CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Geography of Europe - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0d46f522-724f-4bdc-8b3e-41c1c60716e2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Geography_of_Europe","wgTitle":"Geography of Europe","wgCurRevisionId":1259237766,"wgRevisionId":1259237766,"wgArticleId":1187515,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010","Articles to be expanded from March 2011","All articles to be expanded","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Geography of Europe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Geography_of_Europe","wgRelevantArticleId":1187515,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q119716","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG/1200px-Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="798"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG/800px-Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="532"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG/640px-Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Geography of Europe - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Europe"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Europe"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Geography_of_Europe rootpage-Geography_of_Europe skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geography+of+Europe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geography+of+Europe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geography+of+Europe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geography+of+Europe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peninsula_of_peninsulas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsula_of_peninsulas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Peninsula of peninsulas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsula_of_peninsulas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rivers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_rivers_by_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_rivers_by_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>European rivers by length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_rivers_by_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_rivers_by_discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_rivers_by_discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>European rivers by discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_rivers_by_discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes_and_inland_seas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes_and_inland_seas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lakes and inland seas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes_and_inland_seas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plains_and_lowlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plains_and_lowlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Plains and lowlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plains_and_lowlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountain_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mountain ranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountain_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_and_precipitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_and_precipitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Temperature and precipitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_and_precipitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landlocked_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landlocked_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Landlocked countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landlocked_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_consisting_solely_of_islands_or_parts_of_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_consisting_solely_of_islands_or_parts_of_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_consisting_solely_of_islands_or_parts_of_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_bordering_or_spanning_another_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_bordering_or_spanning_another_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Countries bordering or spanning another continent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_bordering_or_spanning_another_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_whose_capital_is_not_the_most_populous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_whose_capital_is_not_the_most_populous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Countries whose capital is not the most populous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_whose_capital_is_not_the_most_populous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_other_countries_they_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_other_countries_they_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>List of countries by the number of other countries they border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_other_countries_they_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="جغرافيا أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="यूरोप कय भूगोल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="यूरोप कय भूगोल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="ইউরোপের ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপের ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="यूरोप के भूगोल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूरोप के भूगोल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="География на Европа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="География на Европа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_d%27Europa" title="Geografia d'Europa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geografia d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_Evropy" title="Geografie Evropy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geografie Evropy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daearyddiaeth_Ewrop" title="Daearyddiaeth Ewrop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daearyddiaeth Ewrop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europas_geografi" title="Europas geografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europas geografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie_Europas" title="Geographie Europas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographie Europas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γεωγραφία της Ευρώπης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωγραφία της Ευρώπης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Europa" title="Geografía de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografio_de_E%C5%ADropo" title="Geografio de Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geografio de Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europako_geografia" title="Europako geografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europako geografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="جغرافیای اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_l%27Europe" title="Géographie de l'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie de l'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_de_Europa" title="Xeografía de Europa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeografía de Europa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC" title="유럽의 지리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽의 지리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljopis_Europe" title="Zemljopis Europe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljopis Europe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Eropa" title="Geografi Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_dell%27Europa" title="Geografia dell'Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia dell'Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="גאוגרפיה של אירופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוגרפיה של אירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia_Europaea" title="Geographia Europaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geographia Europaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa_f%C3%B6ldrajza" title="Európa földrajza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európa földrajza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="جغرافيا اوروبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جغرافيا اوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_van_Europa" title="Geografie van Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geografie van Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europas_geografi" title="Europas geografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europas geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeisk_geografi" title="Europeisk geografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Europeisk geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Europy" title="Geografia Europy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Europy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_da_Europa" title="Geografia da Europa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia da Europa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Europei" title="Geografia Europei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geografia Europei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_da_l%27Europa" title="Geografia da l'Europa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Geografia da l'Europa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia_e_Evrop%C3%ABs" title="Gjeografia e Evropës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia e Evropës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija_Evrope" title="Geografija Evrope – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geografija Evrope" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija_Evrope" title="Geografija Evrope – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Geografija Evrope" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopan_maantiede" title="Euroopan maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopan maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europas_geografi" title="Europas geografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europas geografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Аурупа географиясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аурупа географиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="ภูมิศาสตร์ยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิศาสตร์ยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_co%C4%9Frafyas%C4%B1" title="Avrupa coğrafyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa coğrafyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Географія Європи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Європи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_l%C3%BD_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Địa lý châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa lý châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melosuufug_Tugal" title="Melosuufug Tugal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Melosuufug Tugal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafyay_Ewropa" title="Coğrafyay Ewropa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Coğrafyay Ewropa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="欧洲地理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲地理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q119716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Geography_of_Europe" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Geography_of_Europe" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Geography_of_Europe" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&oldid=1259237766" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Geography_of_Europe&id=1259237766&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeography_of_Europe"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeography_of_Europe"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Geography_of_Europe&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Europe" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q119716" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the political geography of Europe, see <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations in Europe">International organisations in Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Europe</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG/250px-Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG/375px-Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG/500px-Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span><br />Several of the oldest cities of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a> are highlighted in this astronaut's photograph from 00:25 <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a> on 10 August 2011<br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_(with_borders).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/220px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/330px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/440px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">10,180,000 km<sup>2</sup> (3,930,000 sq mi)<sup id="ref_n_1" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_n">[n]</a></sup> (6th)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">742,452,000<sup id="ref_n_2" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_n">[n]</a></sup> (2013; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of continents by population">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">72.9/km<sup>2</sup> (188/sq mi) (2nd)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">50 sovereign states</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe#States_with_limited_recognition" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">5 with limited recognition</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe#Dependent_territories" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">4 dependencies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">~<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">225 languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9201:00" title="UTC−01:00">UTC−1</a> to <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+5</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is traditionally defined as one of seven <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physiographically</a>, it is the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> of the larger landmass known as <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> (or the larger <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a>); <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> occupies the centre and east of this continuous landmass. Europe's <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_continents#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Borders of the continents">eastern frontier</a> is usually delineated by the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">largest country by land area</a> in the continent. The southeast <a href="/wiki/Boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary between Europe and Asia">boundary with Asia</a> is not universally defined, but the modern definition is generally the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a> or, less commonly, the <a href="/wiki/Emba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Emba River">Emba River</a>. The boundary continues to the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> (or, less commonly, the river <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>), and on to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> conclude the Asian boundary. The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> is usually included in Europe because it is over twice as close to mainland Europe as mainland North America. There is ongoing debate on where the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical centre of Europe">geographical centre of Europe</a> falls. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv/400px--Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="400" height="134" data-durationhint="36" data-mwtitle="Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="286" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1240" data-height="414" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="142" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="214" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv/Western_to_Eastern_Europe.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="214" /></video></span><figcaption>This video was taken by the crew of <a href="/wiki/Expedition_30" title="Expedition 30">Expedition 30</a> on board the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> on a pass over Europe. The two videos were shot simultaneously using different cameras: one pointing toward the northeast, and one pointing toward the east.