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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_and_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family and background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Law practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governorship_(1909–1913)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governorship_(1909–1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governorship (1909–1913)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governorship_(1909–1913)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governorship (1909–1913) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governorship_(1909–1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Progressive agenda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marshall's_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marshall's_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Marshall's constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshall's_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1913–1921)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1913–1921)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vice presidency (1913–1921)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_presidency_(1913–1921)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice presidency (1913–1921) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1913–1921)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Senate developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Assassination attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morrison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morrison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Morrison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morrison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Succession crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-vice_presidency_(1921–1925)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-vice_presidency_(1921–1925)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-vice presidency (1921–1925)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-vice_presidency_(1921–1925)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-vice presidency (1921–1925) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-vice_presidency_(1921–1925)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Humor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas R. Marshall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="توماس مارشال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس مارشال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Mar%C5%9Fal" title="Tomas Marşal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Marşal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1._%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="توماس آر. مارشال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس آر. مارشال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Томас Райлі Маршал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Райлі Маршал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Riley_Marshall" title="Thomas Riley Marshall – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Riley Marshall" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Riley_Marshall" title="Thomas Riley Marshall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Riley Marshall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1._%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="توماس آر. مارشال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس آر. مارشال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_R._%EB%A7%88%EC%85%9C" title="토머스 R. 마셜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 R. 마셜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9C" title="תומאס מרשל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס מרשל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ტომას მარშალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას მარშალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Marshall" title="Thomas Marshall – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thomas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Riley_Marshall" title="Thomas Riley Marshall – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Riley Marshall" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_M%C4%81r%C5%A1als" title="Tomass Māršals – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Māršals" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BD" title="തോമസ് ആർ. മാർഷൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് ആർ. മാർഷൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ტომას მარშალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტომას მარშალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Marshall" title="Thomas Marshall – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BBR%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB" title="トーマス・R・マーシャル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・R・マーシャル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Riley_Marshall" title="Thomas Riley Marshall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Riley Marshall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%90_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="توماس رایلې مارشال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس رایلې مارشال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Marshall" title="Thomas Marshall – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Маршалл, Томас Райли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маршалл, Томас Райли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Томас Р. Маршал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Р. Маршал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C._%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="โทมัส อาร์. มาร์แชลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทมัส อาร์. มาร์แชลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Томас Маршалл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Маршалл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="تھامس آر مارشل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھامس آر مارشل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="托马斯·R·马歇尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托马斯·R·马歇尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thomas R. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%9B%E8%B7%AF" title="湯瑪斯馬些路 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瑪斯馬些路" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="托马斯·R·马歇尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·R·马歇尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vice President of the United States from 1913 to 1921</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the vice president of the United States. For the rugby player, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roger_Marshall" title="Thomas Roger Marshall">Thomas Roger Marshall</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Thomas Marshall</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MARSHALL,_THOMAS_R._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858260_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders of a sixtyish man, with a serious expression behind his pince-nez. He has a bushy mustache and his light-colored hair is parted near the top. He wears a three-piece suit, a high collared shirt, and a necktie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MARSHALL%2C_THOMAS_R._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858260_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-MARSHALL%2C_THOMAS_R._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858260_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MARSHALL%2C_THOMAS_R._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858260_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-MARSHALL%2C_THOMAS_R._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858260_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MARSHALL%2C_THOMAS_R._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858260_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-MARSHALL%2C_THOMAS_R._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858260_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="4418" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Marshall, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">28th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">27th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 11, 1909 – January 13, 1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Hall" title="Frank J. Hall">Frank J. Hall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hanly" title="Frank Hanly">Frank Hanly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston">Samuel M. Ralston</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thomas Riley Marshall</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1854-03-14</span>)</span>March 14, 1854<br /><a href="/wiki/North_Manchester,_Indiana" title="North Manchester, Indiana">North Manchester, Indiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1, 1925<span style="display:none">(1925-06-01)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Hill_Cemetery" title="Crown Hill Cemetery">Crown Hill Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lois_Irene_Marshall" title="Lois Irene Marshall">Lois Kimsey</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1895)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1 foster son<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wabash_College" title="Wabash College">Wabash College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_R_Marshall_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas R. Marshall's signature"><img alt=""Thos R Marshall"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thomas_R_Marshall_Signature.svg/128px-Thomas_R_Marshall_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thomas_R_Marshall_Signature.svg/192px-Thomas_R_Marshall_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thomas_R_Marshall_Signature.svg/256px-Thomas_R_Marshall_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Riley Marshall</b> (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American politician who served as the 28th <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president of the United States</a> from 1913 to 1921 under President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. A prominent lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, he became an active and well known member of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">stumping</a> across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">27th governor of Indiana</a>. In office, he attempted to implement changes from his progressive agenda to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana" title="Constitution of Indiana">Constitution of Indiana</a>, but his efforts proved controversial and were blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana Supreme Court</a>. </p><p>Marshall's popularity as Indiana governor, and the state's status as a critical <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a>, helped him secure the Democratic vice presidential nomination on a ticket with Wilson in 1912 and win the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">subsequent general election</a>. An ideological rift developed between the two men during their first term leading Wilson to limit Marshall's influence in the administration. Marshall's brand of humor caused Wilson to move his office away from the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, further isolating him. Marshall was targeted in an assassination attempt in 1915 for supporting intervention in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Marshall's second term he delivered morale-boosting speeches across the nation during the war and became the first U.S. vice president to hold cabinet meetings, which he did while Wilson was in Europe during peace negotiations. As he was president of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, a small number of anti-war Senators kept it deadlocked by refusing to end debate. To enable critical wartime legislation to be passed, Marshall had the body adopt its first procedural rule allowing <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibusters</a> to be ended by a two-thirds majority vote—a variation of this rule remains in effect. </p><p>Marshall's vice presidency is most remembered for a leadership crisis following a stroke that incapacitated Wilson in October 1919. Because of their personal dislike for Marshall, Wilson's advisers and wife <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith</a> sought to keep him uninformed about the president's condition to prevent him from assuming presidential powers and duties. Many people, including cabinet officials and congressional leaders, urged Marshall to become acting president, but he refused to forcibly assume Wilson's powers, not wanting to set a standard of doing so. Without strong leadership in the executive branch, the administration's opponents defeated the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> treaty and returned the United States to an <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a> foreign policy. Marshall ended his time in office as the first vice president since <a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a>, nearly a century earlier, to serve two full terms, and the first vice president re-elected, since <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>. </p><p>Marshall was known for his wit and sense of humor. One of his most enduring jokes provoked widespread laughter from his Senate colleagues during a floor debate. Responding to Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Bristow" title="Joseph L. Bristow">Joseph Bristow</a>'s catalog of the nation's needs, Marshall quipped that, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar." After his terms as vice president, he opened an <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> law practice where he authored several legal books and his memoir, <i>Recollections</i>. He continued to travel and speak publicly. In 1925, Marshall died following a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> while on a trip to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_background">Family and background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marshall's paternal grandfather, Riley Marshall, immigrated to Indiana in 1817 and settled on a farm in present-day <a href="/wiki/Whitley_County,_Indiana" title="Whitley County, Indiana">Whitley County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became wealthy when a moderate deposit of oil and natural gas was discovered on his farm; when he sold the property in 1827 it earned $25,000,<sup id="cite_ref-b2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> $523,750 in 2015 <a href="/wiki/Chained_dollars" title="Chained dollars">chained dollars</a>. The money allowed him to purchase a modest estate and spend the rest of his life as an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana Democratic Party</a>, serving as an <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana State Senator">Indiana State Senator</a>, party chairman, and financial contributor. He was also able to send his only child, Daniel, to medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-b2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall's mother, Martha Patterson, was orphaned at age thirteen while living in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and moved to Indiana to live with her sister on a farm near the Marshalls' home. Martha was known for her wit and humor, as her son later would be.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martha and Daniel met and married in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-b3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas Riley Marshall was born in <a href="/wiki/North_Manchester,_Indiana" title="North Manchester, Indiana">North Manchester</a>, Indiana, on March 14, 1854. Two years later, a sister was born, but she died in infancy. Martha had contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, which Daniel believed to be the cause of their infant daughter's poor health.<sup id="cite_ref-b3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Marshall was still a young boy, his family moved several times searching a good climate for Daniel to attempt different "outdoor cures" on Martha.