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Hurley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A" title="باتريك جيه هيرلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باتريك جيه هيرلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AC%DB%8C._%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پاتریک جی. هورلئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاتریک جی. هورلئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patrick J. Hurley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patrick J. Hurley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patrick J. Hurley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patrick J. Hurley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Jay_Hurley" title="Patrick Jay Hurley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patrick Jay Hurley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99" title="פטריק הארלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריק הארלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="パトリック・ジェイ・ハーリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パトリック・ジェイ・ハーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хёрли, Патрик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хёрли, Патрик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hurley" title="Patrick Hurley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patrick Hurley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Patrick Hurley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_J._Hurley,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Patrick_J._Hurley%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Patrick_J._Hurley%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Patrick_J._Hurley%2C_1935.jpg/330px-Patrick_J._Hurley%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Patrick_J._Hurley%2C_1935.jpg/440px-Patrick_J._Hurley%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="5332" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the Republic of China">United States Ambassador to the Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 17, 1944 – November 27, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Gauss" title="Clarence E. Gauss">Clarence E. Gauss</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leighton_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Leighton Stuart">Leighton Stuart</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to New Zealand">United States Minister to New Zealand</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 24, 1942 – August 12, 1942</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Burdett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William C. Burdett (page does not exist)">William C. Burdett</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">51st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 9, 1929 – March 4, 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">James Good</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">George Dern</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Patrick Jay Hurley</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1883-01-08</span>)</span>January 8, 1883<br /><a href="/wiki/Lehigh,_Oklahoma" title="Lehigh, Oklahoma">Lehigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Nation">Choctaw Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 30, 1963<span style="display:none">(1963-07-30)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Ruth Wilson</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1919)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bacone_College" title="Bacone College">Bacone College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_University_School_of_Law" title="National University School of Law">National University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legum_Doctor" title="Legum Doctor">LL.D</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1914–1919<br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/35px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/53px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/70px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> (2)<br /><a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Col._Hurley_takes_office_as_Assistant_War_Secretary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Col._Hurley_takes_office_as_Assistant_War_Secretary.jpg/220px-Col._Hurley_takes_office_as_Assistant_War_Secretary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Col._Hurley_takes_office_as_Assistant_War_Secretary.jpg/330px-Col._Hurley_takes_office_as_Assistant_War_Secretary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Col._Hurley_takes_office_as_Assistant_War_Secretary.jpg/440px-Col._Hurley_takes_office_as_Assistant_War_Secretary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Hurley (second from right) being sworn in as Assistant War Secretary by John B. Randolph. Outgoing Assistant Secretary <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Robbins">Charles B. Robbins</a> and Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">James W. Good</a> look on.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Patrick Jay Hurley</b> (January 8, 1883 – July 30, 1963) was an American politician and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a>. He was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> from 1929 to 1933, but is best remembered for being Ambassador to China in 1945, during which he was instrumental in getting <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a> recalled from China and replaced with the more diplomatic General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Coady_Wedemeyer" title="Albert Coady Wedemeyer">Albert Coady Wedemeyer</a>. A man of humble origins, Hurley's lack of what was considered to be a proper ambassadorial demeanor and mode of social interaction made professional diplomats scornful of him. He came to share pre-eminent army strategist Wedemeyer's view that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Communists">Chinese Communists</a> could be defeated and America ought to commit to doing so even if it meant backing the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> to the hilt. Frustrated, Hurley resigned as Ambassador to the Republic of China in 1945, publicised his concerns about high-ranking members of the State Department, and alleged they believed that the Chinese Communists were not totalitarians and that America's priority was to avoid allying with a losing side in the civil war. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_World_War_I"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_World_War_I"></span>Early life, education, and World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patrick was born near <a href="/wiki/Lehigh,_Oklahoma" title="Lehigh, Oklahoma">Lehigh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Nation">Choctaw Nation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> on January 8, 1883, to Pierce O'Neil and Mary Kelly Hurley.<sup id="cite_ref-Okla_HOF_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okla_HOF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents immigrated to the United States from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and settled in Indian Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-OK-MilHOF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OK-MilHOF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started working as a <a href="/wiki/Mule_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Mule driver">mule driver</a> for <a href="/wiki/Coal_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mines">coal mines</a> at age 11 alongside his father and at age 15 attempted to enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-American War">Spanish-American War</a>, but was turned away for being too young.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After failing to enlist, he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> and met his lifelong friend <a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers" title="Will Rogers">Will Rogers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Overall-1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overall-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked while attending Indian College (now <a href="/wiki/Bacone_College" title="Bacone College">Bacone College</a>) where he graduated in 1905. He received his law degree from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_School_of_Law" title="National University School of Law">National University School of Law</a>, Washington, in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_practice">Law practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Law practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He started a law practice in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a> in 1908 specializing in <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas law">oil and gas law</a> and heavily invested in local real estate. He was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives" title="Oklahoma House of Representatives">Oklahoma House of Representatives</a> in 1910, but lost the election. In 1911 he was elected as the president of the Tulsa Bar Association and he was appointed national attorney for the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Nation">Choctaw Nation</a> by President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>. In 1916, he won a lawsuit to keep the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a> from enrolling as members of the Choctaw Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received a second law degree, from <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, in 1913. While attending George Washington University he was initiated into Epsilon Chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi_Fraternity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma Chi Fraternity">Sigma Chi Fraternity</a>. An active alumni, Hurley served as the 34th Grand Consul of Sigma Chi from 1946 to 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pancho_Villa_Expedition_and_World_War_I">Pancho Villa Expedition and World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pancho Villa Expedition and World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hurley enlisted in the Indian Territorial Volunteer Militia in 1903 and he later served in the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_National_Guard" title="Oklahoma National Guard">Oklahoma National Guard</a>. In 