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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bohemia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Czechoslovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Czech Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Transportation infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications_and_IT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_and_IT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Communications and IT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_and_IT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Education and health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Czech Republic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 279 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-279" aria-hidden="true" > 279 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8kia" title="Cèkia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cèkia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Чехиэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Чехиэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Чехие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чехие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB" title="Tsjeggië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjeggië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechien" title="Tschechien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschechien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ቸኪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቸኪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ekki" title="Tšekki – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšekki" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="चेक रिपब्लिक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चेक रिपब्लिक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aecland" title="Ċecland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ċecland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Чехиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чехиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83" title="جمهورية التشيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية التشيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Checa" title="Republica Checa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica Checa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%9F" title="ܬܫܝܟ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܝܟ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Չեխիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չեխիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cehia" title="Cehia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cehia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A8quia" title="Tchèquia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchèquia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="চেক গণৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চেক গণৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequia" title="Chequia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chequia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="चेक रिपब्लिक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चेक रिपब्लिक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9kia" title="Chékia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chékia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexya_Ripublika" title="Chexya Ripublika – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chexya Ripublika" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87exiya" title="Çexiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çexiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چک جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چک جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_C%C3%A9ko" title="Républik Céko – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Républik Céko" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesko" title="Chesko – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chesko" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ceko" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чэхія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэхія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чэхія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэхія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="चेक रिपब्लिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चेक रिपब्लिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsekya" title="Tsekya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsekya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_Ripablik" title="Jek Ripablik – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jek Ripablik" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechei" title="Tschechei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschechei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཅེ་ཁེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཅེ་ཁེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ka" title="Češka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Češka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchekia" title="Tchekia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchekia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Чехи Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Чехи Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tx%C3%A8quia" title="Txèquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txèquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чех Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чех Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasod_nga_Czech" title="Nasod nga Czech – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nasod nga Czech" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesko" title="Česko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Česko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekia" title="Chekia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Chekia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequia" title="Chequia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chequia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Czech Republic" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheki" title="Cheki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Cheki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecch%C3%ACa" title="Cecchìa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cecchìa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiecia" title="Tsiecia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiecia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjekkiet" title="Tjekkiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tjekkiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83" title="التشيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="التشيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehkkia" title="Čehkkia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Čehkkia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschecherei" title="Tschecherei – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Tschecherei" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechien" title="Tschechien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschechien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%97%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ޗެކް ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޗެކް ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%B3%C3%B3z%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dziłtsʼóózí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłtsʼóózí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceska" title="Česka – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Česka" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चेक गणतन्त्र – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चेक गणतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B" title="ཅེཀ་རི་པབ་ལིཀ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཅེཀ་རི་པབ་ལིཀ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhi" title="Tšehhi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšehhi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τσεχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσεχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Чехия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чехия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="República Checa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Checa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%A5io" title="Ĉeĥio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeĥio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbrica_Checa" title="Repúbrica Checa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Repúbrica Checa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txekia" title="Txekia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txekia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9" title="جمهوری چک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری چک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekkia" title="Kekkia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kekkia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9quie" title="Tchéquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchéquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechje" title="Tsjechje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjechje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekiya" title="Cekiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Cekiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cechie" title="Cechie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cechie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeic" title="An tSeic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heck" title="Yn Çheck – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheck" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ehiya" title="Çehiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çehiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Seic" title="An t-Seic – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Seic" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="República Checa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Checa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9_%D9%9A_%D8%AC%D8%A4%D9%85%DB%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="چک ٚ جؤمۊري – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چک ٚ جؤمۊري" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="ઝેક ગણરાજ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઝેક ગણરાજ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="झेक प्रजासत्ताक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="झेक प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhia%CC%8Dp-khiet" title="Chhia̍p-khiet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhia̍p-khiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Чехмудин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Чехмудин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94" title="체코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazech" title="Kazech – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kazech" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiekia" title="Tiekia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tiekia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Չեխիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեխիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चेक गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेक गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%9Bska" title="Čěska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čěska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ka" title="Češka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Češka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekia" title="Chekia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chekia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekia" title="Chekia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chekia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_a_Tseka" title="Republika a Tseka – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Republika a Tseka" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ceko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Chec" title="Republica Chec – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Republica Chec" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchekia" title="Tchekia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tchekia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siakia" title="Siakia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Siakia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чехи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чехи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITsheki" title="ITsheki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITsheki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9kkland" title="Tékkland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tékkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Ceca" title="Repubblica Ceca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Ceca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%94" title="צ'כיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'כיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_C%C3%A9ko" title="Républik Céko – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik Céko" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%9B%C9%9Bk%C9%A9" title="Cɛɛkɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cɛɛkɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಜೆಕ್ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೆಕ್ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikang_Tseku" title="Republikang Tseku – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Republikang Tseku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩეხეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეხეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czesk%C3%B4_Rep%C3%B9blika" title="Czeskô Repùblika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czeskô Repùblika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Chek" title="Pow Chek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Chek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekiya" title="Cekiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cekiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucheki" title="Ucheki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ucheki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_tch%C3%A8que" title="République tchèque – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="République tchèque" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceska" title="Ceska – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ceska" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repiblik_Tch%C3%A8k" title="Repiblik Tchèk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Repiblik Tchèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9piblik_tch%C3%A8k" title="Répiblik tchèk – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Répiblik tchèk" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekya" title="Çekya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çekya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Ceca" title="Republica Ceca – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republica Ceca" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_Cheka" title="Repuvlika Cheka – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika Cheka" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດເຊັກກີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຊັກກີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cekeja" title="Čekeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Čekeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cechia" title="Cechia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cechia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehija" title="Čehija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechesch_Republik" title="Tschechesch Republik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschechesch Republik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cekija" title="Čekija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čekija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Ceca" title="Repubbrica Ceca – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Ceca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Tsjechië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjechië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekia" title="Shekia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Shekia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txesco" title="Txesco – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txesco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceehii" title="Čeehii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čeehii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcesk.zei_gubyseltru" title="tcesk.zei gubyseltru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcesk.zei gubyseltru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cechia" title="Cechia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cechia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csehorsz%C3%A1g" title="Csehország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csehország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ceko" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чешка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чешка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsekia" title="Tsekia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsekia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെക്ക് റിപ്പബ്ലിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെക്ക് റിപ്പബ്ലിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aekja" title="Ċekja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċekja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABekia" title="Tīekia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tīekia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="चेक प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेक प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩეხეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეხეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تشيكيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيكيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9_(%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="چک (کشور) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چک (کشور)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Czech" title="Republik Czech – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Czech" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯓꯦꯛ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯓꯦꯛ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ceko" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%95k-k%C3%A1ik" title="Ciĕk-káik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciĕk-káik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="República Checa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="República Checa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Чехмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чехмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Чех – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чех" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချက်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချက်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Tsjechië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjechië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechie" title="Tsjechie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjechie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चेक गणतन्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चेक गणतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चेक गणतन्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चेक गणतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B3" title="チェコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbreca_Ceca" title="Repubbreca Ceca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Repubbreca Ceca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чехи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чехи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechien" title="Tschechien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschechien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekya" title="Chekya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Chekya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjekkia" title="Tsjekkia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjekkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjekkia" title="Tsjekkia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjekkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9quie" title="Tchéquie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tchéquie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekia" title="Chekia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chekia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Ch%C3%A8ca" title="Republica Chèca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica Chèca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Чехий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чехий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ଚେକ୍ ଗଣରାଜ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚେକ୍ ଗଣରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheekiyaa" title="Cheekiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Cheekiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexiya" title="Chexiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chexiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਚੈੱਕ ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੈੱਕ ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="चेक रिपब्लिक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चेक रिपब्लिक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechien" title="Tschechien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Tschechien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsekya" title="Tsekya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Tsekya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="چیک لوکراج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیک لوکراج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="چک جمهوریت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چک جمهوریت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek_Ripoblik" title="Chek Ripoblik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chek Ripoblik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ческо – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ческо" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80" title="ឆែក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆែក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A8kie" title="Tchèkie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tchèkie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Ceca" title="Repùblica Ceca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Repùblica Ceca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek_Ripablik" title="Sek Ripablik – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sek Ripablik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechien" title="Tschechien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschechien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechy" title="Czechy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czechy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τσεχία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τσεχία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9quia" title="Chéquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chéquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexiya" title="Chexiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chexiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ehiya" title="Çehiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çehiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieti" title="Tieti – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tieti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cehia" title="Cehia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cehia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexiya" title="Chexiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chexiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechia" title="Tschechia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschechia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiksuyu" title="Chiksuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chiksuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Чесько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чесько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Чиэхийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чиэхийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripapelika_o_Sieki" title="Ripapelika o Sieki – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ripapelika o Sieki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="जेक् रिपब्लिक् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जेक् रिपब्लिक्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Ceca" title="Repùblica Ceca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblica Ceca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Czech Republic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechien" title="Tschechien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschechien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_%C3%87eke" title="Republika Çeke – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Çeke" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%C3%B9bblica_Ceca" title="Ripùbblica Ceca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ripùbblica Ceca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="චෙක් ජනරජය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෙක් ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Czech Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="چيڪ جمهوريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيڪ جمهوريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhi" title="Shekhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Shekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesko" title="Česko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Česko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ka" title="Češka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Češka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%94%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Чєшьско – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Чєшьско" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czesko_Republika" title="Czesko Republika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czesko Republika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuuriyadda_Jek" title="Jamhuuriyadda Jek – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jamhuuriyadda Jek" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کۆماری چیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆماری چیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjekikondre" title="Tsjekikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Tsjekikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чешка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чешка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ka" title="Češka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Češka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ko" title="Céko – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Céko" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ekki" title="Tšekki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšekki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeckien" title="Tjeckien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjeckien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikang_Tseko" title="Republikang Tseko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Republikang Tseko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="செக் குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செக் குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagdudant_n_Tcik" title="Tagdudant n Tcik – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tagdudant n Tcik" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cik" title="Čik – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Čik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbleche_Ceche" title="Repubbleche Ceche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Repubbleche Ceche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%82%85%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျႅၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျႅၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="చెక్ గణతంత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చెక్ గణతంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblika_Xeka" title="Repúblika Xeka – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Repúblika Xeka" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศเช็กเกีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเช็กเกีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepupelika_Seki" title="Lepupelika Seki – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lepupelika Seki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A4%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏤᎩ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏤᎩ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Czechia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekya" title="Çekya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çekya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ehi%C3%BDa" title="Çehiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çehiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%CC%B1pobi%CC%B1lik_Cek" title="Ri̱pobi̱lik