<sup id="cite_ref-g281_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g281-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They moved first to <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy, Illinois</a> in 1857. While the family was living in Illinois, Daniel Marshall, a supporter of the American Union and a staunch Democrat, took his four-year-old son, Thomas, to the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates_of_1858" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858">Lincoln and Douglas debate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois" title="Freeport, Illinois">Freeport</a> in 1858. Marshall later recalled that during the rally he sat on the laps of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, alternating between the two candidates when they were not speaking, and remembered it as one of his earliest and most cherished memories.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g232_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g232-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Osawatomie,_Kansas" title="Osawatomie, Kansas">Osawatomie, Kansas</a>, in 1859, but the frontier violence caused them to move to <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-b4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Daniel succeeded in curing Martha's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-b4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> neared, violence spread into Missouri during the <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> incidents. In October 1860 several men led by <a href="/wiki/Duff_Green" title="Duff Green">Duff Green</a> demanded that Daniel Marshall provide medical assistance to the pro-slavery faction,<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he refused, and the men left. When the Marshalls' neighbors warned that Green was planning to return and murder them, the family quickly packed their belongings and escaped by steamboat to Illinois. The Marshalls remained in Illinois only briefly, before relocating to Indiana, which was even farther from the volatile border region.<sup id="cite_ref-g232_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g232-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_R._Marshall_House_in_Columbia_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Thomas_R._Marshall_House_in_Columbia_City.jpg/220px-Thomas_R._Marshall_House_in_Columbia_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Thomas_R._Marshall_House_in_Columbia_City.jpg/330px-Thomas_R._Marshall_House_in_Columbia_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Thomas_R._Marshall_House_in_Columbia_City.jpg/440px-Thomas_R._Marshall_House_in_Columbia_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall_House" title="Thomas R. Marshall House">Thomas R. Marshall House</a> at Columbia City was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On settling in <a href="/wiki/Pierceton,_Indiana" title="Pierceton, Indiana">Pierceton, Indiana</a>, Marshall began to attend public school.<sup id="cite_ref-g281_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g281-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father and grandfather became embroiled in a dispute with their <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> minister when they refused to vote Republican in the 1862 election.<sup id="cite_ref-b7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minister threatened to expel them from the church, to which Marshall's grandfather replied that he would "take his risk on hell, but not the Republican Party".<sup id="cite_ref-b7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute prompted the family to move again, to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a>, and convert to the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> church. In Fort Wayne, Marshall attended high school, graduating in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age fifteen his parents sent him to <a href="/wiki/Wabash_College" title="Wabash College">Wabash College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana" title="Crawfordsville, Indiana">Crawfordsville</a>, where he received a classical education. His father advised him to study medicine or become a minister, but neither interested him; he entered the school without knowing which profession he would take upon graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During college Marshall joined the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">Phi Gamma Delta</a> fraternity, participated in literary and debating societies, and founded a Democratic Club.<sup id="cite_ref-g281_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g281-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He secured a position on the staff of the college newspaper, the <i>Geyser</i>, and began writing political columns defending Democratic policies. In 1872 he wrote an unfavorable column about a female lecturer at the school, accusing her of "seeking liberties" with the young boys in their boarding house. She hired lawyer <a href="/wiki/Lew_Wallace" title="Lew Wallace">Lew Wallace</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ" title="Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ">Ben-Hur</a></i>, and filed a suit demanding that Marshall pay her $20,000 for <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall traveled to <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> to find a defense lawyer and employed future <a href="/wiki/United_States_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>, then a prominent Indianapolis lawyer. Harrison had the suit dropped by showing that the charges made by Marshall were probably true. In Marshall's memoir, he wrote that when he approached Harrison to pay his bill, his lawyer informed him that he would not charge him for the service, but instead gave him a lecture on the ethics of making such charges public.<sup id="cite_ref-b13_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g234_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g234-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall later recalled that he took the advice to heart, and was never again accused of making comments that could be considered libelous.<sup id="cite_ref-b13_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g234_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g234-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> during his final year at college.<sup id="cite_ref-g281_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g281-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated in June 1873, receiving the top grade in fourteen of his thirty-six courses in a class of twenty-one students.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his libel case, he had become increasingly interested in law and began seeking someone to teach him. At that time, a common way to become a lawyer was to apprentice under a practicing attorney. Marshall's great-uncle Woodson Marshall began to help him, but the younger Marshall soon moved to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_City,_Indiana" title="Columbia City, Indiana">Columbia City, Indiana</a>, to live with his parents. Marshall <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">read law</a> in the Columbia City law office of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Olds" title="Walter Olds">Walter Olds</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="List of justices of the Indiana Supreme Court">future member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana Supreme Court</a>, for more than a year and was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted to the bar</a> on April 26, 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-g234_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g234-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g282_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g282-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jehs-222_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jehs-222-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_practice">Law practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Law practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Marshall,_bain_photo_portrait,_circa_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Thomas_Marshall%2C_bain_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1912.jpg/220px-Thomas_Marshall%2C_bain_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Thomas_Marshall%2C_bain_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1912.jpg/330px-Thomas_Marshall%2C_bain_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Thomas_Marshall%2C_bain_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1912.jpg/440px-Thomas_Marshall%2C_bain_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="3566" /></a><figcaption>Marshall c. 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Marshall opened a law practice in Columbia City in 1876, taking on many minor cases. After gaining prominence, he accepted <a href="/wiki/William_F._McNagny" title="William F. McNagny">William F. McNagny</a> as a partner in 1879 and began taking many criminal defense cases. The two men functioned well as partners. McNagny was better educated in law and worked out their legal arguments. Marshall, the superior orator, argued the cases before the judge and jury. Their firm became well known in the region after they handled a number of high-profile cases.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880 Marshall ran for public office for the first time as the Democratic candidate for his district's prosecuting attorney.<sup id="cite_ref-g283_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g283-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district was a Republican stronghold, and he was defeated. About the same time, he met and began to court Kate Hooper, and the two became engaged to marry. Kate died of an illness in 1882, one day before they were to be wed. Her death was a major emotional blow to Marshall, leading him to become an alcoholic.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g284_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g284-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall lived with his parents into his thirties. His father died in the late 1880s and his mother died in 1894, leaving him with the family estate and business. In 1895, while working on a case, Marshall met <a href="/wiki/Lois_Irene_Marshall" title="Lois Irene Marshall">Lois Kimsey</a> who was working as a clerk in her father's law firm.<sup id="cite_ref-g284_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g284-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their nineteen-year age difference, the couple fell in love and married on October 2.<sup id="cite_ref-b46_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b46-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marshalls had a close marriage and were nearly inseparable, and spent only two nights apart during their nearly thirty-year marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall's alcoholism had begun to interfere with his busy life before his marriage. He arrived at court <a href="/wiki/Hang_over" class="mw-redirect" title="Hang over">hung-over</a> on several occasions and was unable to keep his addiction secret in his small hometown. His wife helped him to overcome his drinking problem and give up liquor after she locked him in their home for two weeks to undergo a treatment regimen.<sup id="cite_ref-b46_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b46-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, he became active in <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperance movement in Indiana">temperance</a> organizations and delivered several speeches about the dangers of liquor. Although he had stopped drinking, his past alcoholism was later raised by opponents during his gubernatorial election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-g235_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g235-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall remained active in the Democratic party after his 1880 defeat and began stumping for other candidates and helping to organize party rallies across the state. His speeches were noted for their partisanship, but his rhetoric gradually shifted away from a conservative viewpoint in the 1890s as he began to identify himself with the growing <a href="/wiki/Progressive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive movement">progressive movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a member of the state Democratic Central Committee in 1904, a position that raised his popularity and influence in the party.<sup id="cite_ref-g234_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g234-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b46_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b46-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall and his wife were involved in several private organizations. He was active in the Presbyterian Church, taught Sunday school, and served on the county fair board. As he grew wealthy from his law firm he became involved in local charities. An enthusiastic <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Mason</a> in Columbia City Lodge No. 189 in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Indiana" title="Grand Lodge of Indiana">Grand Lodge of Indiana</a>, he was a governing member of the state's <a href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</a> bodies, awarded the thirty-third degree of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> in 1898, and became an Active member of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council,_Scottish_Rite,_Northern_Jurisdiction,_USA" title="Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA">Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction</a> in 1911. He remained a passionate Freemason until his death and served on several Masonic charitable boards. After his death, the $25,000 cost of erecting his mausoleum in Indianapolis' Crown Hill Cemetery was gratefully paid for by the Scottish Rite NMJ Supreme Council.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governorship_(1909–1913)"><span id="Governorship_.281909.E2.80.931913.29"></span>Governorship (1909–1913)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governorship (1909–1913)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign">Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906, Marshall declined his party's nomination to run for Congress. He hinted, however, to state party leaders that he would be interested in running for Indiana governor in the 1908 election.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon gained the support of several key <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a>, and was endorsed by Louis Ludlow, a reporter for the <i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis Star">Indianapolis Star</a></i>. Despite this support, Marshall was a <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark horse candidate">dark horse candidate</a> at the state convention.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Thomas Taggart</a>, Indiana Democratic Party boss, did not support him because of Marshall's support of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taggart wanted the party to nominate anti-prohibitionist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ralston" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ralston">Samuel Ralston</a>, but the prohibitionist and anti-Taggart factions united with Marshall's supporters. To oppose L. Ert Slack, a temperance candidate, Taggart persuaded Ralston's delegates to support Marshall and give him the votes he needed to win the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g288_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g288-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateCapitolIndiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view looking down on a large building made of limestone. It is three stories high with two wings sweeping out from a central atrium with a domed stained glass roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/StateCapitolIndiana.jpg/220px-StateCapitolIndiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/StateCapitolIndiana.jpg/330px-StateCapitolIndiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/StateCapitolIndiana.jpg/440px-StateCapitolIndiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3772" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Statehouse" title="Indiana Statehouse">Indiana Statehouse</a> in Indianapolis</figcaption></figure> <p>Marshall's opponent in the general election was Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">James E. Watson</a>, and the campaign focused on temperance and prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-g288_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g288-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b80_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b80-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as it began, the Republican-controlled state government passed a local-option law that allowed counties to ban the sale of liquor. The law became the central point of debate between the parties and their gubernatorial candidates. The Democrats proposed that the local-option law be changed so that the decision to ban liquor sales could be made at the city and township level.