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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_union_with_Castile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_union_with_Castile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Personal union with Castile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_union_with_Castile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalist_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nationalist revisionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pennon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pennon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms_of_the_kings_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms_of_the_kings_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Coat of arms of the kings of the Crown of Aragon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms_of_the_kings_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crown of Aragon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_Aragon" title="Krone Aragon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krone Aragon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86" title="تاج أرغون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاج أرغون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Arag%C3%B3n" title="Corona d'Aragón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Corona d'Aragón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Արակոնեան Թագ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արակոնեան Թագ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Arag%C3%B3n" title="Corona d'Aragón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corona d'Aragón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araqon_taxt-tac%C4%B1" title="Araqon taxt-tacı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Araqon taxt-tacı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="আরাগন সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরাগন সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арагонская карона – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арагонская карона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арагонска корона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арагонска корона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurunenn_Aragon" title="Kurunenn Aragon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurunenn Aragon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Arag%C3%B3" title="Corona d'Aragó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corona d'Aragó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonsk%C3%A1_koruna" title="Aragonská koruna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aragonská koruna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coron_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Coron Aragón – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coron Aragón" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragoniens_krone" title="Aragoniens krone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aragoniens krone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_von_Aragonien" title="Krone von Aragonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krone von Aragonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arag%C3%B3ni_kroon" title="Aragóni kroon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aragóni kroon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Στέμμα της Αραγωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στέμμα της Αραγωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Corona de Aragón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corona de Aragón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Aragono" title="Reĝlando Aragono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Aragono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragoiko_Koroa" title="Aragoiko Koroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aragoiko Koroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="تاج آراگون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاج آراگون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couronne_d%27Aragon" title="Couronne d'Aragon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couronne d'Aragon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%B3in_na_hArag%C3%B3ine" title="Coróin na hAragóine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coróin na hAragóine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroa_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Coroa de Aragón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coroa de Aragón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%A4_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="아라곤 연합왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아라곤 연합왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Արագոնյան թագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արագոնյան թագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_Aragonije" title="Kruna Aragonije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kruna Aragonije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkota_Aragon" title="Mahkota Aragon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahkota Aragon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Aragon" title="Corona de Aragon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Corona de Aragon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Aragona" title="Corona d'Aragona – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corona d'Aragona" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F" title="כתר אראגון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתר אראגון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Aragoniae" title="Corona Aragoniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corona Aragoniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonas_kronis" title="Aragonas kronis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aragonas kronis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Arag%C3%B3n_Korona_orsz%C3%A1gai" title="Az Aragón Korona országai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Aragón Korona országai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арагонска Круна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арагонска Круна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86" title="تاج اراجون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاج اراجون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="آراگون تاج و تخت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آراگون تاج و تخت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroon_van_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Kroon van Aragón – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kroon van Aragón" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="アラゴン連合王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラゴン連合王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arag%C3%B3ns_kronvelde" title="Aragóns kronvelde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aragóns kronvelde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongemakta_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Kongemakta Aragón – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongemakta Aragón" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Aragon" title="Corona d'Aragon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corona d'Aragon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon_toji" title="Aragon toji – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aragon toji" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korona_Aragonii" title="Korona Aragonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korona Aragonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroa_de_Arag%C3%A3o" title="Coroa de Aragão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coroa de Aragão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroana_Aragonului" title="Coroana Aragonului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coroana Aragonului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araqun_qhapaq_suyu" title="Araqun qhapaq suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Araqun qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арагонская корона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арагонская корона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Aragona" title="Corona de Aragona – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Corona de Aragona" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croun_o_Aragon" title="Croun o Aragon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Croun o Aragon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curuna_d%27Ara%C3%B9na" title="Curuna d'Araùna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Curuna d'Araùna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crown of Aragon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonska_krona" title="Aragonska krona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aragonska krona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86%D9%86" title="تاجی ئەراگۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاجی ئەراگۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Круна Арагона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Круна Арагона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_Aragona" title="Kruna Aragona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kruna Aragona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonian_kruunu" title="Aragonian kruunu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aragonian kruunu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragoniska_kronan" title="Aragoniska kronan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aragoniska kronan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korona_ng_Aragon" title="Korona ng Aragon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Korona ng Aragon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ราชบัลลังก์อารากอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชบัลลังก์อารากอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon_Tac%C4%B1" title="Aragon Tacı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aragon Tacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арагонська Корона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арагонська Корона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="تاج آراگون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاج آراگون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_quy%E1%BB%81n_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Vương quyền Aragón – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quyền Aragón" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9D%83" title="阿拉贡王权 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉贡王权" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%A1%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉贡联合王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉贡联合王国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204920#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Crown of Aragon</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">Corona d'Aragón</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>)</span><br /><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Corona d'Aragó</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>)</span><br /><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Corona de Aragón</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Corona Aragonum</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1164–1707/1715</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Crown of Aragon"><img alt="Flag of Crown of Aragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/125px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/188px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/250px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Royal flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Crown of Aragon"><img alt="Coat of arms of Crown of Aragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/85px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/128px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/170px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diachronic map of the territories subject to the Crown of Aragon"><img alt="Diachronic map of the territories subject to the Crown of Aragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/375px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="977" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Diachronic map of the territories subject to the Crown of Aragon</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-composedmonarchy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composedmonarchy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">See <i><a href="#Capital">Capital</a></i> below</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minority languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Majority religion:<br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />Minority religions:<br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodoxy">Greek Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">Feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> subject to <a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fueros</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1164-1196 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1479–1516 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1700–1715 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an"><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Corts" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragonese Corts">Cortz d'Aragón</a></i></span><br /><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Courts" title="Catalan Courts">Corts Catalanes</a></i></span><br /><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Corts_Valencianes" title="Corts Valencianes">Corts Valencianes</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Aragon-Barcelona Union </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1164</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Majorca" title="Conquest of Majorca">Conquest of the Kingdom of Majorca</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1231</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1238–1245</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_conquest_of_Sardinia" title="Aragonese conquest of Sardinia">Conquest of the Kingdom of Sardinia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1324–1420</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Union of Ferdinand II and Isabella I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 1469</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1499%E2%80%931504" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1499–1504">Conquest of the Kingdom of Naples</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1501–1504</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1707/1715</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1300<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly.1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly.1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">120,000 km<sup>2</sup> (46,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1300<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly.1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly.1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 000 000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Bourbon Spain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Crown of Aragon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">composite monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-composedmonarchy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composedmonarchy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ruled by one king, originated by the <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> and ended as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">southern France</a>, and a Mediterranean empire which included the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> (from 1442), and parts of Greece (until 1388). </p><p>The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king,<sup id="cite_ref-ryder_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryder-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each <i>Corts</i> or <i>Cortes</i>, particularly the Kingdom of Aragon, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a>. The larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. </p><p>In 1479, a new dynastic union of the Crown of Aragon with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to what would become <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">the Spanish composite monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg monarchs</a>. The Aragonese Crown continued to exist until it was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a> issued by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> in 1707–1716 as a consequence of the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Charles</a> (as Charles III of Aragon) in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formally, the political centre of the Crown of Aragon was <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, where kings were crowned at <a href="/wiki/La_Seo_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="La Seo Cathedral">La Seo Cathedral</a>. The 'de facto' capital and leading cultural, administrative and economic centre of the Crown of Aragon was <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BufferyMarcer2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BufferyMarcer2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia#Splendour" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>) was an additional important city and seaport. </p><p>The Crown of Aragon eventually included the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a> (until the late 12th century the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> and others), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. For brief periods the Crown of Aragon also controlled <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, and the twin <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Neopatras" title="Duchy of Neopatras">Neopatras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Greece">Latin Greece</a>. </p><p>In the Late Middle Ages, the southward <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">territorial expansion</a> of the Aragonese Crown in the Iberian Peninsula stopped in Murcia, which eventually consolidated as a realm of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Murcia" title="Kingdom of Murcia">Kingdom of Murcia</a>. Subsequently, the Aragonese Crown focused on the Mediterranean, governing as far afield as Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>, whereas Portugal, which completed its southward expansion in 1249, would focus on the Atlantic Ocean. Mercenaries from the territories in the Crown, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Almogavars" title="Almogavars">Almogavars</a></i> participated in the creation of this Mediterranean empire, and later found employment in countries all across southern Europe. </p><p>The Crown of Aragon has been considered an empire<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott2002_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ruled in the Mediterranean for hundreds of years, with <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocratic</a> power to setting rules over the entire sea, (as documented, for instance, in the <i>Llibre del Consolat del Mar</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Book of the Consulate of the Sea</a></i>, written in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, is one of the oldest compilations of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime law">maritime laws</a> in the world). </p><p>However, the different territories were only connected through the person of the monarch. A modern historian, Juan de Contreras y Lopez de Ayala, <a href="/wiki/Lozoya" title="Lozoya">marquis of Lozoya</a>, described the Crown of Aragon as being more like a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a> than a centralised kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crown of Aragon originated in 1137, when the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Provence" title="County of Provence">County of Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Girona">Girona</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Cerdanya" title="County of Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Osona" title="County of Osona">Osona</a> and other territories) merged by <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a><sup id="cite_ref-bisson_31_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upon the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aragon" title="Petronilla of Aragon">Petronilla of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Berenguer IV of Barcelona">Raymond Berenguer IV of Barcelona</a>; their individual titles combined in the person of their son <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II of Aragon</a>, who ascended to the throne in 1162. This union respected the existing institutions and parliaments of both territories. The combined state was initially known as <i>Regno, Dominio et Corona Aragonum et Catalonie</i> (only between 1286 and 1291), and later as <i>Corona Regum Aragoniae</i>, <i>Corona Aragonum</i> or simply <i>Aragon</i>. </p><p>Petronilla's father <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro II of Aragon">King Ramiro, "The Monk"</a> (reigned 1134–1137) who was raised in the Monastery of Saint Pons de Thomières, <a href="/wiki/Viscounty_of_B%C3%A9ziers" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscounty of Béziers">Viscounty of Béziers</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monk was the youngest of three brothers. His brothers <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Aragon and Navarre">Peter I</a> (reigned 1094–1104) and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a> <i>El Batallador</i> (The Battler, reigned 1104–1134) had fought against Castile for hegemony in the Iberian peninsula. Upon the death of Alfonso I, the Aragonese nobility that campaigned close to him feared being overwhelmed by the influence of Castile. And so, Ramiro was forced to leave his monastic life and proclaim himself King of Aragon. He married Agnes, sister of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a> and betrothed his only daughter <a href="/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aragon" title="Petronilla of Aragon">Petronilla of Aragon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona">Raymond Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona</a>. The wedding agreement provided Berenguer with the title of <i>Princeps Aragonum</i> and <i>Dominator Aragonensis</i> (Ruler of the Kingdom and Commander of the Aragonese Military) but the title of King of Aragon was reserved for Ramiro II and Berenguer's future sons. </p><p>Raymond Berenguer IV, the first ruler of the united dynasty, called himself Count of Barcelona and "Prince of Aragon".<sup id="cite_ref-paynefive_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paynefive-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Catalan Company</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png/270px-Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png/405px-Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png/540px-Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png 2x" data-file-width="3775" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">Territorial expansion</a> of the Crown of Aragon between 11th and 14th centuries in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roy_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/200px-Roy_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roy_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/300px-Roy_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roy_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/400px-Roy_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian heraldic of king <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a> in the <i>Equestrian armorial of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></i> 1433–1435. Collection <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal">Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alfonso II inherited two realms and with them, two different expansion processes. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jim%C3%A9nez" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Jiménez">House of Jiménez</a> looked south in a battle against Castile for the control of the middle valley of the Ebro in the Iberian peninsula. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a> looked north to its origins, <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>, where through family ties it had significant influence, especially in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a>, towards the south along the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tortosa_(1148)" title="Siege of Tortosa (1148)">Mediterranean coast</a> and towards the <a href="/wiki/1113%E2%80%9315_Balearic_Islands_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="1113–15 Balearic Islands expedition">Mediterranean sea</a>. </p><p>Soon, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II of Aragon and I of Barcelona</a> committed to conquering <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> as the Aragonese nobility demanded. Like his father, he gave priority to the expansion and consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a>'s influence in Occitania. </p><p>Alfonso II signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cazorla" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Cazorla">treaties of Cazorla</a>, a multilateral treaty between <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>, Portugal, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> to redefine the frontiers and zones of expansion of each kingdom. Alfonso II assured <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a> by renouncing the Aragonese rights of annexing Murcia in exchange for securing the Aragonese frontier with Castile. This action should be seen as result of the aforementioned priority given over the Occitan and Catalan dominions of the Crown of Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_36_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_36-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the ninth century, the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Aquitaine">dukes of Aquitaine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">kings of Navarre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Foix" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Foix">counts of Foix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Toulouse">counts of Toulouse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">counts of Barcelona</a> were rivals in their attempts at controlling the various counties of the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic Marches">Hispanic Marches</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pays" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays">pays</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>. And the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a> succeeded in extending its influence to the area that is now south of France through strong family ties, in the areas of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Provence" title="County of Provence">County of Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">County of Toulouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">County of Foix</a>. The rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> or Albigensians, who rejected the authority and teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, led to the loss of these possessions in southern France. Pope Innocent III called upon <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> to suppress the Albigensians—the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>, which led to bringing Occitania firmly under the control of the King of France, and the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a> from northern France. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II of Aragon</a> returned from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in autumn 1212 to find that <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester</a>, had conquered <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, exiling Count <a href="/wiki/Raymond_VI_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond VI of Toulouse">Raymond VI of Toulouse</a>, who was Peter's brother-in-law and vassal. Peter's army crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Muret" title="Muret">Muret</a> where they were joined by Raymond of Foix and Raymond of Toulouse's forces, in September 1213 to confront Montfort's army. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muret" title="Battle of Muret">Battle of Muret</a> began on 12 September 1213. The Catalan, Aragonese and Occitan forces were disorganised and disintegrated under the assault of Montfort's squadrons. Peter himself was caught in the thick of fighting, and died as a result of a foolhardy act of bravado. Thus, the nobility of Toulouse, Foix and other vassals of the Crown of Aragon were defeated. The conflict concluded with the Treaty of Meaux-Paris in 1229, in which the Crown of Aragon agreed to renounce its rights over the south of <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a> with the integration of these territories into the dominions of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">King of France</a>. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a> (13th century) returned to an era of expansion to the South, by conquering and incorporating <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, and a good share of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a> into the Crown. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Corbeil_(1258)" title="Treaty of Corbeil (1258)">Treaty of Corbeil (1258)</a>, which was based upon the principle of natural frontiers,<sup id="cite_ref-chaytor_james_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaytor_james-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetians</a> were recognised as heirs of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>, and the Capetian king <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a> renounced any historical claim of feudal overlordship over Catalonia. The general principle was clear, Catalan influence north of the Pyrenees, beyond the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Roussillon" title="County of Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallespir" title="Vallespir">Vallespir</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Conflent" title="County of Conflent">Conflent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capcir" title="Capcir">Capcir</a>, was to cease.<sup id="cite_ref-chaytor_james_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaytor_james-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James I had realized that wasting his forces and distracting his energies in attempts to keep a footing in France would only end in disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-chaytor_james_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaytor_james-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1266, James I besieged and captured Murcia, then settled his own men, mostly Catalans, there; and handed Murcia over to Castile with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cazorla" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Cazorla">treaty of Cazorla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_67_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_67-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a>, including the Balearic Islands, and the counties of <a href="/wiki/Cerdanya" title="Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon-Vallespir</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, was held independently from 1276 to 1279 by <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca" title="James II of Majorca">James II of Majorca</a> and as a vassal of the Crown of Aragon after that date until 1349, becoming a full member of the Crown of Aragon from 1349. </p><p>Valencia was finally made a new kingdom with its own institutions and not an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> as the Aragonese noblemen had intended since even before the creation of the Crown of Aragon. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a> became the third member of the Crown together with Aragon and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>. The Kingdom of Majorca had an independent status with its own kings until 1349. </p><p>In 1282, the <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a> rose up against the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">second dynasty of the Angevins</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> and massacred the garrison soldiers throughout the island. <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> responded to their call, and landed in <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> to an enthusiastic welcome five months later. This caused <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Pope Martin IV</a> to excommunicate the king, place Sicily under interdiction, and offer the kingdom of Aragon to a son of <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bisson=87_88_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson=87_88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Peter III refused to impose the <i>Charters of Aragon</i> in Valencia, the nobles and towns united in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> to demand a confirmation of their privileges, which the king had to accept in 1283. Thus began the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Aragon" title="Union of Aragon">Union of Aragon</a>, which developed the power of the <i><a href="/wiki/Justicia_de_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Justicia de Aragon">Justícia</a></i> to mediate between the king and the Aragonese bourgeois. <sup id="cite_ref-bisson=87_88_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson=87_88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> completed the conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia, the Crown of Aragon established itself as one of the major powers in Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> on his throne flanked by two shields with the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal seal">Royal Seal of Aragon</a>. Frontispiece of a 1495 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Catalan constitutions</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Redondo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redondo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1297, to solve the dispute between the Anjevins and the Aragonese over Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> created <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_novo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex novo">ex novo</a></i> a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_and_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica">Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica</a> and entrusted it as a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> to the Aragonese King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a>, ignoring already existing, indigenous states.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1324, James II finally started to seize the Pisan territories in the former states of <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Cagliari" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Gallura" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Gallura">Gallura</a>. In 1347 Aragon made war on the Genoese <a href="/wiki/Doria_(family)" title="Doria (family)">Doria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_family" title="Malaspina family">Malaspina</a> houses, which controlled most of the lands of the former <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Logudoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Logudoro">Logudoro</a> state in north-western Sardinia, and added them to its direct domains. The <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Arborea" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Arborea">Giudicato of Arborea</a>, the only remaining independent Sardinian state, proved far more difficult to subdue. The rulers of Arborea developed the ambition to unite all of Sardinia under their rule and create a single Sardinian state, and at a certain point (1368–1388, 1392–1409) almost managed to drive the Aragonese out. The war between Arborea and Aragon was fought on and off for more than 100 years; this situation lasted until 1409, when the army of Arborea suffered a heavy defeat by the Aragonese army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanluri" title="Battle of Sanluri">Battle of Sanluri</a>; the capital <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> was lost in 1410. After some years during which Arborean rulers failed to organise a successful resurgence, they sold their remaining rights for 100,000 gold florins, and by 1420 the Aragonese Kingdom of Sardinia finally extended throughout the island. The subduing of Sardinia having taken a century,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, which had never been wrested from the Genoese, was dropped from the formal title of the Kingdom. </p><p>Through the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maria,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Maria, Queen of Sicily">Maria of Sicily</a> (1381), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">duchies of Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neopatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopatria">Neopatria</a>, were finally implemented more firmly into the Crown. The Greek possessions were permanently lost to <a href="/wiki/Nerio_I_Acciaioli" title="Nerio I Acciaioli">Nerio I Acciaioli</a> in 1388 and Sicily was dissociated in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily" title="Martin I of Sicily">Martin I</a> from 1395 to 1409, but the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> was added finally in 1442 by the conquest led by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a>. </p><p>The King's possessions outside of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands were ruled by proxy through local elites as <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a>, rather than subjected directly to a centralised government. They were more an economic part of the Crown of Aragon than a political one. </p><p>The fact that the King was keen on settling new kingdoms instead of merely expanding the existing kingdoms was a part of a power struggle that pitted the interests of the king against those of the existing <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>. This process was also under way in most of the European states that successfully effected the transition to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> state. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">new territories</a> gained from the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>—namely Valencia and Majorca—were given <i><a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">furs</a></i> as an instrument of self-government in order to limit the power of nobility in these new acquisitions and, at the same time, increase their allegiance to the monarchy itself. The trend in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">kingdom of Castile</a> was quite similar, both kingdoms giving impetus to the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> by granting different grades of self-government either to cities or territories, instead of placing the new territories under the direct rule of nobility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_union_with_Castile">Personal union with Castile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal union with Castile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IsabellaofCastile05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IsabellaofCastile05.jpg/170px-IsabellaofCastile05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IsabellaofCastile05.jpg/255px-IsabellaofCastile05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/IsabellaofCastile05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">King and Queen of Castile</a> and León, and later of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, and Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1410, King <a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin I of Aragon">Martin I</a> died without living descendants or heirs. As a result, on the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Caspe" title="Compromise of Caspe">Compromise of Caspe</a>, representatives from each Iberian state of the Crown, the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia, chose <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Antequera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Antequera">Ferdinand of Antequera</a> from the Castilian dynasty of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">Trastámara</a> as king of the Crown of Aragon as <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I of Aragon</a>. </p><p>Later, his grandson King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> recovered the northern Catalan counties—Roussillon and Cerdagne—which had been lost to France as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>, which had recently joined the Crown of Aragon but had been lost after internal dynastic disputes. </p><p>In 1469, Ferdinand married <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Infanta Isabella of Castile</a>, half-sister of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV of Castile</a>, who became Queen of Castile and León after Henry's death in 1474. Their marriage was a dynastic union<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became the constituent event for the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy of Spain</a>. At that point both the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and the states of the Crown of Aragon remained distinct polities, each keeping its own traditional institutions, parliaments and laws. The process of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">territorial consolidation</a> was completed when their grandson King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a>, known as Emperor Charles V, in 1516 ruled over all of the kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula, save the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarve, under one monarch—his co-monarch and mother Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna I</a> in confinement—thereby furthering the creation of the Spanish monarchy, albeit a <a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">composite</a> and decentralized one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary evocation of past splendour recalls correctly the great age of the 13th and 14th centuries, when Majorca, Valencia and Sicily were conquered, the population growth could be handled without social conflict, and the urban prosperity, which peaked in 1345, created the institutional and cultural achievements of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_188_189_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_188_189-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aragonese crown's wealth and power stagnated and its authority was steadily transferred to the new Spanish crown settled in Castile after that date—the demographic growth was partially offset by the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">expulsion of the Jews</a> from Spain (1492), <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Muslims</a> (1502) and the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609).<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_189_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_189-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was unable to prevent the separation of Sicily and Naples due to the establishment of the Council of Italy, the loss of Roussillon in 1659 after the <a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Reapers' War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>, the loss of Minorca and its Italian domains in 1707–1716, and the imposition of French language on Roussillon (1700) and Castilian as the language of government in all the old Aragonese Crown lands in Spain (1707–1716).<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_189_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_189-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Crown of Aragon and its institutions and <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a> were abolished between 1707 and 1716 only after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714) by the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a>, issued by <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_189_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_189-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original political structure was swept away, the administration was subsumed into the Castilian laws, the states of the Crown of Aragon loss their status of separate entitites and were united formally with those of Castile to legally form a single state, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Kingdom of Spain</a>, as it moved towards an absolutist <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized government</a> under the new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_189_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_189-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_revisionism">Nationalist revisionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nationalist revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Crown_of_Aragon" title="Talk:Crown of Aragon">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisms_and_regionalisms_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain">nationalist movements</a> in Spain consider the former kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon to be the foundation of their nations, the Catalan nationalist movement being the most prominent. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a>, on the other hand, tends to place more importance on the later dynastic union with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>, considering it the origin of one Spanish nation. </p><p>The reprisals inflicted on the territories that had fought against <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of Succession</a> is given by some <a href="/wiki/Valencian_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian nation">Valencian nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalists</a> as an argument against the centralism of Spanish nationalism and in favor of federalism, confederation, or even independence. Some Catalans associated their ancient political status with their <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalitat of Catalonia">Generalitat</a> and resistance to Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_188_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_188-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">fueros</a></i> was one of its tenets, <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> won support in the lands of the Crown of Aragon during the 19th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> of the 19th century Catalan <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a> movement evoked a "Pyrenean realm" that corresponded more to the vision of 13th century <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> than to the historical reality of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_188_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_188-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vision survives today as "a nostalgic programme of politicised culture".<sup id="cite_ref-bisson_188_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisson_188-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the history of the Crown of Aragon remains a politically loaded topic in modern Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially when it comes to asserting the level of independence enjoyed by constituents of the Crown, like the Principality of Catalonia, which is sometimes used <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2017)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> to justify the level of autonomy (or independence) that should be enjoyed by contemporary Catalonia and other territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pennon">Pennon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pennon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon">Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Lozenge_shaped_and_Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Lozenge_shaped_and_Crowned%29.svg/220px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Lozenge_shaped_and_Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Lozenge_shaped_and_Crowned%29.svg/330px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Lozenge_shaped_and_Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Lozenge_shaped_and_Crowned%29.svg/440px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Lozenge_shaped_and_Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Aragon (Lozenge shaped variant)</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon is the familiar coat of the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Barcelona">Counts of Barcelona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Aragon">Kings of Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pennon was used exclusively by the monarchs of the Crown and was expressive of their sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Majorca" title="James III of Majorca">James III of Majorca</a>, vassal of the Crown of Aragon, used a coat of arms with four bars, as seen on the <a href="/wiki/Leges_palatinae" title="Leges palatinae">Leges palatinae</a> miniatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As separate states united to the Crown under the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeque_principaliter" title="Aeque principaliter">aeque principaliter</a></i> principle, Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia each had a legislative body, known as the <i>Cortes</i> in the Kingdom of Aragon (the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">Courts of Aragon</a>) or <i>Corts</i> in the Principality of Catalonia (the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Courts" title="Catalan Courts">Catalan Courts</a>) and the Kingdom of Valencia (the <a href="/wiki/Corts_Valencianes" title="Corts Valencianes">Valencian Courts</a>). A <i>Diputación del General</i> or <i>Diputació del General</i> was established in each, becoming known as a <i>Generalidad</i> in Aragon and <i><a href="/wiki/Generalitat" title="Generalitat">Generalitat</a></i> in Catalonia and Valencia. </p><p>From the 15th century onwards, every realm of the Crown was granted its own court of justice in the form of <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Royal Audience</a>, resulting from the division of the Royal Court and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Aragon" title="Council of Aragon">Council of Aragon</a> in its place. After the dynastic union with Castile and the establishment of the monarchs in that realm, the king began to be permanently represented in the realms of the Crown of Aragon by <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a>, one for each state, including Mallorca and Sardinia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital">Capital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The house of the Crown was the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Savior_of_Zaragoza" title="Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza">Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza</a> from Peter II (12th century).