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141322084">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{float:left;clear:left;width:auto;margin:0 1em 0.5em 0}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .tocleft{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocleft" style=""><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa-bei-nacht_1-1024x768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Europa-bei-nacht_1-1024x768.jpg/500px-Europa-bei-nacht_1-1024x768.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Europa-bei-nacht_1-1024x768.jpg/750px-Europa-bei-nacht_1-1024x768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Europa-bei-nacht_1-1024x768.jpg/1000px-Europa-bei-nacht_1-1024x768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3303" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Europe by night</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_physical_map_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1916_physical_map_Europe.jpg/500px-1916_physical_map_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1916_physical_map_Europe.jpg/750px-1916_physical_map_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1916_physical_map_Europe.jpg/1000px-1916_physical_map_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9737" data-file-height="7100" /></a><figcaption>1916 physical map of Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_topography_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Europe_topography_map_en.png/500px-Europe_topography_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Europe_topography_map_en.png/750px-Europe_topography_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Europe_topography_map_en.png/1000px-Europe_topography_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> of Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian continent given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and its southeastern border has always been <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between continents">variously defined</a> for centuries. </p><p>In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsulas</a> and nearby islands. The two largest peninsulas are Europe itself and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> to the north, divided from each other by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Three smaller peninsulas—<a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>—emerge from the southern margin of the mainland. The Balkan peninsula is separated from Asia by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a> and Aegean Seas. Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. </p><p>Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are mountainous while moving north the terrain descends from the high <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a>, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, continuing across through western and northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and up along the mountainous, <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>-cut spine of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. </p><p>This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys, and basins that complicate the general trend. <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> are special cases. The former is of North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> volcanic formation, while the latter consist of upland areas once joined to the mainland until cut off by rising sea levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peninsula_of_peninsulas">Peninsula of peninsulas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Peninsula of peninsulas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europe is sometimes called a "peninsula of peninsulas", to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small, elongated appendage to Asia, and that a large part of Europe is made up of peninsulas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prehistoric perspective would include Britain and Ireland as the core of a further very significant European peninsula prior to the post-glacial rise in sea-levels.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Partial list of European peninsulas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanin_Peninsula" title="Kanin Peninsula">Kanin Peninsula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vourvourou-Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vourvourou-Greece.jpg/250px-Vourvourou-Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vourvourou-Greece.jpg/375px-Vourvourou-Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vourvourou-Greece.jpg/500px-Vourvourou-Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The coast of Europe is heavily indented with bays and gulfs, as here in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Europe's most significant geological feature is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Great Britain in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in the east.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a>. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a> and the mountainous parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. The major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> complex, and the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>. </p><p>The northern plain contains the old geological continent of <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>, and so may be regarded as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. </p><p>The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> to the rolling <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history, the population of Europe has been affected by migration into and out of the continent, disease and conflict. Figures for the population of Europe vary according to which definition of European boundaries is used. The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 701 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. In 2000 the population was 857 million, using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey. Population growth is comparatively slow, and median age comparatively high in relation to the world's other continents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rivers">Rivers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg/250px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg/375px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg/500px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, the longest river in Europe, in <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buda_Castle_Hill_and_the_Chain_Bridge,_2013_Budapest_city_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Buda_Castle_Hill_and_the_Chain_Bridge%2C_2013_Budapest_city_09.jpg/250px-Buda_Castle_Hill_and_the_Chain_Bridge%2C_2013_Budapest_city_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Buda_Castle_Hill_and_the_Chain_Bridge%2C_2013_Budapest_city_09.jpg/375px-Buda_Castle_Hill_and_the_Chain_Bridge%2C_2013_Budapest_city_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Buda_Castle_Hill_and_the_Chain_Bridge%2C_2013_Budapest_city_09.jpg/500px-Buda_Castle_Hill_and_the_Chain_Bridge%2C_2013_Budapest_city_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2443" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, Europe's second-longest river, in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">List of rivers of Europe</a></div> <p>The most important rivers in Europe are <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oder_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder (river)">Oder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, among others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (August 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_rivers_by_length">European rivers by length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European rivers by length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The longest rivers in Europe, directly flowing into the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic basins">Endorheic basins</a>, with their approximate lengths:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> -   3,690 km (2,290 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> - 2,860 km (1,780 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural</a>   -    2,428 km (1,509 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> - 2,290 km (1,420 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a>   -     1,950 km (1,210 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pechora River">Pechora</a> - 1,809 km (1,124 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> - 1,352 km (840 