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id="toc-Historical_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Middle Ages and early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Before World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitteleuropa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitteleuropa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mitteleuropa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitteleuropa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Central Europe during World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe_behind_the_Iron_Curtain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe_behind_the_Iron_Curtain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe_behind_the_Iron_Curtain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias,_gazetteers,_dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias,_gazetteers,_dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Encyclopedias, gazetteers, dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias,_gazetteers,_dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Geographical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_and_standards_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_and_standards_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Governmental and standards organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_and_standards_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Map_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Map_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Map gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Map_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_countries_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Other countries and regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Currencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_Development_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Development_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Human Development Index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_Development_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Globalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosperity_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosperity_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Prosperity Index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosperity_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_transport_and_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_transport_and_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>River transport and canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_transport_and_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.4</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Education performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_European_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_European_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Central European University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_European_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Democracy Index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Peace_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Peace_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Global Peace Index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Peace_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_European_Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_European_Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Central European Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_European_Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%ABrupa_Teungoh" title="Iërupa Teungoh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Iërupa Teungoh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentraal-Europa" title="Sentraal-Europa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sentraal-Europa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mitteleuropa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%95%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8D%93" title="ማዕከላዊ አውሮፓ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማዕከላዊ አውሮፓ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="أوروبا الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوروبا الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Central" title="Europa Central – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Europa Central" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_centr%C3%A2la" title="Eropa centrâla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Eropa centrâla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Central" title="Europa Central – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Europa Central" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyte_Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Mbyte Európa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyte Európa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rk%C9%99zi_Avropa" title="Mərkəzi Avropa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərkəzi Avropa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اورتا اوروپا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورتا اوروپا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="মধ্য ইউরোপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্য ইউরোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong_Au-chiu" title="Tiong Au-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong Au-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Үҙәк Европа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҙәк Европа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Цэнтральная Еўропа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэнтральная Еўропа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Цэнтральная Эўропа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цэнтральная Эўропа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Централна Европа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Централна Европа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleiropa" title="Middleiropa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Middleiropa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_Evropa" title="Srednja Evropa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srednja Evropa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_ar_C%27hreiz" title="Europa ar C'hreiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Europa ar C'hreiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Central" title="Europa Central – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Europa Central" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Вăта Европа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăта Европа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edn%C3%AD_Evropa" title="Střední Evropa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Střední Evropa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolbarth_Ewrop" title="Canolbarth Ewrop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canolbarth Ewrop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraleuropa" title="Centraleuropa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Centraleuropa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mitteleuropa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjej%C5%BAna_Europa" title="Srjejźna Europa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Srjejźna Europa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesk-Euroopa" title="Kesk-Euroopa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kesk-Euroopa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Κεντρική Ευρώπη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεντρική Ευρώπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_central" title="Europa central – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Europa central" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meze%C5%ADropo" title="Mezeŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezeŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdialdeko_Europa" title="Erdialdeko Europa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erdialdeko Europa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اروپای مرکزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروپای مرکزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0evropa" title="Miðevropa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Miðevropa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_centrale" title="Europe centrale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Europe centrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintraal-Jeropa" title="Sintraal-Jeropa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sintraal-Jeropa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1r_na_hEorpa" title="Lár na hEorpa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lár na hEorpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_Evropa" title="Orta Evropa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Orta Evropa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_central" title="Europa central – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Europa central" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD" title="중앙유럽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중앙유럽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Կենտրոնական Եվրոպա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենտրոնական Եվրոպա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="मध्य यूरोप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्य यूरोप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjed%C5%BAna_Europa" title="Srjedźna Europa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Srjedźna Europa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_Europa" title="Srednja Europa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednja Europa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europa" title="Central Europa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Central Europa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengnga_nga_Europa" title="Tengnga nga Europa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tengnga nga Europa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_Tengah" title="Eropa Tengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eropa Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_central" title="Europa central – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Europa central" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Mið-Evrópa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mið-Evrópa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_centrale" title="Europa centrale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Europa centrale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="מרכז אירופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרכז אירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ropah_Tengah" title="Éropah Tengah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Éropah Tengah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="ცენტრალური ევროპა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცენტრალური ევროპა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Орталық Еуропа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орталық Еуропа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaya_ya_Kati" title="Ulaya ya Kati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulaya ya Kati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istefa_Europa" title="Istefa Europa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Istefa Europa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropaya_Navend%C3%AE" title="Ewropaya Navendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ewropaya Navendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Борбордук Европа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Борбордук Европа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_zentrela" title="Europa zentrela – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Europa zentrela" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_Sentrala" title="Evropa Sentrala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Evropa Sentrala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Media" title="Europa Media – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Europa Media" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centr%C4%81leiropa" title="Centrāleiropa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Centrāleiropa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidurio_Europa" title="Vidurio Europa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidurio Europa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal-Europa" title="Centraal-Europa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Centraal-Europa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_sentral" title="Europa sentral – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Europa sentral" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mijropno" title="mijropno – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mijropno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9p-Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Közép-Európa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közép-Európa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Средна Европа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средна Европа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%B4pa_Afovoany" title="Eorôpa Afovoany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eorôpa Afovoany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropa_%C4%8Aentrali" title="Ewropa Ċentrali – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ewropa Ċentrali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="मध्य युरोप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मध्य युरोप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="ცენტრალური ევროპა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცენტრალური ევროპა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="وسط اوروبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وسط اوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropah_Tengah" title="Eropah Tengah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eropah Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Төв Европ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төв Европ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal-Europa" title="Centraal-Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Centraal-Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraol-Europa" title="Centraol-Europa – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Centraol-Europa" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91" title="中央ヨーロッパ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中央ヨーロッパ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleuroopa" title="Madeleuroopa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Madeleuroopa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midl_Urup" title="Midl Urup – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Midl Urup" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentral-Europa" title="Sentral-Europa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sentral-Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentral-Europa" title="Sentral-Europa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sentral-Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Brope_du_Mitan" title="Ûrope du Mitan – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ûrope du Mitan" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Centrala" title="Euròpa Centrala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Euròpa Centrala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markaziy_Yevropa" title="Markaziy Yevropa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Markaziy Yevropa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA" title="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਯੂਰਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਯੂਰਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="وسطی یورپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وسطی یورپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropa_Sentral" title="Oropa Sentral – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oropa Sentral" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="منځنۍ اروپا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منځنۍ اروپا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleuropa" title="Middeleuropa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Middeleuropa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_%C5%9Arodkowa" title="Europa Środkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Europa Środkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Central" title="Europa Central – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Europa Central" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orayl%C4%B1q_Evropa" title="Oraylıq Evropa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oraylıq Evropa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Central%C4%83" title="Europa Centrală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Europa Centrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Centrala" title="Europa Centrala – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Europa Centrala" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Середня Европа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Середня Европа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Центральная Европа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральная Европа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_tzentrale" title="Europa tzentrale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Europa tzentrale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_Qendrore" title="Evropa Qendrore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Evropa Qendrore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_cintrali" title="Europa cintrali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Europa cintrali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Central Europe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="وچ يورپ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وچ يورپ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredn%C3%A1_Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Stredná Európa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredná Európa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_Evropa" title="Srednja Evropa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednja Evropa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BD%EA%99%97_%D0%84%D1%B5%D1%80%D1%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Срѣдьнꙗ Єѵрѡпа – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдьнꙗ Єѵрѡпа" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postrzodkow%C5%8F_Ojropa" title="Postrzodkowŏ Ojropa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Postrzodkowŏ Ojropa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ئەورووپای ناوەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەورووپای ناوەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Средња Европа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средња Европа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_Evropa" title="Srednja Evropa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srednja Evropa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keski-Eurooppa" title="Keski-Eurooppa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keski-Eurooppa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraleuropa" title="Centraleuropa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Centraleuropa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitnang_Europa" title="Gitnang Europa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gitnang Europa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="நடு ஐரோப்பா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடு ஐரோப்பா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruppa_talemmast" title="Uruppa talemmast – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uruppa talemmast" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Үзәк Аурупа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзәк Аурупа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ยุโรปกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุโรปกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_Avrupa" title="Orta Avrupa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Avrupa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkezi_%C3%9Dewropa" title="Merkezi Ýewropa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Merkezi Ýewropa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ka%CC%B1wa%CC%B1tyia%CC%B1_Yurop" title="A̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱ Yurop – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱ Yurop" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Центральна Європа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центральна Європа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="وسطی یورپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وسطی یورپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoropa_sentra%C5%82e" title="Eoropa sentrałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eoropa sentrałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_%C3%82u" title="Trung Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroal-Europa" title="Centroal-Europa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Centroal-Europa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butnga_nga_Europa" title="Butnga nga Europa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Butnga nga Europa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中欧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2" title="צענטראל-אייראפע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צענטראל-אייראפע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80ng%C3%A0n_%C3%80rin_Europe" title="Gbọ̀ngàn Àrin Europe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gbọ̀ngàn Àrin Europe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90" title="中歐 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中歐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropa_Miyan%C3%AAne" title="Ewropa Miyanêne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ewropa Miyanêne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraol-Europa" title="Centraol-Europa – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Centraol-Europa" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中欧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of Europe</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Different views of Central Europe</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_(Brockhaus).