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<span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-104178 apercu surlignable"><p>A sector inquiry is an examination into why a particular sector or market may experience restricted or distorted competition – taking into account regulatory and economic factors as well as business and consumer behaviour – and how to reduce such restrictions or distortions.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-104178 texte surlignable"><p>"Sector inquiries" as performed by competition authorities are focused on first, identifying regulatory, behavioural or structural problems in a market that can explain perceived failures of competition and second, suggesting solutions for improving competitive outcomes or processes. This note focuses on sector inquiries (or market studies), in the context of competition.</p> <p>Most OECD competition authorities have either an informal or legally granted power to prepare and release sector inquiries. These studies are generally performed as an activity that supplements competition law enforcement duties related to mergers, abuse of dominance and cartels. Sector inquiries do not target individual companies nor arise from specific evidence of a cartel, thus distinguishing them from typical competition law enforcement. Such inquiries provide reasoned support for advocacy activities of competition authorities. The advocacy activities flowing from a market study can, for example, focus on changing government behaviour and regulations, changing private sector behaviour, and changing standards. Some market studies conclude that no changes are needed, either because they find that there is no problem with competition or that there is no reasonable solution for a problem that is identified. In some jurisdictions, market studies can at times result in opening of competition law investigations.</p> <p>Competition authorities such as the US FTC have carried out sector studies for more than 50 years (and have addressed sectors varying from contact lenses to car fuel, for example). Other authorities such as the European Commission, Chilean, French, German, Mexican and UK authorities have performed multiple sector-focused market studies (including for notaries (Chile), payments and insurance (EC), long-distance coach transport, hearing aids, Fintech, food retailing (France), milk, gas transmission, and district heating (Germany), ride-hailing, tortillas (Mexico), airports, classified directories, and groceries (UK)).</p> <p>The opening of a sector inquiry is often based on “own-initiative” by competition authorities. The opening may also arise from other sources. Governments (e.g., France, Mexico), legislatures (e.g., U.S.) or even specifically identified bodies may have an ability to request a market study (e.g, in France with local authorities, courts, trade unions, professional or consumer associations, or the U.K. with a “super-complaints” process). In Mexico demands by government to open a market examination require substantial reasons including detailed explanation of indicators of the presence of a competitive restraint. Such reasons ensure that externally requested studies are started for reasons clearly related to lack of competition. The existence of a sector inquiry request by external parties does not necessarily guarantee that such an inquiry will be performed, as the competition authority could, in some jurisdictions (e.g., Mexico) determine that the reasons for requesting a study are not sufficient, the remedial actions are unlikely to work or that resources may be better used for other work.</p> <p>The OECD notes that a high percentage of competition authorities carrying out market studies have powers to request information about the sector in question. Nonetheless, the information gathering powers of authorities for such inquiries are often more constrained than for the most serious competition law investigations. For example, the information gathering powers of a competition authority for market studies would typically not extend to unannounced inspections.</p> <p>The use of sector inquiries to examine government restrictions on competition can be performed using the OECD’s Competition Assessment Toolkit methodology, which is focused on identifying general principles for finding regulatory restrictions that are valid across sectors. These restrictions focus, in particular, on identifying rules and regulations that: (1) create unduly strict entry barriers, (2) limit the actions that businesses take in competition with each other, (3) restrict companies’ incentives to compete with each other (all three of these addressing supply side restrictions) and (4) affect consumer information and consumer ability to switch (demand side restrictions). This methodology has been adopted and adapted by many countries and is available in translation in more than fifteen languages. The European Commission used the OECD approach as the basis of its own competition assessment of new regulations, as did Korea. Other jurisdictions, such as ASEAN economies, Brazil, Greece, Iceland, Portugal, the Philippines, Romania and Tunisia have successfully applied this approach to develop sector-specific recommendations for pro-competitive regulatory revisions.</p> <p>A small number of governments (including France, Iceland, Mexico, and the UK) have supplemented the sector inquiry powers of competition authorities with further powers for competition authorities to perform market investigations. Outcomes of such investigations can include the ability to impose remedies. Remedies in such cases can be behavioural or structural, affecting private actors, or can include obligations on government to change rules and procedures, including to implement price regulation or regulatory oversight of an activity. Behavioural remedies can include, e.g., unbundling, limiting restrictions in agreements, disclosure requirements, measures to improve consumer engagement and switching. In one example of structural remedies, UK airports in London that were commonly owned were separated from each other as a result of a market investigation. Other remedies can include limits on referral incentives, market share limits and market redesign. The possibility for a competition authority to impose remedies in the context of a market investigation is considered a particularly invasive government intervention when applied to the private sector. Consequently, the procedures of competition investigations provide due process opportunities for parties that would be affected by the investigation to access and challenge evidence, enter their own arguments into the process and appeal decisions.