CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lewis Cass - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6af759c7-4d78-411e-be1d-4af6a42aba38","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lewis_Cass","wgTitle":"Lewis Cass","wgCurRevisionId":1257673394,"wgRevisionId":1257673394,"wgArticleId":261824,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","1782 births","1866 deaths","People from Exeter, New Hampshire","Gilman family of New Hampshire","American people of English descent","American people of Welsh descent","Jackson administration cabinet members","Buchanan administration cabinet members","United States secretaries of war","United States secretaries of state", "Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate","Democratic Party United States senators from Michigan","Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees","Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election","Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election","Governors of Michigan Territory","Members of the Ohio House of Representatives","Ambassadors of the United States to France","United States Marshals","American surveyors","Masonic grand masters","Politicians from Marietta, Ohio","19th-century American politicians","19th-century American diplomats","Phillips Exeter Academy alumni","Regents of the University of Michigan","Members of the American Antiquarian Society","United States Army generals","United States Army personnel of the War of 1812","Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit)","United States senators who owned slaves"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lewis_Cass", "wgRelevantArticleId":261824,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q503119","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/1200px-Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1805"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/800px-Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1204"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/640px-Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="963"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lewis Cass - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lewis_Cass rootpage-Lewis_Cass skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lewis+Cass" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lewis+Cass" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lewis+Cass" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lewis+Cass" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_Cass's_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_Cass's_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Beginning of Cass's career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_Cass's_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>War of 1812</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War of 1812 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engagement_at_bridge_near_Fort_Malden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engagement_at_bridge_near_Fort_Malden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Engagement at bridge near Fort Malden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engagement_at_bridge_near_Fort_Malden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_engagement_at_bridge_near_Fort_Malden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_engagement_at_bridge_near_Fort_Malden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second engagement at bridge near Fort Malden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_engagement_at_bridge_near_Fort_Malden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hit-and-run_attack_on_bridge_at_the_Riviere_aux_Canards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hit-and-run_attack_on_bridge_at_the_Riviere_aux_Canards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hit-and-run attack on bridge at the Riviere aux Canards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hit-and-run_attack_on_bridge_at_the_Riviere_aux_Canards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Thames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Thames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Battle of the Thames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Thames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_Governor_of_Michigan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_Governor_of_Michigan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Territorial Governor of Michigan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_Governor_of_Michigan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_War_and_expediter_of_Indian_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_War_and_expediter_of_Indian_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Secretary of War and expediter of Indian removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_War_and_expediter_of_Indian_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Minister_to_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Minister_to_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>U.S. Minister to France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Minister_to_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_ambitions_and_U.S._Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_ambitions_and_U.S._Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Presidential ambitions and U.S. Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_ambitions_and_U.S._Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>U.S. Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Monuments and Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_honors_and_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_honors_and_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other honors and memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_honors_and_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lewis Cass</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="لويس كاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس كاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="لوئیس کاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوئیس کاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Льюіс Кас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Льюіс Кас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="لوئیس کاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیس کاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%A4" title="루이스 캐스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이스 캐스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1" title="לואיס קאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואיס קאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლუის კასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუის კასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="لويس كاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس كاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ルイス・カス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイス・カス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Касс, Льюис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Касс, Льюис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lewis Cass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81" title="Льюис Касс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Льюис Касс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%97%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81" title="Льюїс Касс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Льюїс Касс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="لوئیس کاس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئیس کاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF" title="刘易斯·卡斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="刘易斯·卡斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503119#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lewis_Cass" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lewis_Cass" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lewis_Cass" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&oldid=1257673394" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lewis_Cass&id=1257673394&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLewis_Cass"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLewis_Cass"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lewis_Cass&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503119" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States Army officer and politician (1782–1866)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lewis Cass (disambiguation)">Lewis Cass (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lewis Cass</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="4056" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Secretary Lewis Cass, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1855</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">22nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 6, 1857 – December 14, 1860</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William Marcy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah Black</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 4, 1854 – December 5, 1854</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">David Rice Atchison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Jesse Bright</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1857</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzgerald_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Fitzgerald (American politician)">Thomas Fitzgerald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1845 – May 29, 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_S._Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus S. Porter">Augustus Porter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas Fitzgerald</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">United States Ambassador to France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 1, 1836 – November 12, 1842</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William King</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 1, 1831 – October 4, 1836</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel Roberts Poinsett</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 13, 1813 – August 1, 1831</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Bryan_Porter" title="George Bryan Porter">George Porter</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">Ohio House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1806–1807</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1782-10-09</span>)</span>October 9, 1782<br /><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 17, 1866<span style="display:none">(1866-06-17)</span> (aged 83)<br /><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Eliza Spencer<br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 26, 1806">1806</span>; died 1853)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Cass_Signature2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lewis Cass's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lewis_Cass_Signature2.svg/128px-Lewis_Cass_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lewis_Cass_Signature2.svg/192px-Lewis_Cass_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lewis_Cass_Signature2.svg/256px-Lewis_Cass_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1812–1814</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/27th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="27th Infantry Regiment (United States)">27th U.S. Infantry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_River_Canard" title="Battle of River Canard">Battle of River Canard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lewis Cass</b> (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officer and politician. He represented <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and served in the Cabinets of two U.S. Presidents, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. He was also the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> presidential nominee. A slave owner himself,<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_slaveowners_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress_slaveowners-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was a leading spokesman for the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States#Emergence_of_the_term_"popular_sovereignty"_and_its_pejorative_connotation" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a>, which at the time held the idea that people in each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S state</a> should have the right to decide on whether to permit or prohibit <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, believing in the idea of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a>, he attended <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a> before establishing a legal practice in <a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville, Ohio</a>. After serving in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">Ohio House of Representatives</a>, he was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">U.S. Marshal</a>. Cass also joined the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> and would eventually co-found the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Michigan" title="Grand Lodge of Michigan">Grand Lodge of Michigan</a>. He fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and was appointed to govern <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> in 1813. He negotiated treaties with <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">American tribes</a> to open land for American settlement as part of the belief in the 19th century phrase "<a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>" at the time, and led a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass_expedition" title="Lewis Cass expedition">survey expedition</a> into the northwest part of the territory. </p><p>Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> under Andrew Jackson. As Secretary of War, he helped implement Jackson's policy of <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a>. After serving as ambassador to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> from 1836 to 1842, he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a>; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> ended with the nomination of <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>. In 1845, the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Legislature" title="Michigan Legislature">Michigan Legislature</a> elected Cass to the Senate, where he served until 1848. Cass's nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 Democratic National Convention</a> precipitated a split in the party, as Cass's advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party. Van Buren led the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>'s presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats, possibly contributing to the victory of <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>. </p><p>Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>. He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and sympathized with American <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibusters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanan's handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states. Since his death in 1866, he has been commemorated in various ways, including with a statue in the <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cass was born on October 9, 1782, in <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a>, near the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. His parents were Molly (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Gilman) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass, a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history.state_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.state-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cass attended the private <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a>. In 1800, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>. Cass studied law with <a href="/wiki/Return_J._Meigs_Jr." title="Return J. Meigs Jr.">Return J. Meigs Jr.