<sup id="cite_ref-g236_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drew support from anti-prohibitionists, who saw it as an opportunity to roll back prohibition in some areas, and as the only alternative available to the total prohibition which the Republican Party advocated. The Democratic position also helped to retain prohibitionists' support by allowing prohibition to remain enacted in communities where a majority supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-b80_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b80-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican Party was in the midst of a period of instability, splitting along progressive and conservative lines.<sup id="cite_ref-b80_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b80-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their internal problems proved to be the deciding factor in the election, giving Marshall a narrow victory: he received 48.1 percent of the vote to Watson's 48.0 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Congressional_Quarterly_1976,_p._406_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressional_Quarterly_1976,_p._406-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats also came to power in the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">Indiana House of Representatives</a> by a small margin, though Republicans retained control of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate" title="Indiana Senate">Indiana Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g288_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g288-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g236_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_agenda">Progressive agenda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Progressive agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midnight_at_the_glassworks2b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two adolescent child laborers with dirty faces working in a glass factory at midnight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Midnight_at_the_glassworks2b.jpg/220px-Midnight_at_the_glassworks2b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Midnight_at_the_glassworks2b.jpg/330px-Midnight_at_the_glassworks2b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Midnight_at_the_glassworks2b.jpg/440px-Midnight_at_the_glassworks2b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4803" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption>Children at an Indiana glass factory. <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">Child labor</a> was ended in Indiana by Marshall's child labor laws.</figcaption></figure> <p>Marshall was inaugurated as Governor of Indiana on January 11, 1909. Since his party had been out of power for many years, its initial objective was to appoint as many Democrats as possible to patronage positions.<sup id="cite_ref-g237_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g237-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall tried to avoid becoming directly involved in the patronage system. He allowed the party's different factions to have positions and appointed very few of his own choices. He allowed Taggart to manage the process and pick the candidates, but signed off on the official appointments. Although his position on patronage kept peace in his party, it prevented him from building a strong political base.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his term, Marshall focused primarily on advancing the progressive agenda. He successfully advocated the passage of a <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor law">child labor law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">anti-corruption</a> legislation. He supported popular election of U.S. Senators, and the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">constitutional amendment to allow it</a> was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Indiana General Assembly">Indiana General Assembly</a> during his term.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._114_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._114-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also overhauled the state auditing agencies and claimed to have saved the government millions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-g237_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g237-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unsuccessful in passing the rest of the progressive platform agenda items or persuading the legislature to call a convention to rewrite the state constitution to expand the government's regulatory powers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall was a strong opponent of Indiana's recently passed <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">sterilization laws</a>, and ordered state institutions not to follow them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1965343_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1965343-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an early, high-profile opponent of eugenics laws, and he carried his opposition into the vice-presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His governorship was the first in which no state executions took place, due to his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> and his practice of pardoning and commuting the sentences of people condemned to execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuayle_Museum_staff2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuayle_Museum_staff2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He regularly attacked corporations and used recently created antitrust laws to attempt to break several large businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-g238_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g238-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in a number of ceremonial events, including laying the final <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">golden</a> brick to complete the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democratic Party campaign literature emphasized Marshall's record as governor, with one Democratic textbook from 1912 listing various laws enacted during his time in office by his instance. These included acts to investigate industrial and agricultural education; to permit night schools In cities; to prevent traffic in white slaves; to establish uniform weights and measures; to provide police court matrons; to protect against loan sharks; to strengthen the pure food act; to establish public play grounds; to provide free treatment for <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">hydrophobia</a>; to regulate the sale of cocaine and other drugs; to prevent blindness at birth; to require hygienic schoolhouses and to permit medical examination of school children; to regulate the sale of cold storage products; to curtail child labor; and to “require medical supplies as part of a train equipment, etc.” The textbook also listed various laws “intended to protect the toilers” that were also championed by Marshall. These included laws to require storm windows for locomotives; to require full switching crews; to require standard cabooses; to require inspection of locomotive boilers; to provide efficient headlights on locomotives; to require safety devices on switch engines; to require full train crews; to establish free employment agencies; to create a bureau of inspection for factories, workshops, mines and boilers; and to “provide a weekly wage; etc.”<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marshall's_constitution"><span id="Marshall.27s_constitution"></span>Marshall's constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marshall's constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Piatt_Dunn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of the head and shoulders of a man wearing a three piece suit and bow tie. In his forties, his hairline is partially receded and one eyebrow is noticeably higher than the other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jacob_Piatt_Dunn.JPG/220px-Jacob_Piatt_Dunn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jacob_Piatt_Dunn.JPG/330px-Jacob_Piatt_Dunn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jacob_Piatt_Dunn.JPG/440px-Jacob_Piatt_Dunn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3949" data-file-height="5056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Piatt_Dunn" title="Jacob Piatt Dunn">Jacob Piatt Dunn</a> Jr., with whom Marshall wrote a proposed constitution for Indiana</figcaption></figure> <p>Rewriting the state constitution became Marshall's central focus as governor, and after the General Assembly refused to call a constitutional convention he sought other ways to have a new constitution adopted. He and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Piatt_Dunn" title="Jacob Piatt Dunn">Jacob Piatt Dunn</a>, a close friend and civic leader, wrote a new constitution that increased the state's regulatory powers considerably, set minimum wages, and gave constitutional protections to unions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these reforms were also in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a> platform under its leader, <a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute" class="mw-redirect" title="Terre Haute">Terre Haute</a> native <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>. Republicans believed Marshall's constitution was an attempt to win over Debs' supporters, who had a strong presence in Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._114_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._114-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g238_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g238-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution also allowed direct-democracy <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> to be held. The Democratic controlled assembly agreed to the request and put the measure on the ballot. His opponents attacked the direct-democracy provisions, claiming they were a violation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, which required states to operate <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> forms of government.<sup id="cite_ref-g238_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g238-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b116_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b116-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1910 <a href="/wiki/Mid-term_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-term election">midterm elections</a> gave the Democrats control of the Indiana Senate, increasing the constitution's chances of adoption. Marshall presented it to the General Assembly in 1911 and recommended that they submit it to voters in the 1912 election.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Republicans opposed the ratification process, and were infuriated that the Democrats were attempting to revise the entire constitution without calling a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a>, as had been called for in the state's two previous constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-b116_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b116-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall argued that no convention was needed because the existing constitution did not call for one.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans took the issue to court and the Marion County Circuit Court granted an injunction removing the constitution from the 1912 ballot. Marshall appealed, but the <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cox#Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Charles E. Cox">Indiana Supreme Court</a> upheld the decision in a judgment which stated that the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana" title="Constitution of Indiana">Constitution of Indiana</a> could not be replaced in total without a constitutional convention, based on the precedent set by Indiana's first two constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall was angry with the decision and delivered a speech attacking the court and accusing it of overstepping its authority. He launched a final appeal to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> but left office in January 1913 while the case was still pending. Later that year, the court declined the appeal, finding that the issue was within the sole jurisdiction of the state courts. Marshall was disappointed with the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent scholars such as Linda Gugin and legal expert James St. Claire have called the process and the document "seriously flawed" and argued that had the constitution been adopted, large parts would probably have been ruled unconstitutional by the federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1913–1921)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281913.E2.80.931921.29"></span>Vice presidency (1913–1921)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vice presidency (1913–1921)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Presidency of Woodrow Wilson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:40%;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Marshall_delivers_speech_in_Indianapolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A crowd in Indianapolis listening to Samuel Ralston speak as Thomas Marshall prepares to deliver his acceptance speech for the vice presidential nomination on August 10, 1912"><img alt="A panorama image showing a large crowd seated in chairs and standing outdoors around a speaker who delivers a speech on a podium in the center. Downtown brick buildings and large campaign posters are in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thomas_Marshall_delivers_speech_in_Indianapolis.jpg/1000px-Thomas_Marshall_delivers_speech_in_Indianapolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thomas_Marshall_delivers_speech_in_Indianapolis.jpg/1500px-Thomas_Marshall_delivers_speech_in_Indianapolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thomas_Marshall_delivers_speech_in_Indianapolis.jpg/2000px-Thomas_Marshall_delivers_speech_in_Indianapolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3842" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Marshall_delivers_speech_in_Indianapolis.jpg" title="File:Thomas Marshall delivers speech in Indianapolis.jpg"> </a></div>A crowd in Indianapolis listening to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ralston" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ralston">Samuel Ralston</a> speak as Thomas Marshall prepares to deliver his acceptance speech for the vice presidential nomination on August 10, 1912</div></div></div> <p>The Indiana constitution prevented Marshall from serving a consecutive term as governor. He made plans to run for a United States Senate seat after his term ended, but another opportunity presented itself during his last months as governor. Although he did not attend the <a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, his name was put forward as Indiana's choice for president.