1916, he was called to active duty and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a>. After the expedition, he was made a <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps (United States)">Judge Advocate General's Department</a> and assigned to <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Hurley served with the <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps (United States)">Judge Advocate General's Department</a> of the 6th Army Corps, <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="American Expeditionary Force">American Expeditionary Force</a>, in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and helped negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> for the passage of allied troops through the neutral country. He was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OK-MilHOF_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OK-MilHOF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1918, Hurley was detached to the <a href="/wiki/76th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="76th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">76th Field Artillery Regiment</a> and participated it in the battles near <a href="/wiki/Louppy-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Louppy-le-Château">Louppy-le-Château</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hurley was wounded and awarded with <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OK-MilHOF_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OK-MilHOF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_years">Interwar years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interwar years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hurley returned to the United States in 1919. He married Ruth Wilson, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Braid_Wilson" title="Henry Braid Wilson">Henry Braid Wilson</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> that year before returning to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. The couple would have four children. He assisted with the response to the <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_Race_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa Race Massacre">Tulsa Race Massacre</a> in 1921 and was active in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a> where he served as president of the First Trust and Savings Bank and the receiver for the Gilliland Oil Company. He chaired the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of Oklahoma">Republican Party of Oklahoma</a> convention.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoover_administration">Hoover administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hoover administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hurley chaired <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s presidential campaign in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> in <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Overall-1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overall-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Hoover's inauguration the following year he was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant Secretary of War</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he opened the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Tulsa,_Oklahoma)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Tulsa, Oklahoma)">Ambassador Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Overall-1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overall-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">James William Good</a> and served in <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover%27s_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Hoover's cabinet">Hoover's cabinet</a> until 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-OK-MilHOF_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OK-MilHOF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first Oklahoman to serve in a presidential cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-administration">Post-administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Hoover left office, Hurley remained influential by playing a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Oil_Compact" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate Oil Compact">Interstate Oil Compact</a> of 1935. In 1939, he represented <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Oil_Corporation" title="Sinclair Oil Corporation">Sinclair Oil Corporation</a> in negotiations for compensation after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation" title="Mexican oil expropriation">Mexican oil expropriation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_General_Patrick_J._Hurley_(1944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Major_General_Patrick_J._Hurley_%281944%29.jpg/140px-Major_General_Patrick_J._Hurley_%281944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Major_General_Patrick_J._Hurley_%281944%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Major General Hurley in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Hurley received a promotion to brigadier general (from colonel in the reserves) in 1941 when the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and General <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">U.S. Army Chief of Staff</a>, dispatched him to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> as a personal representative to examine the feasibility of relieving American troops besieged on the <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, a staff officer in Washington, sent Hurley to Australia with $10 million in cash, to arrange supplies and charters for the Philippines. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a>, Eisenhower had served under Hurley for the last three years at the War Department, "needed someone to organise blockade runners for MacArthur, and Hurley, an old-fashioned buccaneer in politics, with energy and decisiveness, was perfect for the job."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was successful in delivering additional food and ammunition to the soldiers on three separate occasions but could not evacuate them.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conclusion of this mission, he embarked on a series of assignments as a personal representative of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>. He served as minister to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1942 and then flew to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the first foreigner to receive permission to visit the Eastern Front. Over the next two years, he visited the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> on behalf of Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hurley was assigned by Roosevelt to be his personal representative to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in November 1942. In that capacity, Hurley witnessed Marshall <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>'s 19 November counter-attack, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Operation Uranus</a>, against Axis forces in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>. Hurley would tour the battlegrounds around the city during the fighting, often seeing the remains of <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romanian</a> forces after having been destroyed by the advancing Soviets, which he claimed the Soviets reported as being German for propaganda reasons. He stayed in the Stalingrad area for ten days before returning to Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunseri_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunseri-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first and potentially only high-ranking US military officer to be granted access to Soviet combat operations on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, Hurley reported amiable relations with Soviet military officers. He gave his Soviet aides nicknames from <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefs</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Rain-in-the-Face" title="Rain-in-the-Face">Rain-in-the-Face</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>." He also reported that the Soviet generals "were interested in the amount of war supplies–especially planes, tanks, and trucks–that the United States [could] furnish Russia" and that they were adamant that a <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">second front</a> needed to be opened soon.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunseri_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunseri-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Hurley arrived in Tehran, he made a great impression by wearing cowboy hats and rejecting normal diplomatic protocols, with many in the Iranian élite used to strict diplomatic protocol saying they had never met a diplomat like Hurley.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_106-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Iranian-American historian, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Milani" title="Abbas Milani">Abbas Milani</a>, described Hurley as "an odd and eccentric character" who was "horrified" by the "abject poverty amongst the people and arrogant disdain for the populations by the British and Soviet ambassadors."<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_106-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley, an Anglophobe, felt that the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was a malign force in international affairs, and he believed that Iran's backwardness and poverty was caused by the country being in the British sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_106-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley often met with Iranian officials, especially the young Shah, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, who had inherited the <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Throne" title="Peacock Throne">Peacock Throne</a> only two years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_106-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley had the responsibility of organizing preparations on the American side for the Tehran summit in November 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_106-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley accepted the Soviet claim that there was a German plot to assassinate Roosevelt, which required for Roosevelt and the rest of the American delegation to stay in the Soviet embassy, which allowed the Soviets, who had bugged the rooms of Americans, to listen to their deliberations. </p><p>After the Tehran summit, Roosevelt had a long talk with Hurley about the future of Iran and then asked for a report.