</a>, was admitted to the bar, and began a practice in <a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_Cass's_career"><span id="Beginning_of_Cass.27s_career"></span>Beginning of Cass's career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginning of Cass's career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1806, Cass was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">Ohio House of Representatives</a>. The following year, President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> appointed Cass as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">U.S. Marshal</a> for Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-sd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He joined the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>, an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period, being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5, 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-lodgeohio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lodgeohio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2, 1804, and his Master Mason degree on May 7, 1804. On June 24, 1805, he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 (later No.5), Zanesville. He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-lodgeohio_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lodgeohio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cass was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ohio" title="Grand Lodge of Ohio">Grand Lodge of Ohio</a>, representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4, 1808. He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5, 1809, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a> on January 3, 1810, January 8, 1811, and January 8, 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-lodgeohio_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lodgeohio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engagement_at_bridge_near_Fort_Malden">Engagement at bridge near Fort Malden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engagement at bridge near Fort Malden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> broke out, Cass took command of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Ohio_Volunteer_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment (page does not exist)">3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment</a>. During the war, Cass conducted several military operations around the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>. On July 16, 1812, a British force consisting of the <a href="/wiki/41st_(Welch)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot">41st Regiment of Foot</a>, 60 men of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> and a number of Indians were posted near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Malden" title="Fort Malden">Fort Malden</a>. Cass and Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Miller_(general)" title="James Miller (general)">James Miller</a> led a concealed American reconnaissance force near them. The British detected the Americans, and sent a party of Indians over a nearby bridge to draw them out; however, once the Indians crossed, the concealed Americans opened fire, wounding two and killing one. Cass and Miller send word to General <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a>, requesting permission to attack Fort Malden and hold it until reinforcements arrived. However, Hull, an indecisive officer, was unsupportive and refused to agree to their request, which led Cass and Miller to withdraw their men back to American lines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_engagement_at_bridge_near_Fort_Malden">Second engagement at bridge near Fort Malden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second engagement at bridge near Fort Malden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 19, 1812, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Duncan_McArthur" title="Duncan McArthur">Duncan McArthur</a> with a reconnaissance force combined with 150 Ohio infantry troops under Cass were near the bridge leading to Fort Malden. Two British guns fired on the Americans and disabled an American cannon. The Americans captured two British soldiers after they crossed the bridge, before safely withdrawing with their prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hit-and-run_attack_on_bridge_at_the_Riviere_aux_Canards">Hit-and-run attack on bridge at the Riviere aux Canards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hit-and-run attack on bridge at the Riviere aux Canards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 28, 1812, Colonel Cass conducted a hit-and-run attack at the Rivière aux Canards driving back a band of Native Americans. The Americans killed one Native American and scalped him. Cass and his fellow Americans then withdrew safely.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Thames">Battle of the Thames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of the Thames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cass became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20, 1813. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general in the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> on March 12, 1813. Cass took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a>, which saw the death of <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>. Cass resigned from the Army on May 1, 1814. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_Governor_of_Michigan">Territorial Governor of Michigan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Territorial Governor of Michigan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a reward for his military service, Cass was appointed Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> by President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> on October 29, 1813, serving until 1831. As he was frequently traveling on business, several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place. During this period, he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan, by which they ceded substantial amounts of land. Some were given small reservations in the territory. </p><p>In 1817, Cass was one of the two commissioners (along with <a href="/wiki/Duncan_McArthur" title="Duncan McArthur">Duncan McArthur</a>), who negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a>, which was signed on September 29 with several <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes of the region, under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-heidler_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heidler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans. That same year, Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, but he declined the appointment. </p><p>In 1820, Cass led an <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass_expedition" title="Lewis Cass expedition">expedition</a> to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory, in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region in today's northern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The headwater of the great river was then unknown, resulting in an undefined border between the United States and <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, which had been linked to the river. The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as <a href="/wiki/Cass_Lake_(Minnesota)" title="Cass Lake (Minnesota)">Cass Lake</a> as the Mississippi's source. It was not until 1832 that <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rowe_Schoolcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Rowe Schoolcraft">Henry Rowe Schoolcraft</a>, the Cass expedition's geologist, identified nearby <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a> as the headwater of the Mississippi. </p><p>Though the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787 prohibited slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>, which included what later became Michigan Territory, a small number of slaves continued to reside in Michigan until it achieved statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiganology_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiganology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his later claims to the contrary, as territorial governor, Cass is known to have owned at least one slave, a household servant, as evidenced by 1818 correspondence between him and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Alexander Macomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery continued in Michigan until admission to the Union in 1837, when its first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Michigan#1835_Constitution" title="Constitution of Michigan">state constitution</a> outlawed slavery statewide.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiganology_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiganology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_War_and_expediter_of_Indian_removal">Secretary of War and expediter of Indian removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secretary of War and expediter of Indian removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1830, Cass published an article in the <i>North American Review</i> that passionately argued that <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indians</a> were "inherently inferior" to whites, and incapable of being civilized and thus should be removed from the eastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This article caught the attention and approval of Andrew Jackson. On August 1, 1831, Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, a position he would hold until 1836. Cass was a central figure in implementing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> policy of the Jackson administration; Congress had passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> in 1830. While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes, especially the Five Civilized Tribes, it also affected tribes in Ohio, Illinois, and other areas east of the Mississippi River. Most were forced to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-history.state_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.state-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Minister_to_France">U.S. Minister to France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: U.S. Minister to France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of his term, President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed <a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a> as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> on October 4, 1836. He presented his credentials on December 1, 1836, and served until he left his post on November 12, 1842, when he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a>, who later became the 13th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_ambitions_and_U.S._Senate">Presidential ambitions and U.S. Senate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presidential ambitions and U.S. Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 Democratic convention</a>, Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination, losing on the 9th ballot to <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>. </p><p>Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, serving in 1845–1848. He served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Military_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Military Affairs">Committee on Military Affairs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/30th_United_States_Congress" title="30th United States Congress">30th Congress</a>. </p><p>In 1848, he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the <a href="/wiki/1848_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 U.S. presidential election">1848 election</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William Orlando Butler</a> was selected as his running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>, which held that the (white male) American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party, leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Free_Soil_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, which nominated former President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>. </p><p>After losing the election to <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate, serving from 1849 to 1857. He was the first non-incumbent <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Democratic presidential candidate</a> to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as president. Apart from James Buchanan's election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856, subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed a fellow Democrat as president all failed in their bid to do so. Cass made another bid for president in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1852" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1852">1852</a> but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> secured a majority of delegates’ votes at the Democratic Convention in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, and the party went with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Secretary_of_State">U.S. Secretary of State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: U.S. Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hon._Lewis_A._Cass,_Mich_-_NARA_-_528273.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hon._Lewis_A._Cass%2C_Mich_-_NARA_-_528273.jpg/220px-Hon._Lewis_A._Cass%2C_Mich_-_NARA_-_528273.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hon._Lewis_A._Cass%2C_Mich_-_NARA_-_528273.jpg/330px-Hon._Lewis_A._Cass%2C_Mich_-_NARA_-_528273.