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was suggested as a compromise nominee, but <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> and his delegates endorsed Woodrow Wilson over <a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a>, securing the nomination for Wilson. Indiana's delegates lobbied to have Marshall named the vice presidential candidate in exchange for supporting Wilson. Indiana was an important <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a>, and Wilson hoped that Marshall's popularity would help him carry it in the general election. He had his delegates support Marshall, giving him the vice presidential nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYT_staff1912_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYT_staff1912-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall privately turned down the nomination, assuming the job would be boring given its limited role. He changed his mind after Wilson assured him that he would be given plenty of responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-g240_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g240-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign, Marshall traveled across the United States delivering speeches. The Wilson–Marshall ticket easily won the 1912 election because of the division between the Republican Party and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g240_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g240-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall was not fond of Wilson, as he disagreed with him on a number of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-g294_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g294-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Wilson invited Marshall to cabinet meetings, Marshall's ideas were rarely considered for implementation, and Marshall eventually stopped attending them regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-g294_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g294-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, Wilson broke with longstanding tradition and met with senators to discuss policy. Previous presidents had used the vice president as an intermediary, but Wilson did not trust Marshall with delicate business.<sup id="cite_ref-g240_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g240-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoir, Marshall's only negative comment towards Wilson was, "I have sometimes thought that great men are the bane of civilization, they are the real cause of all the bitterness and contention which amounts to anything in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatfield1997337–343_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatfield1997337–343-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their relationship was described as one of "functioning animosity".<sup id="cite_ref-tmag_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmag-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_developments">Senate developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Senate developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson,_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length portrait of a man wearing a three-piece suit, a necktie, round-rimmed glasses and looking directly towards the photographer with an emotionless expression." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3762" /></a><figcaption>Woodrow Wilson, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Marshall was not offended by Wilson's lack of interest in his ideas, and considered his primary constitutional duty to be in the Senate. He viewed the vice presidency as a legislative role, not an executive one.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he presided over the Senate, emotions sometimes ran high. During a debate on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Mexican border crisis</a> in 1916, Marshall threatened to expel certain senators from the chamber for their raucous behavior, but did not carry through on the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-b172_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b172-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On several occasions, he ordered the Senate gallery cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-b172_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b172-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He voted eight times to <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States">break tie votes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the debates leading up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a> senators <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibustered</a> bills that Wilson considered important. The filibusters lasted for weeks and twice lasted for over three months. Wilson and the bills' supporters requested that Marshall put a <a href="/wiki/Gag-order" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag-order">gag-order</a> in place to cut off debate, but he refused on ethical grounds, allowing a number of bills to be defeated in hopes that opposition would eventually end their filibuster.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._186_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._186-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the defeated bills was one allowing merchant ships to arm themselves, and another allowing the US government to make direct arms sales to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g295_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g295-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their victories, the small group of senators continued to lock up the Senate to prevent any pro-war legislation from passing. In response, Marshall led the Senate to adopt a new rule on March 8, 1917, allowing filibusters to be broken by two-thirds of voting Senators. This replaced the previous rule that allowed any senator to prolong debate as long as he desired. The rule has been modified several times, most prominently that the current rule requires three-fifths of <i>all</i> Senators, not only the ones voting.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g296_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g296-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Marshall made little news and was viewed as a somewhat comic figure in Washington because of his sense of humor, a number of Democratic party leaders wanted him removed from the <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 reelection ticket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson, after deliberating, decided keeping Marshall on would demonstrate party unity; thus in 1916 Wilson won reelection over the still divided Republican Party. Marshall became the first vice president re-elected since <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> in 1828. Wilson and Marshall were the first president and vice president team to be re-elected since <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a> in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-g240_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g240-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_attempt">Assassination attempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the evening of July 2, 1915, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Muenter" title="Eric Muenter">Eric Muenter</a>, a one time German professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> universities, who opposed American support of the Allied war effort, broke into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> and, finding the door to the Senate chamber locked, laid dynamite outside the reception room, which happened to be next to Marshall's office door. Although the bomb was set with a timer, it exploded prematurely just before midnight, while no one was in the office.<sup id="cite_ref-b202_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b202-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 3, Muenter (who went under the pseudonym Frank Holt) burst into the <a href="/wiki/Glen_Cove,_New_York" title="Glen Cove, New York">Glen Cove, New York</a> home of <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">Jack Morgan</a>, son of financier <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>, demanding that he stop the sale of weapons to the Allies. Morgan told the man he was in no position to comply with his demand; Muenter shot him twice non-fatally and escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-b202_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b202-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nndb_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nndb-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="NNDB is considered an unreliable source (WP:RSP). (June 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Muenter was later apprehended and confessed to attempted assassination of the vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall was offered a personal security detachment after the incident, but declined it.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._204_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._204-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall had been receiving written death threats from numerous "cranks" for several weeks. "Some of them were signed," Marshall told the press, "but most were anonymous. I threw them all into the waste basket." Marshall added that he was "more or less a fatalist" and did not notify the Secret Service about the letters, "but that he naturally was startled when he heard of the explosion at the Capitol."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Marshall's second term, the United States entered World War I. Marshall was a reluctant supporter of the war, believing the country to be unprepared and feared it would be necessary to enact <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g296_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g296-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was pleased with Wilson's strategy to begin a military buildup before the declaration of war, and fully supported the war effort once it had begun. Shortly after the first troops began to assemble for transport to Europe, Wilson and Marshall hosted a delegation from the United Kingdom in which Marshall became privy to the primary war strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was largely excluded from war planning and rarely received official updates on the progress of military campaigns. He usually received news of the war through the newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_R._Marshall_in_his_Senate_office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man sitting at a desk looking directly at the photographer; one hand is holding a pen to a document on his desk while the other is hanging over the arm of his high backed chair, his legged stretched forwards, he is wearing a suit, necktie, and glasses, and has a serious expression." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_R._Marshall_in_his_Senate_office.jpg/220px-Thomas_R._Marshall_in_his_Senate_office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_R._Marshall_in_his_Senate_office.jpg/330px-Thomas_R._Marshall_in_his_Senate_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_R._Marshall_in_his_Senate_office.jpg/440px-Thomas_R._Marshall_in_his_Senate_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Marshall in his Senate office</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson sent Marshall around the nation to deliver morale-boosting speeches and encourage Americans to buy <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">Liberty Bonds</a> to support the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-b225_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b225-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall was well suited for the job, as he had been earning extra money as a public speaker while vice president, and gladly accepted the responsibility. In his speeches, he cast the war as a "moral crusade to preserve the dignity of the state for the rights of individuals".<sup id="cite_ref-b225_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b225-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoir, he recalled that the war seemed to drag on "with leaden feet", and that he was relieved when it finally ended.<sup id="cite_ref-b225_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b225-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war neared its end, Marshall became the first vice president to conduct <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">cabinet</a> meetings;<sup id="cite_ref-g240_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g240-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson left him with this responsibility while traveling in Europe to sign the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles treaty">Versailles treaty</a> and to work on gathering support for his <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> idea. Wilson became the first president to deliver a treaty to the Senate in person when he presented it to Marshall during a morning session.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morrison">Morrison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Morrison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marshall's wife, Lois, was heavily involved in charitable activities in Washington and spent considerable time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children. In 1917 she became acquainted with a mother of newborn twins, one of whom was chronically ill. The child's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son's condition. Lois formed a close bond with the baby, named Clarence Ignatius Morrison, and offered to take him and help him find treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and Marshall were unable to have children, and when she brought the baby home, Marshall told her that she could "keep him, provided he did not squall".<sup id="cite_ref-b227_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b227-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall grew to love the boy and wrote that he "never walked the streets of Washington with as sure a certainty as he walked into my heart", and, as the boy grew older, that he was "beautiful as an angel; brilliant beyond his years; lovable from every standpoint".<sup id="cite_ref-b227_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b227-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g300_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g300-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRMarshall-wife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man posing in front of several large Greek columns. He is about sixty-years-old and is wearing a two piece black suit and bow tie with a hand in his pocket and holding a wide brimmed white hat in the other while standing in a casual pose with a partial smile and his hair being blown up by the wind. A woman stands to his right wearing a full-length gown and holding a folded fan between her clasped hands; her glasses obscure her eyes and while she stands in a dignified pose." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TRMarshall-wife.jpg/220px-TRMarshall-wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TRMarshall-wife.jpg/330px-TRMarshall-wife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TRMarshall-wife.jpg/440px-TRMarshall-wife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Marshall and wife Lois in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Marshalls never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still living would appear unusual to the public. Wanting to keep the situation private, they instead made a special arrangement with his parents.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Wilson felt obliged to acknowledge the boy as theirs and sent the couple a note that simply said, "With congratulations to the baby. Wilson".<sup id="cite_ref-b298_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b298-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morrison lived with the Marshalls for the rest of his life. In correspondence they referred to him as Morrison Marshall, but in person they called him Izzy.<sup id="cite_ref-b298_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b298-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health, but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920, just before his fourth birthday. His death devastated Marshall, who wrote in his memoir that Izzy "was and is and ever will be so sacred to me".