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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Algonquian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%8E%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A5" title="የአልጎንኲያን ቋንቋዎች ቤተሰብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የአልጎንኲያን ቋንቋዎች ቤተሰብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغات الألغونكوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغات الألغونكوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_algonquines" title="Llingües algonquines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües algonquines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqonkin_dill%C9%99ri" title="Alqonkin dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alqonkin dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آلقونکیان دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلقونکیان دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Алганкінскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алганкінскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Алгонкински езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алгонкински езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin-Sprochn" title="Algonkin-Sprochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Algonkin-Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_algonkek" title="Yezhoù algonkek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù algonkek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_algonquines" title="Llengües algonquines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües algonquines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinsprog" title="Algonkinsprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Algonkinsprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin-Sprachen" title="Algonkin-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Algonkin-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkini_keeled" title="Algonkini keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Algonkini keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_algonquinas" title="Lenguas algonquinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas algonquinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkena_lingvaro" title="Algonkena lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Algonkena lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin_hizkuntzak" title="Algonkin hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Algonkin hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های آلگانکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های آلگانکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinsk_m%C3%A1l" title="Algonkinsk mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Algonkinsk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_algonquiennes" title="Langues algonquiennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues algonquiennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkwynske_talen" title="Algonkwynske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Algonkwynske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Algancacha" title="Teangacha Algancacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Algancacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_algonquinas" title="Linguas algonquinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas algonquinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A4%ED%82%A8%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="알곤킨어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알곤킨어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալգոնկինյան լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալգոնկինյան լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinski_jezici" title="Algonkinski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Algonkinski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Algonquian" title="Rumpun bahasa Algonquian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Algonquian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Algonkinsk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Algonkinsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_algonchine" title="Lingue algonchine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue algonchine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianae" title="Linguae Algonquianae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Algonquianae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinu_valodas" title="Algonkinu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Algonkinu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Algonkinų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Algonkinų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_algoncian" title="Linguas algoncian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas algoncian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin_nyelvcsal%C3%A1d" title="Algonkin nyelvcsalád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Algonkin nyelvcsalád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Алгонкински јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алгонкински јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_alig%C3%B4nkianina" title="Fiteny aligônkianina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny aligônkianina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Algongkwi" title="Bahasa-bahasa Algongkwi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Algongkwi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkische_talen" title="Algonkische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algonkische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="アルゴンキン語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルゴンキン語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin_spriaken" title="Algonkin spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Algonkin spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Algonkinske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Algonkinske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Algonkinske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Algonkinske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_algonquianas" title="Lengas algonquianas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas algonquianas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_algonkia%C5%84skie" title="Języki algonkiańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki algonkiańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_algonquinas" title="Línguas algonquinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas algonquinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin_rimaykuna" title="Algonkin rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Algonkin rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Алгонкинские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алгонкинские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Algonquian languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Алгонквински језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алгонквински језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian" title="Algonquian – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Algonquian" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin-kielet" title="Algonkin-kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Algonkin-kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinspr%C3%A5k" title="Algonkinspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Algonkinspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin_dilleri" title="Algonkin dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Algonkin dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Алгонкінські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алгонкінські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Algonquin" title="Ngữ tộc Algonquin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc Algonquin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%86%88%E6%98%86%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="阿尔冈昆语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔冈昆语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B2%A1%E6%98%86%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="阿岡昆語族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿岡昆語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Algonquki" title="Zıwanê