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hon._Lewis_A._Cass%2C_Mich_-_NARA_-_528273.jpg/440px-Hon._Lewis_A._Cass%2C_Mich_-_NARA_-_528273.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Secretary Cass, by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860-65</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On March 6, 1857, President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> appointed Cass to serve as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs. Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a> was considered the best option by many, Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration. Moreover, Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids, and was in poor health in any event, ultimately dying in July 1857. Cass, aged 75, was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to likely be little more than a figurehead. Buchanan, weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State, considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions. Buchanan wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State, commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age. Cass, who was retiring from the Senate, but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan, immediately accepted. </p><p>Taking the position, Cass promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public (having served in the War of 1812, Cass had a low opinion of London). Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger, more fit man could be found, however, he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanan's administration. As expected, the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates, but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them.<sup id="cite_ref-heidler_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heidler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Cass,_14th_United_States_Secretary_of_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lewis_Cass%2C_14th_United_States_Secretary_of_War.jpg/220px-Lewis_Cass%2C_14th_United_States_Secretary_of_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lewis_Cass%2C_14th_United_States_Secretary_of_War.jpg/330px-Lewis_Cass%2C_14th_United_States_Secretary_of_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lewis_Cass%2C_14th_United_States_Secretary_of_War.jpg/440px-Lewis_Cass%2C_14th_United_States_Secretary_of_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous portrait of Cass, by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Huntington_(artist)" title="Daniel Huntington (artist)">Daniel Huntington</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1873</span></figcaption></figure> <p>While sympathetic to American <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibusters</a> in Central America, he was instrumental in having Commodore <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Paulding" title="Hiram Paulding">Hiram Paulding</a> removed from command for his landing of Marines in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and compelling the extradition of <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cass attempted to buy more land from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders. He also negotiated a final settlement to the <a href="/wiki/Clayton%E2%80%93Bulwer_Treaty" title="Clayton–Bulwer Treaty">Clayton–Bulwer Treaty</a>, limiting U.S. and British control of Latin American countries.<sup id="cite_ref-sd_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chiefs of <a href="/wiki/Raiatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Raiatea">Raiatea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahaa">Tahaa</a> in the South Pacific, refusing to accept the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Tamatoa_V" title="Tamatoa V">Tamatoa V</a>, unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in June 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cass resigned on December 14, 1860, because of what he considered Buchanan's failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military, actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 26, 1806, Cass married Elizabeth Spencer (1786–1853), the daughter of Dr. Joseph Spencer Jr. and Deborah (née Seldon) Spencer.<sup id="cite_ref-heidler_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heidler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her paternal grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Spencer" title="Joseph Spencer">Joseph Spencer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congressman</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittelsey_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittelsey-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children, five of whom lived past infancy:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Isabella Cass (1805–1879), who married <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Marinus_Roest_van_Limburg" title="Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg">Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg</a>, a Dutch journalist, diplomat, and politician.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elizabeth Selden Cass (1812–1832)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass_Jr." title="Lewis Cass Jr.">Lewis Cass Jr.</a> (1814–1878), who served as an army officer and as U.S. Chargé d'Affaires and Minister to the Papal States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mary Sophia Cass (1812–1882), who married Army officer Augustus Canfield, an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Topographical Engineers">Corps of Topographical Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Matilda Frances Cass (1818–1898), who married <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ledyard" title="Henry Ledyard">Henry Ledyard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Detroit">mayor of Detroit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ellen Cass (1821–1824), who died young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spencer Cass (1828-1828), who died in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cass died on June 17, 1866, in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Cemetery_(Detroit)" title="Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit)">Elmwood Cemetery</a> in Detroit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through his daughter Mary, he was the great-grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Cass_Canfield" title="Cass Canfield">Cass Canfield</a> (longtime president and chairman of <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his daughter Matilda, he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard (wife of Francis Wayland Goddard);<sup id="cite_ref-ColonialDames1897_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColonialDames1897-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Ledyard_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr.">Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr.</a> (who was president of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad" title="Michigan Central Railroad">Michigan Central Railroad</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-city_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susan Livingston Ledyard (wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins);<sup id="cite_ref-Tompkins1877_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tompkins1877-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass_Ledyard" title="Lewis Cass Ledyard">Lewis Cass Ledyard</a> (a prominent lawyer with <a href="/wiki/Carter_Ledyard_%26_Milburn" title="Carter Ledyard & Milburn">Carter Ledyard & Milburn</a> who was the personal counsel of <a href="/wiki/J._Pierpont_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Pierpont Morgan">J. Pierpont Morgan</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-psi_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marquis1911_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Matilda Spancer Ledyard.<sup id="cite_ref-LedyardPapers_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LedyardPapers-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cass's great-great-grandson, Republican <a href="/wiki/Cass_Ballenger" title="Cass Ballenger">Thomas Cass Ballenger</a>, represented <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>'s 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments_and_Commemoration">Monuments and Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Monuments and Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Lewis_Cass" title="List of places named for Lewis Cass">List of places named for Lewis Cass</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Cass_Legacy_Society.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Lewis_Cass_Legacy_Society.png/140px-Lewis_Cass_Legacy_Society.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Lewis_Cass_Legacy_Society.png/210px-Lewis_Cass_Legacy_Society.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Lewis_Cass_Legacy_Society.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Lewis Cass Legacy Society logo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Lewis_Cass" title="Statue of Lewis Cass">statue of Lewis Cass</a> is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a> collection in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> It stands in the National Statuary Hall room.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberty_ships:_L" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Liberty ships: L">SS <i>Lewis Cass</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He is the eponym of the village of <a href="/wiki/Casstown,_Ohio" title="Casstown, Ohio">Casstown, Ohio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the community of <a href="/wiki/Cassville,_West_Virginia" title="Cassville, West Virginia">Cassville, West Virginia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cassopolis,_Michigan" title="Cassopolis, Michigan">Cassopolis, Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Michigan" title="Cass County, Michigan">Cass County, Michigan</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cass_City,_Michigan" title="Cass City, Michigan">Cass City, Michigan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cass_River_(Michigan)" title="Cass River (Michigan)">Cass River</a> that runs around the surrounding area.</li> <li>Cass Avenue in Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cass Avenue in Mt. Clemens.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Lewis Cass Legacy Society, which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation, was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia" title="Bartow County, Georgia">Bartow County, Georgia</a>, was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass, but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Cass's alleged opposition to slavery, even though he was an advocate of states' rights via the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>. Cassville, Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county, was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County. The seat was moved to Cartersville, Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Technical_High_School" title="Cass Technical High School">Cass Technical High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_High_School_(Georgia)" title="Cass High School (Georgia)">Cass High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia" title="Bartow County, Georgia">Bartow County, Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_High_School_(Indiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cass High School (Indiana)">Lewis Cass High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walton,_Indiana" title="Walton, Indiana">Walton, Indiana</a>, and Lewis Cass Elementary in <a href="/wiki/Livonia,_Michigan" title="Livonia, Michigan">Livonia, Michigan</a>, were named in honor of Lewis Cass.</li></ul> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <ul><li>The Lewis Cass Building, a principal state office building in the <a href="/wiki/Lansing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lansing">Lansing</a>, Michigan capitol government complex. It was renamed on June 30, 2020, to the <a href="/wiki/Elliott-Larsen_Building" title="Elliott-Larsen Building">Elliott-Larsen Building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states: <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Indiana" title="Cass County, Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Iowa" title="Cass County, Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Minnesota" title="Cass County, Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Missouri" title="Cass County, Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Nebraska" title="Cass County, Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Illinois" title="Cass County, Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Michigan" title="Cass County, Michigan">Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas" title="Cass County, Texas">Texas</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_North_Dakota" title="Cass County, North Dakota">Cass County, North Dakota</a>, was named for his nephew.</li> <li>Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a>.