Cek – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ri̱pobi̱lik Cek" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чехия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чехія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чехія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="چیک جمہوریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیک جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%90%D8%AE_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%89" title="چېخ جۇمھۇرىيەتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چېخ جۇمھۇرىيەتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciethaek" title="Ciethaek – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ciethaek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Ceca" title="Repùblega Ceca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Ceca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehanma" title="Čehanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čehanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9c" title="Séc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Séc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyeg%C3%A4n" title="Tsyegän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyegän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsehhi_Vabariik" title="Tsehhi Vabariik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsehhi Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchekeye" title="Tchekeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchekeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="捷克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Tsjechië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjechië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czekya" title="Czekya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Czekya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_Cek" title="Réewum Cek – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum Cek" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="捷克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Czech Republic" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99" title="טשעכיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשעכיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%E1%BA%B9%CC%81k%C3%AC_Ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira" title="Tsẹ́kì Olómìnira – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsẹ́kì Olómìnira" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="捷克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekya" title="Çekya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çekya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjehhi%C3%AB" title="Tsjehhië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjehhië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cek%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Čekėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čekėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="捷克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesika" title="Chesika – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chesika" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8ki" title="Cèki – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cèki" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Czech Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names">Česká republika (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Czechia"><img alt="Flag of Czechia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sah&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sah" label="саха тыла ‪(sah)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sk" label="slovenčina ‪(sk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sr-ec&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Cyrl" label="српски (ћирилица) ‪(sr-ec)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sr-el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Latn" label="srpski (latinica) ‪(sr-el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=yi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="yi" label="ייִדיש ‪(yi)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Czech_Republic_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Czech_Republic_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Czech_Republic_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Czech_Republic_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Czech_Republic_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Czech_Republic_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Czech_Republic_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="792" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EU-Czech_Republic.svg/250px-EU-Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EU-Czech_Republic.svg/375px-EU-Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EU-Czech_Republic.svg/500px-EU-Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of the European Union</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of the Czech Republic (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark gray) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Czechia.svg" title="File:EU-Czechia.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Czech_Republic&params=50_05_N_14_28_E_type:city">50°05′N 14°28′E / 50.083°N 14.467°E / 50.083; 14.467</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-census2021-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>89% <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></li><li>3.3% <a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li><li>0.9% <a href="/wiki/Slovaks_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Slovaks in the Czech Republic">Slovaks</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Ukrainians in the Czech Republic">Ukrainians</a></li><li>2.1% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">other</a></li><li>4.0% two nationalities</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">56.9% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Irreligion in the Czech Republic">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>11.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>9.3% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Czech Republic">Catholicism</a></li> <li>2.4% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Czech Republic">other</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">30.1% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petr_Fiala" title="Petr Fiala">Petr Fiala</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 870</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1198</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Czech Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1993</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">78,871 km2 (30,452 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-landuse-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">115th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.16 (as of 2022)<a href="#cite_note-landuse-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 10,900,555<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">85th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 10,524,167<a href="#cite_note-census2021-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">133/km2 (344.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">91st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $619.881 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CZ-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">46th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $56,686<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CZ-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">38th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $342.992 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CZ-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">47th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $31,365<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CZ-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">38th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 24.4<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.895<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">CZK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">d. m. yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telephone numbers in the Czech Republic">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telephone numbers in the Czech Republic">+420</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CZ" title="ISO 3166-2:CZ">CZ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cz" title=".cz">.cz</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Czech Republic,<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> also known as Czechia,<a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> and historically known as Bohemia,<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. The country is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> to the northeast, and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> to the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>. The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>; other major cities and urban areas include <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> was founded in the late 9th century under <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>. It was formally recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Estate" title="Imperial Estate">Imperial Estate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1002 and became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">a kingdom</a> in 1198.<a href="#cite_note-The_Path-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526, all of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> were gradually integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. Nearly a hundred years later, the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a>, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Crown lands became part of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a> became more industrialized; further, in 1918, most of the country became part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> following the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> during the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ash0-23">[19]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> in 1938, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> systematically <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">took control</a> over the Czech lands. <a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> was restored in 1945 and three years later became an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> state following a <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in 1948. Attempts to liberalize the government and economy were suppressed by a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-led invasion of the country during the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> in 1968. In November 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> ended communist rule in the country and restored <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. On 31 December 1992, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved</a>, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Developed_country#IMF_advanced_economies" title="Developed country">advanced</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> with a <a href="/wiki/European_social_model" title="European social model">European social model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Healthcare in the Czech Republic">universal health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free-tuition</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic#Tertiary_education" title="Education in the Czech Republic">university education</a>. It ranks 32nd in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. The Czech Republic is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Name of the Czech Republic">Name of the Czech Republic</a></div> The traditional English name "Bohemia" derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Boiohaemum, which means "home of the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>" (a <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> tribe). The current English name ultimately comes from the Czech word Čech.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Heritage_Dictionary-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-OxfordDictionary-26">[22]</a> The name comes from the Slavic tribe (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Češi, Čechové) and, according to legend, their leader <a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Čech</a>, who brought them to Bohemia, to settle on <a href="/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADp" title="Říp">Říp</a> Mountain. The etymology of the word Čech is uncertain, but according to the most common derivation can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> root *čel-, meaning "member of the people; kinsman", thus making it <a href="/wiki/Cognate_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognate (linguistics)">cognate</a> to the Czech word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bk#Czech" class="extiw" title="wikt:člověk">člověk</a> (a person).<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cmejrkova2010-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickins2011-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rejzek2012-30">[26]</a> The country has been traditionally divided into three lands, namely <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (Čechy) in the west, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> (Morava) in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Silesia" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a> (Slezsko; the smaller, south-eastern part of historical <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, most of which is located within modern Poland) in the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> Known as the lands of the Bohemian Crown since the 14th century, a number of other names for the country have been used, including Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, Czechia,<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> and the lands of the Crown of <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Saint Wenceslaus</a>. When the country regained its independence after the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian empire</a> in 1918, the new name of Czechoslovakia was coined to reflect the union of the Czech and Slovak nations within one country.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson2012-33">[29]</a> After Czechoslovakia dissolved on the last day of 1992, Česko was adopted as the Czech short name for the new state and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Czech_Republic)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic</a> recommended Czechia for the English-language equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> This form was not widely adopted at the time, leading to the long name Czech Republic being used in English in nearly all circumstances. The Czech government <a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Czech_Republic#Adoption_of_Czechia" title="Name of the Czech Republic">directed use of Czechia</a> as the official English short name in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> The short name has been listed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> and is used by other organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> In 2022, the American <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a> stated in its entry on the country that "both [Czechia and the Czech Republic] are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic."<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History of the Czech lands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ceramic sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg/103px-Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg/155px-Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg/206px-Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1992" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_stone_head_of_a_Celt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone Sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_stone_head_of_a_Celt.jpg/201px-The_stone_head_of_a_Celt.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_stone_head_of_a_Celt.jpg/302px-The_stone_head_of_a_Celt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_stone_head_of_a_Celt.jpg/402px-The_stone_head_of_a_Celt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2652" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice" title="Venus of Dolní Věstonice">Venus of Dolní Věstonice</a>, dated to 29,000–25,000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, is the oldest ceramic figurine in the world.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> Right: the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%A1eck%C3%A9_%C5%BDehrovice_Head" title="Mšecké Žehrovice Head">stone head of a Celt</a> is the most valuable Celtic sculpture in Europe and dates to the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a></div></div></div></div> Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical era</a>, as a result of the 3rd century BC <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> migrations, Bohemia became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rankin2002-45">[41]</a> The Boii founded an <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> near the site of modern Prague.<a href="#cite_note-(Firm)1997-46">[42]</a> Later in the 1st century, the Germanic tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> settled there.<a href="#cite_note-Salvia2007-47">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> region settled in the area (their migration was pushed by an invasion of peoples from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and Eastern Europe into their area:<a href="#cite_note-Agnew2004-48">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Magyars</a>).<a href="#cite_note-HahnNadel2014-49">[45]</a> In the sixth century, the Huns had moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of present-day Austria and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-HahnNadel2014-49">[45]</a> During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a>, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BartlŠkvarna2002-50">[46]</a> became the ruler of the first documented Slavic state in Central Europe, <a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a>. The principality of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Moymirid_dynasty" title="Moymirid dynasty">Moymir dynasty</a>, arose in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-Champion2005-51">[47]</a> It reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I_of_Moravia" title="Svatopluk I of Moravia">Svatopluk I of Moravia</a>), holding off the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, with a role being played by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> mission of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a>. They codified the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> language, the first literary and liturgical language of the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BenedettoDuke2008-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohemia">Bohemia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_(1618).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Locator_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/220px-Locator_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Locator_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/330px-Locator_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Locator_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/440px-Locator_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2769" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Crown of Bohemia</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (1600). The Czech lands were part of the Empire in 1002–1806, and Prague was the imperial seat in 1346–1437 and 1583–1611.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a>. Bohemia was from 1002 until 1806 an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Estate" title="Imperial Estate">Imperial Estate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PánekTůma2019-53">[49]</a> In 1212, <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_I_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar I of Bohemia">Přemysl Ottokar I</a> extracted the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_Sicily" title="Golden Bull of Sicily">Golden Bull of Sicily</a> from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants' royal status; the <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> of Bohemia was raised to a <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PánekTůma2019b-54">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German immigrants</a> settled in the Bohemian periphery in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-PánekTůma2019c-55">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">invasion of Europe</a> carried their raids into <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> but were defensively defeated at <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> After a series of dynastic wars, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a> gained the Bohemian throne.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Efforts for a <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">reform of the church in Bohemia</a> started already in the late 14th century. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>' followers seceded from some practices of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Church</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> (1419–1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a>. During the next two centuries, 90% of the population in Bohemia and Moravia were considered <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>. The pacifist thinker <a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a> inspired the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_the_Brethren_(Czech_Republic)" title="Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)">Moravian Brethren</a> (by the middle of the 15th century) that completely separated from the Roman Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Husit%C3%A9_-_Jensk%C3%BD_kodex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of battle between mounted knights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Husit%C3%A9_-_Jensk%C3%BD_kodex.jpg/170px-Husit%C3%A9_-_Jensk%C3%BD_kodex.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Husit%C3%A9_-_Jensk%C3%BD_kodex.jpg/255px-Husit%C3%A9_-_Jensk%C3%BD_kodex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Husit%C3%A9_-_Jensk%C3%BD_kodex.jpg/340px-Husit%C3%A9_-_Jensk%C3%BD_kodex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption>Battle between <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusaders</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>; Jena Codex, 15th century</figcaption></figure> On 21 December 1421, <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan Žižka">Jan Žižka</a>, a successful military commander and mercenary, led his group of forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Battle of Kutná Hora">Battle of Kutná Hora</a>, resulting in a victory for the Hussites. He is honoured to this day as a <a href="/wiki/Hero_(title)" title="Hero (title)">national hero</a>. After 1526, Bohemia came increasingly under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. Between 1583 and 1611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> and his court. The <a href="/wiki/Defenestrations_of_Prague" title="Defenestrations of Prague">Defenestration of Prague</a> and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a> and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> were <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square_execution" title="Old Town Square execution">executed in 1621</a>. The nobility and the middle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> The following era of 1620 to the late 18th century became known as the "Dark Age". During the Thirty Years' War, the population of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a> declined by a third through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due to the war, disease and <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_the_Czech_lands" title="Famines in the Czech lands">famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> The Habsburgs prohibited all Christian confessions other than <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> The flowering of <a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Baroque culture</a> shows the ambiguity of this historical period. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Tatars</a> invaded Moravia in 1663.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Vienna" title="Great Plague of Vienna">Great Plague of Vienna</a> and an uprising of serfs.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/170px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/255px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/340px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>The 1618 <a href="/wiki/Defenestrations_of_Prague" title="Defenestrations of Prague">Defenestration of Prague</a> marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> and therefore the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.</figcaption></figure> There were peasant uprisings influenced by famine.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> was abolished between 1781 and 1848. Several battles of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> took place on the current territory of the Czech Republic. The end of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806 led to degradation of the political status of Bohemia which lost its position of an <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electorate</a> of the Holy Roman Empire as well as its own political representation in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> Bohemian lands became part of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. During the 18th and 19th century the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a> began its rise, with the purpose to revive <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a>, culture, and national identity. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">Revolution of 1848</a> in Prague, striving for liberal reforms and autonomy of the Bohemian Crown within the Austrian Empire, was suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-auto-66">[62]</a> It seemed that some concessions would be made also to Bohemia, but in the end, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> affected a compromise with Hungary only. The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a> and the never realized coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Bohemia led to a disappointment of some Czech politicians.<a href="#cite_note-auto-66">[62]</a> The Bohemian Crown lands became part of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>. The Czech Social Democratic and progressive politicians started the fight for universal suffrage. The first elections under <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal male suffrage</a> were held in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Czechoslovakia_I.png/300px-Czechoslovakia_I.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Czechoslovakia_I.png/450px-Czechoslovakia_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Czechoslovakia_I.png/600px-Czechoslovakia_I.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> comprised 27% of the population of the former Austria-Hungary and nearly 80% of the industry.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_J._Lee._Page_107.-68">[64]</a></figcaption></figure>In 1918, during the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> at the end of World War I, the independent republic of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, which joined the winning Allied powers, was created, with <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a> in the lead.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> This new country incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemian Crown">Bohemian Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> comprised only 27% of the population of the former Austria-Hungary, but nearly 80% of the industry, which enabled it to compete with Western industrial states.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_J._Lee._Page_107.-68">[64]</a> In 1929 compared to 1913, the gross domestic product increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held 10th place in the world industrial production.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a liberal democracy throughout the entire interwar period.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> Although the First Czechoslovak Republic was a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, it provided certain rights to its minorities, the largest being <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Germans</a> (23.6% in 1921), Hungarians (5.6%) and Ukrainians (3.5%).