Algonquki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Algonquki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%86%88%E6%98%86%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="阿尔冈昆语族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔冈昆语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subfamily of the Algic languages of North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightskyblue;">Algonquian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Algonkian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Algonquian</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapahoan_languages" title="Arapahoan languages">Arapahoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>-<a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" title="Innu-aimun">Montagnais</a>-<a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Meskwaki-Sauk-Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/alg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:alg">alg</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/algo1256">algo1256</a></code></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Algonquian-Blackfoot)</span><br /><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/algo1257">algo1257</a></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algonquian_language_map_with_states_and_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Algonquian_language_map_with_states_and_provinces.svg/300px-Algonquian_language_map_with_states_and_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Algonquian_language_map_with_states_and_provinces.svg/450px-Algonquian_language_map_with_states_and_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Algonquian_language_map_with_states_and_provinces.svg/600px-Algonquian_language_map_with_states_and_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="414" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Algonquian languages</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">al-<span style="font-size:90%">GONG</span>-k(w)ee-ən</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDictionary.com:_Algonquian_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary.com:_Algonquian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <b>Algonkian</b>) are a family of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a> and most of the languages in the <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic language family</a> are included in the group. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a> dialect of the Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe language</a> (Chippewa), which is a senior member of the Algonquian language family. The term <i>Algonquin</i> has been suggested to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> word <span title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy-language text"><i lang="pqm">elakómkwik</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="alg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik]</a></span>), "they are our relatives/allies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997401,_notes_133,_136_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997401,_notes_133,_136-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright200432_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright200432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Speakers of Algonquian languages</a> stretch from the east coast of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> from which all of the languages of the family descend, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a>, was spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1978587_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1978587-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no scholarly consensus about where this language was spoken. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_division">Family division</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Algonquian_languages" title="Plains Algonquian languages">Plains Algonquian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian languages</a></div> <p>This subfamily of around 30 languages is divided into three groups according to geography: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Algonquian_languages" title="Plains Algonquian languages">Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a>. Of the three, only Eastern Algonquian constitutes a true <a href="/wiki/Genetic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic (linguistics)">genetic</a> subgroup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithun1999328,_333–335_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithun1999328,_333–335-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The languages are listed following the classifications of Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999). <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Extinct</a> languages are marked with †, and endangered languages are noted as such. For dialects and subdialects, consult the separate main articles for each of the three divisions. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Algonquian</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Algonquian_languages" title="Plains Algonquian languages">Plains</a></i> <ul><li>1. <b><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arapahoan_languages" title="Arapahoan languages">Arapahoan</a></i> (including <a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>), and <a href="/wiki/Besawunena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Besawunena language">Besawunena</a> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)) <ul><li>2. <b><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho proper</a></b></li> <li>3. <b><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li></ul></li> <li>4. <b><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central</a></i> <ul><li>5. <b><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree–Innu–Naskapi</a></b></li> <li>6. <b><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(severely endangered)</span></li> <li><i>Ojibwe–Potawatomi</i> <ul><li>7. <b><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></b></li> <li>8. <b><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(nearly extinct)</span></li> <li>9. <b><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(severely endangered)</span></li> <li>10. <b><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(severely endangered)</span></li> <li>11. <b><a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami–Illinois–Peoria</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern</a></i> <ul><li>12. <b><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></i> <ul><li>13. <b><a href="/wiki/Western_Abenaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Abenaki language">Western Abenaki</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(nearly extinct)</span></li> <li>14. <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Abenaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Abenaki language">Eastern Abenaki</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li></ul></li> <li>15. <b><a href="/wiki/Maliseet-Passamaquoddy_language" title="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet-Passamaquoddy</a></b></li> <li>16. <b><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></b></li> <li>17. <b><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li>18. <b><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan–Pequot</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li>19. <b><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi-Naugatuck-Unquachog</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li>20. <b><a href="/wiki/Mahican_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican language">Mohican</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Lenape</a></i> <ul><li>21. <b><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(nearly extinct)</span></li> <li>22. <b><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li></ul></li> <li>23. <b><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke–Piscataway</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li>24. <b><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li>25. <b><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li>26. <b><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncertain – See <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian languages</a>)</span></li> <li>27. <b><a