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_106-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hurley Report argued that Iran was "a country rich in natural resources," with excellent prospects for becoming a nation with a government "based upon the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley argued that Iran's two main problems were the illiteracy of most Iranians and Iran's semi-colonial status to the Soviet Union and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley argued that it was wrong for the United States to spend so much blood and treasure in the war to maintain the decaying British Empire, which needed to go.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley ended his report by saying that American policy in Iran should be to end Soviet and British influence in that nation, promote literacy, and sponsor economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt passed on the Hurley report to British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, with the note "This is for your eyes only. I rather like his general approach."<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milani suggested that Roosevelt had passed along the report to make "mischief," as he must have known that Churchill would not like Hurley's negative remarks about the British Empire or its role in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill, predictably enough, did not like the anti-British tone of the report. In his reply to Roosevelt, he wrote: "I make bold, however, to suggest that British imperialism has spread and is spreading democracy more widely than any other system of government since the beginning of time."<sup id="cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg/350px-1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg/525px-1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg/700px-1945_Conference_between_Communists_and_Americans_in_Yan%27an_-_NARA_-_531400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Patrick Hurley at center (in bow tie) with Communist leadership in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1944, the Japanese had launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ichigo">Operation Ichigo</a>, the biggest Japanese offensive of the entire war.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of Operation Ichigo brought to a head the long simmering conflict between General "Vinegar Joe" <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a> and Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was that crisis that brought Roosevelt to send Hurley to China. </p><p>Hurley arrived in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">China</a> in August 1944, as a personal envoy from Roosevelt to Chiang. His written directive from the President was as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You are hereby designated as my personal representative with the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, reporting directly to me. Your principal mission is to promote efficient and harmonious relations between the Generalissimo and General [Joseph] Stilwell to facilitate General Stilwell's exercise of command over the Chinese armies placed under his direction. You will be charged with additional missions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On his way to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> at the time, Hurley had stopped in Moscow to meet <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, who claimed to him that Mao and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Communists">Chinese Communists</a> were "margarine Communists" and that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was not associated with them. The claims were accepted by Hurley at face value.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_438_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_438-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides getting Chiang to cede more command powers to Stilwell, Hurley was also ordered to ensure that Chinese Communists accepted Stilwell as their commander and to see if it were possible for American <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> aid to go to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Stilwell's belief in Chiang's incompetence and corruption reached such proportions that Stilwell sought to cut off Lend-Lease aid to China in October 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurley maintained that his talks with <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Republic_of_China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)">Foreign Minister of R.O.C</a> <a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a> were going well.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_426_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_426-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley warned Stilwell at a meeting at the US embassy in Chongqing that the harsh language of the Stilwell's plan to create a Chinese <a href="/wiki/United_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front">United Front</a> under his command would offend Chiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_426_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_426-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang told Hurley that the Chinese people were "tired of the insults which Stilwell has seen fit to heap upon them" and rejected the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_428_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_428-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech before the Central Executive Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> that was leaked to the Chinese press, Chiang denounced Stilwell and said that to accept the American ultimatum would be to accept a new imperialism that would make him no different from the Japanese collaborator <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_428_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_428-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 October 1944, Hurley reported to Washington that Stilwell was a "fine man, but was incapable of understanding or co-operating with Chiang Kai-shek." He went on to say that if Stilwell remained in command, all of China might be lost to the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before sending his cable, Hurley showed it to Stilwell, who accused Hurley to his face of "cutting my throat with a dull knife."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley eventually came down on the side of Chiang and instead supported the replacement of Stilwell with General <a href="/wiki/Albert_C._Wedemeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert C. Wedemeyer">Albert C. Wedemeyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 November 1944, Hurley visited <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> to meet Mao with the aim of creating a united front to unite the Communists and the Kuomintang to fight the Japanese, which Hurley viewed as a chance for personal glory for himself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chiang wanted Hurley to meet Mao, partly to please Roosevelt and partly because he expected Hurley to fall out with the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hurley arrived via plane at Yan'an, he was greeted by <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_D._Barrett" title="David D. Barrett">David D. Barrett</a> of the American <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a> to the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mao arrived with General <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> in a Chevrolet ambulance, Hurley greeted him with a Choctaw war cry "Yahoo!"<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ride back to Yan'an in the ambulance, Hurley using Colonel Barrett, who was fluent in Mandarin, as a translator exchanged stories with Mao about their rural childhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Barrett later recalled that translating General Hurley into Mandarin was difficult "due to the saltiness of the General's remarks, and the unusual language in which he expressed himself. His discourse, in addition, was by no means connected by any readily discernible pattern of thought."<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that night, a banquet was held in Yan'an by the Communist leadership in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> during which a drunken Hurley kept interrupting by shouting "Yahoo!" over and over again.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his talks with Mao, Hurley was told that all of China's problems were the work of the Kuomintang.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao called for a coalition government, a joint military council with an equal number of Communist and Kuomintang generals, US military aid to the Chinese Red Army, and the freeing of all political prisoners, most notably Marshal <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Chang Hsueh-liang</a>, the "Young Marshal" and former warlord of Manchuria who had kidnapped Chiang in 1936, during the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an incident">Xi'an incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley informed Mao that he agreed and during the third day of the talks, Hurley added in demands for democracy and liberty to the draft declaration written by the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Barrett remembered: "The Chinese traditionally do not much show their feelings in their faces, but it was evident from their expressions that they were greatly pleased".<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao and Hurley both signed the declaration with Hurley proudly writing next to his name "Personal Representative of the President of the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Hurley returned to Chongqing, Chiang was furious with the declaration that Hurley had signed without even informing Chiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soong told Hurley he had been "sold a bill of goods by the Communists" and Chiang would never agree to the declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang then accepted the declaration if he was given complete power of command over the Red Army, a demand that Mao rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hurley tried to persuade Mao in a letter to accept the declaration with Chiang's proviso, under the grounds the Communists would "get a foot in the door," Mao replied in a letter that "A foot in the door means nothing if the hands are tied behind the back."