</li> <li>Cass Street in <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe, Michigan</a>, was named in honor of Lewis Cass. (However, Cass Street in <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City, Michigan</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Cadillac,_Michigan" title="Cadillac, Michigan">Cadillac, Michigan</a>, were named for his nephew, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cass" title="George Washington Cass">George Washington Cass</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_honors_and_memberships">Other honors and memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other honors and memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a> in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCass1840" class="citation book cs1">Cass, Lewis (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceitskingco00conggoog"><i>France, its King, Court and Government</i></a>. New York: Wiley and Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%2C+its+King%2C+Court+and+Government&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley+and+Putnam&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Cass&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranceitskingco00conggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Congress_slaveowners-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congress_slaveowners_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/interactive/2022/congress-slaveowners-names-list/">"Congress slaveowners"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, 2022-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Congress+slaveowners&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2Finteractive%2F2022%2Fcongress-slaveowners-names-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.state-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.state_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.state_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/cass-lewis">"Lewis Cass - People - Department History"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs United States Department of State</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Lewis+Cass+-+People+-+Department+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fcass-lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sd-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sd_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sd_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/cass-lewis">"Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Lewis Cass (1782–1866)"</a>. <i>Office of the Historian</i>. U.S. State Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Biographies+of+the+Secretaries+of+State%3A+Lewis+Cass+%281782%E2%80%931866%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fcass-lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lodgeohio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lodgeohio_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lodgeohio_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lodgeohio_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160921140357/http://www.freemason.com/glo/past-grand-masters/83-1810-lewis-cass">"Past Grand Masters - 1810 Lewis Cass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ohio" title="Grand Lodge of Ohio">Grand Lodge of Ohio</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemason.com/glo/past-grand-masters/83-1810-lewis-cass">the original</a> on 2016-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Grand+Masters+-+1810+Lewis+Cass&rft.pub=Grand+Lodge+of+Ohio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemason.com%2Fglo%2Fpast-grand-masters%2F83-1810-lewis-cass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers" by Bud Hannings Page.38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers" by Bud Hannings Page.39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers" by Bud Hannings Page.42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heidler-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heidler_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heidler_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heidler_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T. (eds) (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the War of 1812</i>, pp. 83-84. Naval Institute Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-362-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-362-4">1-59114-362-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michiganology-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michiganology_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiganology_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganology.org/stories/anti-slavery-movement-in-michigan/">"Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan"</a>. <i>Michiganology.org</i>. Lansing, MI: Michigan History Center. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michiganology.org&rft.atitle=Anti-Slavery+Movement+in+Michigan&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichiganology.org%2Fstories%2Fanti-slavery-movement-in-michigan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlunder1996" class="citation book cs1">Klunder, Willard Carl (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlQHi_dJyRUC&pg=PA47"><i>Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation</i></a>. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8733-8536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8733-8536-7"><bdi>978-0-8733-8536-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Cass+and+the+Politics+of+Moderation&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8733-8536-7&rft.aulast=Klunder&rft.aufirst=Willard+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlQHi_dJyRUC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Cass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/triumphnationalism/expansion/text4/cassremoval.pdf">Removal of the Indians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleber, John E. (ed.) (1992). <i>The Kentucky Encyclopedia</i>, p. 146. University Press of Kentucky. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1772-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1772-0">0-8131-1772-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1772-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1772-0">978-0-8131-1772-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klunder (1996), pp. 266–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617124004/https://fas.org/man/crs/crs_931007.htm">"Collier, Ellen C. (1993) "Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798 - 1993" <i>CRS Issue Brief</i> Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington DC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/crs/crs_931007.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collier%2C+Ellen+C.+%281993%29+%22Instances+of+Use+of+United+States+Forces+Abroad%2C+1798+-+1993%22+CRS+Issue+Brief+Congressional+Research+Service%2C+Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington+DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fman%2Fcrs%2Fcrs_931007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlude2012" class="citation journal cs1">Flude, Anthony G. (March 2012). "Manuscript XXIII: A Raiatean Petition for American Protection". <i>The Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>47</b> (1). Canberra: Australian National University: 111–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223344.2011.632982">10.1080/00223344.2011.632982</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/785915823">785915823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159847026">159847026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=Manuscript+XXIII%3A+A+Raiatean+Petition+for+American+Protection&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-121&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F785915823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159847026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223344.2011.632982&rft.aulast=Flude&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cass’s resignation statement, quoted in McLaughlin, Andrew Cunningham (1899) <i>Lewis Cass</i> Houghton, Mifflin, Boston, pp. 345–346, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/4377268">OCLC 4377268</a>, (standard library edition, first edition was published in 1891)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittelsey-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whittelsey_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittelsey" class="citation web cs1">Whittelsey, Charles Barney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308184859/http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/spencer.htm">"Historical Sketch of Joseph Spencer - Sons of the American Revolution, Connecticut"</a>. <i>www.connecticutsar.org</i>. Historian Society of the Sons of the Revolution in the State of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.connecticutsar.org&rft.atitle=Historical+Sketch+of+Joseph+Spencer+-+Sons+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+Connecticut&rft.aulast=Whittelsey&rft.aufirst=Charles+Barney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connecticutsar.org%2Fpatriots%2Fspencer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Clarence Monroe; et al. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5pgnAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1367"><i>The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701–1922</i></a>. Vol. 2. Detroit, MI: S. J. Publishing Company. p. 1367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Detroit%2C+Michigan%2C+1701%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pages=1367&rft.pub=S.+J.+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Clarence+Monroe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5pgnAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922''1367_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922"><i>The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922</i></a>, p. 1367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/28/obituaries/cass-canfield-a-titan-of-publishing-is-dead-at-88.html">"Cass Canfield, a Titan of Publishing, Is Dead at 88"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 28 March 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cass+Canfield%2C+a+Titan+of+Publishing%2C+Is+Dead+at+88&rft.date=1986-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F03%2F28%2Fobituaries%2Fcass-canfield-a-titan-of-publishing-is-dead-at-88.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColonialDames1897-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColonialDames1897_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsland1897" class="citation book cs1">Island, National Society of the Colonial Dames of America Rhode (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzMRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA172"><i>First record book of the Society of Colonial Dames in the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Ending August 31, 1896</i></a>. Snow & Farnham, printers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+record+book+of+the+Society+of+Colonial+Dames+in+the+State+of+Rhode+Island+and+Providence+Plantations%3A+Ending+August+31%2C+1896&rft.pub=Snow+%26+Farnham%2C+printers&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Island&rft.aufirst=National+Society+of+the+Colonial+Dames+of+America+Rhode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzMRAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-city-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-city_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence_Monroe_BurtonWilliam_StockingGordon_K._Miller1922" class="citation cs2">Clarence Monroe Burton; William Stocking; Gordon K. Miller (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TTiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The city of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922; Volume 4</i></a>, The S. J. Clarke publishing company, pp. 5–6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+city+of+Detroit%2C+Michigan%2C+1701-1922%3B+Volume+4&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=The+S.+J.+Clarke+publishing+company&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Clarence+Monroe+Burton&rft.au=William+Stocking&rft.au=Gordon+K.+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TTiAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13887397/ledyard_given_quiet_funeral_re_henry/">"Ledyard Given Quiet Funeral,"</a> <i>Detroit Free Press,</i> May 28, 1921, pg. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tompkins1877-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tompkins1877_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTompkins1877" class="citation book cs1">Tompkins, Hamilton Bullock (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalrec00tompgoog"><i>Biographical Record of the Class of 1865, of Hamilton College</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalrec00tompgoog/page/n78">73</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Record+of+the+Class+of+1865%2C+of+Hamilton+College&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Hamilton+College&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Tompkins&rft.aufirst=Hamilton+Bullock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalrec00tompgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psi-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psi_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsi_Upsilon1932" class="citation cs2">Psi Upsilon (1932), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x51MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA170"><i>The diamond of Psi Upsilon</i></a>, vol. 18, Psi Upsilon Fraternity, pp. 170–171</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+diamond+of+Psi+Upsilon&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Psi+Upsilon+Fraternity&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Psi+Upsilon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx51MAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marquis1911-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marquis1911_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquis1911" class="citation book cs1">Marquis, Albert Nelson (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wq5DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1134"><i>Who's Who in America | A Biographical Directory of Notable Living Men and Women of The United States | Vol VI 1910-1911</i></a>. London: A. N. Marquis & Co. p. 1134<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+America+%7C+A+Biographical+Directory+of+Notable+Living+Men+and+Women+of+The+United+States+%7C+Vol+VI+1910-1911&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1134&rft.pub=A.+N.+Marquis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Albert+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwq5DAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LedyardPapers-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LedyardPapers_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedyard" class="citation web cs1">Ledyard, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/riamco/xml2pdffiles/US-RNR-ms565.pdf">"Guide to the Henry Ledyard collection 1726-1899 and undated (bulk 1840-1859)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>library.brown.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Redwood_Library_and_Athenaeum" title="Redwood Library and Athenaeum">Redwood Library and Athenaeum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.brown.edu&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Henry+Ledyard+collection+1726-1899+and+undated+%28bulk+1840-1859%29&rft.aulast=Ledyard&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.brown.edu%2Friamco%2Fxml2pdffiles%2FUS-RNR-ms565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress2005" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v9MBIctdjjkC&pg=PA604"><i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005</i></a>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 604. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-073176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-073176-1"><bdi>978-0-16-073176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-16-073176-1&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv9MBIctdjjkC%26pg%3DPA604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2016803827/">"Lewis Cass statue, Statuary Hall, the Capitol at Washington"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=Lewis+Cass+statue%2C+Statuary+Hall%2C+the+Capitol+at+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2016803827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mimilitaryvethallofhonor.org/2021/cass.html">"Michigan Military and Vetarans Hall of Honor | Lewis Cass"</a>. <i>www.mimilitaryvethallofhonor.