href="/wiki/Loup_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Loup A">Loup A</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(probably Nipmuck (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>), uncertain – See <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian languages</a>)</span></li> <li>28. <b><a href="/wiki/Loup_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Loup B">Loup B</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncertain – See <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian languages</a>)</span></li> <li>29. <b><a href="/wiki/Shinnecock_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinnecock language">Shinnecock</a></b> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncertain)</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subgroups">Subgroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Eastern Algonquian</i> is a true genetic subgrouping. The <i>Plains Algonquian</i> and the <i>Central Algonquian</i> groups are not genetic groupings but rather <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">areal</a> groupings. Although these areal groups often do share linguistic features, these commonalities are usually attributed to <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994187_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Proulx has argued that this traditional view is incorrect,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProulx2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProulx2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that <i>Central Algonquian</i> (in which he includes the Plains Algonquian languages) is a genetic subgroup, with Eastern Algonquian consisting of several different subgroups. However, this classification scheme has failed to gain acceptance from other specialists in the Algonquian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994199_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994199-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, the commonly accepted subgrouping scheme is that proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ives_Goddard" title="Ives Goddard">Ives Goddard</a> (1994). The essence of this proposal is that <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a> originated with people to the west who then moved east, although Goddard did not attempt to identify a specific western <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">urheimat</a> for Proto-Algonquian in his 1994 paper. By this scenario, Blackfoot was the first language to branch off, which coincides well with its being the most divergent language of Algonquian. In west-to-east order, the subsequent branchings were: </p> <ul><li>Arapaho-Gros Ventre, Cree-Montagnais, Menominee, and Cheyenne;</li> <li>then the core Great Lakes languages: (Ojibwe–Potawatomi, Shawnee, Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo, and Miami–Illinois); and</li> <li>finally, Proto-Eastern Algonquian.</li></ul> <p>This historical reconstruction accords best with the observed levels of divergence within the family, whereby the most divergent languages are found furthest west (since they constitute the earliest branchings during eastern migration), and the shallowest subgroupings are found furthest to the east (Eastern Algonquian, and arguably Core Central). This general west-to-east order is compatible with the proposal from J.P. Denny (1991) that Proto-Algonquian people may have moved east from the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Plateau</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Rocky Mountain-Great Plains</a> boundary of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, dropping off subgroups as people migrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenny1991103_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenny1991103-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goddard also points out that there is clear evidence for pre-historical contact between Eastern Algonquian and Cree-Montagnais, as well as between Cheyenne and Arapaho–Gros Ventre. There has long been especially extensive back-and-forth influence between Cree and Ojibwe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that the "Eastern Great Lakes" languages – what Goddard has called "Core Central", e.g., Ojibwe–Potawatomi, Shawnee, Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo, and Miami-Illinois (but not Cree–Montagnais or Menominee) – may also constitute their own genetic grouping within Algonquian. They share certain intriguing lexical and phonological innovations. However, this theory has not yet been fully fleshed out and is still considered conjectural. </p><p>Algonquian is sometimes said to have included the extinct <a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>, whose speakers were both in geographic proximity to Algonquian speakers and who share DNA in common with the Algonquian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq people">Miꞌkmaq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1979106–7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1979106–7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuch2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuch2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, linguistic evidence is scarce and poorly recorded, and it is unlikely that reliable evidence of a connection can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithun1999368_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithun1999368-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatical_features">Grammatical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammatical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Algonquian language family is known for its complex <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPentland2006163_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPentland2006163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statements that take many words to say in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> can be expressed with a single word. Ex: (<a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a>) <i>paehtāwāēwesew</i> "He is heard by higher powers" (<i>paeht</i>- 'hear', -<i>āwāē</i>- 'spirit', -<i>wese</i>- passivizer, -<i>w</i> third-person subject) or (<a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a>) <i>kāstāhikoyahk</i> "it frightens us". These languages have been extensively studied by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ives_Goddard" title="Ives Goddard">Ives Goddard</a>, and others. </p><p>Algonquian nouns have an <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate/inanimate</a> contrast: some nouns are classed as <i>animate</i>, while all other nouns are <i>inanimate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPentland2006163_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPentland2006163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is ongoing debate over whether there is a semantic significance to the categorization of nouns as animate or inanimate, with scholars arguing for it as either a clearly <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> issue, or a purely <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> issue, along with a variety of arguments in between. More structurally inclined linguistic scholars have argued that since there is no consistent semantic system for determining the <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a> of a noun, that it must be a purely linguistic characterization. Anthropological linguists have conversely argued the strong connection between animacy and items viewed as having spiritual importance. </p><p>Another important distinction involves the contrast between nouns marked as <i>proximate</i> and those marked as <i><a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviative</a></i>. Proximate nouns are those deemed most central or important to the discourse, while obviative nouns are those less important to the discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPentland2006164_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPentland2006164-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are personal pronouns which distinguish three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">inclusive and exclusive first person plural</a>, and proximate and obviative third persons. Verbs are divided into four classes: <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a> verbs with an animate object (abbreviated "TA"), transitive verbs with an inanimate object ("TI"), <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a> verbs with an animate subject ("AI"), and intransitive verbs with an inanimate subject ("II").