<sup id="cite_ref-g300_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g300-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b298_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b298-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_crisis">Succession crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Succession crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Wilson experienced a mild <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebrovascular accident">stroke</a> in September 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 2, he was struck by a much more severe stroke that left him partially paralyzed and almost certainly incapacitated.<sup id="cite_ref-g240_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g240-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._279_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._279-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g302_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g302-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's closest adviser, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Tumulty" title="Joseph Patrick Tumulty">Joseph Tumulty</a>, did not believe Marshall would be a suitable acting president and took precautions to prevent him from assuming presidential powers and duties. Wilson's wife <a href="/wiki/Edith_Bolling_Galt_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Bolling Galt Wilson">Edith</a> strongly disliked Marshall because of what she called his "uncouthed" disposition, and also opposed his assumption of presidential powers and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-f13_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f13-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumulty and the First Lady believed that an official communication from Wilson's staff on his condition would allow Marshall to trigger the constitutional mechanism allowing him to become acting president, and made sure no such communication occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Marshall demanded to know Wilson's status so that he could prepare for the possibility of becoming president, they had a reporter from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i> brief Marshall and inform him that Wilson was near death.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall later said that "it was the first great shock of my life", but without an official communication on Wilson's condition, he didn't believe he could constitutionally assume presidential powers and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-g302_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g302-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b243_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b243-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 5, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> was the first official to propose that Marshall forcibly assume presidential powers and duties. Other cabinet secretaries backed Lansing's request. Congressional leaders of both parties also sent private communications to Marshall, who was cautious in accepting their support.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After consulting with his wife and his long-time personal adviser, Mark Thistlethwaite, he privately refused to assume Wilson's duties and become <a href="/wiki/Acting_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting president of the United States">acting president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process for declaring a president incapacitated was unclear at that time, and he feared the precedent that might be set if he forcibly removed Wilson from his powers and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-f13_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f13-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall wanted the president to voluntarily allow his powers to devolve to the vice president, but that was impossible given his condition and unlikely given Wilson's dislike for Marshall. The vice president informed the cabinet that he would assume Wilson's powers and duties only in response to a joint resolution of Congress calling on him to do so or an official communication from Wilson or his staff asserting his inability to perform his duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._279_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._279-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g302_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g302-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson was kept secluded by his wife and personal physician and only his close advisers were allowed to see him; none would divulge official information on his condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._279_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._279-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Marshall sought to meet with Wilson to determine his condition, he was unable to do so. He instead relied on vague updates received through bulletins published by Wilson's physician.<sup id="cite_ref-f14_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f14-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that Wilson and his advisers would not voluntarily transfer power to the vice president, a group of congressional leaders initiated Marshall's requested joint resolution. However, senators opposed to the League of Nations treaty blocked the joint resolution in hopes of preventing the treaty's ratification. These senators believed that as acting president Marshall would make several key concessions that would allow the treaty to win ratification. Wilson, in his present condition, was either unwilling or unable to make the concessions, and debate on the bill had resulted in a deadlock.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 4, Lansing announced in a Senate committee hearing that no one in the cabinet had spoken with or seen Wilson in over sixty days. The senators seeking to elevate Marshall requested that a committee be sent to check on Wilson's condition, hoping to gain evidence to support their cause. Dubbed the "smelling committee" by several newspapers, the group discovered Wilson was in very poor health, but seemed to have recovered enough of his faculties to make decisions. Their report ended the perceived need for the joint resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a Sunday church service in mid-December, in what Marshall believed was an attempt by other officials to force him to assume the presidency, a courier brought a message informing him that Wilson had died. Marshall was shocked, and rose to announce the news to the congregation. The ministers held a prayer, the congregation began singing hymns, and many people wept. Marshall and his wife exited the building, and made a call to the White House to determine his next course of action, only to find that he had been the victim of a hoax, and that Wilson was still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall performed a few ceremonial functions for the remainder of Wilson's term, such as hosting foreign dignitaries. Among these was <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King of the Belgians</a>, the first European monarch to visit the United States. <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, the future monarch of the United Kingdom, spent two days with Marshall and received a personal tour of Washington from him.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> Edith Wilson performed most routine duties of government. She reviewed Wilson's communications and decided what to share with him and what to delegate to others. The resulting lack of leadership allowed the administration's opponents to prevent ratification of the League of Nations treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-f14_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f14-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attacked the treaty's tenth article, which they believed would allow the United States to be bound in an alliance to European countries that could force the country to return to war without an act of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall personally supported the treaty's adoption, but recommended several changes, including the requirement that all parties to it acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> and the United States' sphere of influence, and that the tenth article be made non-binding.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson began to recover by the end of 1919, but remained secluded for the remainder of his term, steadfast in his refusal or inability to accept changes to the treaty. Marshall was prevented from meeting with him to ascertain his true condition until his final day in office. It remains unclear who made executive decisions during Wilson's incapacity, but it was likely the first lady with the help of the presidential advisers.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g241_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g241-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-vice_presidency_(1921–1925)"><span id="Post-vice_presidency_.281921.E2.80.931925.29"></span>Post-vice presidency (1921–1925)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-vice presidency (1921–1925)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Marshall_at_a_portrait_sitting_cph.3b17555.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thomas_Marshall_at_a_portrait_sitting_cph.3b17555.jpg/220px-Thomas_Marshall_at_a_portrait_sitting_cph.3b17555.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thomas_Marshall_at_a_portrait_sitting_cph.3b17555.jpg/330px-Thomas_Marshall_at_a_portrait_sitting_cph.3b17555.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thomas_Marshall_at_a_portrait_sitting_cph.3b17555.jpg/440px-Thomas_Marshall_at_a_portrait_sitting_cph.3b17555.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Vice President Thomas R. Marshall having his portrait painted by an unidentified artist, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Marshall had his name entered as a candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention. He made arrangements with Thomas Taggart to have a delegation sent from Indiana to support his bid, but was unable to garner support outside of the Hoosier delegation. Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees, <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> for president and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> for vice president, but they were defeated by the Republican ticket of <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b301_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b301-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their election, Marshall sent a note to Coolidge offering him his "sincere condolences" for his misfortune of having been elected vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-g241_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g241-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b301_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b301-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g306_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g306-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarshallGrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large stone tomb with a metal gate in the center of the tomb, and with carved columns at the corners meeting a crest which circles the top of the building. Two large evergreen bushes obscure the lower portion of the tomb which sits in a grassy meadow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MarshallGrave.jpg/220px-MarshallGrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MarshallGrave.jpg/330px-MarshallGrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MarshallGrave.jpg/440px-MarshallGrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Thomas R. Marshall's family burial plot in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Hill_Cemetery" title="Crown Hill Cemetery">Crown Hill Cemetery</a>, Indianapolis, Indiana</figcaption></figure> <p>Marshall considered returning to Columbia City after leaving office, but instead bought a home and opened a law practice in Indianapolis, where he believed there would be better business opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-b305_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b305-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harding nominated him to serve on the Lincoln Memorial Commission in 1921, and then to a more lucrative position on the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Coal_Commission" title="Federal Coal Commission">Federal Coal Commission</a> in 1922; Marshall resigned from both commissions in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-b305_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b305-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent over a year writing books on the law and his <i>Recollections</i>, a humorous memoir. The latter book was completed in May 1925 and subsequent historians have noted it as unusual, even for its time, for not disclosing any secrets or attacking any of Marshall's enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall remained a popular public speaker, and continued to travel to give speeches. The last he delivered was to high school students in the town of his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-b308_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b308-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Death"></span> On June 1, 1925, Marshall and his wife were on a trip to Washington, D.C., when he died suddenly from a heart attack at his room at the <a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a>, while reading his Bible in bed.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been unwell for several days, and a nurse had accompanied them on the trip, but Marshall had already died by the time his wife could summon help. He was 71.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A service and viewing was held in Washington two days later and was attended by many dignitaries. Marshall's remains were returned to Indianapolis, where he lay in state for two days; thousands visited his <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a>. His funeral service was held June 9, and he was interred in Crown Hill Cemetery, next to the grave of his "adopted" son Morrison "Izzy" Marshall.<sup id="cite_ref-g241_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g241-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g306_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g306-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b308_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b308-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lois Marshall moved to <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and remained widowed the rest of her life, living on her husband's pension and the $50,000 she earned by selling his memoir to the <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a> publishing company. She died in 1958 and was interred next to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humor">Humor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Humor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marshall was known for his quick wit and good sense of humor. On hearing of his nomination as vice president, he announced that he was not surprised, as "Indiana is the mother of Vice Presidents; home of more second-class men than any other state".<sup id="cite_ref-b198_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b198-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his favorite jokes, which he delivered in a speech before his departure for Washington, D.C., to become vice president, recounted a story of a man with two sons. One of the sons went to sea and drowned and the other was elected vice president; neither son was ever heard from again.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his election as vice president, he sent Woodrow Wilson a book, inscribed "From your only Vice."<sup id="cite_ref-b198_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b198-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall's humor caused him trouble during his time in Washington. He was known to greet citizens walking by his office on the White House tour by saying to them, "If you look on me as a wild animal, be kind enough to throw peanuts at me."