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-104178 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2017/the-eu-commission-publishes-its-final-report-on-the-e-commerce-sector-inquiry-en">EC (2017) “Final Report on the E-Commerce Sector Inquiry”, 17 May</a></p> <p>Autorite de la Concurrence (2014) “Sector inquiry - Long-distance coach transport” 27 February</p> <p>Competition Commission (2009) Final Report: BAA Market Investigation</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2008/The-European-Parliament-reports-on">EC (2007) “Report on the Retail Banking Sector Inquiry”, 31 January</a></p> <p>US FTC (2005) “The Strength of Competition in the Sale of Rx Contact Lenses: An FTC Study”, 15 February</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-104178 jurisprudence"><p>ICN (2016) “Market studies good practice handbook”,</p> <p>OECD (2018) “Market studies guide for competition authorities”</p> <p>OECD (2015) “Competition assessment toolkit”</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/sean-ennis" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton17699-88832.png?1711359211) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Sean Ennis</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of East Anglia (Norwich)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>5</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>9871</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Sean Ennis, </span> <span class="entry-title">Sector Inquiry</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86371</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2568</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86371 texte surlignable"><p>The Commission may conduct general inquiries into a particular sector of the economy or a particular type of agreements across various sectors where a trend of trade between EU Member States, price rigidity or other circumstances suggest that competition may be restricted or distorted within the Common Market. In the course of that inquiry, the Commission may request the undertakings or associations of undertakings concerned to supply the information necessary for giving effect to Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty and may carry out any inspections necessary for that purpose. The Commission may in particular request the undertakings or associations of undertakings concerned to communicate to it all agreements, decisions and concerted practices. The Commission may publish a report on the results of its inquiry into particular sectors of the economy or particular types of agreements across various sectors and invite comments from interested parties. <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/eu_-_regulation_1_2003_-_sector_inquiry.pdf?40009/59d071d23bcfc1f09e697ec34ef5b3c51941224e023b53b617b9095ad90a8cf4" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>Article 17 of Council Regulation (EC) 1/2003</strong></a></p> <p>The Commission uses the information obtained in an inquiry to understand a particular market better from the point of view of competition policy. If it finds grounds for doing so, the Commission may – at a later stage – assess whether it needs to open specific investigations to ensure the respect of EU rules on restrictive agreements and abuse of dominant position. The results of sector inquires carried out by the Commission are published in a report and interested parties are invited to submit their comments. <strong>©</strong> <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/sector_inquiries.html" class="spip_out" rel="external"><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p> <p>The European Competition Network (hereinafter referred to as the “ECN”) members have agreed on the sector inquiry definition. According to this definition, sector inquiry means an inquiry into a particular sector of the economy or into a particular type of agreements across various sectors conducted by an ECN member, who suspects that there are indications of market distortions which cannot be assigned to specific undertakings.<br class='autobr' /> <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_market_studies_-_sector_inquiry.pdf?40010/0a067876150e722af7a06f4158a27381300e535a28acdce931e69338d0b40fe3" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>OECD</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjQxWtuyhvcafceHdS6JGMuQMiFe6qSvJu58IILv8boApFuTtYqKPRq8tKMd0av99J9nsnpZ/GvyWpVC+8rVFwV6FkKfD/x3l0HVG2WMHuidiVDpIvqIblT/1vuf5Jfvo8LI95UGDLSzbjqVlBmA6tnXdw49MahoYlhVDQMiZVEdtH3VBR+klRgFPQvR/rfGAzybfcbThxqimNns/XHdGxrVog7MUvGLohSXD0CGyrxXO6Z6LNxgAhcIW9tae2/fULEXta2hn1pj00GjU1Zck9yL7INlzv/mFPt4qkO5vGpYRmEutGB5k5pGQVFGD5BVlXoMpG6PEWgYXw74hgHtgMdZfZhuJDv1U=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/spanish-competition-authority">Spanish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-spanish-competition-authority-studies-the-liberalization-of-public-rail" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority studies the liberalization of public rail transport services for commuter and medium distances</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-29T23:00:00Z">30 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121403 introduction entry-content"> <p>The CNMC studies the