<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao called Chiang a "<a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_profanity#Turtles_and_eggs" title="Mandarin Chinese profanity">turtle's egg</a>" (an extremely insulting term in China) and threatened to publish the declaration that Mao and Hurley had signed.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of the Mao-Hurley declaration would have been extremely embarrassing for Hurley, who signed the declaration making commitments on behalf of Chiang without even informing Chiang of what he was doing and would have raised questions in the press about Hurley's basic competence as a diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Barrett translated Mao's threat, Hurley looked confused and stunned before shouting at the top of his lungs over and over again, "he tricked me!"<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he calmed down, Hurley then repeated an old Oklahoma folk saying: "Why do the leaves turn red in the fall? Because they were so green in the spring."<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Hurley had implored Mao in a letter not to publish the declaration, Mao held back for the moment.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley blamed the failure of his mission on Soong and accused him of turning Chiang against Hurley.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early November 1944, upon the resignation of Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Gauss" title="Clarence E. Gauss">Clarence E. Gauss</a>, Hurley was officially offered the ambassadorship to China but initially declined "with a statement that the duties he had been called upon to perform in China had been the most disagreeable that he had ever performed--and further, he felt that his support of Chiang Kai-shek and the National Government of China had increased the opposition directed toward himself by the un-American elements in the State Department." Upon receiving a telegram from Roosevelt on November 17, urging him to take the job because of the critical nature of the situation, he reluctantly accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley's appointment was greeted with dismay by the professional diplomats at the embassy in Chongqing, who complained that Hurley knew nothing of China and was out of his depth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An American diplomat, Graham Peck, wrote, "His handsome aquiline head suggested a Roman burst capriciously passed up with butterflies of a huge bow tie, pinch-nose glasses, curly white mustache and coiffure."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hurley liked to be addressed as "General," always wore all of his medals at public events, and used "we" instead of "I" to address people as if everyone was in agreement with what he was saying, a speaking habit that many found very annoying.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hurley's first acts as ambassador were to buy a new Cadillac and to have the embassy redecorated in a grandiose style that he saw fit for an ambassador of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_438_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_438-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley did not speak Mandarin, knew nothing of China, pronounced Mao as "Moose Dung," and had a habit of addressing Chiang as "Mr. Shek" (in Chinese, the surname comes first).<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One American diplomat, Arthur Young, called Hurley "a senile old man who couldn't keep his mind on any subject."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An American journalist who went to lunch with Hurley recalled that they spent three hours drinking hard booze before they started to eat while Peck was invited to dinner with the ambassador, who forgot what his name was and had to ask Peck who he was several times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At a dinner with senior diplomats and Chinese leaders, Hurley toasted the journalist Annalee Jacoby, who was present as "the most important person in the world, my tall, blonde goddess of a bride." He went on to give a rambling, sexually explicit speech about their children, all of the joy she had given him, and all the pleasures of having sex with her.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Everyone else maintained a stunned silence; Jacoby was a short brunette, was not Mrs. Hurley, and had no children with Hurley--she maintained most vehemently that she had never been the lover of the ambassador.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As Hurley saw Chiang more than Mao, it was the former who had the most influence on him. On 2 December 1944, Hurley, in a cable to Washington, argued that China's recent problems were the work of the British who were the "greatest obsolete [sic] to the unification of China."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1945, Hurley met US Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Milton_E._Miles" title="Milton E. Miles">Milton E. Miles</a> and the Chinese secret police chief <a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai Li</a>, who first informed him of a secret visit to Yan'an by Colonel William Bird of the OSS, of which the ambassador had been unaware.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bird and Barrett of the "Dixie Mission" had offered to have 5,000 American paratroopers land in the Communist base area, and one American division would be landed in Shandong province to link up with the Chinese Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American officers had told T. V. Soong and the War Minister General Chen Cheng of their plans and naively asked them not to tell Chiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen and Soong promptly informed Chiang, who reacted by having Hurley informed, who predictably enough, was enraged that the OSS should make such an offer without telling him.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley accused Bird and Barrett in a cable to Washington of offering recognition to Mao and further accused Wedemeyer of plotting against him.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao and Zhou both preferred to negotiate with Wedemeyer, which further increased tensions between the ambassador and the general.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Wedemeyer was living at the embassy with Hurley, this made for unpleasant living arrangements; Jacoby later recalled that the two had "loud, noisy quarrels" lasting well into the night and Wedemeyer sent several cables to Washington questioning Hurley's mental fitness to be ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Hurley refused to speak to Wedemeyer for several days before coming into his room. Wedemeyer recalled, "He sat on the edge of my bed, clasped my right hand in both of his and said he was sorry for his behavior towards me."<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurley's dealings with the State Department did not improve. Hurley hired two press attaches to improve his image as an ambassador, and American journalists in China who tried to report unfavorable news about Hurley had those sections of their dispatches cut by the censors.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley fired much of his staff, most notably <a href="/wiki/John_Paton_Davies,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Paton Davies, Jr.">John Paton Davies, Jr.</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hurley visited Washington, all of the senior diplomats at the <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> embassy sent a joint cable to the State Department for Hurley to be fired, under the grounds that he was incompetent and not entirely sane.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley was furious with the cable. Although he had started out as a believer in creating a Communist-Kuomintang "united front" in 1944, he was by 1945 a solid supporter of the Kuomintang and regarded anyone who wanted to talk to Yan'an as his "personal foe."<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley fired the diplomats who signed the cable asking for his sacking and went on to accuse "the imperialist governments of France, Britain and the Netherlands" as being the ones responsible for all of China's problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt's February 1945 <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> with <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> resulted in a secret agreement in which the Soviet Union was granted concessions in China that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> had lost in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> in the early 20th century. Hurley believed this was the beginning of the end of a non-Communist China. Hurley, an Anglophobe and anti-imperialist, wanted to eliminate British influence in China. In 1945, Hurley repeatedly suggested for the United States threaten to cease Lend-Lease supplies to Britain until the British promised not to retake Hong Kong, a city that Hurley believed rightfully belonged to China.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the American military attaché suggested in a cable in March 1945 that the Chinese might be willing to accept Hong Kong being liberated from the Japanese by the British, Hurley wrote to Washington that it was "British imperialist propaganda-and while supporters of this propaganda may be entitled to their own views in their premises, I know of no reason why American officers serving in China should undertake to sponsor such propaganda or to disseminate it within the American government."