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.svg/200px-Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.svg/300px-Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.svg/400px-Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Central Europe according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2009),<sup id="cite_ref-Fact_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a></i> (1998). There are numerous other definitions and viewpoints.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/200px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/300px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/400px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="709" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The cultural-spatial borders of Europe according to the Standing Committee on Geographical Names, Germany. The map displays two different segment-bordering ways superimposed on each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Central Europe</b> is a geographical region of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> between <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, countries in this region also share historical and cultural similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst the region is variously defined, it often includes <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fact_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the early 16th century<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the early 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parts of present-day Croatia and Hungary were under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule. During the 17th century, the empire also occupied southern parts of present-day Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Early Modern period, the territories of Poland and Lithuania were part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> (Czech Republic), the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a> (part of present-day Slovenia), the various <a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">German Principalities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> were within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. By the end of the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, a prominent power within the Holy Roman Empire, came to reign over the territories of Austria, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia, alongside parts of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Poland and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the countries that make up Central Europe have historically been, and in some cases continue to be,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divided into either Eastern or Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, Europe was divided by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into two parts, the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, although Austria, Switzerland and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (encompassing the territories of present-day Croatia, Slovenia and various other <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> nations) declared neutrality. The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> was one of the most visible symbols of this division.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Respectively, countries in Central Europe have historical, cultural and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> ties with these wider regions of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central Europe began a "strategic awakening" in the late 20th and early 21st century,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Defence_Cooperation" title="Central European Defence Cooperation">Central European Defence Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrope" title="Centrope">Centrope</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Four Group</a>. This awakening was accelerated by writers and other intellectuals, who recognized the societal paralysis of decaying dictatorships and felt compelled to speak up against <a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet</a> oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-europarl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europarl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_perspective">Historical perspective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_early_modern_period">Middle Ages and early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early Middle Ages, Central Europe had a diverse landscape, with various ethnic groups inhabiting the region. <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>, among them the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a>, were predominantly situated in the west, while <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Slavic_peoples" title="List of early Slavic peoples">Slavic tribes</a> were predominantly in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the region encompassed a wide spectrum of additional tribes and communities. </p><p>From the late 6th century to the early 9th century, the area roughly corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> was part of the Avar Khaganate, the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Avars dominated the east of what is now Austria, its north and south were under Germanic and Slavic influence, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the territories now comprising Germany and Switzerland were under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Slavic tribes that inhabited eastern Central Europe established settlements during this period, primarily in present-day Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of Lithuania was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> tribes. Amongst them were the <a href="/wiki/Samogitians" title="Samogitians">Samogitians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitians" class="mw-redirect" title="Aukštaitians">Aukštaitians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was founded at the turn of the 9th century, following the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its inception, it incorporated present-day Germany and nearby regions, including parts of what is now Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Switzerland. Three decades later, <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, centred in present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia, became one of the first West Slavic states to be founded in Central Europe. In the late 9th Century, the <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">Hungarian tribes</a>, originating in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> settled in the Carpathian Basin and established the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest recorded concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simply a geographic term) was formed by <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuin of York">Alcuin of York</a> in the late 8th century during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>, limited to the territories that practised <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> at the time. "European" as a cultural term did not include much of the territories where the Orthodox Church represented the dominant religion until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Christianization of various Central European countries, elements of cultural unity emerged within the region, specifically <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Eastern Europe remained <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> cultural influence. After the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> in 1054, significant parts of Eastern Europe developed cultural unity and resistance to Catholic Western and Central Europe within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> language and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002chapter_11_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002chapter_11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greyerz_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greyerz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francia_814.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish Empire and its tributaries in 814"><img alt="Frankish Empire and its tributaries in 814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Francia_814.svg/120px-Francia_814.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Francia_814.svg/180px-Francia_814.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Francia_814.svg/240px-Francia_814.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributaries</a> in 814</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Francia_843.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="East Francia in 843"><img alt="East Francia in 843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_Francia_843.svg/120px-East_Francia_843.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_Francia_843.svg/180px-East_Francia_843.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_Francia_843.svg/240px-East_Francia_843.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> in 843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_moravia_svatopluk.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Possible furthest extent of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I (870–894)"><img alt="Possible furthest extent of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I (870–894)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/120px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/180px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/240px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Possible furthest extent of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk I</a> (870–894)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Poland_1000.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Duchy of Poland under the Piast dynasty in 1000"><img alt="Duchy of Poland under the Piast dynasty in 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Duchy_of_Poland_1000.svg/120px-Duchy_of_Poland_1000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Duchy_of_Poland_1000.svg/180px-Duchy_of_Poland_1000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Duchy_of_Poland_1000.svg/240px-Duchy_of_Poland_1000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Duchy of Poland</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> in 1000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Bohemia_1000.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Duchy of Bohemia (Czech Duchy) in 1000"><img alt="Duchy of Bohemia (Czech Duchy) in 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Duchy_of_Bohemia_1000.svg/120px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_1000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Duchy_of_Bohemia_1000.svg/180px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_1000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Duchy_of_Bohemia_1000.svg/240px-Duchy_of_Bohemia_1000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> (Czech Duchy) in 1000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Germany_1004.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Germany in 1004"><img alt="Kingdom of Germany in 1004" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kingdom_of_Germany_1004.svg/120px-Kingdom_of_Germany_1004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kingdom_of_Germany_1004.svg/180px-Kingdom_of_Germany_1004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kingdom_of_Germany_1004.svg/240px-Kingdom_of_Germany_1004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> in 1004</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Hungary in 1190"><img alt="Kingdom of Hungary in 1190" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg/120px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg/180px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg/240px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1190</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatia_1260.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Croatia in 1260"><img alt="Kingdom of Croatia in 1260" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Croatia_1260.png/120px-Croatia_1260.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Croatia_1260.png/180px-Croatia_1260.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Croatia_1260.png/240px-Croatia_1260.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Kingdom of Croatia</a> in 1260</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_(c._1600).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Roman Empire in 1600"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire in 1600" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Holy_Roman_Empire_%28c._1600%29.svg/120px-Holy_Roman_Empire_%28c._1600%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Holy_Roman_Empire_%28c._1600%29.svg/180px-Holy_Roman_Empire_%28c._1600%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Holy_Roman_Empire_%28c._1600%29.svg/240px-Holy_Roman_Empire_%28c._1600%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1600</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1619%E2%80%931621).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its fiefs in 1619"><img alt="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its fiefs in 1619" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%E2%80%931621%29.png/118px-Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%E2%80%931621%29.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%E2%80%931621%29.png/178px-Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%E2%80%931621%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%E2%80%931621%29.png/237px-Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%E2%80%931621%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> in 1619</div> </li> </ul> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Sz%C5%B1cs" title="Jenő Szűcs">Jenő Szűcs</a>, at the end of the first millennium Central Europe became influenced by Western European developments. Szűcs argued that between the 11th and 15th centuries, not only did Christianization influence the cultures within Central Europe, but well-defined social features were also implemented in the region based on Western characteristics. The keyword of Western social development after the turn of the millennium was the spread of <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg rights</a> in some cities and towns of Western Europe. These began to spread in the middle of the 13th century in Central European countries, bringing about self-governments of towns and counties.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1335, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">Kings of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Hungary and Croatia</a> met in the castle of <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a><sup id="cite_ref-Halman_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halman-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and agreed to cooperate closely in the field of politics and commerce, inspiring the post-<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halman_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halman-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1386, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Jogaila</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, converted to Christianity (specifically Catholicism) and subsequently became King of Poland through marriage to <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Queen Jadwiga of Poland</a>. This initiated the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">Christianization of Lithuania</a>. It also resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Krewo" title="Union of Krewo">Union of Krewo</a>, signifying a personal union between the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and the Kingdom of Poland. The union commenced an enduring political alliance between the two entities and laid the foundations for the later establishment of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 15th and early 16th centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia, which was at the time in <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">personal union</a> with the Kingdom of Hungary, served as a significant maritime gateway of Central Europe, with its ports facilitating key trade routes between Central Europe and the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> emerged as a prominent hub for cultural exchange during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Ottoman and Habsburg wars of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">under Habsburg rule</a>, began to regain its position as a significant trade route, restoring ports and revitalising commercial activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_World_War_I">Before World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_1902.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Central_Europe_1902.PNG/220px-Central_Europe_1902.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Central_Europe_1902.PNG/330px-Central_Europe_1902.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Central_Europe_1902.PNG/440px-Central_Europe_1902.PNG 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A view of Central Europe dating from the time before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1902):<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Central European countries and regions: Germany and Austria-Hungary (without <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia & Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8080; color:black;"> </span> Regions located at the transition between Central Europe and Southeastern/Eastern Europe: <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1870, the industrialization that had started to develop in Northwestern and Central Europe and the United States did not extend in any significant way to the rest of the world. Even in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, industrialization lagged far behind. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, for example, remained largely rural and agricultural, and its autocratic rulers kept the peasants in serfdom.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of Central Europe was already known at the beginning of the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-essex.ac.uk_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essex.ac.uk-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it developed further and became an object of intensive interest towards the 20th century. However, the first concept mixed science, politics, and economy – it was strictly connected with the aspirations of German states to dominate a part of European continent called <i>Mitteleuropa</i>. At the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a>, which was established in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">March Revolution</a> of 1848, there were multiple competing ideas for the integration of German-speaking areas, including the <i>mitteleuropäische Lösung</i> (Central European Solution) propagated by Austria, which sought to merge the smaller German-speaking states with the multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire, but was opposed by Prussia and others. An imperialistic idea of <i>Mitteleuropa</i> also became popular in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> established in 1871, which experienced intensive economic growth. The term was used when the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_German_Railway_Administrations" title="Union of German Railway Administrations">Union of German Railway Administrations</a> established the <i>Mitteleuropäische Eisenbahn-Zeit</i> (Central European Railway Time) <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zone</a>, which was applied by the railways from 1 June 1891 and was later widely adopted in civilian life, thus the time zone name shortened to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeit-MEZ_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-MEZ-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German term denoting Central Europe was so fashionable that other languages started referring to it when indicating territories from <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this vision of Central Europe may be seen in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Partsch" title="Joseph Partsch">Joseph Partsch</a>'s book of 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 January 1904, <i>Mitteleuropäischer Wirtschaftsverein</i> (Central European Economic Association) was established in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> with economic integration of Germany and Austria (with eventual extension to Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) as its main aim. Another time, the term Central Europe became connected to the German plans of political, economic, and cultural domination. The "bible" of the concept was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Friedrich Naumann</a>'s book <i>Mitteleuropa</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he called for an economic federation to be established after World War I. Naumann's proposed a federation with Germany and the Habsburg empire as its centre, eventually uniting all external European nations through economic prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept failed after the German defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Central_Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Central Europe">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The revival of the idea may be observed during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Hitler era</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Central_Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Central Europe">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_(Geographie_universelle,_1927).