liberalization of public rail transport services (commuter and medium distance)* The first step of the study is a public consultation on the sector, which will be open until December 13th, 2024. EU regulations require Spain to introduce competition in suburban and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/polish-competition-authority">Polish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-polish-competition-authority-finds-no-abuse-of-dominance-by-tv-broadcasters" rel="bookmark">The Polish Competition Authority finds no abuse of dominance by TV broadcasters in subscriber bundle offerings <em>(Telewizja Polsat / Discovery)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-28T23:00:00Z">29 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121471 introduction entry-content"> <p>Bundling – conclusion of antitrust proceedings* The President of UOKiK concluded proceedings concerning the practices of Telewizja Polsat and companies from the Discovery Group. An in-depth analysis showed that the suspected actions of broadcasters do not impact the contents of bundles offered (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-us-doj-and-department-of-transportation-launch-a-broad-sector-inquiry-into" rel="bookmark">The US DoJ and Department of Transportation launch a broad sector inquiry into the state of competition in the air travel sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-23T22:00:00Z">24 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121288 introduction entry-content"> <p>Justice Department and Department of Transportation Launch Broad Public Inquiry into the State of Competition in Air Travel* <br class='autobr' /> Agencies Seek Information on Consolidation, Anticompetitive Conduct and a Wide Range of Issues Impacting the Availability and Affordability of Air Travel Options <br class='autobr' /> The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/henrik-ballebye-okholm">Henrik Ballebye Okholm</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephanie-spahn">Stephanie Spahn</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/trine-kaerskund-norgaard">Trine Kærslund Nørgaard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/victor-ahlqvist">Victor Ahlqvist</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kalle-kantanen">Kalle Kantanen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/nordic-competition-law/nordic-competition-law-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law" rel="bookmark">Nordic Competition Law: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-10T22:00:00Z">11 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120650 introduction entry-content"><p>Public enforcement of competition law in the Nordic countries has remained active with several recent in-depth merger inquiries, antitrust investigations, and State aid cases. The authorities have further investigated markets viewed as susceptible to competition concerns through market studies; for example, the groceries market has been under examination across the region. The Nordic countries share common policy objectives as manifested through recently proposed or already implemented legislative amendments, which give authorities powers to call in potentially problematic below-threshold mergers and to remedy competition concerns on the back of self-initiated market investigations. This article is based on interviews with Danish, Finnish, and Icelandic national competition authorities and prominent competition law practitioners from law firms in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, covering developments over the past 12 months.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emma-ghanem">Emma Ghanem</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gavin-murphy">Gavin Murphy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-canadian-competition-authority-obtains-court-orders-to-assist-in-its" rel="bookmark">The Canadian Competition Authority obtains court orders to assist in its examination of the domestic airline industry</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-02T22:00:00Z">3 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121437 introduction entry-content"> <p>Canada’s Commissioner of Competition (‘Commissioner’), who is assisted in the administration and enforcement of the Competition Act (‘Act’) by the Competition Bureau (‘Bureau’), obtained two court orders from the Federal Court of Canada (‘court’) on 2 October 2024. The orders require Air (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-german-competition-authority-publishes-its-findings-from-a-sector-inquiry" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority publishes its findings from a sector inquiry into EV charging infrastructure and identifies competition concerns</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-30T22:00:00Z">1 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120802 introduction entry-content"> <p>Anti-competitive structures in the provision of EV charging electricity – Final report on sector inquiry into EV charging infrastructure* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt has today published the final report on its sector inquiry into the provision and marketing of public electric vehicle (EV) charging (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/brazilian-competition-authority">Brazilian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-brazilian-competition-authority-publishes-an-updated-study-on-mergers-and" rel="bookmark">The Brazilian Competition Authority publishes an updated study on mergers and anticompetitive practices in the port services sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-29T22:00:00Z">30 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121072 introduction entry-content"> <p>CADE issues updated study on ports services in Brazil* <br class='autobr' /> On 30 September, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) issued an updated study on port services markets. This is the 