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>   -   1,236 km (768 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>   -   1,091 km (678 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> - 1,047 km (651 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a>   - 1,038 km (645 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava</a> - 1,020 km (630 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loire_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loire (river)">Loire</a> - 1,012 km (629 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> - 960 km (600 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> - 953 km (592 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neman River">Neman</a> - 937 km (582 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> - 925 km (575 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> - 897 km (557 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban River</a> - 870 km (540 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezen_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezen River">Mezen</a> - 857 km (533 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder (river)">Oder</a> - 854 km (531 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a> - 829 km (515 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> - 815 km (506 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> - 806 km (501 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuma River (Russia)">Kuma</a> - 802 km (498 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>  - 776 km (482 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mureș River">Mureș</a> - 761 km (473 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a> - 744 km (462 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> - 682 km (424 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a> - 657 km (408 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Uzen_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshoy Uzen River">Bolshoy Uzen</a> - 650 km (400 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siret_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Siret River">Siret</a> - 647 km (402 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek</a> - 623 km (387 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomma" title="Glomma">Glomma</a> - 604 km (375 mi) (Norway's longest and most voluminous river)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> - 602 km (374 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemijoki" title="Kemijoki">Kemijoki</a> - 550 km (340 mi) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> 525 km (326 mi) (longest (right) <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> of Rhine)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torne_(Finnish_and_Swedish_river)" title="Torne (Finnish and Swedish river)">Torne</a> - 522 km (324 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%A4lven" title="Dalälven">Dalälven</a> - 520 km (320 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a> - 515 km (320 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marne_(river)" title="Marne (river)">Marne</a> - 514 km (319 mi) (major tributary of the Seine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neris" title="Neris">Neris</a> - 510 km (320 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAcar" title="Júcar">Júcar</a> - 509 km (316 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordogne_(river)" title="Dordogne (river)">Dordogne</a> - 483 km (300 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_River" title="Ume River">Ume</a> - 470 km (290 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngerman" title="Ångerman">Ångerman</a> - 460 km (290 mi) (Sweden's longest rivers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_River" title="Lule River">Lule</a> - 460 km (290 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauja" title="Gauja">Gauja</a> - 452 km (281 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> - 452 km (281 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalix_River" title="Kalix River">Kalix</a> - 450 km (280 mi)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_rivers_by_discharge">European rivers by discharge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European rivers by discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_as_viewed_from_the_USSR,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Europe_as_viewed_from_the_USSR%2C_1944.jpg/220px-Europe_as_viewed_from_the_USSR%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Europe_as_viewed_from_the_USSR%2C_1944.jpg/330px-Europe_as_viewed_from_the_USSR%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Europe_as_viewed_from_the_USSR%2C_1944.jpg/440px-Europe_as_viewed_from_the_USSR%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5327" data-file-height="4011" /></a><figcaption>Europe as viewed from the East</figcaption></figure> <p>The 15 rivers of Europe by average discharge, including only rivers directly flowing into the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic basins">Endorheic basins</a>: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> - 8,087 m³/s (largest river in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> - 6,450 m³/s (largest river in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pechora River">Pechora</a> - 4,380m³/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a> - 3,330m³/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neva River">Neva</a> - 2,490 m³/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> - 2,315 m³/s) (largest river in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> - 1,900 m³/s (largest river in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> - 1,700 m³/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> - 1,460 m³/s (largest river in Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> - 1,080 m³/s (largest river in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> - 890 m³/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezen_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezen River">Mezen</a> - 890 m³/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loire_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loire (river)">Loire</a> - 889 m³/s (longest river in France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> - 860 m³/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomma" title="Glomma">Glomma</a> - 709 m³/s (Norway's longest and most voluminous river)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lakes_and_inland_seas">Lakes and inland seas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lakes and inland seas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">List of lakes § Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_islands">Major islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">List of European islands by area</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">List of European islands by population</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (Adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyn">Fyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinn%C3%B8ya" title="Hinnøya">Hinnøya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Jutlandic_Island" title="North Jutlandic Island">North Jutlandic Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senja_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senja (island)">Senja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plains_and_lowlands">Plains and lowlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plains and lowlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stara_planina2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stara_planina2.JPG/300px-Stara_planina2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stara_planina2.JPG/450px-Stara_planina2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stara_planina2.JPG/600px-Stara_planina2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>View across the Bulgarian section of the Lower Danubian Plain towards the central Balkan Mountains 90 km away</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_European_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Great European Plain">Great European Plain</a>, the largest landscape feature of Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a> <ul><li>Lower Danubian Plain, between Balkan Mountains and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Carpathians" title="Southern Carpathians">Southern Carpathians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Plain_(Bulgaria)" title="Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)">Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Plain" title="Wallachian