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Central_Europe_%28Geographie_universelle%2C_1927%29.svg/220px-Central_Europe_%28Geographie_universelle%2C_1927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Central_Europe_%28Geographie_universelle%2C_1927%29.svg/330px-Central_Europe_%28Geographie_universelle%2C_1927%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Central_Europe_%28Geographie_universelle%2C_1927%29.svg/440px-Central_Europe_%28Geographie_universelle%2C_1927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar</a> Central Europe according to Emmanuel de Martonne (1927)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avantgarde_CE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Avantgarde_CE.svg/220px-Avantgarde_CE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Avantgarde_CE.svg/330px-Avantgarde_CE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Avantgarde_CE.svg/440px-Avantgarde_CE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">CE countries, <i>Sourcebook of Central European Avant-Gardes 1910–1930</i> (L.A. County Museum of Art)<sup id="cite_ref-Between_Worlds_–_The_MIT_Press_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Between_Worlds_–_The_MIT_Press-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> (1918–1938) brought a new geopolitical system, as well as economic and political problems, and the concept of Central Europe took on a different character. The centre of interest was moved to its eastern part – particularly to the countries that had (re)appeared on the map of Europe. Central Europe ceased to be the area of German aspiration to lead or dominate and became a territory of various integration movements aiming at resolving political, economic, and national problems of "new" states, being a way to face German and Soviet pressures. However, the conflict of interests was too big and neither <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a> (<i>Międzymorze</i>) ideas succeeded. Hungarian historian Ádám Magda wrote in her study <i>Versailles System and Central Europe</i> (2006): "Today we know that the bane of Central Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>, military alliance of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Romania and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (later Yugoslavia), created in 1921 not for Central Europe's cooperation nor to fight German expansion, but in a wrong perceived notion that a completely powerless Hungary must be kept down".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">events preceding World War II in Europe</a>—including the so-called <a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> were very much enabled by the rising nationalism and ethnocentrism that typified that period. </p><p>The interwar period brought new elements to the concept of Central Europe. Before World War I, it embraced mainly German-speaking states, with non-German speaking territories being an area of intended German penetration and domination – German leadership was to be the 'natural' result of economic dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-essex.ac.uk_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essex.ac.uk-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-war, the Eastern part of Central Europe was placed at the centre of the concept. At that time the scientists took an interest in the idea: the International Historical Congress in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in 1923 was committed to Central Europe, and the 1933 Congress continued the discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-ehr.oxfordjournals.org_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehr.oxfordjournals.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Martonne" title="Emmanuel de Martonne">Emmanuel de Martonne</a>, in 1927, Central Europe encompassed Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Switzerland, northern Italy and northern Yugoslavia. The author uses both Human and Physical Geographical features to define Central Europe, but he doesn't take into account the legal development or the social, cultural, economic, and infrastructural developments in these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The avant-garde movements of Central Europe contributed to the evolution of modernism, reaching its peak throughout the continent during the 1920s. The <i>Sourcebook of Central European avantgards</i> (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) contains primary documents of the avant-gardes in the territories of Austria, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia from 1910 to 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Between_Worlds_–_The_MIT_Press_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Between_Worlds_–_The_MIT_Press-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mitteleuropa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</a> around 1800, there was a consolidation of power among the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollerns">Hohenzollerns</a> as the two major states in the area. They had much in common and occasionally cooperated in various channels, but more often competed. One approach in the various attempts at cooperation, was the conception of a set of supposed common features and interests, and this idea led to the first discussions of a <i>Mitteleuropa</i> in the mid-nineteenth century, as espoused by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Bruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Ludwig Bruck">Karl Ludwig Bruck</a>. These were mostly based on economic issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006296-297_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006296-297-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i> may refer to a historical concept or a contemporary German definition of Central Europe. As a historical concept, the German term <i>Mitteleuropa</i> (or alternatively its literal translation into English, <i>Middle Europe</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996165_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996165-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an ambiguous German concept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996165_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996165-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes used in English to refer to an area somewhat larger than most conceptions of 'Central Europe'. According to <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fritz Fischer</a> <i>Mitteleuropa</i> was a scheme in the era of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Reich of 1871–1918</a> by which the old imperial elites had allegedly sought to build a system of German economic, military and political domination from the northern seas to the Near East and from the Low Countries through the steppes of Russia to the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes199416_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes199416-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, professor Fritz Epstein argued the threat of a Slavic "Drang nach Westen" (Western expansion) had been a major factor in the emergence of a <i>Mitteleuropa</i> ideology before the Reich of 1871 ever came into being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes199417_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes199417-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany the connotation was also sometimes linked to the pre-war German provinces east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Mitteleuropa" conjures up negative historical associations among some people, although the Germans have not played an exclusively negative role in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19966_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19966-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Central European Jews embraced the enlightened German humanistic culture of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19967_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19967-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews of turn of the 20th century Central Europe became representatives of what many consider to be Central European culture at its best, though the Nazi conceptualisation of "Mitteleuropa" sought to destroy this culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19967,_165,_170_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19967,_165,_170-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Mitteleuropa" is widely used in German education and media without negative meaning, especially since the end of communism. Many people from the <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">new states of Germany</a> do not identify themselves as being part of Western Europe and therefore prefer the term "Mitteleuropa".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe_during_World_War_II">Central Europe during World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central Europe during World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, Central Europe was largely occupied by Nazi Germany. Many areas were a battle area and were devastated. The mass murder of the Jews depopulated many of their centuries-old settlement areas or settled other people there and their culture was wiped out. Both <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> diametrically opposed the centuries-old Habsburg principles of "live and let live" with regard to ethnic groups, peoples, minorities, religions, cultures and languages and tried to assert their own ideologies and power interests in Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were various Allied plans for state order in Central Europe for post-war. While Stalin tried to get as many states under his control as possible, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> preferred a Central European Danube Confederation to counter these countries against Germany and Russia. There were also plans to add Bavaria and Württemberg to an enlarged Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also various resistance movements around <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> that pursued this goal. The group around the Austrian priest <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a> also planned in this direction, which also successfully helped the Allies to wage war by, among other things, forwarding production sites and plans for <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_tank" title="Tiger tank">Tiger tanks</a> and aircraft to the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otto von Habsburg tried to relieve Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and northern Yugoslavia (particularly the territories of present-day Croatia and Slovenia) from Nazi German, and Soviet, influence and control.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were various considerations to prevent German and Soviet power in Europe after the war. Churchill's idea of reaching the area around Vienna before the Russians via an operation from the Adriatic had not been approved by the Western Allied chiefs of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the military situation at the end of the war, Stalin's plans prevailed and much of Central Europe came under Russian control.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe_behind_the_Iron_Curtain">Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States.png/220px-Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States.png/330px-Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States.png/440px-Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">Neutral and Non-Aligned European States</a> during the Cold War: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DFC56C; color:black;"> </span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral</a>: <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Sweden and Switzerland</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8BC870; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, parts of Central Europe became part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. The boundary between the two blocks was called the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. Austria, Switzerland and Yugoslavia remained neutral. </p><p>The post-World War II period brought blocking of research on Central Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries, as its every result proved the dissimilarity of Central Europe, which was inconsistent with the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> doctrine. On the other hand, the topic became popular in Western Europe and the United States, much of the research being carried out by immigrants from Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">Fall of Communism</a>, publicists and historians in Central Europe, especially the anti-communist opposition, returned to their research.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Karl A. Sinnhuber (<i>Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An Analysis of a Geographical Term</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Sinnhuber1954_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinnhuber1954-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most Central European states were unable to preserve their political independence and became <a href="/wiki/Soviet_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet satellites">Soviet satellites</a>. Besides Austria, Switzerland and Yugoslavia, only the marginal European states of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and Sweden preserved their political sovereignty to a certain degree, being left out of any military alliances in Europe. </p><p>The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> between Austria and Hungary at the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a> on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> to test the reaction of the USSR and Mikhail Gorbachev to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. This broke the bracket of the Eastern Bloc and Central Europe subsequently became free from communism.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to American professor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Tiersky" title="Ronald Tiersky">Ronald Tiersky</a>, the 1991 summit held in <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a> attended by the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a>, Hungarian and Polish presidents was hailed at the time as a major breakthrough in Central European cooperation, but the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> became a vehicle for coordinating Central Europe's road to the European Union, while development of closer ties within the region languished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiersky2004472_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiersky2004472-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floristic_regions_in_Europe_(english).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png/220px-Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png/330px-Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png/440px-Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="1435" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The European floristic regions</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpathian_Basin-Pannonian_Basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carpathian_Basin-Pannonian_Basin.jpg/220px-Carpathian_Basin-Pannonian_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carpathian_Basin-Pannonian_Basin.jpg/330px-Carpathian_Basin-Pannonian_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carpathian_Basin-Pannonian_Basin.jpg/440px-Carpathian_Basin-Pannonian_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> (west), the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a> (north and east), and the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> (southwest)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapcarpat2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mapcarpat2.png/220px-Mapcarpat2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mapcarpat2.png/330px-Mapcarpat2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mapcarpat2.png/440px-Mapcarpat2.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> countries (north-west to south-east): <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">CZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">AT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">PL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">SK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">HU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">UA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">RO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">RS</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>American professor <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a> described Central Europe as a way station in a Europeanization process that marks the transformation process of the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> countries in different, though comparable ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, in Germany's contemporary public discourse "Central European identity" refers to the civilizational divide between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that there is no precise way to define Central Europe and that the region may even include Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia and Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19974_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19974-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geopolitical_Challenges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Geopolitical_Challenges.jpg/220px-Geopolitical_Challenges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Geopolitical_Challenges.jpg/330px-Geopolitical_Challenges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Geopolitical_Challenges.jpg/440px-Geopolitical_Challenges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3560" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption>Geopolitical Challenges – Panel on the Future of Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>The issue of how to name and define the Central European area is subject to debates. Very often, the definition depends on the nationality and historical perspective of its author. The concept of "Central Europe" appeared in the 19th century. It was understood as a contact zone between the Southern and Northern areas, and later the Eastern and Western areas of Europe. Thinkers portrayed "Central Europe" either as a separate region, or a buffer zone between these regions. </p><p>In the early nineteenth century, the terms "Middle" or "Central" Europe (known as "Mitteleuropa" in German and "Europe centrale" in French) were introduced in geographical scholarship in both German and French languages. At first, these terms were linked to the regions spanning from the Pyrenees to the Danube, which, according to German authors, could be united under German authority. However, after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870, the French began to exclude France from this area, and later the Germans also adopted this perspective by the end of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-Aleksov_Piahanau_2020_pp7-8_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aleksov_Piahanau_2020_pp7-8-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of "Central" or "Middle Europe", understood as a region with German influence, lost a significant part of its popularity after WWI and was completely dismissed after WWII. Two defeats of Germany in the world wars, combined with the division of Germany, an almost complete disappearance of German-speaking communities in these countries, and the Communist-led isolation of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Yugoslavia from the Western world, turned the concept of "Central/Middle Europe" into an anachronism. On the other side, the non-German areas of Central Europe were almost universally regarded as "Eastern European" primarily associated with the Soviet sphere of influence in the late 1940s–1980s. </p><p>For the most part, this geographical framework lost its attraction after the end of the Cold War. A number of Post-Communist countries rather re-branded themselves in the 1990s as "Central European.", while avoiding the stained wording of "Middle Europe," which they associated with German influence in the region. This reinvented concept of "Central Europe" excluded Germany, Austria and Switzerland, reducing its coverage chiefly to Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania and Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Aleksov_Piahanau_2020_pp7-8_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aleksov_Piahanau_2020_pp7-8-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main proposed regional definitions, gathered by Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_K%C5%82oczowski" title="Jerzy Kłoczowski">Jerzy Kłoczowski</a>, include:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>West-Central and <a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a> – this conception, presented in 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinguishes two regions in Central Europe: German West-Centre, with the imperial tradition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></i>, and the East-Centre covered by a variety of nations <i>from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></i>, placed between the great empires of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, Germany, Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.