21st volume of the series “Cadernos do Cade”, a reviewed version of the edition published in 2017, which (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/egyptian-competition-authority">Egyptian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-egyptian-competition-authority-launches-a-campaign-to-raise-awareness-of" rel="bookmark">The Egyptian Competition Authority launches a campaign to raise awareness of anti-competitive practices in the market for school uniform and supplies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-30T22:00:00Z">31 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120552 introduction entry-content"> <p>"Competition Protection" launches the "Know Your Rights with the Start of School" campaign to raise awareness of school uniform violations and the rights of students and parents* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Protection and Anti-Monopoly Authority launched the “Know Your Rights Campaign with the Start of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Estonian-Competition-Authority">Estonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-estonian-competition-authority-initiates-an-analysis-of-competition-in-the" rel="bookmark">The Estonian Competition Authority initiates an analysis of competition in the waste transportation and management sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-29T22:00:00Z">30 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120553 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Competition Authority initiated an analysis of the competitive situation of waste transportation and management* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Authority has initiated an assessment of the competitive landscape. The assessment aims to identify possible competition issues in the goods markets for the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-austrian-competition-authority-launches-a-sector-inquiry-into-the-district" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Competition Authority launches a sector inquiry into the district heating market</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-19T22:00:00Z">20 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120551 introduction entry-content"> <p>AFCA launches sector inquiry into district heating market* <br class='autobr' /> The Austrian Federal Competition Authority (AFCA) has launched a sector inquiry into the district heating market in Austria. The AFCA may initiate sector inquiries if circumstances suggest that competition restrictions or distortions (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/latvian-competition-authority">Latvian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-latvian-competition-authority-conducts-a-market-study-into-the-retail" rel="bookmark">The Latvian Competition Authority conducts a market study into the retail grocery sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-07T22:00:00Z">8 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120204 introduction entry-content"> <p>Improving the situation in the retail grocery sector* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Council (CC), taking into account the aggravated situation in the food sector and rising retail prices, on its own initiative carried out a large-scale market study from spring 2023 to spring 2024, analysing the variability (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-francois-bellis">Jean-François Bellis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valerie-lefever">Valérie Lefever</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/koen">Koen T’Syen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kris-van-hove">Kris Van Hove</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-belgian-competition-authority-publishes-its-annual-report-for-2023" rel="bookmark">The Belgian Competition Authority publishes its annual report for 2023</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-28T22:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120067 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 29 July 2024, the Belgian Competition Authority ( BCA ) published its annual report for 2023 (the Report ) which, combined with its enforcement priorities for 2024 made public a few weeks ago and for easy reference incorporated in the Report, offers a good view on the BCA’s current thinking (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hellenic-competition-authority">Hellenic Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-hellenic-competition-authority-opens-a-sector-inquiry-to-investigate-the" rel="bookmark">The Hellenic Competition Authority opens a sector inquiry to investigate the conditions of competition in the market for bank deposits</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-17T22:00:00Z">18 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119746 introduction entry-content"> <p>Sector inquiry by the Hellenic Competition Commission into bank deposits* <br class='autobr' /> The Hellenic Competition Commission (HCC), taking into account the structure of the domestic banking sector as well as the low interest rates offered by the Greek banks, compared to the Eurozone average, has initiated by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/uk-competition-authority">UK Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-uk-competition-authority-publishes-an-issues-statement-to-set-out-the" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition Authority publishes an Issues Statement to set out the initial theories on what might be affecting competition in the veterinary sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-08T22:00:00Z">9 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119524 introduction entry-content"> <p>CMA takes next procedural step in vet services investigation* <br class='autobr' /> The Inquiry Group – made up of independent experts who will lead the market investigation – has set out its areas of focus. <br class='autobr' /> Following