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Courts of the Crown (the simultaneous meeting of the Courts of Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia) used to gather at <a href="/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n" title="Monzón">Monzón</a> (13th to 16th centuries), the remaining meetings took place at <a href="/wiki/Fraga" title="Fraga">Fraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calatayud" title="Calatayud">Calatayud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarazona" title="Tarazona">Tarazona</a>. The councillor headquarters were located at <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> (13th to 16th centuries) and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> during the kingdom of Alfonso V.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="General Archive of the Crown of Aragon">General Archive of the Crown of Aragon</a> (originally known as the Royal Archive of Barcelona), which was the official repository of royal documentation of the Crown since the reign of James II (14th century), has its seat in Barcelona, being founded in 1318, after the unification of the documentary deposits of the Kingdom of Aragon, located in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Sigena" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Santa María de Sigena">Monastery of Santa María de Sigena</a>, and the one of the County of Barcelona, located in the house of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carlos_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlos-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 15th century, the de facto capital was Valencia until <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a> came to the throne. During the 15th and the 16th centuries, the Crown's <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> capital was <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> settled the capital in Naples. Alfonso, in particular, wanted to transform Naples into a real Mediterranean capital and lavished huge sums to embellish it further.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the courts were itinerant<sup id="cite_ref-uib_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uib-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. The Spanish historian Domingo Buesa Conde has argued that Zaragoza ought to be considered the permanent political capital, but not the economic or administrative capital, owing to the obligation for kings to be crowned at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Savior_of_Zaragoza" title="Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza">Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Crown of Aragon, the Catalan culture and language underwent a vigorous expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of trade, Occitan-Catalan contributions to <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Fernando II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Queen Isabella</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> who began the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, were contrary to the more plural development that preceded in the Crown of Aragon. The previous religious background was described as "longstanding tradition of <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudejarism</a>, the royal sanctioning and protection of subject Muslim populations within Christian realms."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aesthetic <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_of_Aragon" title="Mudéjar architecture of Aragon">Mudéjar architecture of Aragon</a> has been observed as demonstrating the influence of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> culture in Aragon proper. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> was also developed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg/220px-El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg/330px-El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg/440px-El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12956" data-file-height="8637" /></a><figcaption>Map of Europe and the Mediterranean from the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> of 1375</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> was a mixed language used widely for commerce and diplomacy and was also current among slaves of the <a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">bagnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> and European renegades in precolonial <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. Among the speakers who created the language, also called Sabir, were Muslims from Aragon called "Tagarins" (a term mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel Cervantes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the first to use it were the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Levantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Levantine">Genoese and Venetian trading colonies</a> in the eastern Mediterranean after the year 1000. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the use of Lingua Franca spread in the Mediterranean, dialectal fragmentation emerged, the main difference being more use of Italian and Provençal vocabulary in the Middle East, while Ibero-Romance lexical material dominated in the Maghreb. After France became the dominant power in the latter area in the 19th century, Algerian Lingua Franca was heavily gallicised (to the extent that locals are reported having believed that they spoke French when conversing in Lingua Franca with the Frenchmen, who in turn thought they were speaking Arabic), and this version of the language was spoken into the nineteen hundreds...<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The similarities contribute to discussions of the classification of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> as a language. Although its official classification is that of a pidgin, some scholars adamantly oppose that classification and believe it would be better viewed as an <a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">interlanguage</a> of Italian. </p><p>Linguist Steven Dworkin hypothesized that Catalan was the point of entry for Mediterranean Lingua Franca terms into Spain, arguably the source of several Italian and Arabic loanwords in Spanish, citing the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_cr%C3%ADtico_etimol%C3%B3gico_castellano_e_hisp%C3%A1nico" title="Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico">DCECH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crown was made up of the following territories (which are nowadays parts of the modern countries of Spain, France, Italy, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>). </p><p>Sort by "Earliest annexion" to see the states in the chronological order they were joined to the crown. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left; width: 7em;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left;">Type of entity </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left;">Notes </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left;">Earliest annexion </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra_(Before_16th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra_%28Before_16th_Century%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra_%28Before_16th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra_%28Before_16th_Century%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra_%28Before_16th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra_%28Before_16th_Century%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra_%28Before_16th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Co-principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-principality">Co-principality</a> </td> <td>Briefly annexed by Aragon in 1396 and again in 1512</td> <td>1396 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_d%27Aragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/20px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/30px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/40px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Kingdom</a> </td> <td>Joined with the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> in 1162 to form the Crown</td> <td>1162 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_de_la_Roche.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_la_Roche.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_la_Roche.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_la_Roche.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_la_Roche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_la_Roche.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_la_Roche.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Athens</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> </td> <td>Inherited through the Kingdom of Sicily in 1381; lost in 1388</td> <td>1381 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_d%27Aragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/20px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/30px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/40px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, originally <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">Barcelona</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a>, originally a <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> </td> <td>Joined with Aragon in 1162 to form the Crown. Through the 12th and the 14th centuries, the County of Barcelona developed common institutions and legislation with the other <a href="/wiki/Catalan_counties" title="Catalan counties">Catalan counties</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Constitutions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Courts" title="Catalan Courts">Catalan Courts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalitat of Catalonia">Generalitat</a>, establishing the Principality of Catalonia as a <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a></td> <td>1162 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg/20px-Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg/30px-Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg/40px-Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a> </th> <td>County </td> <td>Inherited in 1166 by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a>; lost in 1307</td> <td>1166 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Majorque.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Armoiries_Majorque.svg/20px-Armoiries_Majorque.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Armoiries_Majorque.svg/30px-Armoiries_Majorque.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Armoiries_Majorque.svg/40px-Armoiries_Majorque.