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mimilitaryvethallofhonor.org&rft.atitle=Michigan+Military+and+Vetarans+Hall+of+Honor+%7C+Lewis+Cass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mimilitaryvethallofhonor.org%2F2021%2Fcass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNcyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA396"><i>The History of Miami County, Ohio: Containing a History of the County; Its Cities, Towns, Etc</i></a>. Windmill Publications. 1880. p. 396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Miami+County%2C+Ohio%3A+Containing+a+History+of+the+County%3B+Its+Cities%2C+Towns%2C+Etc.&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Windmill+Publications&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNcyAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny1945" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Hamill (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009099824;view=1up;seq=187"><i>West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains</i></a>. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+Place+Names%3A+Their+Origin+and+Meaning%2C+Including+the+Nomenclature+of+the+Streams+and+Mountains&rft.place=Piedmont%2C+WV&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=The+Place+Name+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Hamill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015009099824%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapquest.com/us/mi/detroit/48226/grand-river-ave-and-cass-ave-42.334536,-83.054404">"Detroit, Michigan - MapQuest"</a>. <i>www.mapquest.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mapquest.com&rft.atitle=Detroit%2C+Michigan+-+MapQuest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapquest.com%2Fus%2Fmi%2Fdetroit%2F48226%2Fgrand-river-ave-and-cass-ave-42.334536%2C-83.054404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Cass+Ave,+Mt+Clemens,+MI,+USA/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x882520806746387f:0x2deec8273dd7f158?entry=s&sa=X&ved=1t:78214&hl=en-ae&ictx=111">"Cass Ave · Mt Clemens, MI"</a>. <i>Cass Ave · Mt Clemens, MI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cass+Ave+%C2%B7+Mt+Clemens%2C+MI&rft.atitle=Cass+Ave+%C2%B7+Mt+Clemens%2C+MI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FCass%2BAve%2C%2BMt%2BClemens%2C%2BMI%2C%2BUSA%2Fdata%3D%214m2%213m1%211s0x882520806746387f%3A0x2deec8273dd7f158%3Fentry%3Ds%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D1t%3A78214%26hl%3Den-ae%26ictx%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganmasons.org/news-events/michigan-masonic-legacy-society-gala/,%20https://michiganmasons.org/news-events/michigan-masonic-legacy-society-gala/">"Michigan Masonic Legacy Society Gala - Michigan Masons"</a>. <i>michiganmasons.org</i>. 2019-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michiganmasons.org&rft.atitle=Michigan+Masonic+Legacy+Society+Gala+-+Michigan+Masons&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichiganmasons.org%2Fnews-events%2Fmichigan-masonic-legacy-society-gala%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fmichiganmasons.org%2Fnews-events%2Fmichigan-masonic-legacy-society-gala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2020" class="citation web cs1">Haddad, Ken (2020-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/michigan/2020/06/30/michigan-governor-lansings-lewis-cass-building-renamed-to-elliott-larsen-building/">"Michigan governor: Lansing's Lewis Cass Building renamed to 'Elliott-Larsen Building'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>WDIV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WDIV&rft.atitle=Michigan+governor%3A+Lansing%27s+Lewis+Cass+Building+renamed+to+%27Elliott-Larsen+Building%27&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickondetroit.com%2Fnews%2Fmichigan%2F2020%2F06%2F30%2Fmichigan-governor-lansings-lewis-cass-building-renamed-to-elliott-larsen-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistc">"MemberListC | American Antiquarian Society"</a>. <i>www.americanantiquarian.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanantiquarian.org&rft.atitle=MemberListC+%26%23124%3B+American+Antiquarian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fmemberlistc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1826&year-max=1826&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1826%26year-max%3D1826%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cass,_Lewis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cass, Lewis">Cass, Lewis</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressC000233" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000233">"Lewis Cass (id: C000233)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Lewis+Cass+%28id%3A+C000233%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DC000233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Klunder, Willard Carl. ”Lewis Cass, Stephen Douglas, and Popular Sovereignty: The Demise of Democratic Party Unity,” in <i>Politics and Culture of the Civil War Era</i> ed by Daniel J. McDonough and Kenneth W. Noe, (2006) pp. 129–53</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlunder1991" class="citation journal cs1">Klunder, Willard Carl (1991). "The Seeds of Popular Sovereignty: Governor Lewis Cass and Michigan Territory". <i>Michigan Historical Review</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 64–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20173254">10.2307/20173254</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20173254">20173254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Seeds+of+Popular+Sovereignty%3A+Governor+Lewis+Cass+and+Michigan+Territory&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-81&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20173254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20173254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klunder&rft.aufirst=Willard+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Silbey" title="Joel H. Silbey">Silbey, Joel H.</a> <i>Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848</i> (2009), 205 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1992" class="citation book cs1">Bell, William Gardner (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152450/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/SWSA-Fm.htm">"Lewis Cass"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/SWSA-Fm.htm"><i>Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH pub 70-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/sw-sa/Cass.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lewis+Cass&rft.btitle=Secretaries+of+War+and+Secretaries+of+the+Army&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=William+Gardner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fsw-sa%2FCass.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Cass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmwoodhistoriccemetery.org/pages/cass.html">Elmwood Cemetery Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105195534/http://elmwoodhistoriccemetery.org/pages/cass.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cleland, Charles E. ”Rites of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans”. University of Michigan Press (1992).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-372cas">Lewis Cass papers</a>, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2256">Lewis Cass</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Governor of Michigan</a> </b><br />1813–1831 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Bryan_Porter" title="George Bryan Porter">George Porter</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> </b><br />1831–1836 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel Poinsett</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">David Atchison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a> </b><br />1854 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Jesse Bright</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William Marcy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1857–1860 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah Black</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">United States Minister to France</a> </b><br />1836–1842 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William King</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_S._Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus S. Porter">Augustus S. Porter</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Michigan">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Michigan</a> </b><br />1845–1848 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">William Woodbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Felch" title="Alpheus Felch">Alpheus Felch</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzgerald_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Fitzgerald (American politician)">Thomas Fitzgerald</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Benton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> </b><br />1847–1848 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Benton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzgerald_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Fitzgerald (American politician)">Thomas Fitzgerald</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Michigan">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Michigan</a> </b><br />1849–1857 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Felch" title="Alpheus Felch">Alpheus Felch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Charles Stuart</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James Polk</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Lewis_Cass" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Lewis_Cass" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to Lewis Cass</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Michigan" title="Template:Governors of Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Michigan" title="Template talk:Governors of Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Michigan" title="List of governors of Michigan">Governors of Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Territorial <span class="nobold">(1805–1837)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bryan_Porter" title="George Bryan Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_T._Mason" title="Stevens T. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Horner" title="John S. Horner">Horner</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg/80px-Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg/120px-Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg/160px-Seal_of_Michigan_Governor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="262" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">State <span class="nobold">(since 1837)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_T._Mason" title="Stevens T. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wright_Gordon" title="James Wright Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barry" title="John S. Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Felch" title="Alpheus Felch">Felch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Greenly" title="William L. Greenly">Greenly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_Ransom" title="Epaphroditus Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barry" title="John S. Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Parsons_(American_politician)" title="Andrew Parsons (American politician)">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsley_S._Bingham" title="Kinsley S. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Wisner" title="Moses Wisner">Wisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Crapo" title="Henry H. Crapo">Crapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Baldwin" title="Henry P. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Bagley" title="John J. Bagley">Bagley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Croswell" title="Charles Croswell">Croswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jerome" title="David Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Begole" title="Josiah Begole">Begole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_G._Luce" title="Cyrus G. Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(politician)" title="Edwin B. Winans (politician)">Winans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Treadway_Rich" title="John Treadway Rich">Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazen_S._Pingree" title="Hazen S. Pingree">Pingree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Bliss" title="Aaron T. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Warner" title="Fred M. Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Osborn" title="Chase Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbridge_N._Ferris" title="Woodbridge N. Ferris">Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sleeper" title="Albert Sleeper">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_J._Groesbeck" title="Alex J. Groesbeck">Groesbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Green" title="Fred W. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Comstock" title="William Comstock">Comstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fitzgerald" title="Frank Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fitzgerald" title="Frank Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_Dickinson" title="Luren Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Van_Wagoner" title="Murray Van Wagoner">Van Wagoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kelly_(politician)" title="Harry Kelly (politician)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sigler" title="Kim Sigler">Sigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Mennen_Williams" title="G. Mennen Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Swainson" title="John Swainson">Swainson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Milliken" title="William Milliken">Milliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="James Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Engler" title="John Engler">Engler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Granholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Whitmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecArm" title="Template:USSecArm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecArm" title="Template talk:USSecArm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecArm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecArm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States secretaries of war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department<br />of War</a><br />(1789–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">B. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">W. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">P. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Poinsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">J. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">G. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">R. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">Endicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">Dern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Scott" title="Thomas A. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter H. Watson (page does not exist)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tucker_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tucker (politician) (page does not exist)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wolcott" title="Christopher Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eckert" title="Thomas Eckert">Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Grant" title="Lewis A. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Doe" title="Joseph Doe">Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Rue_Meiklejohn" title="George de Rue Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cary_Sanger" title="William Cary Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_Oliver" title="Robert Shaw Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Ingraham" title="William Moulton Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Williams" title="William Reid Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">MacNider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burton_Robbins" title="Charles Burton Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Huff_Payne" title="Frederick Huff Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Petersen" title="Howard C. Petersen">Petersen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Under Secretary of War">Under secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department<br />of the Army</a><br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pace" title="Frank Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Stevens" title="Robert T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Jacob_Stahr_Jr." title="Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr.">Stahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Froehlke" title="Robert Frederick Froehlke">Froehlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Callaway" title="Bo Callaway">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richard_Hoffmann" title="Martin Richard Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Alexander_Jr." title="Clifford Alexander Jr.">C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Caldera" title="Louis Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._White" title="Thomas E. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fanning" title="Eric Fanning">Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" title="Christine Wormuth">Wormuth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">Under secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Voorhees" title="Tracy Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_S._Alexander" title="Archibald S. Alexander">A. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bendetsen" title="Karl Bendetsen">Bendetsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Johnson" title="Earl D. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Slezak" title="John Slezak">Slezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Finucane" title="Charles C. Finucane">Finucane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_M._Milton_II" title="Hugh M. Milton II">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._McGiffert" title="David E. McGiffert">McGiffert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Beal" title="Thaddeus Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_R._Staudt" title="Herman R. Staudt">Staudt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_B._LaBerge" title="Walter B. LaBerge">LaBerge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Ambrose" title="James R. Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Shannon" title="John W. Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Reeder" title="Joe R. Reeder">Reeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Walker" title="Robert M. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Rostker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_R._Dahlberg" title="Gregory R. Dahlberg">Dahlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Brownlee" title="Les Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_M._Ford" title="Nelson M. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Westphal" title="Joseph W. Westphal">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Carson" title="Brad Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Pennsylvania politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McPherson" title="James E. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabe_Camarillo" title="Gabe Camarillo">Camarillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="Template:United States senators from Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="Template talk:United States senators from Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">United States senators from Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Seymour_Porter" title="Augustus Seymour Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzgerald_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Fitzgerald (American politician)">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Christiancy" title="Isaac P. Christiancy">Christiancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Baldwin" title="Henry P. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Stockbridge" title="Francis B. Stockbridge">Stockbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patton_Jr." title="John Patton Jr.">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Townsend" title="Charles E. Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbridge_N._Ferris" title="Woodbridge N. Ferris">Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Moody" title="Blair Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">Riegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a> <i>(elect)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Norvell" title="John Norvell">Norvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Felch" title="Alpheus Felch">Felch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsley_S._Bingham" title="Kinsley S. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Howard" title="Jacob M. Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Palmer" title="Thomas W. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McMillan_(politician)" title="James McMillan (politician)">McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alden_Smith" title="William Alden Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_H._Newberry" title="Truman H. Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Couzens" title="James Couzens">Couzens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_M._Brown" title="Prentiss M. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_S._Ferguson" title="Homer S. Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">United States Senate Committee on Armed Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military Affairs Committee <br /> (1816–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">J. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Troup" title="George Troup">Troup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">J. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson" title="Robert Ward Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Spencer" title="George E. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Randolph" title="Theodore F. Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Sewell" title="William J. Sewell">Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Walthall" title="Edward C. Walthall">Walthall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._du_Pont" title="Henry A. du Pont">du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Johnston" title="Joseph F. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Chamberlain" title="George E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Sheppard" title="Morris Sheppard">Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reynolds" title="Robert R. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval Affairs Committee <br /> (1816–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tait_(politician)" title="Charles Tait (politician)">Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuel_Williams" title="Reuel Williams">R. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Bayard" title="Richard H. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">Yulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Grimes" title="James W. Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_H._Cragin" title="Aaron H. Cragin">Cragin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._McPherson" title="John R. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._McPherson" title="John R. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_S._Page" title="Carroll S. Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hale_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hale (U.S. senator)">F. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Trammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed Services Committee <br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Gurney" title="Chan Gurney">Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Tydings" title="Millard Tydings">Tydings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Nunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Inhofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Template talk:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a> (1789)</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a> (1792)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izard" title="Ralph Izard">Izard</a> (1794)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H. Tazewell</a> (1795)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a> (1796)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a> (1797)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="William Bradford (Rhode Island politician)">Bradford</a> (1979)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Read</a> (1797)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a> (1798)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a> (1798)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a> (1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a> (1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Tracy" title="Uriah Tracy">Tracy</a> (1800)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a> (1800)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Hillhouse" title="James Hillhouse">Hillhouse</a> (1801)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (1801–1802)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1802–1803)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Kentucky_politician,_born_1757)" title="John Brown (Kentucky politician, born 1757)">Brown</a> (1803–1804)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Franklin" title="Jesse Franklin">Franklin</a> (1804)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">Anderson</a> (1805)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a> (1805–1808)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1808–1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Milledge" title="John Milledge">Milledge</a> (1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a> (1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1810)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Pope (Kentucky politician)">Pope</a> (1811)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1814–1819)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a> (1819)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1820–1825)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a> (1828–1831)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L. Tazewell</a> (1832)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a> (1832–1833)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a> (1834)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a> (1835)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. R. King</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a> (1841–1842)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a> (1842–1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a> (1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a> (1846–1849)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. R. King</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a> (1852–1854)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a> (1854)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1854–1856)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a> (1856)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a> (1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a> (1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a> (1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Clark_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Daniel Clark (New Hampshire politician)">Clark</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_S._Foster" title="Lafayette S. Foster">Foster</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a> (1867–1869)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_H._Carpenter" title="Matthew H. Carpenter">Carpenter</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a> (1875–1879)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a> (1879–1880)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a> (1881)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1883–1885)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Ingalls" title="John J. Ingalls">Ingalls</a> (1887–1891)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Manderson" title="Charles F. Manderson">Manderson</a> (1891–1893)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a> (1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a> (1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1896–1911)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_P._Clarke" title="James P. Clarke">Clarke</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Willard_Saulsbury_Jr." title="Willard Saulsbury Jr.">Saulsbury</a> (1916–1919)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a> (1925–1933)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">W. H. King</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a> (1941)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a> (1957–1969)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a> (1972–1978)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Young" title="Milton