</li> <li>Central Europe as the area of the cultural heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a>, Belarusian and Lithuanian historians, in cooperation (since 1990) with Polish historians, insist on the importance of this concept.</li> <li>Central Europe as a region connected to <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western civilisation</a> since the foundation of the local states and churches, including countries such as the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Kingdom of Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, later <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Bohemia">Crown of Bohemia</a>. Central Europe understood in this way borders on Russia and South-Eastern Europe, but the exact frontier of the region is difficult to determine.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg/300px-Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg/450px-Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg/600px-Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Habsburg-ruled lands</a> (divided between <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithanian</a>/Austrian-administered and <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Transalthanian</a>/Hungarian-administered)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Central Europe as the area of the former Habsburg Empire<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – a concept which is popular in regions along the river <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, large parts of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Central_Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Central Europe">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Also, smaller parts of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Central_Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Central Europe">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Central_Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Central Europe">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A concept underlining the links connecting <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> with Russia and treating the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> together with the whole <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> population as one entity – this position is taken by Russian historiographers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Central_Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Central Europe">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A concept putting the accent on links with the West,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Central_Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Central Europe">discuss</a></i>]</sup> especially from the 19th century and the grand period of liberation and formation of Nation-states – this idea is represented by the <a href="/wiki/South-Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Eastern Europe">South-Eastern</a> states, which prefer the enlarged concept of the "East Centre" expressing their links with <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Central_Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Central Europe">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Former University of Vienna professor Lonnie R. Johnson points out criteria to distinguish Central Europe from Western, Northern, Eastern and Southern Europe:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>One criterion for defining Central Europe is the frontiers of medieval empires and kingdoms that largely correspond to the religious frontiers between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> West and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pagans of Central Europe were converted to Catholicism while in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern</a> and Eastern Europe they were brought into the fold of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multinational empires were a characteristic of Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, small and medium-size states today, were empires during their early histories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> was until 1918 three times larger than present-day Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest state in Europe in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both these kingdoms housed a wide variety of different peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>He also thinks that Central Europe is a dynamic historical concept, not a static spatial one. For example, a fair share of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a> are in Eastern Europe today, but 240 years ago they were in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's study on Central Europe received acclaim and positive reviews in the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Romanian researcher <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bucur" title="Maria Bucur">Maria Bucur</a>, this very ambitious project suffers from the weaknesses imposed by its scope (almost 1600 years of history).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedias,_gazetteers,_dictionaries"><span id="Encyclopedias.2C_gazetteers.2C_dictionaries"></span>Encyclopedias, gazetteers, dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Encyclopedias, gazetteers, dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fact_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines Central Europe as: Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i> includes: Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland. While it does not have a single article defining Central Europe, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> includes the following countries in Central Europe in one or more of its articles: Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatia,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Czech Republic, Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland. </p><p>The German Encyclopaedia <i>Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon</i> (<i>Meyers Big Pocket Encyclopedia</i>), 1999, defines Central Europe as the central part of Europe with no precise borders to the East and West. The term is mostly used to denominate the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Schelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Schelde">Schelde</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Gate" title="Moravian Gate">Moravian Gate</a>. </p><p>According to <i>Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Europe is a part of Europe composed of Austria, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, Poland, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and Switzerland, and northern marginal regions of Italy and Yugoslavia (northern states – <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>), as well as northeastern France. </p><p>The German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4ndiger_Ausschuss_f%C3%BCr_geographische_Namen" class="extiw" title="de:Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen">Ständige Ausschuss für geographische Namen</a></i></span> (Standing Committee on Geographical Names), which develops and recommends rules for the uniform use of geographical names, proposes two sets of boundaries. The first follows international borders of current countries. The second subdivides and includes some countries based on cultural criteria. In comparison to some other definitions, it is broader, including Luxembourg, Estonia, Latvia, and in the second sense, parts of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Italy, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_2005_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical">Geographical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geographical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Travel_time_by_car_or_ferry_from_the_geographical_center_of_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Travel_time_by_car_or_ferry_from_the_geographical_center_of_Europe.jpg/220px-Travel_time_by_car_or_ferry_from_the_geographical_center_of_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Travel_time_by_car_or_ferry_from_the_geographical_center_of_Europe.jpg/330px-Travel_time_by_car_or_ferry_from_the_geographical_center_of_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Travel_time_by_car_or_ferry_from_the_geographical_center_of_Europe.jpg/440px-Travel_time_by_car_or_ferry_from_the_geographical_center_of_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Travel time by car or ferry from the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_center_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical center of Europe">geographical center of Europe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no general agreement either on what geographic area constitutes Central Europe, nor on how to further subdivide it geographically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi200220_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi200220-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At times, the term "Central Europe" denotes a geographic definition as the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> region in the heart of the continent, including the language and culture areas which are today included in the states of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and usually also <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZepetnek201124_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZepetnek201124-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_and_standards_organisations">Governmental and standards organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governmental and standards organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terminology EU11 countries refer the Central, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic European</a> member states which accessed in 2004 and after: in 2004 Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and Slovakia; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Map_gallery">Map gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Map gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_Katzenstein.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Europe according to Peter J. Katzenstein (1997):   The Visegrád Group countries are referred to as Central Europe in the book.[86]   Countries for which there is no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether they are parts of Central Europe or not[87]"><img alt="Central Europe according to Peter J. Katzenstein (1997):   The Visegrád Group countries are referred to as Central Europe in the book.[86]   Countries for which there is no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether they are parts of Central Europe or not[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Central_Europe_Katzenstein.png/120px-Central_Europe_Katzenstein.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Central_Europe_Katzenstein.png/180px-Central_Europe_Katzenstein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Central_Europe_Katzenstein.png/240px-Central_Europe_Katzenstein.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Europe according to <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a> (1997):<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> The Visegrád Group countries are referred to as Central Europe in the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#95e6ff; color:black;"> </span> Countries for which there is no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether they are parts of Central Europe or not<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19974_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19974-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visegrad_group_countries.png" class="mw-file-description" title="According to The Economist and Ronald Tiersky, a strict definition of Central Europe means the Visegrád Group.[85][104]"><img alt="According to The Economist and Ronald Tiersky, a strict definition of Central Europe means the Visegrád Group.[85][104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Visegrad_group_countries.png/117px-Visegrad_group_countries.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Visegrad_group_countries.png/176px-Visegrad_group_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Visegrad_group_countries.png/235px-Visegrad_group_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Tiersky" title="Ronald Tiersky">Ronald Tiersky</a>, a strict definition of Central Europe means the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiersky2004472_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiersky2004472-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-From_Visegrad_to_Mitteleuropa_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_Visegrad_to_Mitteleuropa-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_(Lonnie_R._Johnson)2.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Central Europe, according to Lonnie R. Johnson (2011):[105]   Countries usually considered Central European (citing the World Bank and the OECD)   Countries considered to be Central European only in the broader sense of the term"><img alt="Map of Central Europe, according to Lonnie R. Johnson (2011):[105]   Countries usually considered Central European (citing the World Bank and the OECD)   Countries considered to be Central European only in the broader sense of the term" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Central_Europe_%28Lonnie_R._Johnson%292.PNG/117px-Central_Europe_%28Lonnie_R._Johnson%292.PNG" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Central_Europe_%28Lonnie_R._Johnson%292.PNG/176px-Central_Europe_%28Lonnie_R._Johnson%292.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Central_Europe_%28Lonnie_R._Johnson%292.PNG/235px-Central_Europe_%28Lonnie_R._Johnson%292.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Central Europe, according to Lonnie R. Johnson (2011):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199616_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199616-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE0000; color:black;"> </span> Countries usually considered Central European (citing the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FEC5C5; color:black;"> </span> Countries considered to be Central European only in the broader sense of the term</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central-Europe-Encarta.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Central European countries in Encarta Encyclopedia (2009):[106]   Central European countries   Slovenia in "south central Europe""><img alt="Central European countries in Encarta Encyclopedia (2009):[106]   Central European countries   Slovenia in "south central Europe"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Central-Europe-Encarta.png/118px-Central-Europe-Encarta.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Central-Europe-Encarta.png/177px-Central-Europe-Encarta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Central-Europe-Encarta.png/236px-Central-Europe-Encarta.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central European countries in <a href="/wiki/Encarta_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encarta Encyclopedia">Encarta Encyclopedia</a> (2009):<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#520fff; color:white;"> </span> Central European countries</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#57c5fa; color:black;"> </span> Slovenia in "south central Europe"</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_(Meyers_Grosses_Taschenlexikon).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Central European Countries according to Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon (1999):   Countries usually considered Central European   Central European countries in the broader sense of the term   Countries occasionally considered to be Central European"><img alt="The Central European Countries according to Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon (1999):   Countries usually considered Central European   Central European countries in the broader sense of the term   Countries occasionally considered to be Central European" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Central_Europe_%28Meyers_Grosses_Taschenlexikon%29.PNG/120px-Central_Europe_%28Meyers_Grosses_Taschenlexikon%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Central_Europe_%28Meyers_Grosses_Taschenlexikon%29.PNG/180px-Central_Europe_%28Meyers_Grosses_Taschenlexikon%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Central_Europe_%28Meyers_Grosses_Taschenlexikon%29.PNG/240px-Central_Europe_%28Meyers_Grosses_Taschenlexikon%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Central European Countries according to Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon (1999):<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Countries usually considered Central European</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#74CC66; color:black;"> </span> Central European countries in the broader sense of the term</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> Countries occasionally considered to be Central European</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_(Brockhaus).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle Europe (Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, 1998)"><img alt="Middle Europe (Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, 1998)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.PNG/117px-Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.PNG/176px-Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.PNG/235px-Central_Europe_%28Brockhaus%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Middle Europe (Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, 1998)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central-Europe-SwanseaUniv.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Europe according to Swansea University professors Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries (1998)[107]"><img alt="Central Europe according to Swansea University professors Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries (1998)[107]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Central-Europe-SwanseaUniv.png/118px-Central-Europe-SwanseaUniv.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Central-Europe-SwanseaUniv.png/177px-Central-Europe-SwanseaUniv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Central-Europe-SwanseaUniv.png/236px-Central-Europe-SwanseaUniv.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Europe according to Swansea University professors Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_(by_E._Schenk).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Europe, as defined by E. Schenk (1950)[108]"><img alt="Central Europe, as defined by E. Schenk (1950)[108]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Central_Europe_%28by_E._Schenk%29.PNG/119px-Central_Europe_%28by_E._Schenk%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Central_Europe_%28by_E._Schenk%29.PNG/179px-Central_Europe_%28by_E._Schenk%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Central_Europe_%28by_E._Schenk%29.PNG/238px-Central_Europe_%28by_E._Schenk%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Europe, as defined by E. Schenk (1950)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_(by_A.Mutton).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Europe, according to Alice F. A. Mutton in Central Europe. A Regional and Human Geography (1961)"><img alt="Central Europe, according to Alice F. A. Mutton in Central Europe. A Regional and Human Geography (1961)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Central_Europe_%28by_A.Mutton%29.PNG/117px-Central_Europe_%28by_A.Mutton%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Central_Europe_%28by_A.Mutton%29.PNG/176px-Central_Europe_%28by_A.Mutton%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Central_Europe_%28by_A.Mutton%29.PNG/235px-Central_Europe_%28by_A.Mutton%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Europe, according to Alice F. A. Mutton in <i>Central Europe. A Regional and Human Geography</i> (1961)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_(Mayers_Enzyklopaedisches_Lexikon).