<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praga_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Praga_11.jpg/220px-Praga_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Praga_11.jpg/330px-Praga_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Praga_11.jpg/440px-Praga_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Prague during the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></figcaption></figure> Western Czechoslovakia was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">occupied by Nazi Germany</a>, which placed most of the region into the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>. The Protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich, and the president and prime minister were subordinated to Nazi Germany's <a href="/wiki/Protector_(title)" title="Protector (title)">Reichsprotektor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">One Nazi concentration camp</a> was located within the Czech territory at <a href="/wiki/Terez%C3%ADn" title="Terezín">Terezín</a>, north of Prague. The vast majority of the Protectorate's Jews were murdered in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi-run concentration camps</a>. The Nazi <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> called for the extermination, expulsion, <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> or enslavement of most or all Czechs for the purpose of providing more <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">living space</a> for the German people.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> There was <a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak resistance to Nazi occupation</a> as well as reprisals against the Czechoslovaks for their anti-Nazi resistance. The German occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the <a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Most of Czechoslovakia's German-speakers were forcibly expelled from the country, first as a result of local acts of violence and then under the aegis of an "organized transfer" confirmed by the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain at the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakian_parliamentary_election,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakian parliamentary election, 1946">1946 elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party</a> gained 38%<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament, formed a coalition with other parties, and consolidated power. A <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">coup d'état</a> came in 1948 and a single-party government was formed. For the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">next 41 years</a>, the Czechoslovak Communist state conformed to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> economic and political features.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> political liberalization was stopped by the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>. Analysts believe that the invasion caused the communist movement to fracture, ultimately leading to the Revolutions of 1989. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A1clav_Havel_cut_out.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/V%C3%A1clav_Havel_cut_out.jpg/170px-V%C3%A1clav_Havel_cut_out.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/V%C3%A1clav_Havel_cut_out.jpg/255px-V%C3%A1clav_Havel_cut_out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/V%C3%A1clav_Havel_cut_out.jpg 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, one of the most important figures in Czech history during the 20th century—leader of the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>, the last president of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and the first president of the Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> In November 1989, Czechoslovakia again became a liberal democracy through the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>. However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened (<a href="/wiki/Hyphen_War" title="Hyphen War">Hyphen War</a>) and on 31 December 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">country peacefully split</a> into the independent <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">countries</a> of the Czech Republic and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. Both countries went through economic reforms and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatizations</a>, with the intention of creating a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, as they have been trying to do since 1990, when Czechs and Slovaks still shared the common state. This process was largely successful; in 2006 the Czech Republic was recognized by the World Bank as a "developed country",<a href="#cite_note-worldbank06-79">[75]</a> and in 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> ranked it as a nation of "Very High Human Development".<a href="#cite_note-hdi09-80">[76]</a> From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own right, has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> and from 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. The Czech Republic joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> on 12 March 1999 and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on 1 May 2004. On 21 December 2007 the Czech Republic joined the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Until 2017, either the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Czech_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Social Democratic Party">Czech Social Democratic Party</a> or the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">Civic Democratic Party</a> led the governments of the Czech Republic. In October 2017, the populist movement <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a>, led by the country's second-richest man, <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1" title="Andrej Babiš">Andrej Babiš</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/2017_Czech_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Czech legislative election">elections</a> with three times more votes than its closest rival, the Civic Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> In December 2017, Czech president <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Miloš Zeman</a> appointed Andrej Babiš as the new prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Czech_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Czech legislative election">2021 elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a> was narrowly defeated and <a href="/wiki/Petr_Fiala" title="Petr Fiala">Petr Fiala</a> became the new prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> He formed a government coalition of the alliance <a href="/wiki/Spolu_(Czech_Republic)" title="Spolu (Czech Republic)">SPOLU</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">Civic Democratic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDU-%C4%8CSL" title="KDU-ČSL">KDU-ČSL</a> and <a href="/wiki/TOP_09" title="TOP 09">TOP 09</a>) and the alliance of <a href="/wiki/Pirates_and_Mayors" title="Pirates and Mayors">Pirates and Mayors</a>. In January 2023, retired general <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2023_Czech_presidential_election" title="2023 Czech presidential election">presidential election</a>, becoming new Czech president to succeed Miloš Zeman.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the country took in half a million <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 Ukrainian refugee crisis">Ukrainian refugees</a>, the largest number per capita in the world.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Geography of the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CzechRepublic-geographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CzechRepublic-geographic_map-en.svg/220px-CzechRepublic-geographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CzechRepublic-geographic_map-en.svg/330px-CzechRepublic-geographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CzechRepublic-geographic_map-en.svg/440px-CzechRepublic-geographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map</figcaption></figure> The Czech Republic lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/48th_parallel_north" title="48th parallel north">48°</a> and <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_north" title="51st parallel north">51° N</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/12th_meridian_east" title="12th meridian east">12°</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_east" title="19th meridian east">19° E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, to the west, consists of a basin drained by the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Labe) and the <a href="/wiki/Vltava" title="Vltava">Vltava</a> rivers, surrounded by mostly low mountains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Krkono%C5%A1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Krkonoše">Krkonoše</a> range of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a>. The highest point in the country, <a href="/wiki/Sn%C4%9B%C5%BEka" title="Sněžka">Sněžka</a> at 1,603 m (5,259 ft), is located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also hilly. It is drained mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Morava_(river)" title="Morava (river)">Morava River</a>, but it also contains the source of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> River (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Odra). Water from the Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The Czech Republic also leases the <a href="/wiki/Moldauhafen" title="Moldauhafen">Moldauhafen</a>, a 30,000-square-meter (7.4-acre) <a href="/wiki/Lot_(real_estate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (real estate)">lot</a> in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028. <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>, the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European broadleaf forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_montane_conifer_forests" title="Carpathian montane conifer forests">Carpathian montane conifer forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-88">[84]</a> There are four <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> in the Czech Republic. The oldest is <a href="/wiki/Krkono%C5%A1e_National_Park" title="Krkonoše National Park">Krkonoše National Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Biosphere Reserve</a>), and the others are <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umava_National_Park" title="Šumava National Park">Šumava National Park</a> (Biosphere Reserve), <a href="/wiki/Podyj%C3%AD_National_Park" title="Podyjí National Park">Podyjí National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Switzerland" title="Bohemian Switzerland">Bohemian Switzerland</a>. The three historical lands of the Czech Republic (formerly some countries of the Bohemian Crown) correspond with the river basins of the Elbe and the Vltava basin for Bohemia, the Morava one for Moravia, and the Oder river basin for Czech Silesia (in terms of the Czech territory). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_CZE_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CZE_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CZE_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CZE_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CZE_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CZE_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CZE_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> types of the Czech Republic using the 0 °C isotherm: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Humid continental climate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic climate</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czech_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Czech_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Czech_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Czech_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Czech_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Czech_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Czech_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification types of the Czech Republic using the −3 °C isotherm: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Humid continental climate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic climate</a></div></figcaption></figure> The Czech Republic has a temperate climate, situated in the transition zone between the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> types, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. The temperature difference between summer and winter is due to the landlocked geographical position.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Temperatures vary depending on the elevation. In general, at higher altitudes, the temperatures decrease and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> increases. The wettest area in the Czech Republic is found around <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%BD_Potok_(Liberec_District)" title="Bílý Potok (Liberec District)">Bílý Potok</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jizera_Mountains" title="Jizera Mountains">Jizera Mountains</a> and the driest region is the <a href="/wiki/Louny_District" title="Louny District">Louny District</a> to the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. Another factor is the distribution of the mountains. At the highest peak of <a href="/wiki/Sn%C4%9B%C5%BEka" title="Sněžka">Sněžka</a> (1,603 m or 5,259 ft), the average temperature is −0.4 °C (31 °F), whereas in the lowlands of the <a href="/wiki/South_Moravian_Region" title="South Moravian Region">South Moravian Region</a>, the average temperature is as high as 10 °C (50 °F). The country's capital, Prague, has a similar average temperature, although this is influenced by urban factors. The coldest month is usually January, followed by February and December. During these months, there is <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> in the mountains and sometimes in the cities and lowlands. During March, April, and May, the temperature usually increases, especially during April, when the temperature and weather tends to vary during the day. Spring is also characterized by higher water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with occasional flooding. The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and June. On average, summer temperatures are about 20–30 °C (36–54 °F) higher than during winter. Summer is also characterized by rain and storms. Autumn generally begins in September, which is still warm and dry. During October, temperatures usually fall below 15 °C (59 °F) or 10 °C (50 °F) and <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees begin to shed their leaves. By the end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point. The coldest temperature ever measured was in <a href="/wiki/Litv%C3%ADnovice" title="Litvínovice">Litvínovice</a> near <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a> in 1929, at −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) and the hottest measured, was at 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Dob%C5%99ichovice" title="Dobřichovice">Dobřichovice</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> falls during the summer. Sporadic rainfall is throughout the year (in Prague, the average number of days per month experiencing at least 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) of rain varies from 12 in September and October to 16 in November) but concentrated rainfall (days with more than 10 mm (0.39 in) per day) are more frequent in the months of May to August (average around two such days per month).<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> Severe <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>, producing damaging straight-line winds, <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, and occasional <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> occur, especially during the summer period.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Protected areas of the Czech Republic">Protected areas of the Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Fauna of the Czech Republic">Fauna of the Czech Republic</a></div> As of 2020, the Czech Republic ranks as the 21st most environmentally conscious country in the world in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> It had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 1.71/10, ranking it 160th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-95">[91]</a> The Czech Republic has four National Parks (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umava_National_Park" title="Šumava National Park">Šumava National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krkono%C5%A1e_National_Park" title="Krkonoše National Park">Krkonoše National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarsko_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="České Švýcarsko National Park">České Švýcarsko National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podyj%C3%AD_National_Park" title="Podyjí National Park">Podyjí National Park</a>) and 25 Protected Landscape Areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Government of the Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Politics of the Czech Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:255px;max-width:255px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Petr_Pavel_(2023-02-14)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Petr Pavel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Petr_Pavel_%282023-02-14%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/123px-Petr_Pavel_%282023-02-14%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Petr_Pavel_%282023-02-14%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/185px-Petr_Pavel_%282023-02-14%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Petr_Pavel_%282023-02-14%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/246px-Petr_Pavel_%282023-02-14%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="777" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="526" /> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Petr_Fiala_po_jmenov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99edsedou_vl%C3%A1dy_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Petr Fiala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Petr_Fiala_po_jmenov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99edsedou_vl%C3%A1dy_%28cropped%29.jpg/124px-Petr_Fiala_po_jmenov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99edsedou_vl%C3%A1dy_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Petr_Fiala_po_jmenov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99edsedou_vl%C3%A1dy_%28cropped%29.jpg/186px-Petr_Fiala_po_jmenov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99edsedou_vl%C3%A1dy_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Petr_Fiala_po_jmenov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99edsedou_vl%C3%A1dy_%28cropped%29.jpg/248px-Petr_Fiala_po_jmenov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99edsedou_vl%C3%A1dy_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="934" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Government_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_the_Government_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Emblem_of_the_Government_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_the_Government_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Emblem_of_the_Government_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_the_Government_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Government_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="475" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Fiala" title="Petr Fiala">Petr Fiala</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg/220px-Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg/330px-Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg/440px-Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Chamber of Deputies</a>, lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Parliament of the Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Parliament</a> (Parlament České republiky) is bicameral, with the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Chamber of Deputies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Poslanecká sněmovna, 200 members) and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Senát, 81 members).<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament#Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">members of the Chamber of Deputies</a> are elected for a four-year term by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, with a 5% <a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">election threshold</a>. There are 14 voting districts, identical to the country's administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Council" title="Czech National Council">Czech National Council</a>, has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslovakia. The members of the Senate are elected in single-seat <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituencies</a> by two-round <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff voting</a> for a six-year term, with one-third elected every even year in the autumn. This arrangement is modeled on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, but each constituency is roughly the same size and the voting system used is a two-round runoff. The president is a formal head of state with limited and specific powers, who appoints the prime minister, as well the other members of the cabinet on a proposal by the prime minister. From 1993 until 2012, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President of the Czech Republic</a> was selected by a joint session of the parliament for a five-year term, with no more than two consecutive terms (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Václav Klaus">Václav Klaus</a> were both elected twice). Since 2013, the president has been elected directly.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Some commentators have argued that, with the introduction of direct election of the President, the Czech Republic has moved away from the parliamentary system and towards a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> one.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Government</a>'s exercise of executive power derives from the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution</a>. The members of the government are the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Prime Minister</a>, Deputy prime ministers and other ministers. The Government is responsible to the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Chamber of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Prime Minister</a> is the head of government and wields powers such as the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy and choose government ministers.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>9 March 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Senate of the Czech Republic">President of the Senate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Vystr%C4%8Dil" title="Miloš Vystrčil">Miloš Vystrčil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">ODS</a> </td> <td>19 February 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Czech_Republic)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Czech Republic)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark%C3%A9ta_Pekarov%C3%A1_Adamov%C3%A1" title="Markéta Pekarová Adamová">Markéta Pekarová Adamová</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TOP_09" title="TOP 09">TOP 09</a> </td> <td>10 November 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petr_Fiala" title="Petr Fiala">Petr Fiala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">ODS</a> </td> <td>28 November 2021 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law of the Czech Republic">Law of the Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Judiciary of the Czech Republic">Judiciary of the Czech Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Czech Republic">Law enforcement in the Czech Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Gun law in the Czech Republic">Gun law in the Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-defence_(Czech_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-defence (Czech Republic)">Self-defence (Czech Republic)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Astavn%C3%AD_soud,_Brno_Jo%C5%A1tova_4277_sn%C4%9Bmovna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%C3%9Astavn%C3%AD_soud%2C_Brno_Jo%C5%A1tova_4277_sn%C4%9Bmovna.jpg/220px-%C3%9Astavn%C3%AD_soud%2C_Brno_Jo%C5%A1tova_4277_sn%C4%9Bmovna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%C3%9Astavn%C3%AD_soud%2C_Brno_Jo%C5%A1tova_4277_sn%C4%9Bmovna.jpg/330px-%C3%9Astavn%C3%AD_soud%2C_Brno_Jo%C5%A1tova_4277_sn%C4%9Bmovna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%C3%9Astavn%C3%AD_soud%2C_Brno_Jo%C5%A1tova_4277_sn%C4%9Bmovna.jpg/440px-%C3%9Astavn%C3%AD_soud%2C_Brno_Jo%C5%A1tova_4277_sn%C4%9Bmovna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a></figcaption></figure> The Czech Republic is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CabadaWaisová2011-101">[97]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law system</a> based on the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture. The basis of the legal system is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution of the Czech Republic</a> adopted in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Kuklík2015-102">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_code" title="Criminal code">Penal Code</a> is effective from 2010. A new <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">Civil code</a> became effective in 2014. The court system includes district, county, and supreme courts and is divided into civil, criminal, and administrative branches. The Czech judiciary has a <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">triumvirate</a> of supreme courts. The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court</a> consists of 15 constitutional judges and oversees violations of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution</a> by either the legislature or by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuklík2015-102">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Czech Republic">Supreme Court</a> is formed of 67 judges and is the court of highest appeal for most <a href="/wiki/Legal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal case">legal cases</a> heard in the Czech Republic. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic">Supreme Administrative Court</a> decides on issues of procedural and administrative propriety. It also has jurisdiction over certain political matters, such as the formation and closure of political parties, jurisdictional boundaries between government entities, and the eligibility of persons to stand for public office.<a href="#cite_note-Kuklík2015-102">[98]</a> The Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court are both based in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, as is the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office.<a href="#cite_note-Kuklík2015-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Foreign relations of the Czech Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visa_requirements_for_Czech_citizens.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Visa_requirements_for_Czech_citizens.svg/220px-Visa_requirements_for_Czech_citizens.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Visa_requirements_for_Czech_citizens.svg/330px-Visa_requirements_for_Czech_citizens.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Visa_requirements_for_Czech_citizens.svg/440px-Visa_requirements_for_Czech_citizens.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Visa-free entry countries for Czech citizens in green, EU in blue (see <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">citizenship of the European Union</a>)</figcaption></figure> The Czech Republic has ranked as <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">one of the safest or most peaceful countries</a> for the past few decades.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> It is a member of the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and is an observer to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> The embassies of most countries with diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic are located in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consulates</a> are located across the country. The Czech passport is <a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Czech_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Czech citizens">restricted by visas</a>. According to the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Henley_%26_Partners_Visa_Restrictions_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index">Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index</a>, Czech citizens have visa-free access to 173 countries, which ranks them 7th along with <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> ranks the Czech passport 24th.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a> applies to Czech nationals. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg/220px-Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg/330px-Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg/440px-Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11877" data-file-height="5748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Czech_Republic)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> have primary roles in setting foreign policy, although the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President</a> also has influence and represents the country abroad. Membership in the European Union and NATO is central to the Czech Republic's foreign policy. The <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">Office for Foreign Relations and Information</a> (ÚZSI) serves as the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign intelligence">foreign intelligence</a> agency responsible for <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> and foreign policy briefings, as well as protection of Czech Republic's embassies abroad. The Czech Republic has ties with <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> as well as with Germany,<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> the United States<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Union">members</a>. After 2020, relations with Asian democratic states, such as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, are being strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Conversely, the Czech Republic has long had bad relations with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>; from 2021, the Czech Republic appears on Russia's official list of enemy countries.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> The Czech Republic also has problematic relations with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Czech officials have supported dissenters in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-democrats-113">[109]</a> Famous Czech diplomats of the past included <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Lev_of_Ro%C5%BEmit%C3%A1l" title="Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál">Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humprecht_Jan_Czernin" title="Humprecht Jan Czernin">Humprecht Jan Czernin</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kinsky_of_Wchinitz_and_Tettau" title="Philip Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau">Philip Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alois_Lexa_von_Aehrenthal" title="Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal">Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_Czernin" title="Ottokar Czernin">Ottokar Czernin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Masaryk" title="Jan Masaryk">Jan Masaryk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_H%C3%A1jek" title="Jiří Hájek">Jiří Hájek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Dienstbier" title="Jiří Dienstbier">Jiří Dienstbier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_%C5%BDantovsk%C3%BD" title="Michael Žantovský">Michael Žantovský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Kol%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Petr Kolář">Petr Kolář</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandr_Vondra" title="Alexandr Vondra">Alexandr Vondra</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Karel_Schwarzenberg" title="Karel Schwarzenberg">Karel Schwarzenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Army of the Czech Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Designated_Reserves_(Czech_Republic)" title="Designated Reserves (Czech Republic)">Designated Reserves (Czech Republic)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dejvice,_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dejvice%2C_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg/220px-Dejvice%2C_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dejvice%2C_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg/330px-Dejvice%2C_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dejvice%2C_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg/440px-Dejvice%2C_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>General Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Army of the Czech Republic</a> in Prague</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Czech armed forces</a> consist of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Land_Forces" title="Czech Land Forces">Czech Land Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Air_Force" title="Czech Air Force">Czech Air Force</a> and of specialized support units. The armed forces are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Ministry of Defence (Czech Republic)">Ministry of Defence</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President of the Czech Republic</a> is <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> of the armed forces. In 2004 the army transformed itself into a fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The country has been a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> since 12 March 1999. Defence spending is approximately 1.28% of the GDP (2021).<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> The armed forces are charged with protecting the Czech Republic and its allies, promoting global security interests, and contributing to NATO. Currently, as a member of NATO, the Czech military are participating in the <a href="/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission" title="Resolute Support Mission">Resolute Support</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a> operations and have soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Somalia</a>. The Czech Air Force also served in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> The main equipment of the Czech military includes <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39 Gripen</a> multi-role fighters, <a href="/wiki/Aero_L-159_Alca" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero L-159 Alca">Aero L-159 Alca</a> combat aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Bell_AH-1Z_Viper" title="Bell AH-1Z Viper">AH-1Z Viper</a> attack helicopters, armored vehicles (<a href="/wiki/Pandur_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandur II">Pandur II</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP-2" title="BMP-2">BVP-2</a>) and tanks (<a href="/wiki/T-72M4CZ" title="T-72M4CZ">T-72M4CZ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopard 2A4">Leopard 2A4</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Human rights in the Czech Republic">Human rights in the Czech Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Czech Republic">LGBT rights in the Czech Republic</a></div> Human rights in the Czech Republic are guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="International treaties">international treaties</a> on human rights. Nevertheless, there were cases of human rights violations such as discrimination against Roma children,<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> for which the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> asked the Czech Republic to provide an explanation,<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> or the illegal sterilization of Roma women,<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> for which the government apologized.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> People of the same sex can enter into a "<a href="/wiki/Registered_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered partnership">registered partnership</a>" in the Czech Republic. Conducting <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> is not legal under current Czech law.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Regions of the Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Districts of the Czech Republic">Districts of the Czech Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Obec</a></div> Since 2000, the Czech Republic has been divided into <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">thirteen regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:kraj#Czech" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:kraj">kraje, singular kraj</a>) and the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. Every region has its own elected regional assembly and a regional governor. In Prague, the assembly and presidential powers are executed by the city council and the mayor. The older seventy-six <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Districts of the Czech Republic">districts</a> (okresy, singular <a href="/wiki/Okres" title="Okres">okres</a>) including three "statutory cities" (without Prague, which had special status) lost most of their importance in 1999 in an administrative reform; they remain as territorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> The smallest administrative units are <a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">obce (municipalities)</a>. As of 2021, the Czech Republic is divided into 6,254 municipalities. Cities and towns are also municipalities. The capital city of Prague is a region and municipality at the same time. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia,_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia%2C_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_%28en%29.png/298px-Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia%2C_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="298" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia%2C_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_%28en%29.png/447px-Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia%2C_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia%2C_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_%28en%29.png/596px-Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia%2C_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="2188" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of the Czech Republic with traditional regions and current administrative regions</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Okresy_%C4%8CR_2007.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Okresy_%C4%8CR_2007.PNG/286px-Okresy_%C4%8CR_2007.PNG" decoding="async" width="286" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Okresy_%C4%8CR_2007.PNG/429px-Okresy_%C4%8CR_2007.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Okresy_%C4%8CR_2007.PNG/572px-Okresy_%C4%8CR_2007.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="624" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map with court districts</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Economy of the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Czechia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Czechia.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Czechia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Czechia.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Czechia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Czechia.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Czechia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Real GDP per capita in the Czech Republic from 1973 to 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schengenzone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Schengenzone.svg/220px-Schengenzone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Schengenzone.svg/330px-Schengenzone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Schengenzone.svg/440px-Schengenzone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>The Czech Republic is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> (dark and light blue on the map above), but uses its own currency, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Czech Republic has a <a href="/wiki/IMF_advanced_economy_list" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF advanced economy list">developed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">export-oriented</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a> based in services, manufacturing and innovation, that maintains a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_social_model" title="European social model">European social model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-An_Ideal-Typical_Perspective-124">[120]</a> The Czech Republic participates in the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and is therefore a part of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">economy of the European Union</a>, but uses its own currency, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a>, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. It has a per capita GDP rate that is 91% of the EU average<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary policy</a> is conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a>, whose independence is guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution</a>. The Czech Republic ranks 12th in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UN</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">inequality-adjusted human development</a> and 24th in <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Human_Capital_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Human Capital Index">World Bank Human Capital Index</a>. It was described by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> as "one of Europe's most flourishing economies".<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> is $51,329<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> and $29,856 at <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">nominal value.</a><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOCZ201901-128">[124]</a> According to Allianz A.G., in 2018 the country was an MWC (mean wealth country), ranking 26th in net financial assets.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The country experienced a 4.5% <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">GDP growth</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> rate was the lowest in the EU at 2.4%,<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Unemployment_2016-131">[127]</a> and the 2016 poverty rate was the second lowest of OECD members.<a href="#cite_note-FT_19_October_2016-132">[128]</a> Czech Republic ranks 27th in the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> 30th in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> 29th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GCR_2018/19-135">[131]</a> and 25th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Enabling_Trade_Report" title="Global Enabling Trade Report">Global Enabling Trade Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> The Czech Republic has a diverse economy that <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_complexity" title="List of countries by economic complexity">ranks 7th</a> in the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Economic_Complexity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Complexity Index">Economic Complexity Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas_of_Economic_Complexity-137">[133]</a> The industrial sector accounts for 37.5% of the economy, while services account for 60% and agriculture for 2.5%.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The largest trading partner for both export and import is <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the EU in general. Dividends worth CZK 270 billion were paid to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_ownership" title="Foreign ownership">foreign owners</a> of Czech companies in 2017, which has become a political issue.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The country has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> since 1 May 2004, having abolished border controls, completely opening its borders with all of its neighbors on 21 December 2007.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skoda_Octavia_IV_RS_IMG_4250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Skoda_Octavia_IV_RS_IMG_4250.jpg/220px-Skoda_Octavia_IV_RS_IMG_4250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Skoda_Octavia_IV_RS_IMG_4250.jpg/330px-Skoda_Octavia_IV_RS_IMG_4250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Skoda_Octavia_IV_RS_IMG_4250.jpg/440px-Skoda_Octavia_IV_RS_IMG_4250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5101" data-file-height="2658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Octavia" title="Škoda Octavia">Škoda Octavia</a> RS iV</figcaption></figure> In 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit">[update]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Czech_Republic#Largest_by_revenue" title="List of companies of the Czech Republic">largest companies</a> by revenue in the Czech Republic were: automobile manufacturer <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda Auto</a>, utility company <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CEZ_Group" title="ČEZ Group">ČEZ Group</a>, conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Agrofert" title="Agrofert">Agrofert</a>, energy trading company <a href="/wiki/Energetick%C3%BD_a_pr%C5%AFmyslov%C3%BD_holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Energetický a průmyslový holding">EPH</a>, oil processing company <a href="/wiki/Unipetrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipetrol">Unipetrol</a>, electronics manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Foxconn_CZ" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxconn CZ">Foxconn CZ</a> and steel producer <a href="/wiki/T%C5%99inec_Iron_and_Steel_Works" title="Třinec Iron and Steel Works">Moravia Steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Other Czech transportation companies include: <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Transportation" title="Škoda Transportation">Škoda Transportation</a> (tramways, trolleybuses, metro), <a href="/wiki/Tatra_(company)" title="Tatra (company)">Tatra</a> (heavy trucks, the second oldest car maker in the world), <a href="/wiki/Avia_Motors" title="Avia Motors">Avia</a> (medium trucks), <a href="/wiki/Karosa" title="Karosa">Karosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/SOR_Libchavy" title="SOR Libchavy">SOR Libchavy</a> (buses), <a href="/wiki/Aero_Vodochody" title="Aero Vodochody">Aero Vodochody</a> (military aircraft), <a href="/wiki/Let_Kunovice" class="mw-redirect" title="Let Kunovice">Let Kunovice</a> (civil aircraft), <a href="/wiki/Zetor" title="Zetor">Zetor</a> (tractors), <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Moto" title="Jawa Moto">Jawa Moto</a> (motorcycles) and <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_zbrojovka_Strakonice" title="Česká zbrojovka Strakonice">Čezeta</a> (electric scooters). Škoda Transportation is the fourth largest <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> producer in the world; nearly one third of all trams in the world come from Czech factories.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> The Czech Republic is also the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">vinyl records</a> manufacturer, with <a href="/wiki/GZ_Media" title="GZ Media">GZ Media</a> producing about 6 million pieces annually in <a href="/wiki/Lod%C4%9Bnice_(Beroun_District)" title="Loděnice (Beroun District)">Loděnice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_zbrojovka_Uhersk%C3%BD_Brod" title="Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod">Česká zbrojovka</a> is among the ten largest <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> producers in the world and five who produce automatic weapons.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>, Czech companies include <a href="/wiki/Agrofert" title="Agrofert">Agrofert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kofola" title="Kofola">Kofola</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ham%C3%A9_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamé (company) (page does not exist)">Hamé</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Energy in the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear.power.plant.Dukovany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nuclear.power.plant.Dukovany.jpg/220px-Nuclear.power.plant.Dukovany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nuclear.power.plant.Dukovany.jpg/330px-Nuclear.power.plant.Dukovany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nuclear.power.plant.Dukovany.jpg/440px-Nuclear.power.plant.Dukovany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dukovany_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Dukovany Nuclear Power Station">Dukovany Nuclear Power Station</a></figcaption></figure> Production of Czech electricity exceeds consumption by about 10 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">TWh</a> per year, the excess being exported. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a> presently provides about 30 percent of the total power needs, its share is projected to increase to 40 percent. In 2005, 65.4 percent of electricity was produced by steam and combustion power plants (mostly coal); 30 percent by nuclear plants; and 4.6 percent came from renewable sources, including hydropower. The largest Czech power resource is <a href="/wiki/Temel%C3%ADn_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Temelín Nuclear Power Station">Temelín Nuclear Power Station</a>, with another nuclear power plant in <a href="/wiki/Dukovany_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Dukovany Nuclear Power Station">Dukovany</a>. The Czech Republic is reducing its dependence on highly polluting low-grade <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">brown coal</a> as a source of energy. Natural gas is purchased from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> companies and as liquefied gas LNG from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. In the past, three-quarters of gas supplies came from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, but after the start of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the government gradually stopped these supplies.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Gas consumption (approx. 100 TWh in 2003–2005) is almost double electricity consumption. South Moravia has small <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_deposits_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Oil and gas deposits in the Czech Republic">oil and gas deposits</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_infrastructure">Transportation infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Transport in the Czech Republic">Transport in the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_in_2019.02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prague_V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_in_2019.02.jpg/220px-Prague_V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_in_2019.02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prague_V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_in_2019.02.jpg/330px-Prague_V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_in_2019.02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prague_V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_in_2019.02.jpg/440px-Prague_V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_in_2019.02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_Prague" title="Václav Havel Airport Prague">Václav Havel Airport Prague</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2020,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit">[update]</a> the road network in the Czech Republic is 55,768.3 kilometers (34,652.82 mi) long, out of which 1,276.4 km (793.1 mi) are motorways.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Speed_limits_by_country" title="Speed limits by country">speed limit</a> is 50 km/h (31 mph) within towns, 90 km/h (56 mph) outside of towns and 130 km/h (81 mph) on motorways.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> The Czech Republic has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size" title="List of countries by rail transport network size">densest rail networks in the world</a>. As of 2020,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit">[update]</a> the country has 9,542 kilometers (5,929 mi) of lines. Of that number, 3,236 km (2,011 mi) is electrified, 7,503 km (4,662 mi) are single-line tracks and 2,040 km (1,270 mi) are double and multiple-line tracks.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> The length of tracks is 15,360 km (9,540 mi), out of which 6,917 km (4,298 mi) is electrified.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_dr%C3%A1hy" title="České dráhy">České dráhy</a> (the Czech Railways) is the main railway operator in the country, with about 180 million passengers carried yearly. Maximum speed is limited to 160 km/h (99 mph). <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_Prague" title="Václav Havel Airport Prague">Václav Havel Airport</a> in Prague is the main international airport in the country. In 2019, it handled 17.8 million passengers.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> In total, the Czech Republic has <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of airports in the Czech Republic">91 airports</a>, six of which provide international air services. The public international airports are in <a href="/wiki/Brno-Tu%C5%99any_Airport" title="Brno-Tuřany Airport">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Airport" title="Karlovy Vary Airport">Karlovy Vary</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnichovo_Hradi%C5%A1t%C4%9B_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnichovo Hradiště Airport (page does not exist)">Mnichovo Hradiště</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_Airport_Ostrava" title="Leoš Janáček Airport Ostrava">Mošnov</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pardubice_Airport" title="Pardubice Airport">Pardubice</a> and Prague.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> The non-public international airports capable of handling airliners are in <a href="/wiki/Kunovice_Airport" title="Kunovice Airport">Kunovice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vodochody_Airport" title="Vodochody Airport">Vodochody</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Russia (via pipelines through Ukraine) and, to a lesser extent, Norway (via pipelines through Germany) supply the Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-guidepost-153">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications_and_IT">Communications and IT</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Internet in the Czech Republic">Internet in the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Ku%C4%8Dera,_Milada_Ku%C4%8Derov%C3%A1,_Jarmila_Baudi%C5%A1ov%C3%A1,_Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1,_foto_Milan_Bure%C5%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eduard_Ku%C4%8Dera%2C_Milada_Ku%C4%8Derov%C3%A1%2C_Jarmila_Baudi%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C_Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1%2C_foto_Milan_Bure%C5%A1.jpg/220px-Eduard_Ku%C4%8Dera%2C_Milada_Ku%C4%8Derov%C3%A1%2C_Jarmila_Baudi%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C_Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1%2C_foto_Milan_Bure%C5%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eduard_Ku%C4%8Dera%2C_Milada_Ku%C4%8Derov%C3%A1%2C_Jarmila_Baudi%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C_Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1%2C_foto_Milan_Bure%C5%A1.jpg/330px-Eduard_Ku%C4%8Dera%2C_Milada_Ku%C4%8Derov%C3%A1%2C_Jarmila_Baudi%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C_Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1%2C_foto_Milan_Bure%C5%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eduard_Ku%C4%8Dera%2C_Milada_Ku%C4%8Derov%C3%A1%2C_Jarmila_Baudi%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C_Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1%2C_foto_Milan_Bure%C5%A1.jpg/440px-Eduard_Ku%C4%8Dera%2C_Milada_Ku%C4%8Derov%C3%A1%2C_Jarmila_Baudi%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C_Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1%2C_foto_Milan_Bure%C5%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Founders and owners of the antivirus group <a href="/wiki/Avast" title="Avast">Avast</a></figcaption></figure> The Czech Republic ranks in the top 10 countries worldwide with the fastest average internet speed.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> By the beginning of 2008, there were over 800 mostly local <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Internet_service_provider" title="Wireless Internet service provider">WISPs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> with about 350,000 subscribers in 2007. Plans based on either <a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">UMTS</a> or <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> are being offered by all three mobile phone operators (<a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_Czech_Republic" title="T-Mobile Czech Republic">T-Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/O2_Czech_Republic" title="O2 Czech Republic">O2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>) and internet provider U:fon. Government-owned <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Český Telecom">Český Telecom</a> slowed down broadband penetration. At the beginning of 2004, <a href="/wiki/Local-loop_unbundling" title="Local-loop unbundling">local-loop unbundling</a> began and alternative operators started to offer <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_digital_subscriber_line" title="Symmetric digital subscriber line">SDSL</a>. This and later privatization of Český Telecom helped drive down prices. On 1 July 2006, Český Telecom was acquired by globalized company (Spain-owned) Telefónica group and adopted the new name <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica_O2_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefónica O2 Czech Republic">Telefónica O2 Czech Republic</a>. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit">[update]</a>, VDSL and ADSL2+ are offered in variants, with download speeds of up to 50 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 5 Mbit/s. Cable internet is gaining more popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from 50 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s. Two <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> companies, <a href="/wiki/Avast" title="Avast">Avast</a> and <a href="/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG</a>, were founded in the Czech Republic. In 2016, Avast led by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1" title="Pavel Baudiš">Pavel Baudiš</a> bought rival AVG for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.3 billion, together at the time, these companies had a user base of about 400 million people and 40% of the consumer market outside of China.