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley's relations with General Sir <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Carton_de_Wiart" title="Adrian Carton de Wiart">Adrian Carton de Wiart</a> who was Churchill's special envoy to China were not good, as Hurley saw Carton de Wiart as a sinister figure upholding the British Empire, which Hurley wanted to see dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt had also sent Hurley to China to keep "an eye on European imperialism," a directive that Hurley took very seriously, believing America had a special mission to end all European power and influence in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurley held out hope that after Roosevelt's death, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> would recognize what he regarded as the errors of Yalta and rectify the situation, but his efforts in that direction were in vain. After Japan had signed an armistice with the Allies on 2 September 1945, Chiang had suggested a meeting with Mao in Chongqing. The civil war was expected to resume in China, and Chiang wanted to be seen by the Chinese people as having done everything to avoid the civil war before it started again.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_453_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_453-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao said he would not fly to Chongqing unless Hurley was on the plane as he believed that otherwise, Chiang would shoot it down.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_454_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_454-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang wrote in his diary: "How comical this is! Never imagined that the Communists could be so chicken-hearted and shameless. Only three days ago communist newspapers and radio denounced Hurley as a reactionary imperialist. This selfsame imperialist has become Mao's guarantor of safety".<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_454_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_454-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley was himself suspicious of many of the experts at the embassy in China, calling them "communistically inclined". Hurley's colleagues at the embassy were equally frustrated with him. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Melby" title="John F. Melby">John F. Melby</a>, a State Department officer, said Hurley was "crazy" and "raised a lot of hell," while <a href="/wiki/Albert_Coady_Wedemeyer" title="Albert Coady Wedemeyer">General Wedemeyer</a> confided that Hurley's failing health was affecting the ambassador's perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1945, the plane carrying both Hurley and the Communist delegation landed in Chongqing. Hurley was the first man to emerge, who in the words of the British journalist Jonathan Fenby had "a broad smile on his face as he waved his fedora hat in triumph," followed by Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_453_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_453-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The summit in Chongqing was a failure, as Mao and Chiang both wanted power for themselves, and resumption of civil war in China was imminent. Hurley visited Washington in November 1945 to complain to President Truman that too many "China Hands" in the State Department were sympathetic to Chinese communism and/or European imperialism in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 26, 1945, Hurley submitted a scathing letter of resignation, two hours after his meeting with Truman.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley wrote in his letter of resignation, "I requested the relief of the career men who were opposing the American policy in the Chinese Theater of war. These professional diplomats were returned to Washington and placed in the Chinese and Far Eastern Divisions of the State Department as my supervisors. Some of these same career men whom I relieved have been assigned as supervisors to the Supreme Commander in Asia. In such positions most of them have continued to side with the Communist armed party and at times with the imperialist bloc against American policy."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to criticizing liberal diplomats, Hurley lashed out against the "imperialist" powers of France, Britain and the Netherlands, whom he accused of seeking to maintain their empires in Asia at the expense of American interests.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Hurley had attempted in 1944 to create a "united front" in China and at times had been very sympathetic towards Mao himself, this was forgotten as Hurley reinvented himself as a hard-right Republican who promptly become to American conservatives a "martyr," an honest diplomat who had been undercut by the supposed "fellow travellers" and Soviet spies in the infiltrated State Department's Soviet spies, who had controlled America's China policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American conservatives accepted the reinvented Hurley as he was believed to be useful against the Democratic Truman administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nationalists' defeat by the Communists in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949 caught the US by surprise and led to the question <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_China" title="Loss of China">"Who Lost China?"</a> to become a popular subject as recriminations set in against the State Department officials' <a href="/wiki/China_Hands" title="China Hands">China Hands</a>. In 1950, when Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> accused the State Department of being ridden with Soviet spies who were all "Communists and queers" and were the ones responsible for the United States "losing" China, Hurley publicly endorsed McCarthy's position in a 1950 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Alterman,_Eric_page_76_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alterman,_Eric_page_76-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley stated that his efforts to aid Chiang had been undercut by Roosevelt, whom Hurley portrayed as the puppet of Soviet spy <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alterman,_Eric_page_76_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alterman,_Eric_page_76-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley said that at his last meeting with Roosevelt in March 1945, he was "little more than a bag of bones," who was not interested in his claim that the State Department was passing information to "armed Chinese Communists," something that Hurley had not until then "remembered.".<sup id="cite_ref-Alterman,_Eric_page_76_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alterman,_Eric_page_76-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley ended his remarks with the claim that Stalin had not broken any agreements "because we cowardly surrendered to him everything he wanted and we did it in secret. ... Yalta was the State Department's blueprint for the Communist conquest of China!"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurley was the Republican candidate for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> for the state of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate election in New Mexico">1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in New Mexico">1948</a> and <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 United States Senate election in New Mexico">1952</a>, but he lost all three attempts against the Democratic nominees. Hurley started the <a href="/wiki/United_Western_Minerals_Company" title="United Western Minerals Company">United Western Minerals Corporation</a> of Santa Fe, New Mexico. It was involved in the rush to start uranium mining in the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_Lake" title="Ambrosia Lake">Ambrosia Lake</a> region of New Mexico in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-masters2004_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masters2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both contemporary and modern assessments of Hurley are critical of his record. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Coady_Wedemeyer" title="Albert Coady Wedemeyer">Albert Coady Wedemeyer</a>, commander of American forces in China after General Stilwell, once noted that Hurley's failing health in 1944-1945 could be affecting his abilities as American ambassador to China.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Mao and Zhou Enlai also preferred to preferred to negotiate with General Wedemeyer rather than Hurley, this made for difficult living arrangements as Wedemeyer and Hurley both lived at the US embassy in Chongqing; contemporaries recalled "loud, noisy quarrels" lasting well into the night and Wedemeyer sent several cables to Washington questioning Hurley's mental fitness to be ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These quarrels were particularly heated following the revelation that some personnel of the "Dixie Mission" and the OSS secretly visited Yan'an prior to Japanese surrender to offer the Communists military support; Hurley was enraged that the OSS would make such an offer without consulting with him, and he accused individual "Dixie Mission" personnel by name in a cable to Washington of offering recognition to Mao and accused Wedemeyer of plotting against him.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jonathan Fenby notes that at a summit in November 1944, Hurley unilaterally agreed to all demands made by the Mao-led Chinese Communists on behalf of Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang without consulting Chiang or any of the Kuomintang membership.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was shortly followed by Chiang's demands for a proviso to the agreement, which was not accepted by the Communists; Hurley blamed the resultant failure of the summit's negotiation, which had the potential to be extremely embarrassing to Hurley and raise questions about his competence as a diplomat,<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on personnel close to Chiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Michael Burleigh</a> wrote, "US policy was not well served by its Ambassador to China from late 1944 onwards, a former Republican secretary of war called Patrick Hurley, a drunken idiot given to <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> war cries. Oblivious of China's delicate protocols, he referred to Chiang as 'Mr. Shek' and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> as 'Moose Dung' in the course of shuttle trips designed to bring the two together to convert China into a springboard for the final showdown with the Japanese. Mao's cronies called Hurley 'the <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a>'; his US diplomatic colleagues dubbed him 'the <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">Albatross</a>.