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Europe according to Meyers Enzyklopaedisches Lexikon (1980)"><img alt="Central Europe according to Meyers Enzyklopaedisches Lexikon (1980)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Central_Europe_%28Mayers_Enzyklopaedisches_Lexikon%29.PNG/117px-Central_Europe_%28Mayers_Enzyklopaedisches_Lexikon%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Central_Europe_%28Mayers_Enzyklopaedisches_Lexikon%29.PNG/176px-Central_Europe_%28Mayers_Enzyklopaedisches_Lexikon%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Central_Europe_%28Mayers_Enzyklopaedisches_Lexikon%29.PNG/235px-Central_Europe_%28Mayers_Enzyklopaedisches_Lexikon%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Europe according to Meyers Enzyklopaedisches Lexikon (1980)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States">States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Regions_EuroVoc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/220px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/330px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/European_Regions_EuroVoc.png/440px-European_Regions_EuroVoc.png 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>European sub-regions according to <a href="/wiki/EuroVoc" title="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Central and Eastern Europe</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#67E863; color:black;"> </span> Western Europe</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F6D600; color:black;"> </span> Southern Europe</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0076D3; color:white;"> </span> Northern Europe</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The choice of states that make up <i>Central Europe</i> is an ongoing source of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although views on which countries belong to Central Europe are vastly varied, according to many sources (see section <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>) the region includes some or all of the states listed in the sections below: </p> <ul><li>Austria</li> <li>Croatia<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Czech Republic</li> <li>Germany</li> <li>Hungary</li> <li>Lithuania<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poland</li> <li>Slovakia</li> <li>Slovenia</li> <li>Switzerland</li> <li>Serbia</li></ul> <p>Depending on the context, Central European countries are sometimes not seen as a specific group, but sorted as either Eastern or Western European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un.org_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case Austria, Germany and Switzerland are often placed in Western Europe, while Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia are placed in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un.org_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eurovoc.europa.eu_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurovoc.europa.eu-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croatia is alternatively placed in Southeastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Hungary<sup id="cite_ref-:3_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Slovenia<sup id="cite_ref-:3_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are sometimes included in the region. </p><p> Lithuania is alternatively placed in Northeastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/220px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/330px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg/440px-Europe_subregion_map_UN_geoscheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Regions used for statistical processing purposes by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8080; color:black;"> </span> Eastern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un.org_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4080FF; color:black;"> </span> Northern Europe</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> Southern Europe</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> Western Europe</div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries_and_regions">Other countries and regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other countries and regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources also add regions of neighbouring countries for historical reasons, or based on geographical and/or cultural reasons: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (as a former part of the Habsburg monarchy, placed in Southern or Southeast Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (considered to have been part of 'Mitteleuropa', alternatively placed in Eastern, Northeastern or Northern Europe)</li> <li>Italy (<a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, Lombardy, and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> or all of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (considered to have been part of 'Mitteleuropa')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Russia (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zemun" title="Zemun">Northern Belgrade</a>, alternatively placed in Southeast Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZepetnek2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZepetnek2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Transcarpathia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Judy_Batt,_Kataryna_Wolczuk_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judy_Batt,_Kataryna_Wolczuk-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danubemap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Danubemap.jpg/300px-Danubemap.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Danubemap.jpg/450px-Danubemap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Danubemap.jpg/600px-Danubemap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> watercourse system throughout Central and Southeastern Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>Geography defines Central Europe's natural borders with the neighbouring regions to the north across the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, namely Northern Europe (or <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>), and to the south across the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennine peninsula">Apennine peninsula</a> (or Italy), and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi200220_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi200220-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across the <a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da" title="Soča">Soča</a>–<a href="/wiki/Krka_(Sava)" title="Krka (Sava)">Krka</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>–Danube line. The borders to Western Europe and Eastern Europe are geographically less defined, and for this reason the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and historical boundaries migrate more easily west–east than south–north. </p><p>Southwards, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> is bounded by the rivers <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> – and their respective floodplains.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> stretches over the following countries: <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and touches borders of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> ("peri- Pannonian states"). </p><p>South of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a> (spanning Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia and Switzerland),<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> extend for 650 kilometres along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> (northwest-southeast), from the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a> in the northwest down to the Šar-Korab massif, north–south. According to the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">mountain chain</a> is classified as <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">South Central European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in this area, for example, expressly sees itself as a <i>città mitteleuropea</i>. This is particularly because it lies at the interface between the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of German-speaking Europe">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a> on the one hand and the geographical area of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> on the other. A geographical and cultural assignment is made. </p><p>The Central European <a href="/wiki/Phytochorion" title="Phytochorion">flora region</a> stretches from Central France (the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a>) to the Northern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, Central <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>) and Southern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_in_Central_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Population_density_in_Central_Europe.png/300px-Population_density_in_Central_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Population_density_in_Central_Europe.png/450px-Population_density_in_Central_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Population_density_in_Central_Europe.png/600px-Population_density_in_Central_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Population density in Central European countries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg/300px-Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg/450px-Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg/600px-Population_density_map_of_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Population density (people per km<sup>2</sup>) by country</figcaption></figure> <p>Central Europe is one of the continent's most populous regions. It includes countries of varied sizes, ranging from tiny Liechtenstein to Germany, the second largest European country by population. Demographic figures for countries entirely located within notion of Central Europe ("the core countries") number around 173 million people, out of which around 82 million are residents of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other populations include: Poland with around 38.5 million residents,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech Republic at 10.5 million,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungary at 10 million,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria with 8.8 million, Switzerland with 8.5 million,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slovakia at 5.4 million,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatia with 4.3 million,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lithuania with 2.9 million, Slovenia with 2.1 million<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Liechtenstein at a bit less than 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the countries which are sometimes also included in Central Europe were counted in, partially or in whole – Romania (20 million), Latvia (2 million), Estonia (1.3 million), Serbia (7.1 million)<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – this would contribute around an additional 30.4 million, although this figure would vary depending on whether a regional or integral approach is used.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If smaller, western and eastern historical parts of Central Europe would be included in the demographic corpus, a further 20 million people of different nationalities would also be added in the overall count, surpassing a total of 200 million people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Economy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currencies">Currencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Currencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, the members of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> include Austria, Croatia, Germany, Lithuania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland use their own currencies (<a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">koruna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">forint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a>, respectively), but are obliged to adopt the Euro. Switzerland uses its own currency (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a>), as does Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">dinar</a>) and Romania (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_Development_Index">Human Development Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Human Development Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Human Development Index</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg/300px-2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg/450px-2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg/600px-2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>World map by quartiles of Human Development Index in 2013: <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> Very High</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E6EDFF; color:black;"> </span> Low</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3072D9; color:white;"> </span> High</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#858585; color:black;"> </span> Data unavailable</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A8C3FF; color:black;"> </span> Medium</div></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, Switzerland topped the HDI list among Central European countries, also ranking No. 2 in the world. Serbia rounded out the list at No. 11 (67 world). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalisation">Globalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Globalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Globalisation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Globalization_Index.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Globalization_Index.svg/300px-Globalization_Index.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Globalization_Index.svg/450px-Globalization_Index.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Globalization_Index.svg/600px-Globalization_Index.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the score for the KOF Globalization Index</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Globalisation_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation index">index of globalization</a> in Central European countries (2016 data):<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland topped this list as well (#1 world). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosperity_Index">Prosperity Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prosperity Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Prosperity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Prosperity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a> demonstrates an average and high level of prosperity in Central Europe (2018 data).<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland topped the index (#4 world). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Corruption</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transparency_international_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Transparency_international_2015.png/300px-Transparency_international_2015.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Transparency_international_2015.png/450px-Transparency_international_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Transparency_international_2015.png/600px-Transparency_international_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2015: <table border="0" style="width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0000ff; color:#0000ff;">    </span> 90–100</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ffce63; color:#ffce63;">    </span> 60–69</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ff0000; color:#ff0000;">    </span> 30–39</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#2b0000; color:#2b0000;">    </span> 0–9</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#287fff; color:#287fff;">    </span> 80–89</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ffa552; color:#ffa552;">    </span> 50–59</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#c60000; color:#c60000;">    </span> 20–29</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#e0e0e0;">    </span> No information</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#00ffff; color:#00ffff;">    </span> 70–79</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ff6b6b; color:#ff6b6b;">    </span> 40–49</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#800000; color:#800000;">    </span> 10–19</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>Most countries in Central Europe tend to score above the average in the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> (2018 data),<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_density_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rail_density_map.svg/300px-Rail_density_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rail_density_map.svg/450px-Rail_density_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rail_density_map.svg/600px-Rail_density_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Rail network density</figcaption></figure> <p>Central Europe contains the continent's earliest railway systems, whose greatest expansion was recorded in Austrian, Czech, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>, Hungarian and Swiss territories between 1860-1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20021758_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20021758-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th century Berlin, Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> were focal points for network lines connecting industrial areas of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, Bohemia, Moravia and Lower Austria with the Baltic (<a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>) and Adriatic (<a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, Trieste).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1913, the combined length of the railway tracks of Austria and Hungary reached 43,280 kilometres (26,890 miles). By 1936, 70% of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railway</a> network had undergone electrification.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rail infrastructure in Central Europe remains the densest in the world. Railway density as of 2022, with total length of lines operated (km) per 1,000 km2, from highest to lowest is Switzerland (129.2), the Czech Republic (120.7), Germany (108.8), Hungary (85.0), Slovakia (74.0), Austria (66.5), Poland (61.9), Slovenia (59.6), Serbia (49.2), Croatia (46.3) and Lithuania (29.4).<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="River_transport_and_canals">River transport and canals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: River transport and canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the first railroads appeared in the 1840s, river transport constituted the main means of communication and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earliest canals included Plauen Canal (1745), Finow Canal, and also <a href="/wiki/Begej" class="mw-redirect" title="Begej">Bega Canal</a> (1710) which connected <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> via the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant achievement in this regard was the facilitation of navigability on the Danube from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a> in the 19th century. </p><p>The economies of Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland tend to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_complexity" title="List of countries by economic complexity">high complexity</a>. Industrialisation reached Central Europe relatively early beginning with Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a> near the end of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industrialization of the cities of Romania<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Serbia<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> started in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, and did not make significant progress until the post ww2 era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central European countries are some of the most significant food producers in the world. Germany is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a> producer with 34.27% share in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-Gabrielyan_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabrielyan-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3rd largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, 5th rapeseed producer, 6th largest milk producer, and 5th largest potato producer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Poland is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a> producer, 2nd largest producer of raspberries, <a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">currants</a>, 3rd largest of rye, the 5th apple and <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> producer, and 7th largest producer of potatoes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Czech Republic is the world's 4th largest hops producer and 8th producer of triticale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Slovenia is one of the world's leading producers of honey<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the world's 6th largest hops producer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hungary is world's 5th hops and 7th largest triticale producer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Serbia is the world's 2nd largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a> and 2nd largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pod2.stat.gov.rs2_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pod2.stat.gov.rs2-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business">Business</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central European business has a regional organisation, Central European Business Association (CEBA), founded in 1996 in New York as a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting business opportunities within Central Europe and supporting the advancement of professionals in America with a Central European background.