Young">Young</a> (1980)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a> (1980–1981)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (1995–2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (2012–2015)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/90px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/135px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/180px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> Pro-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> Anti-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> Federalist</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> Democratic-Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> Jacksonian</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> National Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> Whig</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> Democratic</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> Independent</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MIHistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:MIHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MIHistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:MIHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MIHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MIHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Michigan_history" title="Timeline of Michigan history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in North America">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascouten" title="Mascouten">Mascouten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe (Chippewa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa (Ottawa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sac (Sauk)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureurs des Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">Fox Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Peace of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saginaw" title="Treaty of Saginaw">Treaty of Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_Treaty_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="1821 Treaty of Chicago">1821 Treaty of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_Treaty_of_Chicago" title="1833 Treaty of Chicago">1833 Treaty of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_War" title="Toledo War">Toledo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Windsor" title="Battle of Windsor">Battle of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_La_Pointe" title="Treaty of La Pointe">Treaty of La Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_12_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 12 in Michigan">Chicago Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Kalamazoo_Canal" title="Clinton–Kalamazoo Canal">Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motor_vehicle_manufacturers_based_in_Michigan" title="Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan">Auto Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_River_Rouge_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford River Rouge Complex">River Rouge Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Run" title="Willow Run">Willow Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit–Windsor Tunnel">Detroit–Windsor Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Sit-Down_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint Sit-Down Strike">Flint Sit-Down Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_France_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Template:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_France_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">United States Ambassadors to France</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoys<br />to France<br />(1776–1779)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Lee</a> & <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Deane</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the US Department of State"><img alt="Seal of the US Department of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/105px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/140px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary<br />to France<br />(1778–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Russell</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barlow" title="Joel Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary <br />to France<br />(1816–1893)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Brown (Louisiana politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levett_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levett Harris (page does not exist)">Harris</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_P._Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas P. Barton (page does not exist)">Barton</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner" title="Charles J. Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bigelow" title="John Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary<br />to France<br />(1893–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Eustis" title="James B. Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Porter" title="Horace Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanderson_McCormick" title="Robert Sanderson McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_White_(diplomat)" title="Henry White (diplomat)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_T._Herrick" title="Myron T. Herrick">Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graves_Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="William Graves Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Campbell_Wallace" title="Hugh Campbell Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_T._Herrick" title="Myron T. Herrick">Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Edge" title="Walter E. Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_I._Straus" title="Jesse I. Straus">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Christian_Bullitt_Jr." title="William Christian Bullitt Jr.">Bullitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville_Pinkney_Tuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerville Pinkney Tuck">Tuck</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Caffery" title="Jefferson Caffery">Caffery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Houghton" title="Amory Houghton">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Gavin" title="James M. Gavin">Gavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bohlen" title="Charles E. Bohlen">Bohlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_K._Watson" title="Arthur K. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Irwin_II" title="John N. Irwin II">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Hartman" title="Arthur A. Hartman">Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_G._Galbraith" title="Evan G. Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_M._Rodgers" title="Joe M. Rodgers">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Curley" title="Walter Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Harriman" title="Pamela Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Rohatyn" title="Felix Rohatyn">Rohatyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_H._Leach" title="Howard H. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Roberts_Stapleton" title="Craig Roberts Stapleton">Stapleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivkin" title="Charles Rivkin">Rivkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_D._Hartley" title="Jane D. Hartley">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_McCourt" title="Jamie McCourt">McCourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Bauer" title="Denise Bauer">Bauer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jackson_cabinet" title="Template:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jackson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jackson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">John Forsyth</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/100px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/150px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/200px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="739" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Samuel D. Ingham</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">William J. Duane</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">John Eaton</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a> (1831–1836)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John M. Berrien</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin Franklin Butler</a> (1833–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">William T. Barry</a> (1829–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a> (1835–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">John Branch</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1831–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Mahlon Dickerson</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buchanan_cabinet" title="Template:Buchanan cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buchanan_cabinet" title="Template talk:Buchanan cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buchanan_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buchanan cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a> (1860–1861)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/100px-James_Buchanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/150px-James_Buchanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/200px-James_Buchanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="714" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Philip Francis Thomas</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Adams Dix</a> (1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a> (1860–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> (1860–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">Aaron V. Brown</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_King" title="Horatio King">Horatio King</a> (1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Isaac Toucey</a> (1857–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thompson" title="Jacob Thompson">Jacob Thompson</a> (1857–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Removal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_removal" title="Template:Indian removal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_removal" title="Template talk:Indian removal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_removal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian removal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Removal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian Removal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and military incidents<br />(chronologically)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Battle of Burnt Corn</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Fort Mims massacre</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negro_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Negro Fort">Battle of Negro Fort</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fowltown" title="Battle of Fowltown">Battle of Fowltown</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Massacre">Scott Massacre</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hughes_(Georgia)" title="Fort Hughes (Georgia)">Attack at Fort Hughes</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocheesee" title="Battle of Ocheesee">Battle of Ocheesee</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Land_Lotteries" title="Georgia Land Lotteries">Georgia Land Lotteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia" title="Worcester v. Georgia">Worcester v. Georgia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Removals (chronologically)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Indiana" title="Indian removals in Indiana">Indian removals in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Trail_of_Tears" title="Choctaw Trail of Tears">Choctaw Trail of Tears</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1831–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">Cherokee removal</a> (1836–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Trail_of_Death" title="Potawatomi Trail of Death">Potawatomi Trail of Death</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Lake_Tragedy" title="Sandy Lake Tragedy">Sandy Lake Tragedy</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Cult_Trail" title="Nome Cult Trail">Nome Cult Trail</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk of the Navajo</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Lake_burn-out" title="Burt Lake burn-out">Burt Lake burn-out</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American politicians<br />and military officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gadsden" title="James Gadsden">James Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rockingham_Gilmer" class="mw-redirect" title="George Rockingham Gilmer">George Rockingham Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Indian_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Jefferson and Indian removal">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tipton" title="John Tipton">John Tipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wallace_(Indiana_politician)" title="David Wallace (Indiana politician)">David Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People who helped Indians<br />or documented removals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbuthnot_and_Ambrister_incident" title="Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident">Robert C. Ambrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbuthnot_and_Ambrister_incident" title="Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident">George Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hawkins" title="Benjamin Hawkins">Benjamin Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicolls" title="Edward Nicolls">Edward Nicolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Petit" title="Benjamin Petit">Benjamin Marie Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Winter_(artist)" title="George Winter (artist)">George Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land cession treaties<br />(chronologically)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix">Fort Stanwix (1st)</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix_(1784)" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)">Fort Stanwix (2nd)</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_McIntosh" title="Treaty of Fort McIntosh">Fort McIntosh</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Buffalo_Creek" title="First Treaty of Buffalo Creek">Buffalo Creek (1st)</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_York_(1790)" title="Treaty of New York (1790)">New York (1st)</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_York_(1796)" title="Treaty of New York (1796)">New York (2nd)</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_and_Company#The_Forbes_land_grants" title="John Forbes and Company">Forbes Purchase</a> (1804–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Fort