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from Hoover himself, Hurley was the last living member of the Hoover administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorations">Decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major General Hurley served in two World Wars and received many decorations for bravery and distinguished service. The following is a list of his decorations: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster" title="Oak leaf cluster">oak leaf cluster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/60px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/90px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/120px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/60px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/90px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/120px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 7px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 41px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a> with three battle clasps </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/60px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/90px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_Medal" title="Army of Occupation of Germany Medal">Army of Occupation of Germany Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/60px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/90px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/120px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 13px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 36px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal</a> with two service Stars </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SRB-SHS-YUG_Orden_Belog_Orla_VOficir_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SRB-SHS-YUG_Orden_Belog_Orla_VOficir_BAR.svg/60px-SRB-SHS-YUG_Orden_Belog_Orla_VOficir_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SRB-SHS-YUG_Orden_Belog_Orla_VOficir_BAR.svg/90px-SRB-SHS-YUG_Orden_Belog_Orla_VOficir_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SRB-SHS-YUG_Orden_Belog_Orla_VOficir_BAR.svg/120px-SRB-SHS-YUG_Orden_Belog_Orla_VOficir_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Serbia)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)">Order of the White Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Okla_HOF-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Okla_HOF_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oklahomahof.com/hof/inductees/hurley-patrick-jay-1938">"Patrick Jay Hurley, Class of 1938"</a>. <i>oklahomahof.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Hall_of_Fame" title="Oklahoma Hall of Fame">Oklahoma Hall of Fame</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oklahomahof.com&rft.atitle=Patrick+Jay+Hurley%2C+Class+of+1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oklahomahof.com%2Fhof%2Finductees%2Fhurley-patrick-jay-1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOHC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedglen" class="citation web cs1">Hedglen, Thomas L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=HU008">"Hurley, Patrick Jay"</a>. <i>okhistory.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Oklahoma_History_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=okhistory.org&rft.atitle=Hurley%2C+Patrick+Jay&rft.aulast=Hedglen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry%3Fentry%3DHU008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Patrick-J-Hurley">"Patrick J. Hurley"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. July 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Patrick+J.+Hurley&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPatrick-J-Hurley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OK-MilHOF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OK-MilHOF_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OK-MilHOF_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OK-MilHOF_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OK-MilHOF_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/historycenter/militaryhof/inductee.php?id=111">"Patrick Hurley"</a>. <i>www.okhistory.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Military_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Military Hall of Fame">Oklahoma Military Hall of Fame</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.okhistory.org&rft.atitle=Patrick+Hurley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fhistorycenter%2Fmilitaryhof%2Finductee.php%3Fid%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overall-1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overall-1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overall-1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overall-1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverall2021" class="citation news cs1">Overall, Michael (October 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsapeople.com/city-desk/man-of-many-talents-patrick-hurley-s-life-ranged-from-a-coal-mine-mule-driver/article_b90784b6-74e5-11ee-a475-5bb91440ac39.html">"Man of Many Talents: Patrick Hurley's life ranged from a coal mine mule driver to U.S. Senate candidate"</a>. <i>Tulsa People</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+People&rft.atitle=Man+of+Many+Talents%3A+Patrick+Hurley%E2%80%99s+life+ranged+from+a+coal+mine+mule+driver+to+U.S.+Senate+candidate&rft.date=2021-10-31&rft.aulast=Overall&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulsapeople.com%2Fcity-desk%2Fman-of-many-talents-patrick-hurley-s-life-ranged-from-a-coal-mine-mule-driver%2Farticle_b90784b6-74e5-11ee-a475-5bb91440ac39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/sigmachi/docs/norman_shield">"The Norman Shield"</a>. <i>Issuu</i>. 26 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issuu&rft.atitle=The+Norman+Shield&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fsigmachi%2Fdocs%2Fnorman_shield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (2012). <i>Eisenhower in War and Peace</i>. New York: Random House. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64429-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64429-3"><bdi>978-0-679-64429-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower+in+War+and+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64429-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunseri-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sunseri_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunseri_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunseri1986" class="citation journal cs1">Sunseri, Alvin (1986). "Patrick J. Hurley at the Battle of Stalingrad: An Oral History Interview". <i>Military Affairs</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 88–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1987792">10.2307/1987792</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1987792">1987792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=Patrick+J.+Hurley+at+the+Battle+of+Stalingrad%3A+An+Oral+History+Interview&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-92&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1987792&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1987792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sunseri&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_106-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_106_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milani, Abbas <i>The Shah</i>, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 page 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milani,_Abbas_page_107-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani,_Abbas_page_107_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milani, Abbas <i>The Shah</i>, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 page 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Lohbeck, <i>Patrick J. Hurley</i> (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1956), 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_438-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_438_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_438_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wesley Marvin Bagby, The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations with China in World War II, p.96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_426-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_426_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_426_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_428-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_428_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_428_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004 page 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004 page 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_439_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_443_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_444_23-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_445_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lohbeck, 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Burleigh, <i>Small Wars, Faraway Places</i> (Viking, New York, 2013), 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanxin Xiang <i>Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-50: Britain and America in China, 1945-50</i>, London: Routledge, 2016 page 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_446_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanxin Xiang <i>Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-50: Britain and America in China, 1945-50</i>, London: Routledge, 2016 page 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanxin Xiang <i>Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-50: Britain and America in China, 1945-50</i>, London: Routledge, 2016 page 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanxin Xiang <i>Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-50</i>, London: Routledge, 2016 page 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanxin Xiang <i>Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-50</i>, London: Routledge, 2016 page 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_453-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_453_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_453_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_454-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_454_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_454_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2007" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Ronald