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism">Tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central European countries, especially Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Switzerland are some of the most competitive tourism destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Education" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Education</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_performance">Education performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Education_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Education performance</a></div> <p>Student performance has varied across Central Europe, according to the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a>. In the 2012 study, countries scored medium, below or over the average scores in three fields studied.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Higher education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:156_Univerzita_Karlova,_o_Karolinum_(Universitat_Carolina).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg/220px-156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg/330px-156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg/440px-156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karolinum" title="Karolinum">Karolinum</a> of the Charles University in Prague</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universities">Universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first university established east of France and north of the Alps was in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in 1348 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a> was modeled upon the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and initially included the faculty of law, medicine, philosophy, and theology.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_European_University">Central European University</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Central European University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1dor_Street_9,_Building_of_CEU_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/N%C3%A1dor_Street_9%2C_Building_of_CEU_entrance.jpg/220px-N%C3%A1dor_Street_9%2C_Building_of_CEU_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/N%C3%A1dor_Street_9%2C_Building_of_CEU_entrance.jpg/330px-N%C3%A1dor_Street_9%2C_Building_of_CEU_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/N%C3%A1dor_Street_9%2C_Building_of_CEU_entrance.jpg/440px-N%C3%A1dor_Street_9%2C_Building_of_CEU_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4322" data-file-height="2190" /></a><figcaption>The entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a> proposed the establishment of a truly Central European institution of higher learning in Prague (1991–1995).<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> (CEU) project was taken on and financially supported by the Hungarian philanthropist <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, who had provided an endowment of US$880 million, making the university one of the wealthiest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over its 30-year history CEU has become one of the most internationally diverse and recognisable universities in the world. For example, as of 2019, 1217 students were enrolled in the university, of which 962 were international students, making the student body the fourth most international in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CEU offers highly selective programs with a student to faculty ratio of 7:1.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the admission rate into its programs was 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CEU has thus become a leading global university in Europe promoting a distinctively Central European perspective while emphasizing academic rigor, applied research, and academic honesty and integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CEU is a founding member of CIVICCA, a group of prestigious European higher education institutions in the social sciences, humanities, business management and public policy, such as <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/The_London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="The London School of Economics and Political Science">The London School of Economics and Political Science</a> (UK), <a href="/wiki/Bocconi_University" title="Bocconi University">Bocconi University</a> (Italy) and the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics" title="Stockholm School of Economics">Stockholm School of Economics</a> (Sweden).<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Central European University leadership announced their preparatory work on moving CEU to Vienna due to legal constraints against academic freedom in Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg rights</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research centres of Central European literature include <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (Cambridge, MA),<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purdue University,<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Central European Studies Programme (CESP), <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Masaryk University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes" title="List of Central European countries by development indexes">List of Central European countries by development indexes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Catholics_in_Europe_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_(no_legend).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Catholics_in_Europe_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/217px-Percent_of_Catholics_in_Europe_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Catholics_in_Europe_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/326px-Percent_of_Catholics_in_Europe_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Catholics_in_Europe_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/434px-Percent_of_Catholics_in_Europe_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Adherence to Catholicism in Europe</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/European_countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/217px-European_countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/European_countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/326px-European_countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/European_countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/434px-European_countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Adherence to Protestantism in Europe</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Central European major Christian denomination is Catholicism as well as large <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> populations. Click map to see legend.</div></div></div></div> <p>Central European countries are mostly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> (Austria, Croatia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) or historically both Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, Germany, Hungary and Switzerland). Large Protestant groups include <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Unity of the Brethren</a> affiliates. Significant populations of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholicism">Eastern Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholicism</a> are also prevalent throughout Central Europe. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Christianity is a minority denomination observed to varying extents across Central Europe. </p><p>Central Europe has been the center of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> movement for centuries, with the majority of Protestants suppressed and annihilated during the <a href="/wiki/Counterreformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterreformation">Counterreformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, people in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> in today's Czech Republic were some of the first Protestants in Europe. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> were either killed, executed (see for <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square_execution" title="Old Town Square execution">Old Town Square execution</a>), forcibly turned into Roman Catholics, or emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the number of inhabitants in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> decreased from three million to only 800,000 due to multiple factors, including devastating ongoing battles such as the significant <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1648)" title="Battle of Prague (1648)">Battle of Prague (1648)</a>. However, in recent years, most Czechs report as overwhelmingly non-religious, with some describing themselves as Catholic (10.3%). </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> (1941–45), there was also a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jewish">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> community in the region, numbering approximately 16.7 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland, Lithuania and Hungary had the largest Jewish populations in Europe as a percentage of their total populations, with Jews constituting 9.5% of the Polish population in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain countries in Central Europe, particularly the Czech Republic, Germany and Switzerland have sizeable <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a> populations. In 2021, 48% of the Czech population declared that they had no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, 43.8% of the German population declared that they had no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, 33.5% of the Swiss population stated that they were not affiliated with any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central European cuisine</a> has evolved over centuries due to social and political change and is generally diverse. However, the national cuisines of western Central Europe share notable similarities, as do the cuisines of eastern Central Europe. Sausages, salamis and cheeses are popular in most of Central Europe, with the earliest evidence of cheesemaking in the archaeological record dates back to 5,500 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Kuyavia" title="Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a> region, Poland).<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular food items in Central Europe include soups, stews, pickled and fermented vegetables. <a href="/wiki/Schnitzel" title="Schnitzel">Schnitzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goulash" title="Goulash">goulash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_roll" title="Cabbage roll">cabbage rolls</a> are popular in the region. </p><p>Another common feature among Central European cuisines, particularly Austrian, Croatian, Lithuanian, Slovenian and Swiss cuisine, is the use of wild ingredients in traditional dishes, spanning from wild herbs to mushrooms and berries. Beer consumption is also prominent in parts of Central Europe, where the Czech Republic has the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_beer_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by beer consumption per capita">beer consumption per capita</a> globally, followed by Austria, with Germany coming 4th. The cuisines of Central European countries that are included in broader definitions of Eastern Europe share similarities and traditions with other Eastern European cuisines. This is particularly evident in the cuisines of Lithuania and Poland, which feature dishes like <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borscht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sour_rye_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour rye soup">sour rye soup</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, the countries in the region have been progressive on the issue of human rights: death penalty is illegal in all of them, corporal punishment is outlawed in most of them and people of both genders can vote in elections. However, Central European countries are divided on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and abortion. Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland also have a history of participation in the CIA's extraordinary rendition and detention program, according to the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regional writing tradition revolves around the turbulent history of the region, as well as its cultural diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its existence is sometimes challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific courses on Central European literature are taught at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as cultural magazines dedicated to regional literature.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angelus Central European Literature Award is an award worth 150,000.00 PLN (about $50,000 or £30,000) for writers originating from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Vilenica_International_Literary_Festival" title="Vilenica International Literary Festival">Vilenica International Literary Prize</a> is awarded to a Central European author for "outstanding achievements in the field of literature and essay writing".<sup id="cite_ref-vilenica_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vilenica-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Media</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a number of Central European Sport events and leagues. They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Tour_Miskolc_GP" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European Tour Miskolc GP">Central European Tour Miskolc GP</a> (Hungary)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Tour_Budapest_GP" title="Central European Tour Budapest GP">Central European Tour Budapest GP</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Central_Europe_Rally" title="2008 Central Europe Rally">2008 Central Europe Rally</a> (Romania and Hungary)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Central_Europe_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Central Europe Rally">2023 Central Europe Rally</a> (Germany, Austria and Czech Republic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Football_League" title="Central European Football League">Central European Football League</a> (Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_International_Cup" title="Central European International Cup">Central European International Cup</a> (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and Yugoslavia; 1927–1960)</li> <li>Central Europe Throwdown*<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Football is one of the most popular sports. Countries of Central Europe hosted several major competitions. Germany hosted two FIFA World Cups (<a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006</a>) and two UEFA European Championships (<a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1988" title="UEFA Euro 1988">1988</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024" title="UEFA Euro 2024">2024</a>). Yugoslavia hosted the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1976" title="UEFA Euro 1976">UEFA Euro 1976</a> before the competition expanded to 8 teams. Recently, the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008" title="UEFA Euro 2008">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">2012</a> <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA European Championships</a> were held in Austria & Switzerland and Poland & Ukraine respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Politics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations">Organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Europe is a birthplace of regional political organisations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Defence_Cooperation" title="Central European Defence Cooperation">Central European Defence Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrope" title="Centrope">Centrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleeuropean_Initiative" title="Middleeuropean Initiative">Middleeuropean Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CEDC.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central European Defence Cooperation"><img alt="Central European Defence Cooperation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CEDC.svg/120px-CEDC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CEDC.svg/180px-CEDC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CEDC.svg/240px-CEDC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Defence_Cooperation" title="Central European Defence Cooperation">Central European Defence Cooperation</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CEFTA_1992.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="CEFTA founding states"><img alt="CEFTA founding states" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CEFTA_1992.PNG/102px-CEFTA_1992.PNG" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CEFTA_1992.PNG/153px-CEFTA_1992.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CEFTA_1992.PNG/205px-CEFTA_1992.PNG 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CEFTA founding states</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CEFTA_2003.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="CEFTA members in 2003, before joining the EU"><img alt="CEFTA members in 2003, before joining the EU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CEFTA_2003.PNG/102px-CEFTA_2003.PNG" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CEFTA_2003.PNG/153px-CEFTA_2003.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CEFTA_2003.PNG/204px-CEFTA_2003.PNG 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CEFTA members in 2003, before joining the EU</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Current CEFTA members"><img alt="Current CEFTA members" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement.svg/120px-Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement.svg/180px-Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement.svg/240px-Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Current <a href="/wiki/CEFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CEFTA">CEFTA</a> members</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CEI_members.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central European Initiative"><img alt="Central European Initiative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/CEI_members.svg/117px-CEI_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/CEI_members.svg/176px-CEI_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/CEI_members.svg/235px-CEI_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central European Initiative</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Seas_Initiative.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Seas Initiative"><img alt="Three Seas Initiative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_Seas_Initiative.svg/120px-Three_Seas_Initiative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_Seas_Initiative.svg/180px-Three_Seas_Initiative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_Seas_Initiative.svg/240px-Three_Seas_Initiative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visegrad_group_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visegrád Group"><img alt="Visegrád Group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Visegrad_group_countries.svg/120px-Visegrad_group_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Visegrad_group_countries.svg/180px-Visegrad_group_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Visegrad_group_countries.svg/240px-Visegrad_group_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy_Index">Democracy Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Democracy Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democracy_Index_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Democracy_Index_2022.svg/300px-Democracy_Index_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Democracy_Index_2022.svg/450px-Democracy_Index_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Democracy_Index_2022.svg/600px-Democracy_Index_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> Democracy index map for 2022, with greener colours representing more democratic countries</figcaption></figure> <p>Central Europe is a home to some of world's oldest democracies. However, most of them have been impacted by <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. Germany and Italy occupied all Central European countries, except Switzerland. In all occupied countries, the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> suspended democracy and installed puppet regimes loyal to the occupation forces. Also, they forced conquered countries to apply racial laws and formed military forces for helping German and Italian struggle against Communists. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, almost the whole of Central Europe (the Eastern and Middle part) had been transformed into <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>, most of which had been occupied and later allied with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, often against their will through forged referendum (e.g., <a href="/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum" title="1946 Polish people's referendum">Polish people's referendum in 1946</a>) or force (northeast Germany, Poland, Hungary et alia). Nevertheless, these experiences have been dealt in most of them. Most of Central European countries score very highly in the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Peace_Index">Global Peace Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Global Peace Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes#Global_Peace_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes § Global Peace Index</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Peace_Index.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Global_Peace_Index.svg/300px-Global_Peace_Index.