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Avast is the leading provider of antivirus software, with a 20.5% market share.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Tourism in the Czech Republic">Tourism in the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burg_Karlstein_-_Karl%C5%A1tejn_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Burg_Karlstein_-_Karl%C5%A1tejn_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Burg_Karlstein_-_Karl%C5%A1tejn_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Burg_Karlstein_-_Karl%C5%A1tejn_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Burg_Karlstein_-_Karl%C5%A1tejn_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Burg_Karlstein_-_Karl%C5%A1tejn_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Burg_Karlstein_-_Karl%C5%A1tejn_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Medieval castle <a href="/wiki/Karl%C5%A1tejn" title="Karlštejn">Karlštejn</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> is the fifth most visited city in Europe after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Bremner_2015-160">[156]</a> In 2001, the total earnings from tourism reached 118 billion <a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">CZK</a>, making up 5.5% of the country's <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">GNP</a> and 9% of its overall export earnings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people – over 1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> Guidebooks and tourists reporting overcharging by taxi drivers and pickpocketing problems talk mainly about Prague, though the situation has improved recently.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-indy-163">[159]</a> Since 2005, Prague's mayor, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_B%C3%A9m" title="Pavel Bém">Pavel Bém</a>, has worked to improve this reputation by cracking down on petty crime<a href="#cite_note-indy-163">[159]</a> and, aside from these problems, Prague is a "safe" city.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The Czech Republic's crime rate is described by the United States State department as "low".<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> The Czech Republic boasts <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic">17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, 3 of them being transnational. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit">[update]</a>, further 13 sites are on the tentative list.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov,_historick%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov%2C_historick%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro.jpg/220px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov%2C_historick%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov%2C_historick%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro.jpg/330px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov%2C_historick%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov%2C_historick%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro.jpg/440px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov%2C_historick%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov" title="Český Krumlov">Český Krumlov</a></figcaption></figure> Architectural heritage is an object of interest to visitors – it includes <a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of castles in the Czech Republic">castles and châteaux</a> from different historical epochs, namely <a href="/wiki/Karl%C5%A1tejn" title="Karlštejn">Karlštejn</a> Castle, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov" title="Český Krumlov">Český Krumlov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lednice%E2%80%93Valtice_Cultural_Landscape" title="Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape">Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape</a>. There are 12 <a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of cathedrals in the Czech Republic">cathedrals</a> and 15 churches elevated to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">basilica</a> by the Pope, as well as many monasteries. Away from the towns, areas such as <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Paradise" title="Bohemian Paradise">Bohemian Paradise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest" title="Bohemian Forest">Bohemian Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Mountains" title="Giant Mountains">Giant Mountains</a> attract visitors seeking outdoor pursuits. The country is also known for its various <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of museums in the Czech Republic">museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">puppetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionette</a> exhibitions that take part within larger puppet <a href="/wiki/Theatre_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre festival">festivals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">beer festivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquapalace_Prague" title="Aquapalace Prague">Aquapalace Prague</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestlice" title="Čestlice">Čestlice</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Water_park" title="Water park">water park</a> in the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heyrovsky_Jaroslav.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heyrovsky_Jaroslav.jpg/175px-Heyrovsky_Jaroslav.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heyrovsky_Jaroslav.jpg/263px-Heyrovsky_Jaroslav.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heyrovsky_Jaroslav.jpg/351px-Heyrovsky_Jaroslav.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Chemist <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a>, Nobel Prize winner</figcaption></figure> The Czech lands have a long and well-documented history of scientific innovation.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Today, the Czech Republic has a highly sophisticated, developed, high-performing, innovation-oriented scientific community supported by the government,<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> industry,<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> and leading <a href="/wiki/Czech_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Universities">universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Czech scientists are embedded members of the global scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> They contribute annually to multiple international academic journals and collaborate with their colleagues across boundaries and fields.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> The Czech Republic was ranked 24th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2020 and 2021, up from 26th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> Historically, the Czech lands, especially <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, have been the seat of scientific discovery going back to early modern times, including <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>. In 1784 the scientific community was first formally organized under the charter of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Czech_Society_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Czech Society of Sciences">Royal Czech Society of Sciences</a>. Currently, this organization is known as the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Czech Academy of Sciences">Czech Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> Similarly, the Czech lands have a well-established history of scientists,<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> including Nobel laureates biochemists <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Ferdinand Cori</a>, chemists <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wichterle" title="Otto Wichterle">Otto Wichterle</a>, physicists <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a>, physiologist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Evangelista_Purkyn%C4%9B" title="Jan Evangelista Purkyně">Jan Evangelista Purkyně</a> and chemist <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Hol%C3%BD" title="Antonín Holý">Antonín Holý</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADbor" title="Příbor">Příbor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Hyn%C4%8Dice_(Vra%C5%BEn%C3%A9)" title="Hynčice (Vražné)">Hynčice</a> and spent most of his life in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> logician and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> was born in Brno. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ELI_Beamlines_building_in_Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ELI_Beamlines_building_in_Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany.jpg/220px-ELI_Beamlines_building_in_Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ELI_Beamlines_building_in_Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany.jpg/330px-ELI_Beamlines_building_in_Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ELI_Beamlines_building_in_Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany.jpg/440px-ELI_Beamlines_building_in_Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Eli Beamlines Science Center with the most powerful laser in the world in <a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany" title="Dolní Břežany">Dolní Břežany</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, most scientific research was recorded in Latin, but from the 18th century onwards increasingly in German and later in Czech, archived in libraries supported and managed by religious groups and other denominations as evidenced by historical locations of international renown and heritage such as the <a href="/wiki/Strahov_Monastery" title="Strahov Monastery">Strahov Monastery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clementinum" title="Clementinum">Clementinum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. Increasingly, Czech scientists publish their work and that of their history in English.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> The current important scientific institution is the already mentioned <a href="/wiki/Czech_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Czech Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Institute_of_Technology" title="Central European Institute of Technology">CEITEC</a> Institute in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=HiLASE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HiLASE (page does not exist)">HiLASE</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eli_Beamlines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eli Beamlines (page does not exist)">Eli Beamlines</a> centers with the most powerful laser in the world in <a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_B%C5%99e%C5%BEany" title="Dolní Břežany">Dolní Břežany</a>. Prague is the seat of the administrative center of the GSA Agency operating the European navigation system <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">European Union Agency for the Space Programme</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">Demographics of the Czech Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic">List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) in 2020 was estimated at 1.71 children per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> The Czech Republic's population has an average age of 43.3 years.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> The life expectancy in 2021 was estimated to be 79.5 years (76.55 years male, 82.61 years female).<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-191">[187]</a> About 77,000 people immigrate to the Czech Republic annually.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic">Vietnamese</a> immigrants began settling in the country during the Communist period, when they were invited as <a href="/wiki/Guest_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Guest workers">guest workers</a> by the Czechoslovak government.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Most decide to stay in the country permanently.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> According to results of the 2021 census, the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> (57.3%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Moravians_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravians (ethnic group)">Moravians</a> (3.4%), <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> (0.9%), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (0.7%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Viets</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (0.2%), <a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> (0.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> (0.1%). Another 4.0% declared combination of two nationalities (3.6% combination of Czech and other nationality). As the 'nationality' was an optional item, a number of people left this field blank (31.6%).<a href="#cite_note-census2021-4">[4]</a> According to some estimates, there are about 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Polish minority in the Czech Republic">Polish minority</a> resides mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> There were 658,564 foreigners residing in the country in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a>, with the largest groups being <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Ukrainians in the Czech Republic">Ukrainian</a> (22%), <a href="/wiki/Slovaks_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Slovaks in the Czech Republic">Slovak</a> (22%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic">Vietnamese</a> (12%), <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> (7%) and <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Germans in the Czech Republic">German</a> (4%). Most of the foreign population lives in Prague (37.3%) and Central Bohemia Region (13.2%).<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic">Jewish</a> population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was nearly annihilated by the Nazi Germans during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> There were approximately 3,900 Jews in the Czech Republic in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> The former Czech prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Fischer_(politician)" title="Jan Fischer (politician)">Jan Fischer</a>, is of Jewish faith.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Nationality of residents, who answered the question in the Census 2021:<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality </th> <th>Share </th></tr> <tr> <td>Czech </td> <td>83.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moravian </td> <td>4.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech and Moravian </td> <td>2.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovak </td> <td>1.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ukrainian </td> <td>1.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech and Slovak </td> <td>0.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vietnamese </td> <td>0.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polish </td> <td>0.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russian </td> <td>0.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>4.36% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template:Largest cities of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template talk:Largest cities of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest municipalities in the Czech Republic <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Czech Republic">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Czech Republic">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_Charles_Bridge_Tower_View_West-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prague"><img alt="Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Prague_Charles_Bridge_Tower_View_West-05.jpg/120px-Prague_Charles_Bridge_Tower_View_West-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Prague_Charles_Bridge_Tower_View_West-05.jpg/180px-Prague_Charles_Bridge_Tower_View_West-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Prague_Charles_Bridge_Tower_View_West-05.jpg/240px-Prague_Charles_Bridge_Tower_View_West-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Brno_View_from_Spilberk_130.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brno"><img alt="Brno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Brno_View_from_Spilberk_130.JPG/120px-Brno_View_from_Spilberk_130.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Brno_View_from_Spilberk_130.JPG/180px-Brno_View_from_Spilberk_130.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Brno_View_from_Spilberk_130.JPG/240px-Brno_View_from_Spilberk_130.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,357,326</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Region" title="Zlín Region">Zlín</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">74,191 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrava,_pohled_z_Nov%C3%A9_radnice_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ostrava"><img alt="Ostrava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ostrava%2C_pohled_z_Nov%C3%A9_radnice_2.jpg/120px-Ostrava%2C_pohled_z_Nov%C3%A9_radnice_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ostrava%2C_pohled_z_Nov%C3%A9_radnice_2.jpg/180px-Ostrava%2C_pohled_z_Nov%C3%A9_radnice_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ostrava%2C_pohled_z_Nov%C3%A9_radnice_2.jpg/240px-Ostrava%2C_pohled_z_Nov%C3%A9_radnice_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plze%C5%88,_pohled_z_v%C4%9B%C5%BEe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plzeň"><img alt="Plzeň" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plze%C5%88%2C_pohled_z_v%C4%9B%C5%BEe.jpg/120px-Plze%C5%88%2C_pohled_z_v%C4%9B%C5%BEe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plze%C5%88%2C_pohled_z_v%C4%9B%C5%BEe.jpg/180px-Plze%C5%88%2C_pohled_z_v%C4%9B%C5%BEe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plze%C5%88%2C_pohled_z_v%C4%9B%C5%BEe.jpg/240px-Plze%C5%88%2C_pohled_z_v%C4%9B%C5%BEe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Moravian_Region" title="South Moravian Region">South Moravian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">396,101</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hav%C3%AD%C5%99ov" title="Havířov">Havířov</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Region" title="Moravian-Silesian Region">Moravian-Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,245 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Region" title="Moravian-Silesian Region">Moravian-Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">283,504</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kladno" title="Kladno">Kladno</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bohemian_Region" title="Central Bohemian Region">Central Bohemian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,436 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88_Region" title="Plzeň Region">Plzeň</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">181,240</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Most_(city)" title="Most (city)">Most</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region" title="Ústí nad Labem Region">Ústí nad Labem</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,856 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberec_Region" title="Liberec Region">Liberec</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,389</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Opava" title="Opava">Opava</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Region" title="Moravian-Silesian Region">Moravian-Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,512 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Olomouc_Region" title="Olomouc Region">Olomouc</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">101,825</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek" title="Frýdek-Místek">Frýdek-Místek</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Region" title="Moravian-Silesian Region">Moravian-Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,188 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Bohemian_Region" title="South Bohemian Region">South Bohemian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,417</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jihlava" title="Jihlava">Jihlava</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vyso%C4%8Dina_Region" title="Vysočina Region">Vysočina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,548 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Hradec Králové</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_Region" title="Hradec Králové Region">Hradec Králové</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,506</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Teplice" title="Teplice">Teplice</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region" title="Ústí nad Labem Region">Ústí nad Labem</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pardubice" title="Pardubice">Pardubice</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pardubice_Region" title="Pardubice Region">Pardubice</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">92,149</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1" title="Karviná">Karviná</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Region" title="Moravian-Silesian Region">Moravian-Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,172 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem" title="Ústí nad Labem">Ústí nad Labem</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region" title="Ústí nad Labem Region">Ústí nad Labem</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,963</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Region" title="Karlovy Vary Region">Karlovy Vary</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,043 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Religion in the Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion in the European Union</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in the Czech Republic (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Czech_Statistical_Office-207">[203]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Undeclared</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:44.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">44.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Irreligion</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:34.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">34.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Catholicism</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:10.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Believers, not members of other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Chartreuse; width:6.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Christian churches</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Turquoise; width:1.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Protestantism</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Believers, members of other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Crimson; width:0.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions / Unknown</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:HotPink; width:0.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.7%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> About 75%<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> to 79%<a href="#cite_note-Czech_Statistical_Office_27_February_2014-209">[205]</a> of residents of the Czech Republic do not declare having any religion or faith in surveys, and the proportion of convinced <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> (30%) is the third highest in the world behind those of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (47%) and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (31%).<a href="#cite_note-Global_Index_of_Religion_and_Atheism-210">[206]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">Czech people</a> have been historically characterized as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion".<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> The religious identity of the country has changed drastically since the first half of the 20th century, when more than 90% of <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> were Christians.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Czeska_i_%C5%9Aw._Wac%C5%82aw.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emma_Czeska_i_%C5%9Aw._Wac%C5%82aw.JPG/220px-Emma_Czeska_i_%C5%9Aw._Wac%C5%82aw.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emma_Czeska_i_%C5%9Aw._Wac%C5%82aw.JPG/330px-Emma_Czeska_i_%C5%9Aw._Wac%C5%82aw.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emma_Czeska_i_%C5%9Aw._Wac%C5%82aw.JPG/440px-Emma_Czeska_i_%C5%9Aw._Wac%C5%82aw.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Saint Wenceslaus</a> (left), patron saint of the Czech lands</figcaption></figure> Christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries introduced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a>, most Czechs became <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">followers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a> and other regional <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utraquists" class="mw-redirect" title="Utraquists">Utraquists</a> were <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> groups. Towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>, the Utraquists changed sides and allied with the Roman Catholic Church. Following the joint Utraquist—Roman Catholic victory, Utraquism was accepted as a distinct form of Christianity to be practiced in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> by the Roman Catholic Church while all remaining Hussite groups were prohibited. After the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, some Bohemians went with the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">teachings of Martin Luther</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a>. In the wake of the Reformation, Utraquist Hussites took a renewed increasingly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> stance, while some of the defeated Hussite factions were revived. After the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> regained control of Bohemia, the whole population was forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism—even the Utraquist Hussites. Going forward, Czechs have become more wary and pessimistic of religion as such. A history of resistance to the Roman Catholic Church followed. It suffered a schism with the neo-Hussite <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church" title="Czechoslovak Hussite Church">Czechoslovak Hussite Church</a> in 1920, lost the bulk of its adherents during the Communist era and continues to lose in the modern, ongoing <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>. Protestantism never recovered after the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian Habsburgs</a> in 1620. Prior to the Holocaust, the Czech Republic had a sizable Jewish community of around 100,000. There are many historically important and culturally relevant Synagogues in the Czech Republic such as Europe's oldest active Synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Old_New_Synagogue" title="Old New Synagogue">The Old New Synagogue</a> and the second largest Synagogue in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Plze%C5%88)" title="Great Synagogue (Plzeň)">Great Synagogue (Plzeň)</a>. The Holocaust decimated Czech Jewry and the Jewish population as of 2021 is 3,900.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> According to the 2011 census, 34% of the population stated they had no religion, 10.3% were Roman Catholic, 0.8% were <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (0.5% <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Czech_Brethren" title="Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren">Czech Brethren</a> and 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church" title="Czechoslovak Hussite Church">Hussite</a>),<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> and 9% followed other forms of religion both denominational or not (of which 863 people answered they are <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Pagan</a>). 45% of the population did not answer the question about religion.<a href="#cite_note-Czech_Statistical_Office-207">[203]</a> From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to Roman Catholicism decreased from 39% to 27% and then to 10%; Protestantism similarly declined from 3.7% to 2% and then to 0.8%.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> The Muslim population is estimated to be 20,000 representing 0.2% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> The proportion of religious believers varies significantly across the country, from 55% in <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Region" title="Zlín Region">Zlín Region</a> to 16% in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region" title="Ústí nad Labem Region">Ústí nad Labem Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_health_care">Education and health care</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Education in the Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Healthcare in the Czech Republic">Healthcare in the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg/185px-Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg/278px-Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg/370px-Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The oldest part of <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a>, founded in 1348</figcaption></figure> Education in the Czech Republic is compulsory for nine years and citizens have access to a <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free-tuition</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary education in the Czech Republic">university education</a>, while the average number of years of education is 13.1.