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPentland2006164_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPentland2006164-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very notable feature of the Algonquian languages is their <i><a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_alignment" title="Direct–inverse alignment">direct-inverse</a></i> (also known as <i>hierarchical</i>) <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic alignment</a>, distinguishing between an unmarked voice where the subject outranks the object in a person hierarchy and a marked voice where the opposite relation obtains.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the lists of words in the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Algonquian_languages" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> and the list of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_Algonquian_languages" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Terms derived from Algonquian languages">words of Algonquian origin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words">Loan words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Loan words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_from_Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Words_from_Algonquian_languages" title="List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas">List of English words of Algonquian origin</a></div> <p>Because Algonquian languages were some of the first with which Europeans came into contact in North America, the language family has given many words to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Many eastern and midwestern <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">U.S. states</a> have names of Algonquian origin (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, etc.), as do many cities: <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, et al. <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, is named after the Algonquian nation, the <a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Odawa people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a more detailed treatment of geographical names in three Algonquian languages, see the external link to the book by Trumbull. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Algonquian_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Algonquian reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Algonquian reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Femme_algoquien.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Femme_algoquien.png/220px-Femme_algoquien.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Femme_algoquien.png/330px-Femme_algoquien.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Femme_algoquien.png/440px-Femme_algoquien.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The word '<a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">woman</a>' in the different Algonquian languages</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Algic">Proto-Algic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian Bible">Algonquian Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin language</a> – a similarly named language which is a member of the Algonquian language family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Algonquian_languages" title="Plains Algonquian languages">Plains Algonquian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ives_Goddard" title="Ives Goddard">Ives Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.C._Wolfart" class="mw-redirect" title="H.C. Wolfart">H.C. Wolfart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algonquian_personal_names" title="List of Algonquian personal names">List of Algonquian personal names</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary.com:_Algonquian-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDictionary.com:_Algonquian_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDictionary.com:_Algonquian">Dictionary.com: Algonquian</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997401,_notes_133,_136-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997401,_notes_133,_136_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell 1997</a>, pp. 401, notes 133, 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright200432-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright200432_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBright2004">Bright 2004</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1978587-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1978587_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoddard1978">Goddard 1978</a>, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithun1999328,_333–335-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithun1999328,_333–335_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMithun1999">Mithun 1999</a>, pp. 328, 333–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994187-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994187_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoddard1994">Goddard 1994</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProulx2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProulx2003_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProulx2003">Proulx 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994199-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994199_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoddard1994">Goddard 1994</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenny1991103-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenny1991103_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenny1991">Denny 1991</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1994_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoddard1994">Goddard 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard1979106–7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard1979106–7_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoddard1979">Goddard 1979</a>, pp. 106–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuch2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuch2007_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuch2007">Kuch 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithun1999368-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithun1999368_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMithun1999">Mithun 1999</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPentland2006163-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPentland2006163_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPentland2006163_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPentland2006">Pentland 2006</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPentland2006164-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPentland2006164_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPentland2006164_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPentland2006">Pentland 2006</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKlaiman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Klaiman, M. H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114002408/http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/rvogel/ws0809/synmorph/klaiman93inverse.pdf">"Inverse languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_(journal)" title="Lingua (journal)">Lingua</a></i>. <b>88</b> (3–4): 227–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2892%2990043-i">10.1016/0024-3841(92)90043-i</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/rvogel/ws0809/synmorph/klaiman93inverse.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Inverse+languages&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=227-261&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2892%2990043-i&rft.aulast=Klaiman&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de%2Frvogel%2Fws0809%2Fsynmorph%2Fklaiman93inverse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ottawa-ont">"Ottawa | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Ottawa+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fottawa-ont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDictionary.com:_Algonquian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Algonquian">"Algonquian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Algonquian&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FAlgonquian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1946" class="citation book cs1">Bloomfield, Leonard (1946). "Algonquian". <i>Linguistic Structures of Native America</i>. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology. Vol. 6. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Algonquian&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Structures+of+Native+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Viking+Fund+Publications+in+Anthropology&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2004" class="citation book cs1">Bright, William (2004). <i>Native American Place Names of the United States</i>. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Place+Names+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (1997). <i>American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1"><bdi>0-19-509427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+languages%3A+The+historical+linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-509427-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenny1991" class="citation conference cs1">Denny, J. Peter (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/1049/932">"The Algonquian Migration from Plateau to Midwest: Linguistics and Archaeology"</a>. In Cowan, William (ed.). <i>Papers of the 22nd Algonquian Conference</i>. 22nd Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>. pp. 103–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Algonquian+Migration+from+Plateau+to+Midwest%3A+Linguistics+and+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Papers+of+the+22nd+Algonquian+Conference&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=103-24&rft.pub=Carleton+University&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Denny&rft.aufirst=J.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.library.carleton.ca%2Findex.php%2FALGQP%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1049%2F932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1978" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Ives (1978). "Central Algonquian Languages". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). <i>Northeast</i>. <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Vol. 15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 583–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004575-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004575-2"><bdi>978-0-16-004575-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Algonquian+Languages&rft.btitle=Northeast&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=%27%27Handbook+of+North+American+Indians%27%27%2C+ed.+William+C.+Sturtevant&rft.pages=583-87&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-16-004575-2&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Ives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1979" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Ives (1979). "Comparative Algonquian". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.). <i>The Languages of Native North America: Historical and Comparative Assessment</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 70–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparative+Algonquian&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Native+North+America%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Assessment&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=70-132&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Ives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1994" class="citation conference cs1">Goddard, Ives (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/616/516">"The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology"</a>. In Cowan, William (ed.). <i>Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference</i>. 25th Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>. pp. 187–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+West-to-East+Cline+in+Algonquian+Dialectology&rft.btitle=Papers+of+the+25th+Algonquian+Conference&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=187-211&rft.pub=Carleton+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Ives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.library.carleton.ca%2Findex.php%2FALGQP%2Farticle%2Fview%2F616%2F516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1996" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Ives (1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.). <i>Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians" title="Handbook of North American Indians">Handbook of North American Indians</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/William_C._Sturtevant" title="William C. Sturtevant">William C. Sturtevant</a>. Vol. 17. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87474197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87474197-1"><bdi>978-0-87474197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Languages&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians%2C+edited+by+William+C.+Sturtevant&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87474197-1&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Ives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuch2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kuch, Melanie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725031405/http://www.sjdimond.us/document/2007_Extinct%20Beothuk.pdf">"A preliminary analysis of the DNA and diet of the extinct Beothuk: A systematic approach to ancient human DNA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>132</b> (4): 594–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20536">10.1002/ajpa.20536</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17205549">17205549</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjdimond.us/document/2007_Extinct%20Beothuk.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+analysis+of+the+DNA+and+diet+of+the+extinct+Beothuk%3A+A+systematic+approach+to+ancient+human+DNA&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=594-604&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20536&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17205549&rft.aulast=Kuch&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjdimond.us%2Fdocument%2F2007_Extinct%2520Beothuk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithun1999" class="citation book cs1">Mithun, Marianne (1999). <i>The languages of Native North America</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7"><bdi>0-521-23228-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+Native+North+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-23228-7&rft.aulast=Mithun&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoondancerWoman2007" class="citation book cs1">Moondancer; Woman, Strong (2007). <i>A Cultural History of the Native Peoples of Southern New England: Voices from Past and Present</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Bauu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721349-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9721349-3-4"><bdi>978-0-9721349-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+the+Native+Peoples+of+Southern+New+England%3A+Voices+from+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Bauu+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9721349-3-4&rft.au=Moondancer&rft.au=Woman%2C+Strong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2010" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Frank Waabu (2010). <i>Understanding Indian Place Names in Southern New England</i>. Colorado: Bauu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9820467-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9820467-6-0"><bdi>978-0-9820467-6-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Indian+Place+Names+in+Southern+New+England&rft.place=Colorado&rft.pub=Bauu+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9820467-6-0&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Frank+Waabu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentland2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pentland, David H. (2006). "Algonquian and Ritwan Languages". In Brown, Keith (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics</i> (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 161–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Algonquian+and+Ritwan+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=161-6&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pentland&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProulx2003" class="citation journal cs1">Proulx, Paul (2003). "The Evidence on Algonquian Genetic Grouping: A Matter of Relative Chronology". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>45</b>: 201–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Evidence+on+Algonquian+Genetic+Grouping%3A+A+Matter+of+Relative+Chronology&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=201-25&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Proulx&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18279">Composition of Geographical Names from the Algonkin Languages, by J. Hammond Trumbull</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/famalg.htm">Algonquian language family</a> on Native-languages.org</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Algonquian_languages">Comparative Algonquian Swadesh vocabulary lists</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlas-ling.ca/">Algonquian Linguistic Atlas</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algic_languages" title="Template:Algic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algic_languages" title="Template talk:Algic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arapahoan_languages" title="Arapahoan languages">Arapahoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Besawunena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Besawunena language">Besawunena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">East Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" title="Innu-aimun">Innu-aimun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_Pidgin" title="Massachusett Pidgin">Massachusett Pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_Pidgin_English" title="Massachusett Pidgin English">Massachusett Pidgin English</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan–Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delawaran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Delaware" title="Pidgin Delaware">Pidgin Delaware</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohican_language" title="Mohican language">Mahican</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Nanticockan</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_language" title="Piscataway language">Piscataway</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliseet-Passamaquoddy_language" title="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet–Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_language" title="Sauk language">Sauk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berens_River_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Berens River Ojibwe dialect">Berens River Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Lakes_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Border Lakes Ojibwe dialect">Border Lakes Ojibwa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Oghibbeway" title="Broken Oghibbeway">Broken Oghibbeway</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ojibwa_language" title="Central Ojibwa language">Central Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_language" title="Chippewa language">Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ojibwa_language" title="Eastern Ojibwa language">Eastern Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Nipissing Ojibwe dialect">Nipissing Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_Superior_Ojibwe_dialect" title="North of Superior Ojibwe dialect">North of Superior Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ojibwa" title="Northwestern Ojibwa">Northwestern Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Western Ojibwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami%E2%80%93Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami–Illinois language">Miami–Illinois</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncertain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_language" title="Nansemond language">Nansemond</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_language" title="Pamunkey language">Pamunkey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algic_language" title="Proto-Algic language">Proto-Algic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a> language •  <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anishinaabe_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Template:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Template talk:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anishinaabe_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Clan system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth and stories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aayaase" title="Aayaase">Aayaase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykok" title="Baykok">Baykok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumkeeper" title="Drumkeeper">Drumkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Grand Medicine Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiibayaabooz" title="Jiibayaabooz">Jiibayaabooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_dress" title="Jingle dress">Jingle dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudjekeewis" title="Mudjekeewis">Mudjekeewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokomis" title="Nokomis">Nokomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">Powwow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_fires_prophecy" title="Seven fires prophecy">Seven fires prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingebis" title="Shingebis">Shingebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Indigenous_North_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Indigenous North American folklore)">Turtle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Traditional beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiigwaasabak" title="Wiigwaasabak">Birch bark scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birchbark_biting" title="Birchbark biting">Birchbark biting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quillwork" title="Quillwork">Quillwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_work" title="Ribbon work">Ribbon work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">U.S. residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian residential schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Education">Primary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig_School" title="Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School">Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_School" title="Hannahville Indian School">Hannahville Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Lumsden_Bahweting_Anishnabe_School" title="Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School">Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Educational_Institute" title="Anishinabek Educational Institute">Anishinabek Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Community_College" title="Bay Mills Community College">Bay Mills Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay_Ojibwa_Community_College" title="Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College">Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_College" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College">Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33392#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4196233-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Algonquian languages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003485">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956902h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956902h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576534">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="algonkinské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph924283&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lenguas algonquinas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX543782">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810623298505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293927705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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