Jackson</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Creek_Agency_(1818)" title="Treaty of the Creek Agency (1818)">Creek Agency</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Doak%27s_Stand" title="Treaty of Doak's Stand">Doak's Stand</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Indian_Springs_(1821)" title="Treaty of Indian Springs (1821)">Indian Springs</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien (1st)</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien (2nd)</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Third Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien (3rd)</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Dancing Rabbit Creek</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien (4th)</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cusseta" title="Treaty of Cusseta">Cusseta</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Payne%27s_Landing" title="Treaty of Payne's Landing">Payne's Landing</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pontotoc_Creek" title="Treaty of Pontotoc Creek">Pontotoc Creek</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">New Echota</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Buffalo_Creek" title="Second Treaty of Buffalo Creek">Buffalo Creek (2nd)</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_La_Pointe" title="Treaty of La Pointe">La Pointe (1st)</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_Buffalo_Creek" title="Third Treaty of Buffalo Creek">Buffalo Creek (3rd)</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_La_Pointe" title="Treaty of La Pointe">La Pointe (2nd)</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Buffalo_Creek" title="Fourth Treaty of Buffalo Creek">Buffalo Creek (4th)</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landbases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of historical Indian reservations in the United States">Former reservations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Indian_reservations_in_Oklahoma" title="Former Indian reservations in Oklahoma">in Oklahoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Indian barrier state (proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unassigned_Lands" title="Unassigned Lands">Unassigned Lands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Aboriginal title in the United States">Aboriginal title</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_statutes_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Aboriginal title statutes in the Thirteen Colonies">in the Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Land_Claims_Settlements" title="Indian Land Claims Settlements">Land claims settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native American genocide in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkerboarding_(land)" title="Checkerboarding (land)">Reservation checkerboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminishment" title="Diminishment">Reservation diminishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservation_politics" title="Native American reservation politics">Reservation politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nicolls%27_Outpost" title="Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost">Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1840)_1844_United_States_presidential_election_(1848_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1840)_1844_United_States_presidential_election_(1848_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">← 1840</a>) <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk_1844_presidential_campaign" title="James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>for Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">John Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sargeant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00DDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 silver;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Mormon)" title="Reform Party (Mormon)">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <s><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></s> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_1844_presidential_campaign" title="Joseph Smith 1844 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1844 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1844_and_1845_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_and_1845_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">← 1844</a>) <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William O. Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings">Joshua R. Giddings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1848 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1848)_1852_United_States_presidential_election_(1856_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1848)_1852_United_States_presidential_election_(1856_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">← 1848</a>) <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1852 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1852_and_1853_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_and_1853_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">← 1852</a>) <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew J. Donelson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Law_(financier)" title="George Law (financier)">George Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1856 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503119#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503119#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503119#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082661232">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74646968">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11494/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbMbkGdMVQGGwh8cpBQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118668706">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50034113">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162726734">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162726734">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271668705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000233">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118668706.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118668706">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/137141092">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582952">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61p8qjx">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w37th7">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&oldid=1257673394">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&oldid=1257673394</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1782_births" title="Category:1782 births">1782 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1866_deaths" title="Category:1866 deaths">1866 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Category:People from Exeter, New Hampshire">People from Exeter, New Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gilman_family_of_New_Hampshire" title="Category:Gilman family of New Hampshire">Gilman family of New Hampshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_English_descent" title="Category:American people of English descent">American people of English descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Welsh_descent" title="Category:American people of Welsh descent">American people of Welsh descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jackson_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Jackson administration cabinet members">Jackson administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buchanan_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Buchanan administration cabinet members">Buchanan administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_secretaries_of_war" title="Category:United States secretaries of war">United States secretaries of war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Category:United States secretaries of state">United States secretaries of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Michigan">Democratic Party United States senators from Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees">Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Michigan_Territory" title="Category:Governors of Michigan Territory">Governors of Michigan Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Members of the Ohio House of Representatives">Members of the Ohio House of Representatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="Category:Ambassadors of the United States to France">Ambassadors of the United States to France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marshals" title="Category:United States Marshals">United States Marshals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_surveyors" title="Category:American surveyors">American surveyors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Masonic_grand_masters" title="Category:Masonic grand masters">Masonic grand masters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Marietta,_Ohio" title="Category:Politicians from Marietta, Ohio">Politicians from Marietta, Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_politicians" title="Category:19th-century American politicians">19th-century American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_diplomats" title="Category:19th-century American diplomats">19th-century American diplomats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phillips_Exeter_Academy_alumni" title="Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni">Phillips Exeter Academy alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regents_of_the_University_of_Michigan" title="Category:Regents of the University of Michigan">Regents of the University of Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Antiquarian_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Antiquarian Society">Members of the American Antiquarian Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_generals" title="Category:United States Army generals">United States Army generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Category:United States Army personnel of the War of 1812">United States Army personnel of the War of 1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Elmwood_Cemetery_(Detroit)" title="Category:Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit)">Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_senators_who_owned_slaves" title="Category:United States senators who owned slaves">United States senators who owned slaves</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 03:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Cass&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-wxhqq","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.311","walltime":"2.751","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23958,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":749778,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":272840,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":295838,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2188.491 1 -total"," 47.51% 1039.659 2 Template:Navboxes"," 31.79% 695.765 32 Template:Navbox"," 21.95% 480.420 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 18.96% 414.976 1 Template:USSenPresProTemp"," 17.43% 381.549 123 Template:Party_stripe"," 10.32% 225.906 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.68% 167.977 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 7.65% 167.374 10 Template:Cite_book"," 5.50% 120.296 50 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.229","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20426500,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBell1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCass1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarence_Monroe_BurtonWilliam_StockingGordon_K._Miller1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlude2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddad2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsland1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlunder1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlunder1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLedyard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquis1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPsi_Upsilon1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_City_of_Detroit,_Michigan,_1701-1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompkins1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Congress2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittelsey\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Buchanan cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Cass, Lewis\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Find a Grave\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Governors of Michigan\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Indian Removal\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Jackson cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"MIHistory\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 9,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 9,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 9,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"SenArmedServiceCommitteeChairs\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to France\"] = 1,\n [\"USDemPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecState\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecWar\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenMI\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenPresProTemp\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1844\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1848\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1852\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1856\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsuccessful major party pres candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","36.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.6"],["(for generator)","60","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","4.2"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.8"],["type","40","2.8"],["init \u003CModule:Political_party/D\u003E","40","2.8"],["getmetatable \u003Cmw.lua:66\u003E","40","2.8"],["[others]","260","18.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-5dksd","timestamp":"20241125140652","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lewis Cass","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lewis_Cass","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q503119","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q503119","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-05T22:48:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T03:10:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Lewis_Cass_-_Brady-Handy.jpg","headline":"American politician (1782-1866)"}</script> </body> </html>