Plain">Wallachian Plain</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_European_Plain" title="North European Plain">North European Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a> (German section)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauce,_France" title="Beauce, France">Beauce, France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetic_Depression" title="Baetic Depression">Baetic Depression</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> Plain), between Sierra Morena and Baetic System</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British</a> Lowlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Swedish_lowland" title="Central Swedish lowland">Central Swedish lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> Basin (Ebro Depression), between Pyrenees and Sistema Ibérico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Meseta Central</a> is a high plain <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> in central Spain (occupies roughly 40% of the country), between Cantabrian Mountains and Sistema Central</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a>, between Alps, Dinaric Mountains and Carpathian Mountains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, also known as Padan Plain, between Alps and Apennines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Central_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Central Plateau">Swiss Central Plateau</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a>, between Vosges Mountains and Black Forest Mountains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Thracian_Plain" title="Upper Thracian Plain">Upper Thracian Plain</a>, between Balkan Mountains (Sredna Gora) and Rila-Rhodope <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a></li> <li>Other European coastal plains</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mountain_ranges">Mountain ranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mountain ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">List of mountain ranges § Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbrus_view_on_the_mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Elbrus_view_on_the_mountains.jpg/220px-Elbrus_view_on_the_mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Elbrus_view_on_the_mountains.jpg/330px-Elbrus_view_on_the_mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Elbrus_view_on_the_mountains.jpg/440px-Elbrus_view_on_the_mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, is the highest mountain in Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of Europe's major <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, in Central Western Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">Southern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Limestone_Alps" title="Northern Limestone Alps">Northern Alps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a>, which run through <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetic_System" title="Baetic System">Baetic System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, Iberian Peninsula</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Musala.JPG/220px-Musala.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Musala.JPG/330px-Musala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Musala.JPG/440px-Musala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a>, highest peak of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> seen from Yastrebets. The chalet Musala and the Everest shelter can be seen as well.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sredna_Gora" title="Sredna Gora">Sredna Gora</a> Mountain range in central Bulgaria, situated south of and parallel to the Balkan Mountains</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Massif" title="Bohemian Massif">Bohemian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Massifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Massifs">massifs</a> (pre-<a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> mountain ranges) - <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_Forest" title="Palatinate Forest">Palatinate Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian Mountains</a>, which run across northern Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, a major mountain range in Central and Southern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Carpathians" title="Southern Carpathians">Southern Carpathians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, which also separate Europe and Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liqeni_i_Madh_i_Buni_Jezerce.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Liqeni_i_Madh_i_Buni_Jezerce.png/220px-Liqeni_i_Madh_i_Buni_Jezerce.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Liqeni_i_Madh_i_Buni_Jezerce.png/330px-Liqeni_i_Madh_i_Buni_Jezerce.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Liqeni_i_Madh_i_Buni_Jezerce.png/440px-Liqeni_i_Madh_i_Buni_Jezerce.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maja_Jezerc%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maja Jezercë">Maja Jezercë</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> at 2,694m high is the highest peak of the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>, a mountain range in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> Mountains, Albania and Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, the natural border between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope</a> mountain system composed by <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massifs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a> Mountain and <a href="/wiki/Osogovo" title="Osogovo">Osogovo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Belasitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Belasitsa">Belasitsa</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_chain" title="Mountain chain">mountain chain</a>, mainly Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Korab" title="Korab">Korab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jakupica" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakupica">Jakupica</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baba_Mountain_(North_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Mountain (North Macedonia)">Baba</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kajmak%C4%8Dalan" title="Kajmakčalan">Kajmakčalan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, Albania, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and Greece<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a>, a mountain range which runs through the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>, includes the Kjølen mountains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Sistema Ibérico">Sistema Ibérico</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Central" title="Sistema Central">Sistema Central</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, which form the boundary between Europe and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Land area in different classes of European mountainous terrain</b> (classification from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510183742/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/habitats/mountains/eur.htm">UNEP-WCMC</a>): </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg/220px-Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg/330px-Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg/440px-Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(Mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Olympus (Mountain)">Mount Olympus</a>, legendary abode of the Greek gods.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Altitude</th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>% Area </th></tr> <tr> <td>≥4500m </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3500-4500m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500-3500m </td> <td>497,886 </td> <td>4.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1500-2500m & slope ≥2° </td> <td>145,838 </td> <td>1.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000-1500m & slope ≥5° <br />or local elevation range >300m </td> <td>345,255 </td> <td>3.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>300-1000m<br />and local elevation range >300m </td> <td>1,222,104 </td> <td>12.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mountainous TOTAL</b> </td> <td>2,211,308 </td> <td>21.