<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._204_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._204-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted Wilson to move Marshall's office to the Senate Office building, where the Vice President would not be disturbed by visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-b198_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b198-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>'s proposal to the board of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> to send a team to excavate for ruins in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, Marshall suggested that the team instead excavate around Washington. When asked why, he replied that, judging by the looks of the people walking on the street, they should be able to find buried cave-men no more than six feet down. The joke was not well received, and he was shut out of board meetings for nearly a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatfield1997337–343_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatfield1997337–343-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall's wit is best remembered for a phrase he introduced to the American lexicon. While presiding over a Senate session in 1914, Marshall responded to earlier comments from Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Bristow" title="Joseph L. Bristow">Joseph L. Bristow</a> that provided a <a href="/wiki/Bloviation" title="Bloviation">long list</a> of what he felt the country needed. Marshall reportedly leaned over and muttered to one of his clerks, "What this country needs is more of this; what this country needs is more of that" and quipped loudly enough for others to overhear, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._186_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._186-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g296_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g296-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall's remark was popularized and widely circulated among a network of newspapers. Other accounts later embellished the story, including the exact situation that prompted his comment.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922 Marshall explained that the five-cent cigar was a metaphor for simpler times and "buckling down to thrift and work."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The situation that arose after the incapacity of Wilson, for which Marshall's vice-presidency is most remembered, revived the national debate on the process of presidential succession.<sup id="cite_ref-g296_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g296-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topic was already being discussed when Wilson left for Europe, which influenced him to allow Marshall to conduct cabinet meetings in his absence. Wilson's incapacity during 1919 and the lack of action by Marshall made it a major issue. The lack of a clear process for presidential succession had first become an issue when President <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> died in office in 1841, but little progress had been made passing a constitutional amendment to remedy the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly fifty years later, after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> was passed, allowing the vice president to assume the presidential powers and duties any time the president was rendered incapable of carrying out the powers and duties of the office.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have varied interpretations of Marshall's vice presidency. Claire Suddath rated Marshall as one of the worst vice presidents in American history in a 2008 <i>Time</i> magazine article.<sup id="cite_ref-tmag_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmag-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> wrote that had Marshall carried out his constitutional duties, assumed the presidential powers and duties, and made the concessions necessary for the passage of the League of Nations treaty in late 1920, the United States would have been much more involved in European affairs and could have helped prevent the rise of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, which began in the following year. Morison and a number of other historians claim that Marshall's decision was an indirect cause of the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Thomas, one of Marshall's biographers, wrote that although Marshall's assumption of presidential powers and duties would have made <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> much less likely, modern hypothetical speculation on the subject was unfair to Marshall, who made the correct decision in not forcibly removing Wilson from his duties, even temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-b308_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b308-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>State prosecutor for northeastern Indiana, 1880<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Elijah Jackson </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,594 </td> <td style="text-align:right">52.7 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Thomas R. Marshall </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,023 </td> <td style="text-align:right">47.3 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Indiana gubernatorial election, 1908<sup id="cite_ref-Congressional_Quarterly_1976,_p._406_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressional_Quarterly_1976,_p._406-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Thomas R. Marshall </td> <td style="text-align:right">348,439 </td> <td style="text-align:right">49.5 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">James E. Watson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">338,262 </td> <td style="text-align:right">48.0 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FF00FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td class="fn">Samuel W. Haynes </td> <td style="text-align:right">15,926 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.3 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#ACE1AF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist</a> </td> <td class="fn">F.J.S. Robinson </td> <td style="text-align:right">986 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>1912 United States presidential election</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electoral results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Presidential candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Home state </th> <th colspan="2">Popular vote<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Electoral<br />vote </th> <th colspan="3">Running mate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Count </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Vice-presidential candidate </th> <th>Home state </th> <th>Electoral vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Thomas Woodrow Wilson</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,296,284 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.8% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">435 </td> <td><b> Thomas Riley Marshall</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">435 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,122,721 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27.4% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">88 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Hiram_W._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram W. Johnson">Hiram Warren Johnson</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">88 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,486,242 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas M. Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Eugene Victor Debs</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">901,551 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.0% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin" title="Eugene W. Chafin">Eugene Wilder Chafin</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Prohibition_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">208,156 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron Sherman Watkins</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Arthur Elmer Reimer</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,324 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/August_Gilhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="August Gilhaus">August Gilhaus</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>4,556 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>— </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <td>15,048,834 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>531 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>531 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="5">Needed to win </th> <td>266 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>266 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>1916 United States presidential election</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electoral results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Presidential candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Home state </th> <th colspan="2">Popular vote<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Electoral<br />vote </th> <th colspan="3">Running mate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Count </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Vice-presidential candidate </th> <th>Home state </th> <th>Electoral vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,126,868 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">277 </td> <td><b> Thomas Riley Marshall</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">277 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,548,728 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">254 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles Warren Fairbanks</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">254 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan Louis Benson</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590,524 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/George_R._Kirkpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="George R. Kirkpatrick">George Ross Kirkpatrick</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Hanly" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Franklin Hanly">James Franklin Hanly</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Prohibition_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">221,302 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Ira_Landrith" title="Ira Landrith">Ira Landrith</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>49,163 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>— </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <td>18,536,585 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>531 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>531 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="5">Needed to win </th> <td>266 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>266 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall and his wife, Lois, never officially adopted Morrison, whose legal name was Clarence Ignatius Morrison. (Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 241.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall is also the only known vice president of the United States to have been exclusively targeted in an assassination attempt while in office. An assassination attempt was made on <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> while he was Vice President, but that was part of the plot to also <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassinate Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a book published in 1930, Riley Marshall was the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>. However, this fact is not mentioned in other Marshall biographies. (<a href="#CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1930">Federal Writers' Project 1930</a>, p. 130.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of Martha's humor: When asked why her family moved to Ohio, she replied that their <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> home had only four families and after intermarrying for several generations her parents decided it best to leave the area before their children married their uncle-cousins and had "imbecile children." (Bennett 2007, p. 19.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conscription was enacted shortly after war was declared.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall arranged to provide jobs for the boy's parents at a hotel nearby the Marshall's home where they were able to frequently visit their son, who was kept in a special apartment where they could stay over with him when they chose (Bennett 2007, p. 298).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest newspaper article describing Marshall's five-cent cigar remark appeared in Fred C. Kelly's "Statesmen, Real and Near" column in the February 6, 1914, issue of the <i>Washington Herald</i>. (Harstad 2014, p. 48.) Five cents is equivalent to $1.52 in 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Accounts of the exact date, text, and circumstances of Marshall's five-cent cigar remarks are inconsistent, and no first-hand accounts of the event have been located. (Harstad 2014, pp. 48, 52, 54.)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-b2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g281-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g281_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g281_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g281_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g281_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g232-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g232_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g232_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds. 2006, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b7_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b7_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b13-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b13_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b13_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b13_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g234-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g234_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g234_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g234_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g234_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g282-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g282_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1977">Gray 1977</a>, p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jehs-222-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jehs-222_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jehs, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g283-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g283_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g284-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g284_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g284_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b46-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b46_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b46_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b46_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g235-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g235_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denslow, William R., "10,000 Famous Freemasons, Vol. 3." (Revised, reprint edition: 2007, Cornerstone Book Publishing), pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, pp. 235–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, pp. 69–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g288-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g288_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g288_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g288_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b80-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b80_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b80_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b80_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g236-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g236_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g236_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congressional_Quarterly_1976,_p._406-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congressional_Quarterly_1976,_p._406_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congressional_Quarterly_1976,_p._406_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g237-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g237_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g237_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._114-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._114_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._114_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1965343-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1965343_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1965">Paul 1965</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuayle_Museum_staff2010-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuayle_Museum_staff2010_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuayle_Museum_staff2010">Quayle Museum staff 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g238-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g238_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g238_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g238_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1994, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Democratic Text-book 1912, P.70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b116-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b116_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b116_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Ellingham v. Dye</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cite.case.law/ind/178/336/">172 Ind. 336</a> (July 5, 1912).