H. (2007). <i>In the ruins of empire : the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia</i> (1st ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375509155" title="Special:BookSources/9780375509155"><bdi>9780375509155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+ruins+of+empire+%3A+the+Japanese+surrender+and+the+battle+for+postwar+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780375509155&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby,_Jonathan_page_459_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lohbeck, 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan <i>Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alterman,_Eric_page_76-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alterman,_Eric_page_76_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alterman,_Eric_page_76_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alterman,_Eric_page_76_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alterman, Eric <i>When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences</i>, London: Penguin, 2005 page 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alterman, Eric <i>When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences</i>, London: Penguin, 2005 page 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-masters2004-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-masters2004_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Masters2004" class="citation book cs1">John Masters (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1P8SFsz_A4C"><i>Secret Riches: Adventures of an Unreformed Oilman</i></a>. Gondolier Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896209-97-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-896209-97-1"><bdi>1-896209-97-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Riches%3A+Adventures+of+an+Unreformed+Oilman&rft.pub=Gondolier+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-896209-97-1&rft.au=John+Masters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1P8SFsz_A4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span> page 81-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2007" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Ronald H. (2007). <i>In the ruins of empire : the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia</i> (1st ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375509155" title="Special:BookSources/9780375509155"><bdi>9780375509155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+ruins+of+empire+%3A+the+Japanese+surrender+and+the+battle+for+postwar+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780375509155&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcović2012" class="citation book cs1">Acović, Dragomir (2012). <i>Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima</i>. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 579.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slava+i+%C4%8Dast%3A+Odlikovanja+me%C4%91u+Srbima%2C+Srbi+me%C4%91u+odlikovanjima&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=Slu%C5%BEbeni+Glasnik&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Acovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragomir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+J.+Hurley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Russel D. Buhite, <i>Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy</i>, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0751-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0751-6">0-8014-0751-6</a></li> <li>Don Lohbeck, <i>Patrick J. Hurley</i>, Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1956.</li> <li>Merle Miller, "Plain Speaking: an oral biography of Harry S. Truman", New York, NY; Berkley Publishing Company, 1974. pp. 251–252.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Hurley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Hurley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">James Good</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> </b><br />1929–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">George Dern</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to New Zealand">United States Minister to New Zealand</a> </b><br />1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Burdett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William C. Burdett (page does not exist)">William C. Burdett</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Gauss" title="Clarence E. Gauss">Clarence E. Gauss</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to China">United States Ambassador to China</a> </b><br />1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Leighton_Stuart" title="John Leighton Stuart">Leighton Stuart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_K._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert K. Mitchell (page does not exist)">Albert K. Mitchell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/US_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senator">US Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 United States Senate election in New Mexico">1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 United States Senate election in New Mexico">1952</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forrest_Atchley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forrest Atchley (page does not exist)">Forrest Atchley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benson_Newell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benson Newell (page does not exist)">Benson Newell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/US_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senator">US Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 2</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in New Mexico">1948</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_L._Mechem" title="Edwin L. Mechem">Edwin L. Mechem</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">National Rifle Association of America </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._M._Rumsey_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. M. Rumsey Jr. (page does not exist)">L. M. 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href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">B. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">W. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">P. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Poinsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">J. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">G. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">R. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">Endicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">Good</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">Dern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Scott" title="Thomas A. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter H. Watson (page does not exist)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tucker_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tucker (politician) (page does not exist)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wolcott" title="Christopher Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eckert" title="Thomas Eckert">Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Grant" title="Lewis A. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Doe" title="Joseph Doe">Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Rue_Meiklejohn" title="George de Rue Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cary_Sanger" title="William Cary Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_Oliver" title="Robert Shaw Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Ingraham" title="William Moulton Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Williams" title="William Reid Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">MacNider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burton_Robbins" title="Charles Burton Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Huff_Payne" title="Frederick Huff Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Petersen" title="Howard C. Petersen">Petersen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Under Secretary of War">Under secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department<br />of the Army</a><br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pace" title="Frank Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Stevens" title="Robert T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Jacob_Stahr_Jr." title="Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr.">Stahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Froehlke" title="Robert Frederick Froehlke">Froehlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Callaway" title="Bo Callaway">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richard_Hoffmann" title="Martin Richard Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Alexander_Jr." title="Clifford Alexander Jr.">C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Caldera" title="Louis Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._White" title="Thomas E. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fanning" title="Eric Fanning">Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" title="Christine Wormuth">Wormuth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">Under secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Voorhees" title="Tracy Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_S._Alexander" title="Archibald S. Alexander">A. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bendetsen" title="Karl Bendetsen">Bendetsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Johnson" title="Earl D. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Slezak" title="John Slezak">Slezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Finucane" title="Charles C. Finucane">Finucane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_M._Milton_II" title="Hugh M. Milton II">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._McGiffert" title="David E. McGiffert">McGiffert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Beal" title="Thaddeus Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_R._Staudt" title="Herman R. Staudt">Staudt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_B._LaBerge" title="Walter B. LaBerge">LaBerge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Ambrose" title="James R. Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Shannon" title="John W. Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Reeder" title="Joe R. Reeder">Reeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Walker" title="Robert M. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Rostker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_R._Dahlberg" title="Gregory R. Dahlberg">Dahlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Brownlee" title="Les Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_M._Ford" title="Nelson M. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Westphal" title="Joseph W. Westphal">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Carson" title="Brad Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Pennsylvania politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McPherson" title="James E. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabe_Camarillo" title="Gabe Camarillo">Camarillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Herbert_Hoover_(1929–1933)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hoover_cabinet" title="Template:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hoover_cabinet" title="Template talk:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hoover_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Herbert_Hoover_(1929–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/100px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/150px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/200px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="4536" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Ogden L. Mills</a> (1932–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">James William Good</a> (1929)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick J. Hurley</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">William D. Mitchell</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Brown" title="Walter Folger Brown">Walter Folger Brown</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_III" title="Charles Francis Adams III">Charles Francis Adams III</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lyman_Wilbur" title="Ray Lyman Wilbur">Ray Lyman Wilbur</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Arthur M. Hyde</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Lamont" title="Robert P. Lamont">Robert P. Lamont</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin" title="Roy D. Chapin">Roy D. Chapin</a> (1932–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a> (1929–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_N._Doak" title="William N. Doak">William N. Doak</a> (1930–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Ambassadors_to_China_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_China" title="Template:US Ambassadors to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_China" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Ambassadors_to_China_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to China">United States Ambassadors to China</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Great Qing Empire</a></b></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the US Department of State"><img alt="Seal of the US Department of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/105px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/140px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Commissioner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Envoy)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hill_Everett" title="Alexander Hill Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Parker_(physician)" title="Peter Parker (physician)">Parker</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>chargé d’affaires</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(general)" title="Humphrey Marshall (general)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Parker_(physician)" title="Peter Parker (physician)">Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Reed" title="William Bradford Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_Ward" title="John Elliott Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Burlingame" title="Anson Burlingame">Burlingame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_Browne" title="John Ross Browne">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Low" title="Frederick Low">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Avery" title="Benjamin Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Seward_(diplomat)" title="George Seward (diplomat)">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Young" title="John Russell Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harvey_Denby" title="Charles Harvey Denby">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Conger" title="Edwin H. Conger">Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Calhoun" title="William J. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Calhoun" title="William J. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuel_Reinsch" title="Paul Samuel Reinsch">Reinsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richard_Crane" title="Charles Richard Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman" title="Jacob Gould Schurman">Schurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_MacMurray" title="John Van Antwerp MacMurray">MacMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_T._Johnson" title="Nelson T. Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_T._Johnson" title="Nelson T. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Gauss" title="Clarence E. Gauss">Gauss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leighton_Stuart" title="John Leighton Stuart">Stuart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L._Rankin" title="Karl L. Rankin">Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_F._Drumright" title="Everett F. Drumright">Drumright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Goodrich_Kirk" title="Alan Goodrich Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerauld_Wright" title="Jerauld Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_P._McConaughy" title="Walter P. McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_S._Unger" title="Leonard S. Unger">Unger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Chiefs of the U.S. Liaison<br />Office in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woodcock" title="Leonard Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woodcock" title="Leonard Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Jr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Jr.">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Lord" title="Winston Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lilley" title="James R. Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Stapleton_Roy" title="J. Stapleton Roy">Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Prueher" title="Joseph Prueher">Prueher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_T._Randt_Jr." title="Clark T. Randt Jr.">Randt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Huntsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Branstad" title="Terry Branstad">Branstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Nicholas_Burns" title="R. Nicholas Burns">Burns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_in_Taiwan" title="American Institute in Taiwan">American Institute in Taiwan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Ambassadors_to_New_Zealand_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_New_Zealand" title="Template:US Ambassadors to New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Ambassadors_to_New_Zealand_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_New_Zealand" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to New Zealand">United States Ambassadors to New Zealand</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hurley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Burdett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William C. Burdett (page does not exist)">Burdett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_S._Patton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth S. Patton (page does not exist)">Patton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avra_M._Warren" title="Avra M. Warren">Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Scotten" title="Robert M. Scotten">Scotten</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the US Department of State"><img alt="Seal of the US Department of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/105px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/140px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Scotten" title="Robert M. Scotten">Scotten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Hendrickson" title="Robert C. Hendrickson">Hendrickson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Russell" title="Francis H. Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_B._Akers" title="Anthony B. Akers">Akers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_B._Powell" title="Herbert B. Powell">Powell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Henning" title="John F. Henning">Henning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Franzheim_II" title="Kenneth Franzheim II">Franzheim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistead_I._Selden_Jr." title="Armistead I. Selden Jr.">Selden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Clark_Martindell" title="Anne Clark Martindell">Martindell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._Monroe_Browne" title="H. Monroe Browne">Browne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Matthews_Cleveland" title="Paul Matthews Cleveland">Cleveland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Della_M._Newman" title="Della M. Newman">Newman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_H._Beeman_V" title="Josiah H. Beeman V">Beeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Moseley Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Swindells" title="Charles Swindells">Swindells</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_McCormick_(diplomat)" title="William McCormick (diplomat)">McCormick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Huebner" title="David Huebner">Huebner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Gilbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark D. 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