<a href="#cite_note-Sign_In-218">[214]</a> Additionally, the Czech Republic has a "relatively equal" educational system in comparison with other countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Sign_In-218">[214]</a> Founded in 1348, <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a> was the first university in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. Other major universities in the country are <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Masaryk University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Technical_University_in_Prague" title="Czech Technical University in Prague">Czech Technical University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palack%C3%BD_University,_Olomouc" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacký University, Olomouc">Palacký University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Performing_Arts_in_Prague" title="Academy of Performing Arts in Prague">Academy of Performing Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Economics,_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Economics, Prague">University of Economics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a>, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, currently ranks the Czech education system as the 15th most successful in the world, higher than the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> The UN <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a> ranks the Czech Republic 10th as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit">[update]</a> (positioned behind <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and ahead of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Health care in the Czech Republic is similar in quality to that of other developed nations. The Czech <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system is based on a <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_mandate" title="Health insurance mandate">compulsory insurance model</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Fee-for-service" title="Fee-for-service">fee-for-service</a> care funded by mandatory employment-related insurance plans.<a href="#cite_note-primary-221">[217]</a> According to the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Euro_health_consumer_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro health consumer index">Euro health consumer index</a>, a comparison of <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Europe" title="Healthcare in Europe">healthcare in Europe</a>, the Czech healthcare is 13th, ranked behind <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and two positions ahead of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EHCI_2016-222">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Culture of the Czech Republic</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Czech_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Czech Republic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_art" title="Czech art">Czech art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:376px;max-width:376px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Spring.jpg/90px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Spring.jpg/135px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Spring.jpg/180px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Summer.jpg/90px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Summer.jpg/135px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Summer.jpg/180px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Autumn.jpg/90px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Autumn.jpg/135px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Autumn.jpg/180px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Winter.jpg/90px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Winter.jpg/135px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Winter.jpg/180px-Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter (1896) by <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice" title="Venus of Dolní Věstonice">Venus of Dolní Věstonice</a> is an important example of prehistoric art unearthed in the Czech Republic. <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoric of Prague">Theodoric of Prague</a> was a painter in the Gothic era who decorated the castle <a href="/wiki/Karl%C5%A1tejn" title="Karlštejn">Karlštejn</a>. In the Baroque era, there were painters <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kupeck%C3%BD" title="Jan Kupecký">Jan Kupecký</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C5%A0kr%C3%A9ta" title="Karel Škréta">Karel Škréta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs" title="Anton Raphael Mengs">Anton Raphael Mengs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petr_Brandl" title="Petr Brandl">Petr Brandl</a> and sculptors <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Braun" title="Matthias Braun">Matthias Braun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Brokoff" title="Ferdinand Brokoff">Ferdinand Brokoff</a>. In the first half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Josef_M%C3%A1nes" title="Josef Mánes">Josef Mánes</a> joined the romantic movement. In the second half the so-called "National Theatre generation" rose to prominence: sculptor <a href="/wiki/Josef_V%C3%A1clav_Myslbek" title="Josef Václav Myslbek">Josef Václav Myslbek</a> and painters <a href="/wiki/Mikol%C3%A1%C5%A1_Ale%C5%A1" title="Mikoláš Aleš">Mikoláš Aleš</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bro%C5%BE%C3%ADk" title="Václav Brožík">Václav Brožík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Hynais" title="Vojtěch Hynais">Vojtěch Hynais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Ma%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Julius Mařák">Julius Mařák</a>. At the end of the century came <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alfons Mucha</a> becoming its main representative. He is known for his Art Nouveau posters and a cycle of 20 large canvases named <a href="/wiki/The_Slav_Epic" title="The Slav Epic">the Slav Epic</a>, which depicts the history of Czechs and other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit">[update]</a>, it can be seen in the Veletržní Palace of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery in Prague">National Gallery in Prague</a>, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic. <a href="/wiki/Max_%C5%A0vabinsk%C3%BD" title="Max Švabinský">Max Švabinský</a> was another Art Nouveau painter. The 20th century brought an <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> revolution, represented in the Czech lands mainly by expressionists and cubists: <a href="/wiki/Josef_%C4%8Capek" title="Josef Čapek">Josef Čapek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Filla" title="Emil Filla">Emil Filla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohumil_Kubi%C5%A1ta" title="Bohumil Kubišta">Bohumil Kubišta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zrzav%C3%BD" title="Jan Zrzavý">Jan Zrzavý</a>. Surrealism emerged particularly through the work of <a href="/wiki/Toyen" title="Toyen">Toyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_%C5%A0%C3%ADma" title="Josef Šíma">Josef Šíma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karel_Teige" title="Karel Teige">Karel Teige</a>. In the world, however, the most well-known Czech avant-garde artist might be <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Kupka" title="František Kupka">František Kupka</a>, a pioneer of abstract painting. Illustrators and cartoonists to gain fame in the first half of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Josef_Lada" title="Josef Lada">Josef Lada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Burian" title="Zdeněk Burian">Zdeněk Burian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emil_Orl%C3%ADk" title="Emil Orlík">Emil Orlík</a>. Art photography became a new field represented by <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Drtikol" title="František Drtikol">František Drtikol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Sudek" title="Josef Sudek">Josef Sudek</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Jan_Saudek" title="Jan Saudek">Jan Saudek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Koudelka" title="Josef Koudelka">Josef Koudelka</a>. The Czech Republic is also known for its individually made, mouth-blown, and decorated <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_glass" title="Bohemian glass">Bohemian glass</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_architecture" title="Czech architecture">Czech architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_07-2016_View_from_Old_Town_Hall_Tower_img3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Prague_07-2016_View_from_Old_Town_Hall_Tower_img3.jpg/220px-Prague_07-2016_View_from_Old_Town_Hall_Tower_img3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Prague_07-2016_View_from_Old_Town_Hall_Tower_img3.jpg/330px-Prague_07-2016_View_from_Old_Town_Hall_Tower_img3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Prague_07-2016_View_from_Old_Town_Hall_Tower_img3.jpg/440px-Prague_07-2016_View_from_Old_Town_Hall_Tower_img3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4433" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Prague)" title="Old Town (Prague)">Historic center of Prague</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest preserved stone buildings in Bohemia and Moravia date back to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> in the 9th and 10th centuries. Since the Middle Ages, the Czech lands have been using the same architectural styles as most of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and Central Europe. The oldest still standing churches were built in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque style</a>. During the 13th century, it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Gothic_architecture" title="Czech Gothic architecture">Gothic style</a>. In the 14th century, Emperor Charles IV invited architects from France and Germany, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_of_Arras" title="Matthias of Arras">Matthias of Arras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Parler" title="Peter Parler">Peter Parler</a>, to his court in Prague. During the Middle Ages, some fortified castles were built by the king and aristocracy, as well as some monasteries. The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance style</a> penetrated the Bohemian Crown in the late 15th century when the older Gothic style started to be mixed with Renaissance elements. An example of pure Renaissance architecture in Bohemia is the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Summer_Palace" title="Queen Anne's Summer Palace">Queen Anne's Summer Palace</a>, which was situated in the garden of <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a>. Evidence of the general reception of the Renaissance in Bohemia, involving an influx of Italian architects, can be found in spacious chateaus with arcade courtyards and geometrically arranged gardens.<a href="#cite_note-architecture-223">[219]</a> Emphasis was placed on comfort, and buildings that were built for entertainment purposes also appeared.<a href="#cite_note-czecharchitecture-224">[220]</a> In the 17th century, the Baroque style spread throughout the Crown of Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-kotalik-225">[221]</a> In the 18th century, Bohemia produced an architectural peculiarity – the Baroque Gothic style, a synthesis of the Gothic and Baroque styles.<a href="#cite_note-architecture-223">[219]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prag_Kubismus_Schwarze_Madonna_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Prag_Kubismus_Schwarze_Madonna_1.jpg/220px-Prag_Kubismus_Schwarze_Madonna_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Prag_Kubismus_Schwarze_Madonna_1.jpg/330px-Prag_Kubismus_Schwarze_Madonna_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Prag_Kubismus_Schwarze_Madonna_1.jpg/440px-Prag_Kubismus_Schwarze_Madonna_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4535" data-file-height="4873" /></a><figcaption>Czech artists developed a <a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">distinct cubist style</a> in architecture and applied arts. It later evolved into national Czechoslovak style, <a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">rondocubism</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the 19th century stands the <a href="/wiki/Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Revival architecture">revival architectural styles</a>. Some churches were restored to their presumed medieval appearance and there were constructed buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Neo-Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neo-Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Neo-Renaissance</a> styles. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the new art style appeared in the Czech lands – <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>. Bohemia contributed an unusual style to the world's architectural heritage when Czech architects attempted to transpose the <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> of painting and sculpture into architecture. Between World Wars I and II, <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a>, with its sober, progressive forms, took over as the main architectural style.<a href="#cite_note-architecture-223">[219]</a> After World War II and the Communist coup in 1948, art in Czechoslovakia became Soviet-influenced. The Czechoslovak avant-garde artistic movement is known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_style&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brussels style (page does not exist)">Brussels style</a> came up in the time of political liberalization of Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Brutalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalism">Brutalism</a> dominated in the 1970s and 1980s. The Czech Republic is not shying away from the more modern trends of international architecture, an example is the <a href="/wiki/Tan%C4%8D%C3%ADc%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tančící dům">Dancing House (Tančící dům)</a> in Prague, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Angel" title="Golden Angel">Golden Angel</a> in Prague or Congress Centre in Zlín.<a href="#cite_note-architecture-223">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Czech literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kafka.jpg/170px-Kafka.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kafka.jpg/255px-Kafka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kafka.jpg/340px-Kafka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></figcaption></figure> The literature from the area of today's Czech Republic was mostly written in Czech, but also in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and German or even <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, although a competent user of Czech, wrote in his mother tongue, German.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> His works include <a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">The Castle</a>. In the second half of the 13th century, the royal court in Prague became one of the centers of German <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a> and courtly literature. The Czech German-language literature can be seen in the first half of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Czech" title="Bible translations into Czech">Bible translations</a> played a role in the development of Czech literature. The oldest Czech translation of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> originated in the late 13th century and the first complete Czech translation of the Bible was finished around 1360. The first complete printed Czech Bible was published in 1488. The first complete Czech Bible translation from the original languages was published between 1579 and 1593. The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Gigas" title="Codex Gigas">Codex Gigas</a> from the 12th century is the largest extant medieval manuscript in the world.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaroslav_Seifert_1981_foto_Hana_Hamplov%C3%A1_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jaroslav_Seifert_1981_foto_Hana_Hamplov%C3%A1_crop.jpg/170px-Jaroslav_Seifert_1981_foto_Hana_Hamplov%C3%A1_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jaroslav_Seifert_1981_foto_Hana_Hamplov%C3%A1_crop.jpg/255px-Jaroslav_Seifert_1981_foto_Hana_Hamplov%C3%A1_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jaroslav_Seifert_1981_foto_Hana_Hamplov%C3%A1_crop.jpg/340px-Jaroslav_Seifert_1981_foto_Hana_Hamplov%C3%A1_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a>, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature</figcaption></figure> Czech-language literature can be divided into several periods: the Middle Ages; the Hussite period; the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>; the Baroque period; the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in the first half of the 19th century, modern literature in the second half of the 19th century; the avant-garde of the interwar period; the years under Communism; and the Czech Republic. The antiwar comedy novel <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">The Good Soldier Švejk</a> is the most translated Czech book in history. The international literary award the <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Prize" title="Franz Kafka Prize">Franz Kafka Prize</a> is awarded in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> The Czech Republic has the densest network of libraries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> Czech literature and culture played a role on at least two occasions when Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed. On both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Czech Lands">Music of the Czech Lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian traditional music">Moravian traditional music</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvorak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dvorak.jpg/180px-Dvorak.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dvorak.jpg/270px-Dvorak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dvorak.jpg/360px-Dvorak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a></figcaption></figure> The musical tradition of the Czech lands arose from the first church hymns, whose first evidence is suggested at the break of the 10th and 11th centuries. Some pieces of Czech music include two chorales, which in their time performed the function of anthems: "<a href="/wiki/Hospodine_pomiluj_ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospodine pomiluj ny">Lord, Have Mercy on Us</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> "Saint Wenceslaus" or "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Wenceslas_Chorale" title="Saint Wenceslas Chorale">Saint Wenceslaus Chorale</a>".<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> The authorship of the anthem "Lord, Have Mercy on Us" is ascribed by some historians to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Adalbert_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Adalbert of Prague">Saint Adalbert of Prague</a> (sv.Vojtěch), bishop of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, living between 956 and 997.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> The wealth of musical culture lies in the classical music tradition during all historical periods, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classicism</a>, Romantic, <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modern classical</a> music and in the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional</a> folk music of Bohemia, Moravia and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. Since the early era of artificial music, Czech musicians and composers have been influenced the folk music of the region and dance. Czech music can be considered to have been "beneficial" in both the European and worldwide context, several times co-determined or even determined a newly arriving era in musical art,<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> above all of <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> era, as well as by original attitudes in <a href="/wiki/Baroque_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque (music)">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romantic_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic (music)">Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern classical">modern classical</a> music. Some Czech musical works are <a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_World_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Symphony">New World Symphony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinfonietta_(Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek)" title="Sinfonietta (Janáček)">Sinfonietta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%AFfa" title="Jenůfa">Jenůfa</a>. A music festival in the country is <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring_International_Music_Festival" title="Prague Spring International Music Festival">Prague Spring International Music Festival</a> of classical music, a permanent showcase for performing artists, symphony orchestras and chamber music ensembles of the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Theatre of the Czech Republic">Theatre of the Czech Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:331px;max-width:331px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narodni_Divadlo,_National_Theater,_Prague_-_8798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Narodni_Divadlo%2C_National_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8798.jpg/223px-Narodni_Divadlo%2C_National_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8798.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Narodni_Divadlo%2C_National_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8798.jpg/335px-Narodni_Divadlo%2C_National_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Narodni_Divadlo%2C_National_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8798.jpg/446px-Narodni_Divadlo%2C_National_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="2892" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narodni_Divadlo,_Estates_Theater,_Prague_-_8604.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Narodni_Divadlo%2C_Estates_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8604.jpg/100px-Narodni_Divadlo%2C_Estates_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8604.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Narodni_Divadlo%2C_Estates_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8604.jpg/150px-Narodni_Divadlo%2C_Estates_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Narodni_Divadlo%2C_Estates_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8604.jpg/200px-Narodni_Divadlo%2C_Estates_Theater%2C_Prague_-_8604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Prague)" title="National Theatre (Prague)">National Theatre</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Estates_Theatre" title="Estates Theatre">Estates Theatre</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> The roots of Czech theatre can be found in the Middle Ages, especially in the cultural life of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic period">Gothic period</a>. In the 19th century, the theatre played a role in the national awakening movement and later, in the 20th century, it became a part of modern European theatre art. The original Czech cultural phenomenon came into being at the end of the 1950s. This project called <a href="/wiki/Laterna_magika" class="mw-redirect" title="Laterna magika">Laterna magika</a>, resulting in productions that combined theater, dance, and film in a poetic manner, considered the first <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia art">multimedia art</a> project in an international context. One drama is <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R.</a>, which introduced the word "<a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a>".<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> The country has a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppet theater</a>. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Puppetry#Czech_Republic_and_Slovakia" title="Puppetry">Czech and Slovak Puppetry</a> was included on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Cinema of the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filmov%C3%BD_uzel_Zl%C3%ADn,_Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Filmov%C3%BD_uzel_Zl%C3%ADn%2C_Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1_%281%29.jpg/220px-Filmov%C3%BD_uzel_Zl%C3%ADn%2C_Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Filmov%C3%BD_uzel_Zl%C3%ADn%2C_Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1_%281%29.jpg/330px-Filmov%C3%BD_uzel_Zl%C3%ADn%2C_Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Filmov%C3%BD_uzel_Zl%C3%ADn%2C_Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1_%281%29.jpg/440px-Filmov%C3%BD_uzel_Zl%C3%ADn%2C_Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1" title="Hermína Týrlová">Hermína Týrlová</a>, animator and film director</figcaption></figure> The tradition of Czech cinematography started in the second half of the 1890s. Peaks of the production in the era of silent movies include the historical drama The Builder of the Temple and the social and erotic drama Erotikon directed by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Machat%C3%BD" title="Gustav Machatý">Gustav Machatý</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> The early Czech <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> era was productive, above all in mainstream genres, with the comedies of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Fri%C4%8D" title="Martin Frič">Martin Frič</a> or <a href="/wiki/Karel_Lama%C4%8D" title="Karel Lamač">Karel Lamač</a>. There were dramatic movies sought internationally.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%ADna_T%C3%BDrlov%C3%A1" title="Hermína Týrlová">Hermína Týrlová</a> was a prominent Czech animator, screenwriter, and film director. She was often called the mother of Czech animation. Over the course of her career, she produced over 60 animated children's short films using puppets and the technique of stop motion animation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Before the German occupation, in 1933, filmmaker and animator <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irena_Dodalov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irena Dodalová (page does not exist)">Irena Dodalová</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Dodalov%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="cs:Irena Dodalová">cs</a>] established the first Czech animation studio "IRE Film" with her husband Karel Dodal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the period of Nazi occupation and early communist official dramaturgy of socialist realism in movies at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s with fewer exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Krakatit" class="mw-redirect" title="Krakatit">Krakatit</a> or Men without wings (awarded by <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> in 1946), an era of the Czech film began with animated films, performed in anglophone countries under the name "The Fabulous World of Jules Verne" from 1958, which combined acted drama with animation, and <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Jiří Trnka</a>, the founder of the modern puppet film.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> This began a tradition of animated films (<a href="/wiki/Mole_(Zden%C4%9Bk_Miler_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole (Zdeněk Miler character)">Mole</a> etc.). <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milos_Forman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Milos_Forman.jpg/180px-Milos_Forman.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Milos_Forman.jpg/270px-Milos_Forman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Milos_Forman.jpg/360px-Milos_Forman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3586" data-file-height="3586" /></a><figcaption>Oscar-winning director <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1960s, the hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a>'s films were improvised <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absurdity" title="Absurdity">absurd</a> humor and the occupation of non-actors. Directors are trying to preserve natural atmosphere without refinement and artificial arrangement of scenes. A personality of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s with original manuscript and psychological impact is <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Vl%C3%A1%C4%8Dil" title="František Vláčil">František Vláčil</a>. Another international author is <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer" title="Jan Švankmajer">Jan Švankmajer</a>, a filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a> known for animations and features.