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Marshall v. Dye</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cite.case.law/us/231/250/">231 U.S. 250</a> (December 1, 1913).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENYT_staff1912-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYT_staff1912_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNYT_staff1912">NYT staff 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g240-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g240_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g240_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g240_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g240_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g240_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g240_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g294-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g294_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g294_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatfield1997337–343-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatfield1997337–343_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatfield1997337–343_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield1997">Hatfield 1997</a>, pp. 337–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tmag-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tmag_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tmag_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuddath2008">Suddath 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b172-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b172_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b172_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._186-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._186_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._186_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g295-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g295_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g296-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g296_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g296_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g296_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g296_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b202-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b202_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b202_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nndb-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nndb_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/934/000171421/">"J. P. Morgan Jr"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NNDB" title="NNDB">NNDB</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NNDB&rft.atitle=J.+P.+Morgan+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F934%2F000171421%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._204-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._204_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._204_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Indianapolis Star</i>, July 5, 1915, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, pp. 231–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b225-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b225_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b225_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b225_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b227-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b227_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b227_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g300-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g300_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g300_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b298-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b298_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b298_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b298_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_2007,_p._279-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._279_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._279_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_2007,_p._279_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g302-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g302_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g302_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g302_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f13-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f13_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f13_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feerick 1992, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b243-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b243_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f14-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f14_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f14_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feerick 1992, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, pp. 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, pp. 256–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g241-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g241_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g241_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g241_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., 2006, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b301-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b301_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b301_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g306-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g306_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g306_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray 1977, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b305-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b305_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b305_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b308-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b308_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b308_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b308_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Death_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1925/06/02/archives/thomas-r-marshall-war-vice-president-dies-bible-in-hand-death-comes.html">"Thomas R. Marshall, War Vice President, Dies, Bible in Hand"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. June 2, 1925. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+R.+Marshall%2C+War+Vice+President%2C+Dies%2C+Bible+in+Hand&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1925-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1925%2F06%2F02%2Farchives%2Fthomas-r-marshall-war-vice-president-dies-bible-in-hand-death-comes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b198-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b198_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b198_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b198_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boller 2004, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harstad 2014, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keyes 2006, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harstad 2014, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feerick 1992, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feerick 1992, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett 2007, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Quarterly 1976, p. 285.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2007" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, David J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHJ22BZnEeEC"><i>He Almost Changed the World: The Life And Times Of Thomas Riley Marshall</i></a>. Freeman & Costello. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-6562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-6562-4"><bdi>978-1-4259-6562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=He+Almost+Changed+the+World%3A+The+Life+And+Times+Of+Thomas+Riley+Marshall&rft.pub=Freeman+%26+Costello&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4259-6562-4&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=David+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHJ22BZnEeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodenhamer,_David_J.Robert_G._Barrows1994" class="citation book cs1">Bodenhamer, David J.; Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bg13QcMSsq8C"><i>The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31222-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-31222-1"><bdi>0-253-31222-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-253-31222-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbg13QcMSsq8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller2004" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRtKe5p_PpMC"><i>Presidential Campaigns From George Washington to George W. Bush</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516716-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516716-3"><bdi>0-19-516716-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Campaigns+From+George+Washington+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516716-3&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRtKe5p_PpMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemocratic_National_Committee1912" class="citation book cs1">Democratic National Committee (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democratictextbo00demo"><i>The Democratic Text-book</i></a>. New York: Isaac Goldmann Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Democratic+Text-book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Isaac+Goldmann+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Democratic+National+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocratictextbo00demo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Denslow, William R. (1957 – Revised, reprint edition: 2007) <i>10,000 Famous Freemasons, Vol. 3.</i> Cornerstone Book Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-88756042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-88756042-9">978-1-88756042-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1930" class="citation book cs1">Federal Writers' Project (1930). <i>Indiana</i>. The Board of Public Printing. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=The+Board+of+Public+Printing&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongressional_Quarterly1976" class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congres_con_1975_00_9697"><i>Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections</i></a></span>. Congressional Quarterly Inc. 1976. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-072-X"><bdi>0-87187-072-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Quarterly%27s+Guide+to+U.S.+Elections&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Inc&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87187-072-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongres_con_1975_00_9697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeerick1992" class="citation book cs1">Feerick, John D. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentyfifthamend00feer_1"><i>The Twenty-fifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Applications</i></a></span>. Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-1373-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8232-1373-0"><bdi>0-8232-1373-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twenty-fifth+Amendment%3A+Its+Complete+History+and+Applications&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8232-1373-0&rft.aulast=Feerick&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentyfifthamend00feer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1994" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Ralph D (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlKbSuBQL-AC"><i>Indiana History: A Book of Readings</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32629-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32629-X"><bdi>0-253-32629-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana+History%3A+A+Book+of+Readings&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-253-32629-X&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Ralph+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlKbSuBQL-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuginSt._Clair2006" class="citation book cs1">Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E, eds. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780871951960"><i>The Governors of Indiana</i></a></span>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87195-196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87195-196-7"><bdi>0-87195-196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governors+of+Indiana&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-87195-196-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780871951960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarstad,_Peter_T.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Harstad, Peter T. (Fall 2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar': A Historical Puzzle". <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. <b>26</b> (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 44–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=%27What+this+country+needs+is+a+really+good+five-cent+cigar%27%3A+A+Historical+Puzzle&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=44-55&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Harstad%2C+Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield1997" class="citation book cs1">Hatfield, Mark O.; with the Senate Historical Office (1997). <i>Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993</i>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 337–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Thomas_Marshall.htm">Reprint on U.S. Senate website</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vice+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+1789%E2%80%931993&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=337-43&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Mark+O.&rft.au=with+the+Senate+Historical+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span> – Introduction by Mark O. Hatfield (for full citation from the Senate website, see printer option at the bottom of the webpage).