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a> </th> <td>Kingdom </td> <td>Established in 1231 by James I, including <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, as part of the Crown</td> <td>1231 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> </th> <td>Kingdom </td> <td>Successfully wrested by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a> from <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Capetian</a> rule in 1442; briefly gained independence, contended again by the French King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>, then reconquered by <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Spain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1499%E2%80%931504" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1499–1504">Italian War of 1499–1504</a>; lost permanently in 1714, after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></td> <td>1442 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Navarre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Navarre.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Navarre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Navarre.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Navarre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Navarre.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Navarre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="908" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> </th> <td>Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II of Aragon</a> became co-ruler of Navarre <i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> in 1425 and became sole ruler in 1441. After he and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Navarre">Eleanor</a> died in 1479, Aragon lost control again.</td> <td>1425 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Neopatria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Neopatria.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Neopatria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Neopatria.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Neopatria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Neopatria.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Neopatria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="950" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Neopatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Neopatria">Neopatria</a> </th> <td>Duchy </td> <td>Inherited through the Kingdom of Sicily in 1381; lost in 1390</td> <td>1381 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_d%27Aragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/20px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/30px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blason_d%27Aragon.svg/40px-Blason_d%27Aragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> </th> <td>County </td> <td>Inherited with the county of Barcelona in 1162</td> <td>1162 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Sardinia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/30px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/40px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="950" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_and_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia</a> and Corsica </th> <td>Kingdom </td> <td>In 1297 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> created <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_novo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex novo">ex novo</a></i> this kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entrusted it in <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> to the Aragonese King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a>, ignoring the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">already existing, indigenous states.</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corsica was never conquered durably. The kingdom was lost in 1714.</td> <td>1324 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aragon-Sicily_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Aragon-Sicily_Arms.svg/20px-Aragon-Sicily_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Aragon-Sicily_Arms.svg/30px-Aragon-Sicily_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Aragon-Sicily_Arms.svg/40px-Aragon-Sicily_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> </th> <td>Kingdom </td> <td>Inherited through <a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance II of Sicily</a>, lost in 1713,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Trinacria" title="Kingdom of Trinacria">Kingdom of Trinacria</a>.</td> <td>1282 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escut_de_la_Ciutat_e_Regne_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Escut_de_la_Ciutat_e_Regne_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.svg/20px-Escut_de_la_Ciutat_e_Regne_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Escut_de_la_Ciutat_e_Regne_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.svg/30px-Escut_de_la_Ciutat_e_Regne_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Escut_de_la_Ciutat_e_Regne_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.svg/40px-Escut_de_la_Ciutat_e_Regne_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="891" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a> </th> <td>Kingdom </td> <td>Established in 1238, as part of the Crown, following the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifa</a></td> <td>1238 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms_of_the_kings_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon">Coat of arms of the kings of the Crown of Aragon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coat of arms of the kings of the Crown of Aragon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional centre"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona_(Golden_escarbuncle_variant).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms from Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona to Alfonso II of Aragon"><img alt="Coat of arms from Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona to Alfonso II of Aragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arms_of_Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona_%28Golden_escarbuncle_variant%29.svg/57px-Arms_of_Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona_%28Golden_escarbuncle_variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arms_of_Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona_%28Golden_escarbuncle_variant%29.svg/86px-Arms_of_Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona_%28Golden_escarbuncle_variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arms_of_Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona_%28Golden_escarbuncle_variant%29.svg/115px-Arms_of_Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona_%28Golden_escarbuncle_variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms from <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona">Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II of Aragon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms from Alfonso II of Aragon to Peter II of Aragon"><img alt="Coat of arms from Alfonso II of Aragon to Peter II of Aragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_arms_of_Aragon.svg/103px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_arms_of_Aragon.svg/154px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_arms_of_Aragon.svg/206px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms from <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II of Aragon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II of Aragon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms from Peter II of Aragon to Peter IV of Aragon"><img alt="Coat of arms from Peter II of Aragon to Peter IV of Aragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/86px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/129px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/171px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms from <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II of Aragon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Aragonese_Monarchs_(13th-15_centuries).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms from Peter IV of Aragon to Ferdinand II of Aragon"><img alt="Coat of arms from Peter IV of Aragon to Ferdinand II of Aragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arms_of_Aragonese_Monarchs_%2813th-15_centuries%29.svg/82px-Arms_of_Aragonese_Monarchs_%2813th-15_centuries%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arms_of_Aragonese_Monarchs_%2813th-15_centuries%29.svg/123px-Arms_of_Aragonese_Monarchs_%2813th-15_centuries%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arms_of_Aragonese_Monarchs_%2813th-15_centuries%29.svg/164px-Arms_of_Aragonese_Monarchs_%2813th-15_centuries%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms from <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Tarazona_(1592)" title="Cortes of Tarazona (1592)">Cortes of Tarazona (1592)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">List of Aragonese monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_monarchs" title="List of Sicilian monarchs">List of Sicilian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Girona" title="Prince of Girona">Prince of Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Great Catalan Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disputed due to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>: <i lang="an">Corona d'Aragón</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="an-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[koˈɾona<span class="wrap"> </span>ðaɾaˈɣon]</a></span>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">Corona d'Aragó</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Catalan pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[kuˈɾonə<span class="wrap"> </span>ðəɾəˈɣo]</a></span>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Corona de Aragón</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[koˈɾona<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>aɾaˈɣon]</a></span>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Corona Aragonum</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[kɔˈroːna<span class="wrap"> </span>araˈɡoːnũː]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domingo J. Buesa Conde, in <i>El rey de Aragón</i> (Zaragoza, CAI, 2000:57–59. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95306-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-95306-44-1">84-95306-44-1</a>) postulates that the Crown of Aragon's political capital of Zaragoza though it was not the economic or the administrative one since the court was itinerative in the 14th century and took its start from the decrees of Peter IV of Aragon establishing his coronation there: "Pedro IV parte (...) de la aceptación de la capital del Ebro como 'cabeza del Reino'. [...] por eso hizo saber a sus súbditos que 'Mandamos que este sacrosanto sacramento de la unción sea recibido de manos del metropolitano en la ciudad de Zaragoza' al tiempo que recordaba: "... y como quiera que los reyes de Aragón están obligados a recibir la unción en la ciudad de Zaragoza, que es la cabeza del Reino de Aragón, el cual reino es nuestra principal designación—esto es, apellido—y título, consideramos conveniente y razonable que, del mismo modo, en ella reciban los reyes de Aragón el honor de la coronación y las demás insignias reales, igual que vimos a los emperadores recibir la corona en la ciudad de Roma, cabeza de su imperio. Zaragoza, antigua capital del reino de Aragón, se ha convertido en la capital política de la Corona (...)".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-composedmonarchy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-composedmonarchy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-composedmonarchy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Albaladejo, Pablo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfA_5X831MMC&pg=PA214&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Los Borbones: dinastía y memoria de nación en la España del siglo XVIII...</i>.</a> Marcial Pons Historia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJimeno_Aranguren,_Roldan;_Lopez-Mugartza_Iriarte,_J._C.2004" class="citation book cs1">Jimeno Aranguren, Roldan; Lopez-Mugartza Iriarte, J. C. (2004). <i>Vascuence y Romance: Ebro-Garona, Un Espacio de Comunicación</i>. Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua. pp. <span class="nowrap">250–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-235-2506-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-235-2506-6"><bdi>84-235-2506-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vascuence+y+Romance%3A+Ebro-Garona%2C+Un+Espacio+de+Comunicaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Pamplona&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=Gobierno+de+Navarra+%2F+Nafarroako+Gobernua&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=84-235-2506-6&rft.au=Jimeno+Aranguren%2C+Roldan%3B+Lopez-Mugartza+Iriarte%2C+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2004" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Wallace B. (2004). <i>Orientation: A Journey: Trip Through Europe Asia And Africa</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595310630" title="Special:BookSources/9780595310630"><bdi>9780595310630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientation%3A+A+Journey%3A+Trip+Through+Europe+Asia+And+Africa&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780595310630&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Wallace+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reilly.1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly.1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly.1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly1993" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NdJjn1HpSy4C&pg=PA139"><i>The Medieval Spains</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521397414" title="Special:BookSources/9780521397414"><bdi>9780521397414</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122749/https://books.google.com/books?id=NdJjn1HpSy4C&pg=PA139#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>The new kingdom of Castile had roughly tripled in size to some 335,000 square kilometres by 1300 but, at the same time, its population had increased by the same factor, from one to three millions [...] In the new Crown of Aragon of 120,000 square kilometres the population density would have been about the same for its numbers reached about 1,000,000 in the same period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Spains&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780521397414&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdJjn1HpSy4C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryder-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ryder_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyder,_Alan2007" class="citation book cs1">Ryder, Alan (2007). <i>The Wreck of Catalonia. Civil War in the Fifteenth Century</i>. Oxford University Press. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920736-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920736-7"><bdi>978-0-19-920736-7</bdi></a>. <q>This group of states comprised the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca, the principality of Catalonia, and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne; further afield it embraced the kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia. These states had no common institutions or bonds save allegiance to a common sovereign</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wreck+of+Catalonia.+Civil+War+in+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920736-7&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamen, Henry (2002). <i>Empire: how Spain became a world power, 1492–1762</i>, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BufferyMarcer2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BufferyMarcer2010_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffery,_HelenaElisenda_Marcer2010" class="citation book cs1">Buffery, Helena; Elisenda Marcer (18 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssQhIHb-gx8C&pg=PA106"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Catalans</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7514-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7514-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7514-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Catalans&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-12-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7514-2&rft.au=Buffery%2C+Helena&rft.au=Elisenda+Marcer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DssQhIHb-gx8C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott2002_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott2002_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_John2002" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, John (25 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DoY6VKNSC0C&pg=PT33"><i>Imperial Spain</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141007038" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141007038"><bdi>978-0141007038</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122742/https://books.google.com/books?id=0DoY6VKNSC0C&pg=PT33#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Spain&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0141007038&rft.au=Elliott%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DoY6VKNSC0C%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lozoya, Marqués de (1952). <i>Historia de España</i>, Salvat, vol. II page 60: "El Reino de Aragon, el Principado de Cataluña, el Reino de Valencia y el Reino de Mallorca, constituyen una confederación de Estados".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisson_31-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bisson_31_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bisson, Thomas N. (1986). <i>The Medieval Crown of Aragon: a short history</i>, chapter II. The age of the Early Count-Kings (1137–1213) (The Principate of Ramon Berenguer IV 1137–1162), p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCateura_Benàsser,_Pau" class="citation web cs1">Cateura Benàsser, Pau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081003182453/http://libro.uca.edu/aarhms/newsletters/aahrmsfall07text.pdf">"Els impostos indirectes en el regne de Mallorca"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/aarhms/newsletters/AAHRMSFall07text.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Els+impostos+indirectes+en+el+regne+de+Mallorca.&rft.au=Cateura+Ben%C3%A0sser%2C+Pau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Faarhms%2Fnewsletters%2FAAHRMSFall07text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span> El Tall dels Temps, 14. (Palma de) Mallorca: El Tall, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-96019-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-96019-28-4">84-96019-28-4</a>. 127pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paynefive-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paynefive_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne,_Stanley_G." class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne5.htm">"Chapter Five. The Rise of Aragon-Catalonia"</a>. <i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415194817/http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five.+The+Rise+of+Aragon-Catalonia&rft.au=Payne%2C+Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne1%2Fpayne5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisson_36-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bisson_36_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bisson T. N. <i>The age of the Early Count-Kings (1137–1213) (Dynastic Policy 1162–1213)</i>, chapter II, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chaytor_james-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chaytor_james_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaytor_james_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaytor_james_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaytor,_H._J." class="citation web cs1">Chaytor, H. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/hac6.htm">"Chapter 6, James the Conqueror"</a>. <i>A History of Aragon and Catalonia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406065117/http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/hac6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Aragon+and+Catalonia&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%2C+James+the+Conqueror&rft.au=Chaytor%2C+H.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fchaytor%2Fhac6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisson_67-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bisson_67_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bisson 1986:67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisson=87_88-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bisson=87_88_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bisson=87_88_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bisson 1986:87–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaytor,_H._J." class="citation book cs1">Chaytor, H. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/hac7.htm">"7, Pedro III"</a>. <i>A History of Aragon and Catalonia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204144658/http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/hac7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%2C+Pedro+III&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Aragon+and+Catalonia&rft.au=Chaytor%2C+H.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fchaytor%2Fhac7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with James II of Majorca</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redondo-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redondo_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFatás,_Guillermo;_Guillermo_Redondo1995" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fatás, Guillermo; Guillermo Redondo (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131092523/http://www.derechoaragones.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?posicion=106&path=1269&forma=&presentacion=pagina">"Blasón de Aragón"</a> (in Spanish). Zaragoza, Diputación General de Aragón. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>102. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derechoaragones.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?posicion=106&path=1269&forma=&presentacion=pagina">the original</a> on 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blas%C3%B3n+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Zaragoza%2C+Diputaci%C3%B3n+General+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Fat%C3%A1s%2C+Guillermo%3B+Guillermo+Redondo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derechoaragones.es%2Fes%2Fcatalogo_imagenes%2Fgrupo.cmd%3Fposicion%3D106%26path%3D1269%26forma%3D%26presentacion%3Dpagina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Giudicati" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicati">Giudicati</a></i>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisan</a> local possessions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne,_Stanley_G." class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne9.htm">"Chapter Nine, The United Spanish Monarchy"</a>. <i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208075612/http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.atitle=Chapter+Nine%2C+The+United+Spanish+Monarchy&rft.au=Payne%2C+Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne1%2Fpayne9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaytor,_H._J." class="citation web cs1">Chaytor, H. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/hac16.htm">"Juan II. Union of Aragon with Castile"</a>. <i>A History of Aragon and Catalonia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406064746/http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/hac16.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Aragon+and+Catalonia&rft.atitle=Juan+II.+Union+of+Aragon+with+Castile&rft.au=Chaytor%2C+H.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fchaytor%2Fhac16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerr,_Richard" class="citation web cs1">Herr, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/herr/ms03.htm">"Chapter 3, The Making of Spain"</a>. <i>An historical essay on modern Spain</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208075820/http://libro.uca.edu/herr/ms03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+historical+essay+on+modern+Spain&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%2C+The+Making+of+Spain&rft.au=Herr%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fherr%2Fms03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisson_188_189-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bisson_188_189_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bisson, T. N. "Epilogue", pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisson_189-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bisson_189_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bisson_189_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bisson_189_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bisson_189_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bisson, T. N. "Epilogue", p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisson_188-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bisson_188_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bisson_188_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bisson_188_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bisson, T. N. "Epilogue", p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/2012/11/29/la_web_generalitat_rebautiza_corona_aragon_como_quot_nacion_catalana_independiente_quot_213297_300.html">"La web de la Generalitat rebautiza la Corona de Aragón como "nación catalana independiente"</a> (in Spanish). 