the launch of its market investigation into the vets sector, and in line with our usual market (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/artificial-intelligence-the-french-competition-authority-recommends-using" rel="bookmark"><strong>Artificial intelligence</strong>: The French Competition Authority recommends using existing tools for the generative AI sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-27T22:00:00Z">28 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120355 introduction entry-content"> <p>On June 28, 2024, the French Competition Authority issued its opinion no. 24-A-05 on the competitive functioning of the generative artificial intelligence sector. <br class='autobr' /> After a didactic description of how the sector operates, the players in the value chain, both upstream and downstream, and the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds3oUX3lQa3ns+aSNxLbB1HMYRDLhcvybAQehqPeBZAUtRTWfBPKW47GzNmrt99wKbBJq35ONveJ6o3dnmTsap8HgBuj2ujQuVcge0Ei+AW34HmmutkA8RLEbIyJrDL7nuQJ9FFKgprxVBydWxJeKuwvDzLVImMWiSIF1a4HMua3YpvrbO5AE6t3NOLTujD4pOv73ch19nMfYPCj5a4dLbSDAGva26FiJ6MpWswWQinG87qL30LGySwgv7bmNYKZTb78OqidyMA1+HGhyGJ955J1Ao95lzpMl59Dui6/s5+zAlw7xJeZkNHT0h+P7ZMOLbRljQirVI1ffh' data-origin="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-gerard">Damien Gerard</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/interview/ioannis-lianos-uk-competition-appeal-tribunal-putting-ideas-to-work-for-the-119591" rel="bookmark">Ioannis Lianos (UK Competition Appeal Tribunal): Putting ideas to work for the common good</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119591 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Damien Gerard, Belgian Competition Authority, Prosecutor General <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> Prior to being appointed President of the Hellenic Competition Commission (HCC) in the summer of 2019, Ioannis Lianos was already one of the most innovative academic and forward thinkers in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/birol-kule">Birol Küle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/interview/birol-kule-turkish-competition-authority-what-lies-ahead-in-his-new-term-as-the" rel="bookmark">Birol Küle (Turkish Competition Authority): What lies ahead in his new term as the president of the Turkish Competition Authority?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117653 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Gönenç Gürkaynak, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law, Istanbul. <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> You were reappointed as president of the Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) for a new term in 2023. How would you describe your experience in leading the TCA so far, and what will be your (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-chantrel">Étienne Chantrel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/enrique-canizares-pacheco">Enrique Cañizares Pacheco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thomas-bowman">Thomas Bowman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-duquesne">Guillaume Duquesne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nicolas-lluch">Nicolas Lluch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/justin-lindeboom">Justin Lindeboom</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/de-bernard">Thibaut de Bernard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/esmeralda-jesoirens">Esmeralda Jesoirens</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/morgane-cure">Morgane Cure</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/on-topic/economic-analysis-and-relevant-markets-115114" rel="bookmark">Economic analysis and relevant markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115114 introduction entry-content"> <p>Market definition is a crucial aspect of competition analysis, serving as the foundation for assessing market power and competitive positions of firms. Economic analysis, including methods like the hypothetical monopolist test, plays an increasingly significant role in defining relevant markets, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/articles/presumptions-in-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Presumptions in competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109146 introduction entry-content"> <p>The presumption is a complex, equivocal and plural mechanism that serves various purposes. In order to present presumptions in competition law, a tripartite classification has been adopted; it highlights the close relationship between the purpose of the presumption and its force. Some (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2018/livres/l-enquete-de-concurrence-droit-europeen-l-enquete-de-concurrence-droit-francais-86286" rel="bookmark">L’enquête de concurrence: Droit européen, Joseph VOGEL and Louis VOGEL</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86286 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/walid-chaiehloudj">Walid Chaiehloudj</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2016/Articles-1807/Agreements-injecting-competition" rel="bookmark">Agreements injecting competition on a distinct market, a new pay-for-delay generic entry on the market</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-77535 introduction entry-content"> <p>The "first generation" of pay-for-delay agreements were sentenced several times both in the United States and in the European Union. Facing a high risk of litigation, the pharmaceutical laboratories have developed the "second generation" of pay-for-delay agreements designed to hide the value (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Thomas-Cavro-Dupont">Thomas Cavro Dupont</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-sely">Thomas Sely</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2015/pratiques/eu-commission-s-e-commerce-sector-inquiry-some-thoughts-as-to-how-technology" rel="bookmark">EU