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Global_Peace_Index.svg/450px-Global_Peace_Index.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Global_Peace_Index.svg/600px-Global_Peace_Index.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Global Peace Index Scores</figcaption></figure> <p>In spite of its turbulent history, Central Europe is currently one of world's safest regions. Most Central European countries are in top 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_European_Time">Central European Time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Central European Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_zones_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Time_zones_of_Europe.svg/220px-Time_zones_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Time_zones_of_Europe.svg/330px-Time_zones_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Time_zones_of_Europe.svg/440px-Time_zones_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Central European Time zone (dark red)</figcaption></figure> <p>The time zone is a standard time which is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Countries using CET include: </p> <ul><li>Albania</li> <li>Andorra</li> <li>Austria</li> <li>Belgium</li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li>Croatia</li> <li>Czech Republic</li> <li>Denmark</li> <li>France</li> <li>Germany</li> <li>Hungary</li> <li>Italy</li> <li>Luxembourg</li> <li>Monaco</li> <li>Montenegro</li> <li>Netherlands</li> <li>North Macedonia</li> <li>Norway</li> <li>Poland</li> <li>San Marino</li> <li>Slovakia</li> <li>Slovenia</li> <li>Serbia</li> <li>Sweden</li> <li>Switzerland</li> <li>Vatican City</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Europe is mentioned in the 35th episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Lovejoy" title="Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></i>, entitled "The Prague Sun", filmed in 1992. While walking over the well-regarded and renowned <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bridge" title="Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge</a> in Prague, the main character, Lovejoy, says: "I've never been to Prague before. Well, it is one of the great unspoiled cities in Central Europe. Notice: I said: 'Central', not 'Eastern'! The <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> are a bit funny about that, they think of Eastern Europeans as <i>turnip heads</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wes_Anderson" title="Wes Anderson">Wes Anderson</a>'s Oscar-winning film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel" title="The Grand Budapest Hotel">The Grand Budapest Hotel</a></i> depicts a fictional grand hotel located somewhere in Central Europe which is in actuality modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Grandhotel_Pupp" title="Grandhotel Pupp">Grandhotel Pupp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. The film is a celebration of the 1920s and 1930s Central Europe with its artistic splendor and societal sensibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fact-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fact_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524151212/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2144.html">"The World Factbook: Field listing – Location"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Hungary+%7C+History%2C+Map%2C+Flag%2C+Population%2C+Currency%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloetLegueMartel2018" class="citation web cs1">Cloet, Pierre-Robert; Legue, Benedicte; Martel, Kerstin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/flag-anthem-hungary.pdf">"Hungary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Institut Jacques Delors</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+Jacques+Delors&rft.atitle=Hungary&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Cloet&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Robert&rft.au=Legue%2C+Benedicte&rft.au=Martel%2C+Kerstin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstitutdelors.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2Fflag-anthem-hungary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjay_Kumar2021" class="citation book cs1">Sanjay Kumar (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ"><i>A Handbook of Political Geography</i></a>. K.K. Publications. pp. 125–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Political+Geography&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Sanjay+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGc9EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002chapter_11-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2002chapter_11_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2002">Magocsi 2002</a>, chapter 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greyerz-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greyerz_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasper_von_Greyerz2007" class="citation book cs1">Kasper von Greyerz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmEpMnfYZ-oC&q=%22all+of+central+Europe%22"><i>Religion and Culture in Early Modern Europe</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804384-3"><bdi>978-0-19-804384-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Culture+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=38-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804384-3&rft.au=Kasper+von+Greyerz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSmEpMnfYZ-oC%26q%3D%2522all%2Bof%2Bcentral%2BEurope%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_W_Sedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Jean W Sedlar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=%22estrangement+to+be+permanent%22"><i>East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500</i></a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 161–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97291-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97291-2"><bdi>0-295-97291-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=161-&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-295-97291-2&rft.au=Jean+W+Sedlar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o5lrvuwOVwC%26q%3D%2522estrangement%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bpermanent%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumitran2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumitran, Adriana (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblio.hiu.cas.cz/documents/161327">"Uspořádání Evropy – duch kulturní jednoty na prahu vzniku novověké Evropy"</a></span> [The shape of Europe. The spirit of unity through culture in the eve of Modern Europe] (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands, The Institute of History, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uspo%C5%99%C3%A1d%C3%A1n%C3%AD+Evropy+%E2%80%93+duch+kulturn%C3%AD+jednoty+na+prahu+vzniku+novov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9+Evropy&rft.place=Czech+Republic&rft.pub=Bibliography+of+the+History+of+the+Czech+Lands%2C+The+Institute+of+History%2C+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dumitran&rft.aufirst=Adriana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.hiu.cas.cz%2Fdocuments%2F161327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLászló_Zsinka" class="citation web cs1">László Zsinka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/1162/1/Zsinka_2013b.pdf">"Similarities and Differences in Polish and Hungarian History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/1162/1/Zsinka_2013b.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Similarities+and+Differences+in+Polish+and+Hungarian+History&rft.au=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Zsinka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu%2F1162%2F1%2FZsinka_2013b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halman-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halman_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halman_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalmanWilhelmus_Antonius_Arts2004" class="citation book cs1">Halman, Loek; Wilhelmus Antonius Arts (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanvaluesat00arts"><i>European values at the turn of the millennium</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanvaluesat00arts/page/n145">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13981-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13981-7"><bdi>978-90-04-13981-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+values+at+the+turn+of+the+millennium&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13981-7&rft.aulast=Halman&rft.aufirst=Loek&rft.au=Wilhelmus+Antonius+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanvaluesat00arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2015" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert (2015). "5". <i>The Oxford history of Poland-Lithuania. Volume 1: The making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569</i> (First published in paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 47–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880020-0"><bdi>978-0-19-880020-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+Poland-Lithuania.+Volume+1%3A+The+making+of+the+Polish-Lithuanian+Union%2C+1385-1569&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=47-57&rft.edition=First+published+in+paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880020-0&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrekić1972" class="citation book cs1">Krekić, Bariša (1972). <i>Dubrovnik in the 14th and 15th centuries: a city between East and West</i>. 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Norman: Univ. of Oklahama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0999-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0999-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-0999-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubrovnik+in+the+14th+and+15th+centuries%3A+a+city+between+East+and+West&rft.place=Norman&rft.series=Centers+of+civilization+series&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Oklahama+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-0999-2&rft.aulast=Kreki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Bari%C5%A1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adrijo.eu/en/port/dubrovnik">"Dubrovnik"</a>. <i>Remember Adrijo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Spielvogel: <i>Western Civilization: Alternate Volume: Since 1300</i>. p. 618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-essex.ac.uk-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-essex.ac.uk_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essex.ac.uk_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217051750/http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/graduateconference/barcelona/papers/681.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mitteleuropa" is a multi-faceted concept and difficult to handle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/graduateconference/barcelona/papers/681.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Mitteleuropa%22+is+a+multi-faceted+concept+and+difficult+to+handle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex.ac.uk%2Fecpr%2Fevents%2Fgraduateconference%2Fbarcelona%2Fpapers%2F681.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeit-MEZ-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeit-MEZ_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVensky2013" class="citation news cs1">Vensky, Hellmuth (13 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/wissen/geschichte/2013-03/geschichte-mitteleuropaeische-zeit/komplettansicht">"Eisenbahner erfanden Europas Zeit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Between+Worlds&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fitem%2Fdefault.asp%3Fttype%3D2%26tid%3D8958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István Deák (2006) The English Historical Review, Volume CXXI, Issue 490, page: 338: The Versailles System and Central Europe <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/CXXI/490/338/458682">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehr.oxfordjournals.org-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ehr.oxfordjournals.org_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeak2006" class="citation journal cs1">Deak, I. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orf.at&rft.atitle=1945%2F2020%3A+Die+Sowjets+und+die+%C3%96sterreich-Idee&rft.date=2020-04-26&rft.aulast=Heidegger&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forf.at%2Fstories%2F3163144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Stourzh "Geschichte des Staatsvertrages 1945–1955" (1980), p 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Mueller "Die sowjetische Besatzung in Österreich 1945–1955 und ihre politische Mission" (German – "The Soviet occupation in Austria 1945–1955 and its political mission"), 2005, p 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One of the main representatives was Oscar Halecki and his book <i>The limits and divisions of European history</i>, London and New York 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Podraza, Europa Środkowa jako region historyczny, 17th Congress of Polish Historians, Jagiellonian University 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinnhuber1954-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinnhuber1954_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnhuber1954" class="citation journal cs1">Sinnhuber, Karl A. (1954). "Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An Analysis of a Geographical Term". <i>Transactions and Papers</i> (20). Institute of British Geographers: 15–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F621131">10.2307/621131</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/621131">621131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133729155">133729155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Papers&rft.atitle=Central+Europe%3A+Mitteleuropa%3A+Europe+Centrale%3A+An+Analysis+of+a+Geographical+Term&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=15-39&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133729155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F621131%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F621131&rft.aulast=Sinnhuber&rft.aufirst=Karl+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilde Szabo: <i>Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln</i> (The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland – German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: <i>Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall</i> (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: <i>Profil</i> 9 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Greven "Und dann ging das Tor auf", in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otmar Lahodynsky "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" (Iron curtain: picnic at the border – German), in Profil 13 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiersky2004472-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiersky2004472_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiersky2004472_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTiersky2004">Tiersky 2004</a>, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19976_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzenstein1997">Katzenstein 1997</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19974-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19974_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein19974_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzenstein1997">Katzenstein 1997</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aleksov_Piahanau_2020_pp7-8-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aleksov_Piahanau_2020_pp7-8_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aleksov_Piahanau_2020_pp7-8_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksovPiahanau2020" class="citation book cs1">Aleksov, Bojan; Piahanau, Aliaksandr (2020). <i>Wars and Betweenness: Big Powers and Middle Europe, 1918–1945</i>. Central European University Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-386-336-7"><bdi>978-963-386-336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Betweenness%3A+Big+Powers+and+Middle+Europe%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-963-386-336-7&rft.aulast=Aleksov&rft.aufirst=Bojan&rft.au=Piahanau%2C+Aliaksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_K%C5%82oczowski" title="Jerzy Kłoczowski">Jerzy Kłoczowski</a>, Actualité des grandes traditions de la cohabitation et du dialogue des cultures en Europe du Centre-Est, in: L'héritage historique de la Res Publica de Plusieurs Nations, Lublin 2004, pp. 29–30 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85854-82-7" title="Special:BookSources/83-85854-82-7">83-85854-82-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Halecki" title="Oskar Halecki">Oskar Halecki</a>, The Limits and Divisions of European History, Sheed & Ward: London and New York 1950, chapter VII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina">"History of Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1996">Johnson 1996</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19964_93-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1996">Johnson 1996</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegvold1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Legvold, Robert (May–June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1997-05-01/central-europe-enemies-neighbors-friends">"Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Central+Europe%3A+Enemies%2C+Neighbors%2C+Friends&rft.date=1997-05%2F1997-06&rft.aulast=Legvold&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Freviews%2Fcapsule-review%2F1997-05-01%2Fcentral-europe-enemies-neighbors-friends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/InternationalStudies/?view=usa&ci=9780195148251&view=usa">"Selected as "Editor's Choice" of the History Book Club"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University+Press&rft.atitle=Selected+as+%22Editor%27s+Choice%22+of+the+History+Book+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2Fsubject%2FPolitics%2FInternationalStudies%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26ci%3D9780195148251%26view%3Dusa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2015">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucur1997" class="citation web cs1">Bucur, Maria (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=1030">"The Myths and Memories We Teach By"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Memories+We+Teach+By&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=1997-06&rft.aulast=Bucur&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D1030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina/345652">"Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Germany+-+Facts%2C+Geography%2C+Maps%2C+%26+History&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Band 16, Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim/Wien/Zürich, Lexikon Verlag 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi200220-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi200220_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi200220_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2002">Magocsi 2002</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Council+of+Europe.+Parliamentary+Assembly.+Official+Report+of+Debates&rft.pages=1579&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-92-871-2516-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxH1gJ_OonGUC%26pg%3DPA1579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profudegeogra.eu/unitatile-fizico-geografice-din-europa-centrala/">"Unitatile fizico-geografice din Europa Centrala – Profu' de geogra'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Romanian). 29 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unitatile+fizico-geografice+din+Europa+Centrala+%E2%80%93+Profu%27+de+geogra%27&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profudegeogra.eu%2Funitatile-fizico-geografice-din-europa-centrala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514205403/https://www.rs.undp.org/content/serbia/en/home/countryinfo.html">"About Serbia"</a>. <i>UNDP in Serbia</i>. United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rs.undp.org/content/serbia/en/home/countryinfo.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP+in+Serbia&rft.atitle=About+Serbia&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rs.