Simon Genevaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/restructuring-undertakings-in-difficulty-and-competition-merger-state-aid" rel="bookmark">Restructuring undertakings in difficulty and competition — Merger & State Aid</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-11-08T11:00:00Z">8 November 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83086 introduction entry-content"><p>Lunchtalk organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with DLA Piper.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/david-desforges">David Desforges</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elisabeth-flury-herard">Elisabeth Flury-Herard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/emmanuel-benefice">Emmanuel Bénéfice</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-yves-ollier">Jean-Yves Ollier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jerome-philippe">Jérôme Philippe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-rious">Vincent Rious</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/energy-security-competition-and-environment-is-there-any-consistency" rel="bookmark">Energy security, competition and environment: is there any consistency?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-09-15T10:00:00Z">15 September 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83072 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Microeconomix, Observatoire Énergies d’Entreprises and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Anne-Yvrande-Billon">Anne Yvrande-Billon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charlotte-tasso-de-panafieu">Charlotte Tasso de Panafieu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-in-the-transport-sector-what-s-new-since-the-liberalization" rel="bookmark">Competition in the transport sector — What’s new since the liberalization?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-10-06T10:00:00Z">6 October 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82984 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences review in partnership with ARAF, Fréget — Tasso de Panafieu and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-hindre">Marie Hindré</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martine-behar-touchais">Martine Behar-Touchais</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-genevaz">Simon Genevaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/exchange-of-information-in-the-course-of-merger" rel="bookmark">Exchange of information in the course of merger</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-10T10:00:00Z">10 April 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82940 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with DLA Piper.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-bazot">Alain Bazot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christopher-j-kelly">Christopher J. Kelly</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuelle-claudel">Emmanuelle Claudel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Joseph-Minta">Joseph Minta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/the-french-nca-guidelines-on-sanctions" rel="bookmark">The French NCA Guidelines on sanctions</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-06-20T10:00:00Z">20 June 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-36400 introduction entry-content"><p>Laurence Idot<br/>Michel Debroux<br/>Pierre de Montalembert<br/>Philippe Legrez...</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-bazot">Alain Bazot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christopher-j-kelly">Christopher J. Kelly</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuelle-claudel">Emmanuelle Claudel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Joseph-Minta">Joseph Minta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/the-adlc-draft-fining-guidelines" rel="bookmark">The ADLC draft fining Guidelines</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-02-24T11:00:00Z">24 February 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-34245 introduction entry-content"><p>Frédéric Jenny<br/>Catherine Prieto<br/>Claude Lazarus</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXlRhW9uynRg789gyFPCFeyuVpM2hyc/bjuKMPBqIgRbL2tyKkq91l/vbBS1VMJBKsAW300Chl8olnpjy0MIBgPG5jJedvcfO9bjZ00iHKPn9vHZiFMAGsAQtPlbS5FIZ4DLZabW/1ZWM3mqYZ+Trdi86UZeSIqB+cuFQ3eKyZHx8yZbeMQp4dELCKEQrX5Gj6x1gZo8zjWEyi1uMq5xBOXfxePal5cwU9S7OG0KZn3GGSo7wZOR+Yh0P8POmKMxbTU8roayh/l5iVw8lIUfckgMphZgnNd4HBe89Hp71qsovFA38BWjThVm3MTBcD5HBt/Z6iUgNXqr2H22J1CtiREQvpkw0vU' data-origin="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/samuel-chan">Samuel Chan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=132001" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Justice for All. The Role of Competition Law Beyond Consumer Protection</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">613Why Competition? Justice for All: The Role of Competition Law Beyond Consumer ProtectionSamuel Chan *1 Hong Kong Competition Commission This short contribution does not seek to delve into the ongoing debate regarding whether consumer protection or consumer welfare should be the central focus (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/daniel-werner">Daniel Werner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-m-connor">John M. Connor</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/frederic-jenny-liber-amicorum-volume-ii-standing-up-for-convergence-and-653#id=69328" rel="bookmark">Frédéric Jenny Liber Amicorum Volume II - Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust <small><strong>PART II - ANTICOMPETITIVE PRACTICES </strong><br/> Variation in Bid-Rigging Cartels’ Overcharges</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-01T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">2 </span><span class="m">Jun</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">PART II Anticompetitive Practices 77Frédéric Jenny | Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust - Liber Amicorum – Volume II Variation in Bid-Rigging Cartels' Overcharges John M. Connor * and Dan P. Werner ** Purdue University | NERA Economic Consulting Abstract Empirical (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/bitten-thorgaard-sorensen">Bitten Thorgaard Sørensen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rasa-zasciurinskaite">Rasa Zasciurinskaite</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/women-antitrust-voices-from-the-field-vol-i#id=57693" rel="bookmark">Women & Antitrust - Voices from the Field, Vol. I <small>BITTEN THORGAARD SØRENSEN, Danish Competition and Consumer Authority</br> <em>and RASA ZAŠČIURINSKAITĖ, Cobalt Legal</em></small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-14T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">15 </span><span class="m">Apr</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">155 Bitten Thorgaard Sørensen Danish Competition and Consumer Authority Rasa Zaščiurinskaitė Bitten Thorgaard Sørensen is Deputy Director General at the Danish Competition and Consumer Authority. Prior to joining the Danish Competition and Consumer Authority as Deputy Director General in 2013, (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Avinash-Amarnarth">Avinash Amarnath</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/richard-whish-qc-hon-liber-amicorum-604#id=57632" rel="bookmark">Richard Whish QC (Hon) Liber Amicorum <small><strong>PART VI: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES </strong></br>A Fine Mess: A Review of India’s Fining Jurisprudence and Learnings from the EU</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-03-10T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">11 </span><span class="m">Mar</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">415Richard Whish QC (Hon) | Taking Competition Law Outside the Box - Liber Amicorum A Fine Mess: A Review of India's Fining Jurisprudence and Learnings from the EU Avinash B. Amarnath *1 Law Chambers of Avinash Amarnath Abstract This paper critically analyses the principle of relevant turnover (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/bid-rigging#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" 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href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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