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Barrandov_Studios" title="Barrandov Studios">Barrandov Studios</a> in Prague are the largest film studios with film locations in the country.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> Filmmakers have come to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> to shoot scenery no longer found in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. The city of <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a> was used as a location for the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Czech_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Lion">Czech Lion</a> is the highest Czech award for film achievement. <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival" title="Karlovy Vary International Film Festival">Karlovy Vary International Film Festival</a> is one of the film festivals that have been given competitive status by the <a href="/wiki/FIAPF" title="FIAPF">FIAPF</a>. Other film festivals held in the country include <a href="/wiki/Febiofest" title="Febiofest">Febiofest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihlava_International_Documentary_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival">Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_World_Film_Festival" title="One World Film Festival">One World Film Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Film_Festival" title="Zlín Film Festival">Zlín Film Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Film_Festival" title="Fresh Film Festival">Fresh Film Festival</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kav%C4%8D%C3%AD_hory_are%C3%A1l_%C4%8CT_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kav%C4%8D%C3%AD_hory_are%C3%A1l_%C4%8CT_4.jpg/220px-Kav%C4%8D%C3%AD_hory_are%C3%A1l_%C4%8CT_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kav%C4%8D%C3%AD_hory_are%C3%A1l_%C4%8CT_4.jpg/330px-Kav%C4%8D%C3%AD_hory_are%C3%A1l_%C4%8CT_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kav%C4%8D%C3%AD_hory_are%C3%A1l_%C4%8CT_4.jpg/440px-Kav%C4%8D%C3%AD_hory_are%C3%A1l_%C4%8CT_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Czech_Television" title="Czech Television">Czech Television</a></figcaption></figure> Czech journalists and media enjoy a degree of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom</a>. There are restrictions against writing in support of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, racism or violating <a href="/wiki/Czech_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech law">Czech law</a>. The Czech press was ranked as the 40th most free press in the World Press Freedom Index by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> has its headquarters in Prague. <a href="/wiki/Czech_Television" title="Czech Television">Czech Television</a> is the country's national public television broadcaster. It operates a number of channels, including <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT1" title="ČT1">ČT1</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT2" title="ČT2">ČT2</a>, and the 24-hour news channel <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT24" title="ČT24">ČT24</a>, as well as the news website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/">ct24.cz</a>. As of 2020, it is the most watched broadcaster, followed by the private <a href="/wiki/TV_Nova_(Czech_Republic)" title="TV Nova (Czech Republic)">TV Nova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prima_televize" title="Prima televize">Prima TV</a>. However, TV Nova features the most watched main <a href="/wiki/News_program" class="mw-redirect" title="News program">news program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> Other public media services include the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">Czech Radio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_News_Agency" title="Czech News Agency">Czech News Agency</a>. The best-selling daily national newspapers in 2020/21 are <a href="/wiki/Blesk" title="Blesk">Blesk</a> (average 703,000 daily readers), <a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_DNES" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladá fronta DNES">Mladá fronta DNES</a> (average 461,000 daily readers), <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vo" title="Právo">Právo</a> (average 182,000 daily readers), <a href="/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_noviny" title="Lidové noviny">Lidové noviny</a> (average 163,000 daily readers) and <a href="/wiki/Hospod%C3%A1%C5%99sk%C3%A9_noviny" title="Hospodářské noviny">Hospodářské noviny</a> (average 162,000 daily readers).<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> Most Czechs (87%<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a>) read their news online,<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Seznam.cz" title="Seznam.cz">Seznam.cz</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDNES.cz" class="mw-redirect" title="IDNES.cz">iDNES.cz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novinky.cz" title="Novinky.cz">Novinky.cz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prima_televize" title="Prima televize">iPrima.cz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seznam_Zpr%C3%A1vy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seznam Zprávy">Seznam Zprávy.cz</a> being the most visited as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Czech_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Czech Republic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg/220px-Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg/330px-Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg/440px-Pilsner_urquell_mug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>A mug of <a href="/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell" title="Pilsner Urquell">Pilsner Urquell</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">pilsner</a> type of <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lager</a> beer, brewed since 1842</figcaption></figure> Czech cuisine is marked by an emphasis on meat dishes with pork, beef, and chicken. Goose, duck, rabbit, and venison are served. Fish is less common, with the occasional exception of fresh <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, which is served at Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> One popular Czech menu item is smažený vepřový řízek (fried breaded pork filet), served with boiled potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> There is a variety of local sausages, wurst, pâtés, and smoked and cured meats. Czech desserts include a variety of whipped cream, chocolate, and fruit pastries and tarts, crêpes, creme desserts and cheese, poppy-seed-filled and other types of traditional cakes such as <a href="/wiki/Buchteln" title="Buchteln">buchty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolach_(cake)" title="Kolach (cake)">koláče</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_strudel" title="Apple strudel">štrúdl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Beer in the Czech Republic">Czech beer</a> has a history extending more than a millennium; the earliest known brewery existed in 993. Today, the Czech Republic has the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_beer_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by beer consumption per capita">beer consumption per capita</a> in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">pilsner</a> style beer (pils) originated in <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a>, where the world's first blond lager <a href="/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell" title="Pilsner Urquell">Pilsner Urquell</a> is still produced. It has served as the inspiration for more than two-thirds of the beer produced in the world today. The city of <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a> has similarly lent its name to its beer, known as <a href="/wiki/Budweiser_Budvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Budweiser Budvar">Budweiser Budvar</a>. The South Moravian region has been producing <a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">wine</a> since the Middle Ages; about 94% of <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> in the Czech Republic are Moravian. Aside from beer, <a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">slivovitz</a> and wine, the Czech Republic also produces two <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernet_Stock" title="Fernet Stock">Fernet Stock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Becherovka" title="Becherovka">Becherovka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kofola" title="Kofola">Kofola</a> is a non-alcoholic domestic <a href="/wiki/Cola" title="Cola">cola</a> soft drink which competes with <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Sport in the Czech Republic">Sport in the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JaromirJagr2010WinterOlympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JaromirJagr2010WinterOlympics.jpg/220px-JaromirJagr2010WinterOlympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JaromirJagr2010WinterOlympics.jpg/330px-JaromirJagr2010WinterOlympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JaromirJagr2010WinterOlympics.jpg/440px-JaromirJagr2010WinterOlympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Hockey player <a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_J%C3%A1gr" title="Jaromír Jágr">Jaromír Jágr</a> has the second-most <a href="/wiki/Point_(ice_hockey)" title="Point (ice hockey)">points</a> in NHL history, after <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a></figcaption></figure> The most watched and most attended sport in the Czech Republic are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> The most watched sporting events are the <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Ice hockey at the Olympic Games">Ice hockey at the Olympic Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Ice Hockey World Championships">Ice Hockey World Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> The most popular sports in the Czech Republic according to the size of the membership base of sports clubs are: football, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, ice hockey, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">floorball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ball_hockey" title="Ball hockey">ball hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> The country has won 15 gold medals in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympics</a> and nine in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Games</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">Olympic history</a>.) The <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team">Czech ice hockey team</a> won the gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a> and has won (along with the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Czechoslovakia men's national ice hockey team">Czechoslovakian</a> team) thirteen gold medals at the <a href="/wiki/IHWC" class="mw-redirect" title="IHWC">World Championships</a>, including three straight from <a href="/wiki/1999_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships">1999</a> to <a href="/wiki/2001_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships">2001</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Motorsport" title="Škoda Motorsport">Škoda Motorsport</a> is engaged in <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">competition racing</a> since 1901 and has gained a number of titles with various vehicles around the world. <a href="/wiki/MTX_(automobile)" title="MTX (automobile)">MTX</a> automobile company was formerly engaged in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formula_racing" title="Formula racing">formula</a> cars since 1969.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a> is a popular sport. The word for 'tourist' in Czech, turista, also means 'trekker' or 'hiker'. For hikers, thanks to the more than 120-year-old tradition, there is the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Hiking_Markers_System" title="Czech Hiking Markers System">Czech Hiking Markers System</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trail_blazing" title="Trail blazing">trail blazing</a>, that has been adopted by countries worldwide. There is a network of around 40,000 km of marked short- and long-distance trails crossing the whole country and all the Czech mountains.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Czech Republic portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czech_Republic-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Czech Republic-related topics">List of Czech Republic-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Outline of the Czech Republic">Outline of the Czech Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Code 42 was shared with <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> until 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Also <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a>, shared with other European Union member states. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tʃɛk/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/En-us-Czech_Republic.ogg\/En-us-Czech_Republic.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Czech Republic.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-us-Czech_Republic.ogg/En-us-Czech_Republic.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Czech_Republic.ogg" title="File:En-us-Czech Republic.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">CHEK</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Česká republika <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/Cs-Ceska_Republika.oga\/Cs-Ceska_Republika.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cs-Ceska Republika.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Cs-Ceska_Republika.oga/Cs-Ceska_Republika.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-Ceska_Republika.oga" title="File:Cs-Ceska Republika.oga">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtʃɛkiə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cc\/En-Czechia.oga\/En-Czechia.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Czechia.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/En-Czechia.oga/En-Czechia.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Czechia.oga" title="File:En-Czechia.oga">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">CHEK-ee-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Česko <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈtʃɛsko]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d3\/Cs-%C4%8Cesko.ogg\/Cs-%C4%8Cesko.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cs-\u010cesko.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Cs-%C4%8Cesko.ogg/Cs-%C4%8Cesko.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-%C4%8Cesko.ogg" title="File:Cs-Česko.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language">"Czech language"</a>. Czech Republic – Official website. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Czech_Republic)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106000422/http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech+Republic+%E2%80%93+Official+website&rft.atitle=Czech+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czech.cz%2Fen%2F67019-czech-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-languages-2"><a href="#cite_ref-languages_2-0">^</a> Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on a long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/">National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/">Archived</a> 7 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zpravy.idnes.cz/vietnamci-oficialni-narodnostni-mensinou-fiq-/domaci.aspx?c=A130703_133019_domaci_jj">Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708074104/http://zpravy.idnes.cz/vietnamci-oficialni-narodnostni-mensinou-fiq-/domaci.aspx?c=A130703_133019_domaci_jj">Archived</a> 8 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Article 25 of the Czech <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</a> ensures the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with the authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. If the administrative agency has no employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (Concerning the Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The Slovak language may be considered an official language in the Czech Republic under certain circumstances, as defined by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://portal.gov.cz">http://portal.gov.cz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050410043930/http://www.portal.gov.cz/">Archived</a> 10 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském ..." (§ 16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině ..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://portal.gov.cz">http://portal.gov.cz</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2021_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2021_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2021_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115083026/https://www.czso.cz/csu/scitani2021/narodnost">"Národnost"</a>. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.cz/assets/udalosti/vystavy/Cesty-ceske-ustavnosti.pdf">"The Path of Czech Constitutionality"</a> (PDF). 1st edition (in Czech and English). Praha: Úřad Vlády České Republiky (The Office of the Government of the Czech Republic). pp. 10–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234802/http://www.vlada.cz/assets/udalosti/vystavy/Cesty-ceske-ustavnosti.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1st+edition&rft.atitle=The+Path+of+Czech+Constitutionality&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mlsna&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=%C5%A0lehofer%2C+F.&rft.au=Urban%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlada.cz%2Fassets%2Fudalosti%2Fvystavy%2FCesty-ceske-ustavnosti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČumlivski2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Čumlivski, Denko (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121128035158/http://www.nacr.cz/zpravy/zlatabula800.aspx">"800 let Zlaté buly sicilské"</a> (in Czech). National Archives of the Czech Republic (Národní Archiv České Republiky). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacr.cz/zpravy/zlatabula800.aspx">the original</a> on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=800+let+Zlat%C3%A9+buly+sicilsk%C3%A9&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+the+Czech+Republic+%28N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+Archiv+%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9+Republiky%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cumlivski&rft.aufirst=Denko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacr.cz%2Fzpravy%2Fzlatabula800.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkGraySavranskayaSuri2013" class="citation book cs1">Dijk, Ruud van; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PA76">Encyclopedia of the Cold War</a>. Routledge. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135923112" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135923112"><bdi>978-1135923112</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122052153/https://books.google.cz/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135923112&rft.aulast=Dijk&rft.aufirst=Ruud+van&rft.au=Gray%2C+William+Glenn&rft.au=Savranskaya%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Suri%2C+Jeremi&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Qiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgX0bQ3Enj4C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ash0-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Ash0_23-0">^</a> Timothy Garton Ash <a href="//archive.org/details/usesofadversitye0000gart_h4f4" class="extiw" title="iarchive:usesofadversitye0000gart h4f4">The Uses of Adversity</a> Granta Books, 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014038-7">0-14-014038-7</a> p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/czech">"Czech definition and meaning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Collins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234347/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/czech">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Czech+definition+and+meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fczech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Heritage_Dictionary-25"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Heritage_Dictionary_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Czech">"Czech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Czech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DCzech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordDictionary-26"><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordDictionary_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412000947/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/czech">"Czech – Definition in English"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/czech">the original</a> on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Czech+%E2%80%93+Definition+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fczech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpal" class="citation web cs1">Spal, Jaromír. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=4320">"Původ jména Čech"</a>. Naše řeč. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209232303/http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=4320">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C5%AFvod+jm%C3%A9na+%C4%8Cech&rft.pub=Na%C5%A1e+%C5%99e%C4%8D&rft.aulast=Spal&rft.aufirst=Jarom%C3%ADr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnase-rec.ujc.cas.cz%2Farchiv.php%3Fart%3D4320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cmejrkova2010-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Cmejrkova2010_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČmejrkováDaneš2010" class="citation journal cs1">Čmejrková, Světla; Daneš, František (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_3_7799">"Czech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Revue_Belge_de_Philologie_et_d%27Histoire" title="Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire">Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</a>. 88 (3): 692. <q>The origin of the ethnonym Čech (Česi or Čechové in plural) is not entirely clear.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Belge+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Czech&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=692&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cmejrkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Sv%C4%9Btla&rft.au=Dane%C5%A1%2C+Franti%C5%A1ek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_3_7799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickins2011-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Dickins2011_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickins2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dickins, Tom (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wlv.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/2436/621187/The%20Czech-Speaking%20Lands.pdf;jsessionid=3DD8A34AAC4E0F9B90130B3D79CE25CA?sequence=1">"The Czech-Speaking Lands, their Peoples and Contact Communities: Titles, Names and Ethnonyms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review" title="The Slavonic and East European Review">The Slavonic and East European Review</a>. 89 (3): 402. <q>As Spal has observed, the origin of Čech (Bohemian) is far from clear, but amongst the more plausible explanations is that it has the root čel, as in čeleď (family), and also člověk (person).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Czech-Speaking+Lands%2C+their+Peoples+and+Contact+Communities%3A+Titles%2C+Names+and+Ethnonyms&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=402&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Dickins&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwlv.openrepository.com%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2436%2F621187%2FThe%2520Czech-Speaking%2520Lands.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D3DD8A34AAC4E0F9B90130B3D79CE25CA%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rejzek2012-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Rejzek2012_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRejzek2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rejzek, Jiří (2012) [2001]. Český etymologický slovník [Czech etymological lexicon] (in Czech). Voznice: Leda. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788073352967" title="Special:BookSources/9788073352967"><bdi>9788073352967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD+etymologick%C3%BD+slovn%C3%ADk&rft.place=Voznice&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Leda&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788073352967&rft.aulast=Rejzek&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSviták2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sviták, Zbyněk (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/131842/Books_2010_2019_086-2014-1_9.pdf?sequence=1">"Úvod do historické topografie českých zemí: Územní vývoj českých zemí"</a> (PDF). 1st edition (in Czech). Brno. pp. 75–80, 82, 92–96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209153428/http://digilib.phil.muni.cz:80/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/131842/Books_2010_2019_086-2014-1_9.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1st+edition&rft.atitle=%C3%9Avod+do+historick%C3%A9+topografie+%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch+zem%C3%AD%3A+%C3%9Azemn%C3%AD+v%C3%BDvoj+%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch+zem%C3%AD&rft.pages=75-80%2C+82%2C+92-96&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Svit%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=Zbyn%C4%9Bk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.phil.muni.cz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11222.digilib%2F131842%2FBooks_2010_2019_086-2014-1_9.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.cz/en/section/letter/from-bohemia-to-czechia">"From Bohemia to Czechia – Radio Prague"</a>. 12 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309102644/http://www.radio.cz/en/section/letter/from-bohemia-to-czechia">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Bohemia+to+Czechia+%E2%80%93+Radio+Prague&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.cz%2Fen%2Fsection%2Fletter%2Ffrom-bohemia-to-czechia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2012-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2012_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2012" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Wayne C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jHtTydugD4C&pg=PA345">Nordic, Central and Southeastern Europe 2012</a>. Stryker Post. pp. 345–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-892-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-892-1"><bdi>978-1-61048-892-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic%2C+Central+and+Southeastern+Europe+2012&rft.pages=345-&rft.pub=Stryker+Post&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61048-892-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Wayne+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jHtTydugD4C%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czechia-initiative.com/aboutus.html">"Czechia – the civic initiative"</a>. www.czechia-initiative.com. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.czechia-initiative.com&rft.atitle=Czechia+%E2%80%93+the+civic+initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czechia-initiative.com%2Faboutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mzv.cz/jnp/cz/udalosti_a_media/archiv_zprav/rok_2016/tiskove_zpravy/x_2016_05_02_vlada_schvalila_czechia.html">"Vláda schválila doplnení jednoslovného názvu Cesko v cizích jazycích do databází OSN"</a> [The government has approved the addition of one-word Czech name in foreign languages to UN databases]. Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky (in Czech). 5 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828220431/https://www.mzv.cz/jnp/cz/udalosti_a_media/archiv_zprav/rok_2016/tiskove_zpravy/x_2016_05_02_vlada_schvalila_czechia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministerstvo+zahrani%C4%8Dn%C3%ADch+v%C4%9Bc%C3%AD+%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9+republiky&rft.atitle=Vl%C3%A1da+schv%C3%A1lila+doplnen%C3%AD+jednoslovn%C3%A9ho+n%C3%A1zvu+Cesko+v+ciz%C3%ADch+jazyc%C3%ADch+do+datab%C3%A1z%C3%AD+OSN&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzv.cz%2Fjnp%2Fcz%2Fudalosti_a_media%2Farchiv_zprav%2Frok_2016%2Ftiskove_zpravy%2Fx_2016_05_02_vlada_schvalila_czechia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNGEGN" class="citation web cs1">UNGEGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/11th-uncsgn-docs/E_Conf.105_13_CRP.13_15_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document.pdf">"UNGEGN List of Country Names"</a> (PDF). p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725172133/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/11th-uncsgn-docs/E_Conf.105_13_CRP.13_15_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNGEGN+List+of+Country+Names&rft.pages=27&rft.au=UNGEGN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fungegn%2Fdocs%2F11th-uncsgn-docs%2FE_Conf.105_13_CRP.13_15_UNGEGN%2520WG%2520Country%2520Names%2520Document.