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fserbia%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fcountryinfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irena Kogan: Delayed Transition: Education and Labor Market in Serbia <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a673YrEYenEC&dq=central+europe+serbia&pg=PT232">[5]</a>, Making the Transition: Education and Labor Market Entry in Central and Eastern Europe, 2011, chapter 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadbolt2014" class="citation web cs1">Shadbolt, Peter (11 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/11/world/europe/serbia-country-profile/">"Serbia: the country at the crossroads of Europe"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+the+country+at+the+crossroads+of+Europe&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.aulast=Shadbolt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F12%2F11%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fserbia-country-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WMO, UNCCD, FAO, UNW-DPC <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/548/mod_page/content/75/Serbia_CountryReport.pdf">[6]</a>, Country Report: Drought conditions and management strategies in Serbia, 2013, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZepetnek2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZepetnek2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZepetnek2011">Zepetnek 2011</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Hungary, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's speech at the Energy Forum following a joint meeting of the Serbian and Hungarian cabinets <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-orban-s-speech-at-the-energy-forum-following-a-joint-meeting-of-the-serbian-and-hungarian-cabinets">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073539/http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-orban-s-speech-at-the-energy-forum-following-a-joint-meeting-of-the-serbian-and-hungarian-cabinets">Archived</a> 23 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of Hungary on Serbia, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judy_Batt,_Kataryna_Wolczuk-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judy_Batt,_Kataryna_Wolczuk_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatt2013" class="citation book cs1">Batt, Judy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9Mp6868gakC&pg=PA155">"Transcarpathia: Perephiral Region at the 'Centre of Europe'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Batt, Judy; Wolczuk, Kataryna (eds.). <i>Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe</i>. Routledge. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34323-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34323-0"><bdi>978-1-136-34323-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcarpathia%3A+Perephiral+Region+at+the+%27Centre+of+Europe%27&rft.btitle=Region%2C+State+and+Identity+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-34323-0&rft.aulast=Batt&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB9Mp6868gakC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icpdr.org/main/sites/default/files/BA%20Facts%20Figures.pdf">Danube Facts and Figures. Bosnia and Herzegovina (April 2007)</a> (PDF file)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Dinaric-Alps">"Dinaric Alps (mountains, Europe)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dinaric+Alps+%28mountains%2C+Europe%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDinaric-Alps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliane_Dittrich2005" class="citation book cs1">Juliane Dittrich (14 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grin.com/de/e-book/37159/die-alpen-hoehenstufen-und-vegetation"><i>Die Alpen – Höhenstufen und Vegetation – Hauptseminararbeit</i></a>. GRIN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783638365840" title="Special:BookSources/9783638365840"><bdi>9783638365840</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Alpen+%E2%80%93+H%C3%B6henstufen+und+Vegetation+%E2%80%93+Hauptseminararbeit&rft.pub=GRIN&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft.isbn=9783638365840&rft.au=Juliane+Dittrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grin.com%2Fde%2Fe-book%2F37159%2Fdie-alpen-hoehenstufen-und-vegetation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Frey" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Frey">Wolfgang Frey</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_L%C3%B6sch" class="extiw" title="de:Rainer Lösch">Rainer Lösch</a>; Lehrbuch der Geobotanik. Pflanze und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit. Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, München 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8274-1193-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8274-1193-9">3-8274-1193-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227155258/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KE-ET-10-001/EN/KE-ET-10-001-EN.PDF">"Demography report 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Demography+report+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fcache%2FITY_OFFPUB%2FKE-ET-10-001%2FEN%2FKE-ET-10-001-EN.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714010001/http://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2011/wyniki-spisu-nsp-2011">"Główny Urząd Statystyczny / Spisy Powszechne / NSP 2011 / Wyniki spisu NSP 2011"</a>. 14 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2011/wyniki-spisu-nsp-2011">the original</a> on 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+%2F+Spisy+Powszechne+%2F+NSP+2011+%2F+Wyniki+spisu+NSP+2011&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fspisy-powszechne%2Fnsp-2011%2Fwyniki-spisu-nsp-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225533/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Czech/2011CENSUS_CZE.pdf">"Czech Republic: The Final Census Results to be Released in the Third Quarter of 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Czech Statistical Office</i>. 7 May 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft.atitle=Czech+Republic%3A+The+Final+Census+Results+to+be+Released+in+the+Third+Quarter+of+2012&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fsources%2Fcensus%2F2010_phc%2FCzech%2F2011CENSUS_CZE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_sajto_20130328.pdf">"Sajtótájékoztató 2013"</a> [Press Conference 2013] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release) (in Hungarian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sajt%C3%B3t%C3%A1j%C3%A9koztat%C3%B3+2013&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fdocs%2Fhun%2Fxftp%2Fidoszaki%2Fnepsz2011%2Fnepsz_sajto_20130328.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628063919/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand.html">"Swiss Statistics – Overview"</a>. Bfs.admin.ch. 27 August 2015. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portoncv.gov.cv/dhub/porton.por_global.open_file?p_doc_id=1034">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Democracy+index+2012%3A+Democracy+at+a+standstill%3A+A+report+from+The+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportoncv.gov.cv%2Fdhub%2Fporton.por_global.open_file%3Fp_doc_id%3D1034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofhumanity.org/#page/indexes/global-peace-index/2015">"Global Peace Index"</a>. <i>Vision of Humanity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vision+of+Humanity&rft.atitle=Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofhumanity.org%2F%23page%2Findexes%2Fglobal-peace-index%2F2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015211148/http://www.tv.com/shows/lovejoy/the-prague-sun-78515/">"Lovejoy – Season 3, Episode 13: The Prague Sun"</a>. <i>TV.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/shows/lovejoy/the-prague-sun-78515/">the original</a> on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV.com&rft.atitle=Lovejoy+%E2%80%93+Season+3%2C+Episode+13%3A+The+Prague+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv.com%2Fshows%2Flovejoy%2Fthe-prague-sun-78515%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Brody2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Richard Brody (7 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-grand-budapest-hotel-wes-andersons-artistic-manifesto">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Grand Budapest Hotel': Wes Anderson's Artistic Manifesto"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=%27The+Grand+Budapest+Hotel%27%3A+Wes+Anderson%27s+Artistic+Manifesto&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.au=Richard+Brody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Frichard-brody%2Fthe-grand-budapest-hotel-wes-andersons-artistic-manifesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-env-live-blog-oscars-20150222-htmlstory.html">"Oscars 2015 live updates: J.K. Simmons, 'Grand Budapest Hotel' win first awards"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 22 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Oscars+2015+live+updates%3A+J.K.+Simmons%2C+%27Grand+Budapest+Hotel%27+win+first+awards&rft.date=2015-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fmoviesnow%2Fla-et-env-live-blog-oscars-20150222-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁdám2003" class="citation book cs1">Ádám, Magda (2003). <i>The Versailles System and Central Europe Variorum Collected Studies</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-905-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-905-5"><bdi>0-86078-905-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Versailles+System+and+Central+Europe+Variorum+Collected+Studies&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-86078-905-5&rft.aulast=%C3%81d%C3%A1m&rft.aufirst=Magda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁdám1993" class="citation book cs1">Ádám, Magda (1993). <i>The Little Entente and Europe(1920–1929)</i>. Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6420-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6420-3"><bdi>963-05-6420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Entente+and+Europe%281920%E2%80%931929%29&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=963-05-6420-3&rft.aulast=%C3%81d%C3%A1m&rft.aufirst=Magda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgh1998" class="citation book cs1">Ágh, Attila (1998). <i>The politics of Central Europe</i>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-5032-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-5032-X"><bdi>0-7619-5032-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7619-5032-X&rft.aulast=%C3%81gh&rft.aufirst=Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksovPiahanau2020" class="citation book cs1">Aleksov, Bojan; Piahanau, Aliaksandr (2020). <i>Wars and Betweenness: Big Powers and Middle Europe, 1918-1945</i>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-386-336-7"><bdi>978-963-386-336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Betweenness%3A+Big+Powers+and+Middle+Europe%2C+1918-1945&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-963-386-336-7&rft.aulast=Aleksov&rft.aufirst=Bojan&rft.au=Piahanau%2C+Aliaksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1994" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Bascom Barry (1994). <i>Bismarck and Mitteleuropa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3512-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3512-4"><bdi>978-0-8386-3512-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+Mitteleuropa&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3512-4&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Bascom+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Robert J. W. (2006). "Central Europe: The History of An Idea". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hf3EJYZcpqYC"><i>Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1683-1867</span></i></a>. Oxford. pp. 293–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541621.003.0016">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541621.003.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199281442" title="Special:BookSources/9780199281442"><bdi>9780199281442</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70258980">70258980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Europe%3A+The+History+of+An+Idea&rft.btitle=Austria%2C+Hungary%2C+and+the+Habsburgs%3A+Central+Europe+%3Cabbr+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B1683-1867%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pages=293-304&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70258980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541621.003.0016&rft.isbn=9780199281442&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHf3EJYZcpqYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1996" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716"><i>Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510071-6"><bdi>978-0-19-510071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Europe%3A+enemies%2C+neighbors%2C+friends&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510071-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lonnie+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195100716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzenstein1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Katzenstein, Peter J.</a> (1997). <i>Mitteleuropa: Between Europe and Germany</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-124-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-124-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitteleuropa%3A+Between+Europe+and+Germany&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-124-0&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxHdcNYhiMC&pg=PP20"><i>Historical Atlas of Central Europe</i></a> (Rev. and expanded ed.). University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8486-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8486-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150672781">150672781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Europe&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150672781&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8486-6&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoxHdcNYhiMC%26pg%3DPP20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Benson,_Forgacs2002" class="citation book cs1">O. Benson, Forgacs (2002). <i>Between Worlds. A Sourcebook of Central European Avant-Gardes, 1910–1930</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02530-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02530-0"><bdi>978-0-262-02530-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Worlds.+A+Sourcebook+of+Central+European+Avant-Gardes%2C+1910%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02530-0&rft.au=O.+Benson%2C+Forgacs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiersky2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Tiersky" title="Ronald Tiersky">Tiersky, Ronald</a> (2004). <i>Europe today</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2805-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2805-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-2805-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+today&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2805-5&rft.aulast=Tiersky&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZepetnek2011" class="citation book cs1">Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven; Vasvári, Louise Olga (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFCzty0P4UcC&pg=PA24"><i>Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies</i></a>. Comparative cultural studies. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-593-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-593-1"><bdi>978-1-55753-593-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088215162">1088215162</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Hungarian+Cultural+Studies&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.series=Comparative+cultural+studies&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088215162&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-593-1&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6t%C3%B6sy+de+Zepetnek&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Vasv%C3%A1ri%2C+Louise+Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFCzty0P4UcC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18698805/Shared_Pasts_in_Central_and_Southeast_Europe_17th_21st_Centuries_Hungarian_and_Bulgarian_Approaches._Eds._G%C3%A1bor_Demeter_Penka_Peykovska._Sofia-Budapest_2015_440_p/">Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th–21st Centuries. Eds. G. Demeter, P. Peykovska. 2015</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Europe&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ágh, Attila. <i>Declining Democracy in East-Central Europe: The Divide in the EU and Emerging Hard Populism</i> (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019).</li> <li>Baldersheim, Harald, ed. <i>Local democracy and the processes of transformation in East-Central Europe</i> (Routledge, 2019).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrophy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Brophy, James M (September 2017). "Bookshops, Forbidden Print and Urban Political Culture in Central Europe, 1800–1850*". <i>German History</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 403–430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghx062">10.1093/gerhis/ghx062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=Bookshops%2C+Forbidden+Print+and+Urban+Political+Culture+in+Central+Europe%2C+1800%E2%80%931850%2A&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-430&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghx062&rft.aulast=Brophy&rft.aufirst=James+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase2013" class="citation journal cs1">Case, Holly (December 2013). "The Strange Politics of Federative Ideas in East-Central Europe". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>85</b> (4): 833–866. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F672531">10.1086/672531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143630398">143630398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Politics+of+Federative+Ideas+in+East-Central+Europe&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=833-866&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F672531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143630398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Holly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Centre of Central European Studies, <i>Agrarianism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=40721">online review</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonertGrebleWardhaugh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Donert, Celia; Greble, Emily; Wardhaugh, Jessica (August 2017). "New Scholarship on Central and Eastern Europe". <i>Contemporary European History</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777317000224">10.1017/S0960777317000224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164973705">164973705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=New+Scholarship+on+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=507&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777317000224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164973705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Donert&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft.au=Greble%2C+Emily&rft.au=Wardhaugh%2C+Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gardner, Hall, ed. <i>Central and South-central Europe in Transition</i> (Praeger, 2000)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalecki" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Halecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Halecki">Halecki, Oscar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030180903/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/halecki/halecki.pdf">"BORDERLANDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION A History of East Central Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oscar Halecki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/halecki/halecki.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BORDERLANDS+OF+WESTERN+CIVILIZATION+A+History+of+East+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Oscar+Halecki&rft.aulast=Halecki&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fhalecki%2Fhalecki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kenney, Padraic (March 1999). "What is the History of 1989? 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class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ceu.hu"><i>Journal of East Central Europe</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsincentraleurope.eu/">Central European Political Science Association's journal "Politics in Central Europe"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100503141351/http://www.ceu.hu/poliscijournal">CEU Political Science Journal (PSJ)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cejiss.org/">Central European Journal of International and Security Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepsr.com/">Central European Political Studies Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120161454/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/strategy/mycentrope.html">The Centrope region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120070558/http://www.europemaps.info/">Maps of Europe and European countries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.central2020.eu/">CENTRAL EUROPE 2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015211149/http://www.central2020.eu/">Archived</a> 15 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805130513/http://www.databasece.com/en/macro-summary">Central Europe Economy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826202405/http://www.unhcr-centraleurope.org/en/about-us/unhcr-in-central-europe.html">UNHCR Office for Central Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign <br />relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union-related_lists" title="Category:European Union-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books on the subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">Presidents of the institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union" title="Category:European Union">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27509#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151180158">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4p4H8B4BxRvWyvT89jC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mitteleuropa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039677-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Europe, Central"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021901">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Evropa střední"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge137882&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfdshk5q7pcql">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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