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Europe TOTAL</b> </td> <td>10,180,000 </td> <td>100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperature_and_precipitation">Temperature and precipitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Temperature and precipitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_View_to_lake_Iso-Vietonen_from_Liinankivaara_Mountainside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Another_View_to_lake_Iso-Vietonen_from_Liinankivaara_Mountainside.jpg/220px-Another_View_to_lake_Iso-Vietonen_from_Liinankivaara_Mountainside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Another_View_to_lake_Iso-Vietonen_from_Liinankivaara_Mountainside.jpg/330px-Another_View_to_lake_Iso-Vietonen_from_Liinankivaara_Mountainside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Another_View_to_lake_Iso-Vietonen_from_Liinankivaara_Mountainside.jpg/440px-Another_View_to_lake_Iso-Vietonen_from_Liinankivaara_Mountainside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>The Arctic environment of <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The high mountainous areas of Europe are colder and have higher precipitation than lower areas, as is true of mountainous areas in general. Europe has less precipitation in the east than in central and western Europe. The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increases from coastal northwest Europe to southeast inland Europe, ranging from Ireland, with a temperature difference of only 10 °C from the warmest to the coldest month, to the area north of the Caspian Sea, with a temperature difference of 40 °C. January average range from 13 °C in southern Spain and southern Greek islands to -20 °C in the northeastern part of European <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain. </p><p>Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate of Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks" title="List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks">List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_windstorms" title="List of European windstorms">List of European windstorms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Europe" title="List of floods in Europe">List of floods in Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/310px-Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/465px-Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/620px-Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>European climate. The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climates</a> map is presented by the <a href="/wiki/Climatic_Research_Unit" title="Climatic Research Unit">Climatic Research Unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> and the Global Precipitation Climatology Center of the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Europe's climate is diverse due to its extensive range from the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in the south, and from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in the east. Several <a href="/wiki/Climatic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatic zone">climatic zones</a> intersect the continent, influenced by factors such as <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, proximity to <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">water bodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevailing wind">prevailing wind</a> patterns. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Drift">North Atlantic Drift</a>, a warm ocean current, significantly moderates temperatures across much of Western Europe, resulting in relatively mild winters for regions at similar latitudes elsewhere. This effect is particularly evident in countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and coastal <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, which experience <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climates</a> characterized by cool summers and mild, wet winters. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> enjoys a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This climate predominates in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, where seasonal rainfall supports agriculture and tourism. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and parts of the continent's interior feature <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climates</a> with more pronounced seasonal temperature differences, including cold winters and warm summers. <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a> in these regions is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">tundra climates</a>, where winters are long and harsh, and summers are short and cool. The Arctic portions of Europe, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and Norway, also experience <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climates</a>. Mountainous regions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>, exhibit <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine climates</a>, with temperature and precipitation patterns that vary with altitude. Higher elevations generally experience cooler temperatures and greater precipitation, often in the form of snow. </p><p>Europe's climate zones have been further influenced by anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, leading to rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events across the continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landlocked_countries">Landlocked countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Landlocked countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The landlocked countries in Europe are: <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (which is <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country#Double-landlocked" title="Landlocked country">doubly landlocked</a>), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> constitute a contiguous landlocked agglomeration of eight countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, stretching from Geneva all the way to Skopje. The other landlocked countries are "standalone" landlocked, not bordering any other such <i>European</i> one (the emphasis is necessary, since <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> borders <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_consisting_solely_of_islands_or_parts_of_islands">Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_bordering_or_spanning_another_continent">Countries bordering or spanning another continent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Countries bordering or spanning another continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Eurasia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (some <a href="/wiki/Aegean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean islands">Aegean islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kastelorizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastelorizo">Kastelorizo island</a> in southeastern Mediterranean) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe-Africa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampione" title="Lampione">Lampione</a>), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe-South America</td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe-North America</td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Pierre_et_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Pierre et Miquelon">St. Pierre et Miquelon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Eustatius">St. Eustatius</a>), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corvo_Island" title="Corvo Island">Corvo Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores Island</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_whose_capital_is_not_the_most_populous">Countries whose capital is not the most populous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Countries whose capital is not the most populous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Largest city or municipality </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schaan" title="Schaan">Schaan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birkirkara" title="Birkirkara">Birkirkara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serravalle,_San_Marino" title="Serravalle, San Marino">Serravalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Note</i>: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>'s capital, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (<i>comune</i>) is considered. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Milan">Greater Milan</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> in Italy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> is considered to be the largest city of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, according to the population of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>. The population of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> is ~175,000. <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> is the biggest city of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_other_countries_they_border">List of countries by the number of other countries they border</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of countries by the number of other countries they border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neighbouring_Countries_of_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Neighbouring_Countries_of_Europe.png/250px-Neighbouring_Countries_of_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Neighbouring_Countries_of_Europe.png/375px-Neighbouring_Countries_of_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Neighbouring_Countries_of_Europe.png/500px-Neighbouring_Countries_of_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map of European countries by number of neighbouring countries.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <small>(Including <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <small>(Including <a href="/wiki/French_overseas_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="French overseas departments">overseas departments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">territories</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <small>(Excluding overseas departments)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <small>(Including <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <small>(Including <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_grid" title="European grid">European grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Region" title="Intermediate Region">Intermediate Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_ultra-prominent_peaks" title="List of European ultra-prominent peaks">List of European ultra-prominent peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_highest_European_ultra-prominent_peaks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks">List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" title="List of mountain ranges">List of mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southernmost_glacial_mass_in_Europe" title="Southernmost glacial mass in Europe">Southernmost glacial mass in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the European Union">Countries bordering the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Eurasia" title="Extreme points of Eurasia">Extreme points of Eurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afro-Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia">Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">Special member state territories and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorers of Russia">Explorers of Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edl.ecml.at/LanguageFun/LanguageFacts/tabid/1859/Default.aspx">Language facts – European day of languages</a>, Council of Europe. Retrieved 30 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913024630/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/europe-physical-geography/?ar_a=1">Europe: Physical Geography</a> National Geographic - Education</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12244964">"The moment Britain became an island"</a>. <i>BBC News magazine</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+magazine&rft.atitle=The+moment+Britain+became+an+island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-12244964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/euriv.htm">"European Rivers"</a>. worldatlas.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Rivers&rft.pub=worldatlas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Fwebimage%2Fcountrys%2Feuriv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919123146/http://www.rev.net/~aloe/river/">"River Systems of the World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rev.net/~aloe/river/">the original</a> on 2009-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=River+Systems+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rev.net%2F~aloe%2Friver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSE_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919015604/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article075120.html"><i>Мезень (река)</i></a>. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article075120.html">the original</a> on September 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%29&rft.pub=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle075120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=361">Greek-Albanian Ranges</a> peakbagger.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlAOktBjoZwC&q=madeira+africa&pg=PA304"><i>Peoples of Africa</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761471585" title="Special:BookSources/9780761471585"><bdi>9780761471585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Africa&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780761471585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlAOktBjoZwC%26q%3Dmadeira%2Bafrica%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Europe" title="Template:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andorra" title="Geography of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia" title="Geography of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Denmark" title="Geography of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liechtenstein" title="Geography of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania" title="Geography of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malta" title="Geography of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova" title="Geography of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_San_Marino" title="Geography of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia" title="Geography of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovakia" title="Geography of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovenia" title="Geography of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_%C3%85land" title="Geography of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Geography of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Geography of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Svalbard" title="Geography of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&oldid=1259237766">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&oldid=1259237766</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Europe" title="Category:Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_March_2011" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2011">Articles to be expanded from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 03:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l5lf5","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.898","walltime":"1.180","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14598,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138083,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28555,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":41,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":41768,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 957.166 1 -total"," 23.52% 225.133 1 Template:Geography_of_Europe"," 23.36% 223.614 4 Template:Navbox"," 23.32% 223.178 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 15.06% 144.128 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.06% 124.959 1 Template:Europefooter"," 12.63% 120.865 1 Template:Region_topics"," 11.46% 109.647 49 Template:Iso2country"," 10.68% 102.217 3 Template:Cite_web"," 8.27% 79.155 51 Template:Convert"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.417","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8696001,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dxng5","timestamp":"20241124031426","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Geography of Europe","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geography_of_Europe","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q119716","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q119716","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-19T15:55:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T03:14:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f3\/Northwestern_Europe_at_Night.JPG","headline":"description of Europe's physical land mass"}</script> </body> </html>