Commission’s e-commerce sector inquiry: Some thoughts as to how technology can assist companies in responding to potential requests for information</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-75892 introduction entry-content"> <p>The sector inquiry into e-commerce recently launched by the European Commission is at an incipient stage, but the number of players concerned and the volume of information which may be targeted are highly significant. In this context, ediscovery technologies and data analytics can be helpful for (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeremiah-juts">Jeremiah Juts</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2014/droit-et-economie/competition-and-financial-services-the-economic-framework-of-multilateral" rel="bookmark">Competition and financial services: The economic framework of multilateral interchange fees calculation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-65211 introduction entry-content"> <p>Decisional practice concerning multilateral interchange fees applicable to various payment means is now well established, with competition authorities converging towards a strict regulation of the levels of these fees. However, from an economic perspective, there remain serious methodological (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Elie-Raimond">Elie Raimond</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philippe-emmanuel-partsch">Philippe-Emmanuel Partsch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2013/international/state-of-competition-law-in-luxembourg-further-to-the-2011-reform" rel="bookmark">State of competition law in Luxembourg further to the 2011 reform</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-57661 introduction entry-content"> <p>Le développement d’une culture de la concurrence est récent au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et remonte pour ainsi dire au règlement (CE) 1/2003. Il a dans un premier temps été freiné par des conflits entre les deux entités instituées pour appliquer le droit de la concurrence, l’Inspection et le (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-lasserre">Bruno Lasserre</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2013/Doctrines-1492/Several-strokes-of-black-and-a-58817" rel="bookmark">Several strokes of black and a palette of grays: Competitor agreements through the eyes of an enforcement agency</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-58817 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition authorities in Europe have strived to preserve the stigma attached to cartel behavior, notwithstanding recurring calls to carve out an exception for a specific sector, while making sure competition policy is in tune with evolving commercial strategies and provides answers to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-broomhall">David Broomhall</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephan-manuel-nagel">Stephan Manuel Nagel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ulrich-scholz">Ulrich Scholz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2013/international/application-of-competition-law-to-the-energy-sector-an-overview-and-comparison" rel="bookmark">Application of competition law to the energy sector: An overview and comparison of recent practice by the Bundeskartellamt and the EU Commission</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-53272 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article summarizes and compares the recent enforcement activities of the European Commission and the German Bundeskartellamt in applying competition law to the energy sector, focusing on the decisional practice of the Bundeskartellamt. It discusses sector inquiries by the respective (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joaquin-almunia">Joaquín Almunia</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2010/conferences/eu-competition-policy-in-2010-and-ahead-conference-new-frontiers-of-antitrust" rel="bookmark">EU Competition policy in 2010 and ahead <em>(Conference New Frontiers of Antitrust - Paris, 15 February 2010)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-31435 introduction entry-content"> <p>EU competition policy in 2010 and beyond <br class='autobr' /> Joaquín Almunia <br class='autobr' /> Vice-President of the European Commission in charge of Competition Policy I am very pleased to be with you today in Paris for this first annual conference of the ReviewConcurrences, which coincides with my first days as European (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Alexander-Gee">Alexander Gee</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-lasserre">Bruno Lasserre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Charlotte-Lousberg">Charlotte Lousberg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ian-forrester">Ian Forrester</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nadia-calvino">Nadia Calvino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-petit">Nicolas Petit</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-freeman">Peter Freeman</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2010/conferences/sector-inquiries-complements-or-substitutes-for-antitrust-enforcement-new" rel="bookmark">Sector inquiries: Complements or substitutes for antitrust enforcement? <em>(New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference, 15th February 2010)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-31032 introduction entry-content"> <p>Enquêtes sectorielles : Complément ou substitut de l’action des autorités de concurrence ? <br class='autobr' /> Introduction générale <br class='autobr' /> Frédéric JENNY President, OECD Competition Committee <br class='autobr' /> President of the International board of the Review Concurrences <br class='autobr' /> Professor, Co-Director of the Centre Européen de Droit et (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2010/livres/competition-law-of-the-european-community-van-bael-bellis-30422" rel="bookmark">Competition Law of the European Community</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-30422 introduction entry-content"> <p>This new Fifth Edition of a major work by the well-known competition law team at Van Bael & Bellis brings the book completely up to date to take account of the great number of significant new cases that have been decided since the Fourth Edition in 2004 as well as many other developments. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anthony-dawes">Anthony Dawes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-hull">David Hull</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Genevieve-Wibaux">Geneviève Wibaux</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-petit">Nicolas Petit</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2009/on-topic/the-outcome-of-the-ec-pharmaceutical-sector-inquiry" rel="bookmark">The outcome of the EC pharmaceutical sector inquiry</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-28154 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 8 July 2009, the European Commission’s released its long-awaited Final Report on its Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry. The Final Report suggests that the shortcomings of the regulatory framework are a key explanatory factor for delayed generic entry and limited innovation. Meanwhile the Final (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789gx4/FFOyeV0caCNxLLBzHMoQDLBevybAm18qOjCI3YZpcDYYd0K2vWG9r4VPsrruo1NyH16jfVPk/MPX3TMhAMsbc901nt8K1qnZ6OsTCz8qeP1vV1ixLtbIPRP4L3FwJJzLObpKGsS/+UgNzhJHU/mfygYmMW8TeVnqKd1Tz+/NsR/yAXbZ5lzwyz+bogtLP9X4I2DRoJi1KSQLokhGHoqGH6Pi+xx6Mt/QyhTZ2wmdrxau7XeI2Lcw6wPWCBKadb2qDuXbsnaHzzAXIFgFoFEI+5d7pMlh9Dxym7On+UKjegr2I83Pr8u26BEWLU+QJcTFtBBiZEa/xmg=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-piquereau">Thomas Piquereau</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/pharmaceutical-retail-medical-biology-the-french-competition-authority-s-en" rel="bookmark">Pharmaceutical retail & medical biology: The French Competition Authority’s opinion and propositions</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-04-11T10:30:00Z">11 April 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89830 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop with Thomas Piquereau (Autorité de la concurrence) organised by Concurrences in partnership with Dechert.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-burin-des-roziers">Antoine Burin des Roziers</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonio-capobianco">Antonio Capobianco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/bostjan-zupancic">Boštjan Zupancic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-m-harrison">David M. Harrison</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/e-j-van-dijk">Edwin J. van Dijk</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-chantrel">Étienne Chantrel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/herve-delannoy-235">Hervé Delannoy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-luc">Irène Luc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Josefine-Hederstrom">Josefine Hederström</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Konrad-Schumm">Konrad Schumm</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/mauro-la-noce">Mauro La Noce</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sophie-bresny">Sophie Bresny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thierry-dahan">Thierry Dahan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-enquiries" rel="bookmark">Competition enquiries 2016</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-12T10:00:00Z">12 May 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83044 introduction entry-content"><p>Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Mayer Brown.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/annemarie-ter-heegde">Annemarie Ter Heegde</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marta-giner-asins">Marta Giner Asins</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-sely">Thomas Sely</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/request-for-information-by-competition-authorities" rel="bookmark">Request for information by competition authorities</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-02-04T11:00:00Z">4 February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83010 introduction entry-content"><p>Lunchtalk organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Norton Rose Fulbright and Kroll Ontrack.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds/vTr2VQa3nAxPverh/3w7tAimM9P4Q/0ya5emjNY0yzYarjQjqZd7dTAAQjKhTBBn/Rtg2I87PLt6gM4mVajM7wiZUcCudMtdvaCQ18CYP4E63txLMwrZncFWUyzMcbi89deZKRPjwbkGE0NkU8uzV7NBQEmM28T4VLaoCIODPyMBLXehL0xtDcbWBGeCogcLz332DZ90Jh1fjYiEKepiaKJH6NCN0J6Mv/gyhTZ2wnNSYVYrX/m/g14BXlhtPAjxzw05DhoqnaH3zAXIFhVu1Eo95d8RDJh9D9ym7On+c7yUGU5aAMNbym0nFX67an30KxEsSdcQJhg4MvX' data-origin="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/ian-forrester-a-scot-without-borders-liber-amicorum-vol-ii-29#id=43207" rel="bookmark">Ian Forrester - A Scot Without Borders Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>Patent settlements as by object restrictions: a European approach, but is the right one?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-11-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2015</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">185Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Patent settlements as by object restrictions : a European approach, but is it the right one? JAMES KILLICK * I.Introduction It is a great pleasure to participate in this book to celebrate Ian's long and varied legal (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a 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href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/sector-inquiry#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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