</li> <li>Jehs, Randall W., "Thomas R. Marshall: Mr. Vice President, 1913–1921," in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1977" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Ralph D (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDx5AAAAMAAJ"><i>Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940</i></a>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885323-29-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-885323-29-8"><bdi>1-885323-29-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentlemen+from+Indiana%3A+National+Party+Candidates%2C1836%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Bureau&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=1-885323-29-8&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Ralph+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDx5AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2006" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Ralph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6JZryGvfxYC"><i>The quote verifier: who said what, where, and when</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34004-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34004-4"><bdi>0-312-34004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+quote+verifier%3A+who+said+what%2C+where%2C+and+when&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-312-34004-4&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd6JZryGvfxYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYT_staff1912" class="citation news cs1">NYT staff (July 3, 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/07/03/104898755.pdf">"Indiana Governor Is Named Vice Presidential Candidate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Indiana+Governor+Is+Named+Vice+Presidential+Candidate&rft.date=1912-07-03&rft.au=NYT+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1912%2F07%2F03%2F104898755.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1965" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Julius (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buckvbell.com/pdf/JPaulmss.pdf"><i>"Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough": State Eugenic Sterilization Laws in American Thought and Practice (unpublished manuscript)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Three+Generations+of+Imbeciles+Are+Enough%22%3A+State+Eugenic+Sterilization+Laws+in+American+Thought+and+Practice+%28unpublished+manuscript%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Walter+Reed+Army+Institute+of+Research&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuckvbell.com%2Fpdf%2FJPaulmss.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuayle_Museum_staff2010" class="citation web cs1">Quayle Museum staff (January 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819003544/http://www.quaylemuseum.org/Vice_Presidency/Indiana_Five.htm">"Indiana's Five"</a>. Dan Quayle Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaylemuseum.org/Vice_Presidency/Indiana_Five.htm">the original</a> on August 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana%27s+Five&rft.pub=Dan+Quayle+Museum&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.au=Quayle+Museum+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaylemuseum.org%2FVice_Presidency%2FIndiana_Five.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuddath2008" class="citation news cs1">Suddath, Claire (August 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4314491/americas-worst-vice-presidents/">"America's Worst Vice Presidents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314203301/http://time.com/4314491/americas-worst-vice-presidents/item/thomas-marshall/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=America%27s+Worst+Vice+Presidents&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft.aulast=Suddath&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4314491%2Famericas-worst-vice-presidents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1925" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Thomas R. (1925). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recollectionsoft00mars"><i>Recollections</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Company" title="Bobbs-Merrill Company">Bobbs-Merrill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecollectionsoft00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Marshall&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Riley_Marshall" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Riley Marshall">Thomas Riley Marshall</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_R._Marshall" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressM000164" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000164">"Thomas R. Marshall (id: M000164)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Thomas+R.+Marshall+%28id%3A+M000164%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM000164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1925/06/02/archives/thomas-r-marshall-war-vice-president-dies-bible-in-hand-death-comes.html?sq=thomas%2520r.%2520marshall&scp=1&st=cse">"Thomas Marshall's Obituary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. June 2, 1925<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Marshall%27s+Obituary&rft.date=1925-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1925%2F06%2F02%2Farchives%2Fthomas-r-marshall-war-vice-president-dies-bible-in-hand-death-comes.html%3Fsq%3Dthomas%252520r.%252520marshall%26scp%3D1%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204002056/http://www.indianahistory.org/pop_hist/people/marshall.html">"Indiana's Popular History: Thomas Marshall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Historical_Society" title="Indiana Historical Society">Indiana Historical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianahistory.org/pop_hist/people/marshall.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana%27s+Popular+History%3A+Thomas+Marshall&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianahistory.org%2Fpop_hist%2Fpeople%2Fmarshall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.gov/history/2700.htm">"Indiana Governor Thomas Riley Marshall (1854–1925) with portrait"</a>. Indiana Historical Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+Governor+Thomas+Riley+Marshall+%281854%E2%80%931925%29+with+portrait&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fhistory%2F2700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.isl.lib.in.us/repositories/2/resources/199">Thomas Riley Marshall papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hanly" title="Frank Hanly">Frank Hanly</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Governor of Indiana </b><br />1909–1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Samuel M. Ralston</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1913–1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">John W. Kern</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Democratic <a href="/wiki/Indiana_gubernatorial_elections" title="Indiana gubernatorial elections">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1908_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1908 Indiana gubernatorial election">1908</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston">Samuel M. Ralston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>, 1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/120px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/180px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/240px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3762" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> (1913–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> (1915–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Bainbridge Colby</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Carter Glass</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Lindley Miller Garrison</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a> (1916–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James Clark McReynolds</a> (1913–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Thomas Watt Gregory</a> (1914–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Burleson" title="Albert S. Burleson">Albert S. Burleson</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Knight_Lane" title="Franklin Knight Lane">Franklin Knight Lane</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barton_Payne" title="John Barton Payne">John Barton Payne</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Meredith" title="Edwin T. Meredith">Edwin T. Meredith</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Redfield" title="William C. Redfield">William C. Redfield</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Joshua W. Alexander</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bauchop_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bauchop Wilson">William Bauchop Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Indiana" title="Template:Governors of Indiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Indiana" title="Template talk:Governors of Indiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Indiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Indiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">Governors of Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Territorial <span class="nobold">(1800–1816)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibson_(American_soldier)" title="John Gibson (American soldier)">Gibson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Posey" title="Thomas Posey">Posey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="725" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">State <span class="nobold">(since 1816)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Jennings" title="Jonathan Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratliff_Boon" title="Ratliff Boon">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hendricks" title="William Hendricks">W. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Ray" title="James B. Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Noble" title="Noah Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wallace_(Indiana_politician)" title="David Wallace (Indiana politician)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bigger" title="Samuel Bigger">Bigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">J. Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_C._Dunning" title="Paris C. Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Wright" title="Joseph A. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashbel_P._Willard" title="Ashbel P. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_A._Hammond" title="Abram A. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Lane" title="Henry S. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Baker" title="Conrad Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">T. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Williams" title="James D. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray" title="Isaac P. Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Porter" title="Albert G. Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray" title="Isaac P. Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Peterson_Hovey" title="Alvin Peterson Hovey">Hovey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Joy_Chase" title="Ira Joy Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Matthews" title="Claude Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Mount" title="James A. Mount">Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_T._Durbin" title="Winfield T. Durbin">Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hanly" title="Frank Hanly">Hanly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Goodrich" title="James P. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_T._McCray" title="Warren T. McCray">McCray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Forest_Branch" title="Emmett Forest Branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Jackson" title="Edward L. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_G._Leslie" title="Harry G. Leslie">Leslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">McNutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Clifford_Townsend" title="M. Clifford Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Schricker" title="Henry F. Schricker">Schricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Gates" title="Ralph F. Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Schricker" title="Henry F. Schricker">Schricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Craig" title="George N. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Handley" title="Harold W. Handley">Handley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_E._Welsh" title="Matthew E. Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Whitcomb" title="Edgar Whitcomb">E. Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Orr" title="Robert D. Orr">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Bayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Bannon" title="Frank O'Bannon">O'Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kernan_(politician)" title="Joe Kernan (politician)">Kernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holcomb" title="Eric Holcomb">Holcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Braun</a> (elect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1908)_1912_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1916)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1908)_1912_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1916)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">← 1908</a>) <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">→ 1916</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas R. Marshall</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas R. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Eugene Foss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President:</b> <s><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></s> (incumbent; nominated but died before election)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #B63434;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1912 Progressive National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin" title="Eugene W. Chafin">Eugene W. Chafin</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Arthur E. Reimer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1912 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1912 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_and_1913_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 and 1913 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1912)_1916_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1920)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1916 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1916 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1916 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1912)_1916_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1920)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">← 1912</a>) <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">→ 1920</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Incumbentnominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incumbent<br />nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas R. Marshall</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidiates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Albert B. Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_E._Burton" title="Theodore E. Burton">Theodore E. Burton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George Ross Kirkpatrick</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hanly" title="Frank Hanly">Frank Hanly</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ira_Landrith" title="Ira Landrith">Ira Landrith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1916 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1916 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1916 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/120px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/180px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/240px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3762" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> (1913–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> (1915–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Bainbridge Colby</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Carter Glass</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Lindley Miller Garrison</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a> (1916–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James Clark McReynolds</a> (1913–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Thomas Watt Gregory</a> (1914–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Burleson" title="Albert S. Burleson">Albert S. 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