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Union2016" class="citation web cs1">European Union (5 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/czechia_en">"Czechia"</a>. European Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225091801/https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/czechia_en">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union&rft.atitle=Czechia&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft.au=European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Feuropean-union%2Fabout-eu%2Fcountries%2Fmember-countries%2Fczechia_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNATO" class="citation web cs1">NATO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/nato_countries.htm">"Member countries"</a>. NATO. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATO&rft.atitle=Member+countries&rft.au=NATO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Fnato_countries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia">"Czechia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Czechia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fczechia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2021.zip">(Archived 2021 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.radio.cz/czechia-mapping-progress-one-year-8190607">"Czechia: mapping progress one year on"</a>. Radio Prague International. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Prague+International&rft.atitle=Czechia%3A+mapping+progress+one+year+on&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.radio.cz%2Fczechia-mapping-progress-one-year-8190607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebu.ch/about/members">"Our Members"</a>. European Broadcasting Union. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Members&rft.pub=European+Broadcasting+Union&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebu.ch%2Fabout%2Fmembers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPStylebook2022" class="citation web cs1">@APStylebook (1 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/APStylebook/status/1542946302761336836">"We have a new Stylebook Online entry: Czechia, the Czech Republic.Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is…"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+have+a+new+Stylebook+Online+entry%3A+Czechia%2C+the+Czech+Republic.Both+are+acceptable.+The+shorter+name+Czechia+is%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.au=APStylebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FAPStylebook%2Fstatus%2F1542946302761336836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/682622-oldest-ceramic-figurine">"Oldest ceramic figurine"</a>. Guinness World Records. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+ceramic+figurine&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F682622-oldest-ceramic-figurine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kudyznudy.cz/ceska-nej/historicke/hlava-kelta-z-mseckych-zehrovic-nejcennejsi-keltsk">"Hlava Kelta z Mšeckých Žehrovic – nejcennější keltská plastika v Evropě"</a>. Kudyznudy.cz/. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hlava+Kelta+z+M%C5%A1eck%C3%BDch+%C5%BDehrovic+%E2%80%93+nejcenn%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD+keltsk%C3%A1+plastika+v+Evrop%C4%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kudyznudy.cz%2Fceska-nej%2Fhistoricke%2Fhlava-kelta-z-mseckych-zehrovic-nejcennejsi-keltsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankin2002-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankin2002_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2002" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oqFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">Celts and the Classical World</a>. Routledge. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74722-1"><bdi>978-1-134-74722-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celts+and+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-74722-1&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oqFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Firm)1997-46"><a href="#cite_ref-(Firm)1997_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartografie_Praha_(Firm)1997" class="citation book cs1">Kartografie Praha (Firm) (1997). Praha, plán města. Kartografie Praha. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7011-468-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7011-468-1"><bdi>978-80-7011-468-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praha%2C+pl%C3%A1n+m%C4%9Bsta&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Kartografie+Praha&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-80-7011-468-1&rft.au=Kartografie+Praha+%28Firm%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvia2007-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Salvia2007_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasco_La_Salvia2007" class="citation book cs1">Vasco La Salvia (2007). Iron Making During the Migration Period: The Case of the Lombards. Archaeopress. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0159-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0159-4"><bdi>978-1-4073-0159-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Making+During+the+Migration+Period%3A+The+Case+of+the+Lombards&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0159-4&rft.au=Vasco+La+Salvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agnew2004-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Agnew2004_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_LeCaine_Agnew2004" class="citation book cs1">Hugh LeCaine Agnew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Db76shTEM60C&pg=PT37">The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a>. Hoover Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4492-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4492-6"><bdi>978-0-8179-4492-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Czechs+and+the+Lands+of+the+Bohemian+Crown&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-4492-6&rft.au=Hugh+LeCaine+Agnew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDb76shTEM60C%26pg%3DPT37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HahnNadel2014-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HahnNadel2014_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HahnNadel2014_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahnNadel2014" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Sylvia; Nadel, Stanley (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zwq9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Asian Migrants in Europe: Transcultural Connections</a>. V&R unipress GmbH. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0254-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0254-0"><bdi>978-3-8471-0254-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Migrants+in+Europe%3A+Transcultural+Connections&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=V%26R+unipress+GmbH&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8471-0254-0&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwq9BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BartlŠkvarna2002-50"><a href="#cite_ref-BartlŠkvarna2002_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlŠkvarna2002" class="citation book cs1">Bartl, Július; Škvarna, Dušan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3orG2yZ9mBkC&pg=PA18">Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon</a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-444-4"><bdi>978-0-86516-444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovak+History%3A+Chronology+%26+Lexicon&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-444-4&rft.aulast=Bartl&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BAlius&rft.au=%C5%A0kvarna%2C+Du%C5%A1an&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3orG2yZ9mBkC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champion2005-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Champion2005_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2005" class="citation book cs1">Champion, Tim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ2IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology</a>. Routledge. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-80679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-80679-9"><bdi>978-1-134-80679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centre+and+Periphery%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Archaeology&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-80679-9&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZ2IAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenedettoDuke2008-52"><a href="#cite_ref-BenedettoDuke2008_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedettoDuke2008" class="citation book cs1">Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g46euaF7HAsC&pg=PA474">The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22416-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Church+History%3A+The+early%2C+medieval%2C+and+Reformation+eras&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22416-5&rft.aulast=Benedetto&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Duke%2C+James+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg46euaF7HAsC%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PánekTůma2019-53"><a href="#cite_ref-PánekTůma2019_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPánekTůma2019" class="citation book cs1">Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">A History of the Czech Lands</a>. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-246-2227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-246-2227-9"><bdi>978-80-246-2227-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Czech+Lands&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Charles+University+in+Prague%2C+Karolinum+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-80-246-2227-9&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft.au=T%C5%AFma%2C+Old%C5%99ich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PánekTůma2019b-54"><a href="#cite_ref-PánekTůma2019b_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPánekTůma2019" class="citation book cs1">Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">A History of the Czech Lands</a>. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-246-2227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-246-2227-9"><bdi>978-80-246-2227-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Czech+Lands&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Charles+University+in+Prague%2C+Karolinum+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-80-246-2227-9&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft.au=T%C5%AFma%2C+Old%C5%99ich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PánekTůma2019c-55"><a href="#cite_ref-PánekTůma2019c_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPánekTůma2019" class="citation book cs1">Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237">A History of the Czech Lands</a>. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-246-2227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-246-2227-9"><bdi>978-80-246-2227-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Czech+Lands&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Charles+University+in+Prague%2C+Karolinum+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-80-246-2227-9&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft.au=T%C5%AFma%2C+Old%C5%99ich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou">The Empire of the Steppes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/266">266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38ciAe4J4VMC">Geopolitics of the Central European region: the view from Prague and Bratislava</a>. p.293. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-224-0852-2" title="Special:BookSources/80-224-0852-2">80-224-0852-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717233917/http://archiv.radio.cz/history_96/history07.html">"RP's History Online – Habsburgs"</a>. Archiv.radio.cz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.radio.cz/history_96/history07.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011. 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Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135923112&rft.aulast=Dijk&rft.aufirst=Ruud+van&rft.au=Gray%2C+William+Glenn&rft.au=Savranskaya%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Suri%2C+Jeremi&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Qiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgX0bQ3Enj4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenbacher2002" class="citation book cs1">Rothenbacher, Franz (2002). The European Population 1850–1945. Palgrave Macmillan, London. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-65611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-65611-0"><bdi>978-1-349-65611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Population+1850%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan%2C+London.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-349-65611-0&rft.aulast=Rothenbacher&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chad_Bryant" title="Chad Bryant">Chad Bryant</a> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Prague-Black-Nazi-Czech-Nationalism/dp/0674034597/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2EJVFZM8S7A68&keywords=prague+in+black+nazi+rule+and+czech+nationalism&qid=1640960562&sprefix=prague+in+black+%2Caps%2C745&sr=8-1">Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism</a> (Harvard University Press, 2009), pp 104–178. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ks0WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA160">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a>. Basic Books. p. 160. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465002390" title="Special:BookSources/0465002390">0465002390</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA409">A Companion to Russian History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906054042/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA409">Archived</a> 6 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Abbott Gleason (2009). Wiley-Blackwell. p.409. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3560-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3560-3">1-4051-3560-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chad_Bryant" title="Chad Bryant">Chad Bryant</a> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Prague-Black-Nazi-Czech-Nationalism/dp/0674034597/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2EJVFZM8S7A68&keywords=prague+in+black+nazi+rule+and+czech+nationalism&qid=1640960562&sprefix=prague+in+black+%2Caps%2C745&sr=8-1">Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism</a> (Harvard University Press, 2009), 208–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> F. 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Lexington Books. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6733-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6733-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-6733-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechoslovakia+and+the+Czech+Republic+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-6733-5&rft.aulast=Cabada&rft.aufirst=Ladislav&rft.au=Waisov%C3%A1%2C+%C5%A0%C3%A1rka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPS76MzGVjSwC%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuklík2015-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuklík2015_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuklík2015_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuklík2015_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuklík2015_102-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuklík2015" class="citation book cs1">Kuklík, Jan (2015). 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Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Henley+%26+Partners+Visa+Restrictions+Index+2018.+Data+accurate+as+of+16+January+2018.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.henleyglobal.com%2Ffiles%2Fdownload%2FHPI2018%2FPI%25202018%2520INFOGRAPHS%2520GLOBAL%2520180215.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123123959/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/2015visaopennessreportonline.pdf">"Visa Openness Report 2016"</a> (PDF). World Tourism Organization. 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World Jewish Congress. Retrieved 16 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czechia&rft.pub=World+Jewish+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldjewishcongress.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fcommunities%2FCZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church" title="Czechoslovak Hussite Church">Czechoslovak Hussite Church</a> contains mixed Protestant, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and national elements. Classifying it as either one is disputable. For more details and dispute about this, see <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church" title="Czechoslovak Hussite Church">Czechoslovak Hussite Church</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engt/24003E05ED/$File/4032080119.pdf">"Population by denomination and sex: as measured by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses"</a> (PDF) (in Czech and English). Czech Statistical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195344/http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engt/24003E05ED/$File/4032080119.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+denomination+and+sex%3A+as+measured+by+1921%2C+1930%2C+1950%2C+1991+and+2001+censuses&rft.pub=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fcsu%2F2008edicniplan.nsf%2Fengt%2F24003E05ED%2F%24File%2F4032080119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/">"Europe's Growing Muslim Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 29 November 2017. 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Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4237-3585-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4237-3585-4"><bdi>978-1-4237-3585-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%C5%99%C3%ADzek.%22+From+Good+King+Wenceslaus+to+the+Good+Soldier+%C5%A0vejk%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Czech+Popular+Culture.&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Hungary&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4237-3585-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČiháková" class="citation web cs1">Čiháková, Jana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cz-test.cz/clanek/hleda-se-skutecne-cesky-dezert-uhadnete-ktery-to-je">"Hledá se skutečně český dezert. 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Retrieved 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iDNES.cz&rft.atitle=V+televizi+u+%C4%8Cech%C5%AF+vede+fotbal+a+hokej%2C+sledovanost+zved%C3%A1+atraktivita+z%C3%A1pasu&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idnes.cz%2Fzpravy%2Fmediahub%2Fsledovanost-sportovni-prenosy-o2-tv-telly.A230808_103342_mediahub_jpl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediaguru.cz/clanky/2016/02/ct-sport-vysila-deset-let-nejsledovanejsi-byl-hokej/">"ČT sport vysílá deset let, nejsledovanější byl hokej"</a>. MediaGuru.cz (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003526/https://www.mediaguru.cz/clanky/2016/02/ct-sport-vysila-deset-let-nejsledovanejsi-byl-hokej/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MediaGuru.cz&rft.atitle=%C4%8CT+sport+vys%C3%ADl%C3%A1+deset+let%2C+nejsledovan%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD+byl+hokej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaguru.cz%2Fclanky%2F2016%2F02%2Fct-sport-vysila-deset-let-nejsledovanejsi-byl-hokej%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prague.fm/11845/pragues-most-popular-sports/">"Prague's Most Popular Sports"</a>. Prague.fm. 21 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131643/http://www.prague.fm/11845/pragues-most-popular-sports/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prague%27s+Most+Popular+Sports&rft.pub=Prague.fm&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prague.fm%2F11845%2Fpragues-most-popular-sports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idnes.cz/sport/ostatni/golf-florbal-a-hokejbal-pronikly-mezi-nejoblibenejsi-ceske-sporty.A091011_125801_sporty_par">"Golf, florbal a hokejbal pronikly mezi nejoblíbenější české sporty"</a>. iDNES.cz. 11 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iDNES.cz&rft.atitle=Golf%2C+florbal+a+hokejbal+pronikly+mezi+nejobl%C3%ADben%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9+sporty&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idnes.cz%2Fsport%2Fostatni%2Fgolf-florbal-a-hokejbal-pronikly-mezi-nejoblibenejsi-ceske-sporty.A091011_125801_sporty_par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czehockey.cz/history">"History, Český hokej"</a>. Czehockey.cz. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czehockey.cz&rft.atitle=History%2C+%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD+hokej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czehockey.cz%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtx.cz/en/history-of-mtx-metalex/">"History of MTX"</a>. METALEX – MTX (in Czech). Retrieved 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=METALEX+%E2%80%93+MTX&rft.atitle=History+of+MTX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtx.cz%2Fen%2Fhistory-of-mtx-metalex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expats.cz/prague/article/czech-tourism/hiking-in-the-czech-republic/p1">"Hiking in the Czech Republic"</a>. Expats. 16 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023203911/http://www.expats.cz/prague/article/czech-tourism/hiking-in-the-czech-republic/p1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiking+in+the+Czech+Republic&rft.pub=Expats&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expats.cz%2Fprague%2Farticle%2Fczech-tourism%2Fhiking-in-the-czech-republic%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kct.cz/cms/turisticke-znaceni-kct">"Turistické značení KČT"</a>. KČT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215161119/http://www.kct.cz/cms/turisticke-znaceni-kct">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turistick%C3%A9+zna%C4%8Den%C3%AD+K%C4%8CT&rft.pub=K%C4%8CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kct.cz%2Fcms%2Fturisticke-znaceni-kct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angi, János (1997). "A nyugati szláv államok" [Western Slavic states]. In Pósán, László; Papp, Imre; Bárány, Attila; Orosz, István; Angi, János (eds.). Európa a korai középkorban [Europe in the Early Middle Ages] (in Hungarian). Multiplex Media – Debrecen University Press. pp. 358–365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-04-9196-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-04-9196-9"><bdi>978-963-04-9196-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+nyugati+szl%C3%A1v+%C3%A1llamok&rft.btitle=Eur%C3%B3pa+a+korai+k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorban&rft.pages=358-365&rft.pub=Multiplex+Media+%E2%80%93+Debrecen+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-963-04-9196-9&rft.aulast=Angi&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+Republic" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bryant, Chad (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674048652">Prague: Belonging and the Modern City</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674048652" title="Special:BookSources/9780674048652">9780674048652</a>.</li> <li>Hochman, Jiří (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dx4LnRC8hSQC">Historical Ddictionary of the Czech State</a>. Lanham, Md. and London: The Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810833387" title="Special:BookSources/0810833387">0810833387</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vlada.cz/en/">Governmental website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrad.cz/en">Presidential website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senat.cz/index-eng.php">Senate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.gov.cz/">Portal of the Public Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitczechia.com/en-US">#VisitCzechia</a> – official tourist portal of the Czech Republic</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of the Czech Republic">Wikimedia Atlas of the Czech Republic</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/51684">Czech Republic</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Czech Republic at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesko" class="extiw" title="c:Česko">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Czech Republic">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="q:Czech Republic">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Czech_lands" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Czech lands">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="voy:Czech Republic">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Czech_Republic_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Template:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Template talk:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Czech_Republic_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czech Republic</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526–1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867–1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/80px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/120px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/160px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1234" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphological_division_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geomorphological division of the Czech Republic">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Protected areas of the Czech Republic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of rivers of the Czech Republic">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Czech Republic">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Districts of the Czech Republic">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Judiciary of the Czech Republic">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Czech Republic">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law of the Czech Republic">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of political parties in the Czech Republic">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Electricity sector in the Czech Republic">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Koruna (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_deposits_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Oil and gas deposits in the Czech Republic">Oil and gas deposits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Stock_Exchange" title="Prague Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Tourism in the Czech Republic">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Transport in the Czech Republic">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Czech Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Crime in the Czech Republic">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Healthcare in the Czech Republic">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Irreligion in the Czech Republic">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Czech Republic">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prostitution in the Czech Republic">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_art" title="Czech art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_architecture" title="Czech architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">Rondocubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák">Panelák (architectural style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Sport in the Czech Republic">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Television in the Czech Republic">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Outline of the Czech Republic">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czech_Republic%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Czech Republic–related topics">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Czech_Republic" title="Category:Czech Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_the_Czech_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_the_Czech_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to the Czech Republic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012290990X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137159957">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1256743/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4303381-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90718759">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12004532d">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119797263">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12004532d">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119797263">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577401">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128065&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453741">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000104455&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2713">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565251505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511961006706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/51d34c28-61bf-3d21-849f-7492672a9d44">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10193443?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/ba5be14c-b599-41a3-b83b-2e3bcccd26b8">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/B2cwIEho">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/073704040">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028763">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10036710">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\Z\CzechRepublic">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" 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