30 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116204708/http://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/2012/11/29/la_web_generalitat_rebautiza_corona_aragon_como_quot_nacion_catalana_independiente_quot_213297_300.html?">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+web+de+la+Generalitat+rebautiza+la+Corona+de+Arag%C3%B3n+como+%22naci%C3%B3n+catalana+independiente&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldo.es%2Fnoticias%2Faragon%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2Fla_web_generalitat_rebautiza_corona_aragon_como_quot_nacion_catalana_independiente_quot_213297_300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jéquier, Léon (1981). <i>Actes du II Colloque international d'héraldique</i>. Breassone. Académie internationale d'héraldique. Les Origines des armoiries. Paris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86377-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-86377-030-6">2-86377-030-6</a>.<span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107013054/http://www.aragob.es/pre/cido/bandera.htm">"La bandera de Aragón"</a>. Autonomous Government of Aragon. 6 March 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aragob.es/pre/cido/bandera.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+bandera+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Autonomous+Government+of+Aragon&rft.date=1997-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aragob.es%2Fpre%2Fcido%2Fbandera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span> Page on the official flag of Aragon and the origin of the "palos de gules" or "barras de Aragón" <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919085858/http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=4287">"Coronación real"</a>. <i>Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=4287">the original</a> on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gran+Enciclopedia+Aragonesa&rft.atitle=Coronaci%C3%B3n+real.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com%2Fvoz.asp%3Fvoz_id%3D4287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspañol2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Español, Francesca (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mA__E1IntW0C&q=saragossa&pg=PA1"><i>Hagiografia peninsular en els segles medievals</i></a> (in Catalan) (Universitat de Lleida ed.). Universitat de Lleida. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484093572" title="Special:BookSources/978-8484093572"><bdi>978-8484093572</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122751/https://books.google.com/books?id=mA__E1IntW0C&q=saragossa&pg=PA1#v=snippet&q=saragossa&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagiografia+peninsular+en+els+segles+medievals&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=Universitat+de+Lleida&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Lleida&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8484093572&rft.aulast=Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmA__E1IntW0C%26q%3Dsaragossa%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Actes del cinquè Col·loqui Internacional de Llengua i Literatura Catalanes: Andorra, 1–6 d'octubre de 1979</i> (in Catalan). Bruguera, J. (Jordi); Massot i Muntaner, Josep. Montserrat: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. 1980. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8472024091" title="Special:BookSources/8472024091"><bdi>8472024091</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8347469">8347469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actes+del+cinqu%C3%A8+Col%C2%B7loqui+Internacional+de+Llengua+i+Literatura+Catalanes%3A+Andorra%2C+1%E2%80%936+d%27octubre+de+1979&rft.place=Montserrat&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Publicacions+de+l%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8347469&rft.isbn=8472024091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195549/http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=3019">"Cancillería real aragonesa"</a>. <i>Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa</i>. Zaragoza: El Periódico de Aragón. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=3019">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canciller%C3%ADa+real+aragonesa&rft.btitle=Gran+Enciclopedia+Aragonesa&rft.place=Zaragoza&rft.pub=El+Peri%C3%B3dico+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com%2Fvoz.asp%3Fvoz_id%3D3019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carlos-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carlos_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez,_Carlos_López2007" class="citation book cs1">Rodríguez, Carlos López (April 2007). Mira Editores (ed.). <i>Qué es el Archivo de la Corona de Aragón?</i>. Mira Editores. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33, <span class="nowrap">35–</span>38, 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8465-220-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8465-220-5"><bdi>978-84-8465-220-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9+es+el+Archivo+de+la+Corona+de+Arag%C3%B3n%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E38%2C+41&rft.pub=Mira+Editores&rft.date=2007-04&rft.isbn=978-84-8465-220-5&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Carlos+L%C3%B3pez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History books (Donzelli), <i>Medieval Historic</i>, Rome 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7989-406-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-7989-406-4">88-7989-406-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uib-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uib_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_team_of_investigators_of_the_UIB_directed_by_Doctor_Josep_Juan_Vidal" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">A team of investigators of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="University of the Balearic Islands">UIB</a> directed by Doctor Josep Juan Vidal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529123503/http://www.uib.es/servei/comunicacio/sc/projectes/arxiu/nousprojectes/FelipII/FelipIIcast.pdf">"Felipe II, the King that defended Majorca but didn't want to recognize all its privileges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Servei de Comunicacions de la UIB. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uib.es/servei/comunicacio/sc/projectes/arxiu/nousprojectes/FelipII/FelipIIcast.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Felipe+II%2C+the+King+that+defended+Majorca+but+didn%27t+want+to+recognize+all+its+privileges&rft.pub=Servei+de+Comunicacions+de+la+UIB&rft.au=A+team+of+investigators+of+the+UIB+directed+by+Doctor+Josep+Juan+Vidal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uib.es%2Fservei%2Fcomunicacio%2Fsc%2Fprojectes%2Farxiu%2Fnousprojectes%2FFelipII%2FFelipIIcast.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrando2020" class="citation book cs1">Ferrando, Antoni (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110450408-018/html">"11. The Growth and Expansion of Catalan (1213–1516)"</a>. <i>Manual of Catalan Linguistics</i>. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">471–</span>484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110450408-018">10.1515/9783110450408-018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-045040-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-045040-8"><bdi>978-3-11-045040-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216504074">216504074</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402080149/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110450408-018/html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+The+Growth+and+Expansion+of+Catalan+%281213%E2%80%931516%29&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Catalan+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E484&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216504074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110450408-018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-045040-8&rft.aulast=Ferrando&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110450408-018%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBioscaCastellanos2017" class="citation book cs1">Biosca, Carles; Castellanos, Carles (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110565744-003/html"><i>Aspects of the comparison between Maltese, Mediterranean Lingua Franca and the Occitan-Catalan linguistic group (13th–15th centuries)</i></a>. De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110565744-003">10.1515/9783110565744-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-056574-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-056574-4"><bdi>978-3-11-056574-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402080243/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110565744-003/html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+comparison+between+Maltese%2C+Mediterranean+Lingua+Franca+and+the+Occitan-Catalan+linguistic+group+%2813th%E2%80%9315th+centuries%29&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110565744-003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-056574-4&rft.aulast=Biosca&rft.aufirst=Carles&rft.au=Castellanos%2C+Carles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110565744-003%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2q2nb14x&chunk.id=d0e256&toc.id=d0e256&brand=ucpress">"The Muslims of Valencia"</a>. <i>publishing.cdlib.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902041510/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2q2nb14x&chunk.id=d0e256&toc.id=d0e256&brand=ucpress">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publishing.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=The+Muslims+of+Valencia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft2q2nb14x%26chunk.id%3Dd0e256%26toc.id%3Dd0e256%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courtauld.ac.uk/research/research-resources/publications/courtauld-books-online/gothic-architecture-in-spain-invention-and-imitation/1-gothic-architecture-in-spain-invention-and-imitation-tom-nickson/">"Gothic Architecture in Spain: Invention and Imitation"</a>. <i>The Courtauld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402081743/https://courtauld.ac.uk/research/research-resources/publications/courtauld-books-online/gothic-architecture-in-spain-invention-and-imitation/1-gothic-architecture-in-spain-invention-and-imitation-tom-nickson/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Courtauld&rft.atitle=Gothic+Architecture+in+Spain%3A+Invention+and+Imitation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourtauld.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-resources%2Fpublications%2Fcourtauld-books-online%2Fgothic-architecture-in-spain-invention-and-imitation%2F1-gothic-architecture-in-spain-invention-and-imitation-tom-nickson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCifoletti2019" class="citation book cs1">Cifoletti, Guido (7 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004416642/BP000006.xml">"Lingua Franca and Migrations"</a>. <i>Migrating Words, Migrating Merchants, Migrating Law</i>. Brill Nijhoff. pp. <span class="nowrap">84–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004416642_006">10.1163/9789004416642_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41664-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41664-2"><bdi>978-90-04-41664-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214457931">214457931</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402083746/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004416642/BP000006.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lingua+Franca+and+Migrations&rft.btitle=Migrating+Words%2C+Migrating+Merchants%2C+Migrating+Law&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Brill+Nijhoff&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214457931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004416642_006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41664-2&rft.aulast=Cifoletti&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004416642%2FBP000006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkvall2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikael_Parkvall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikael Parkvall (page does not exist)">Parkvall, Mikael</a> (2005). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_D._Corr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan D. Corré (page does not exist)">Alan D. Corré</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115405/https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/corre/www/franca/edition3/foreword.html">"Foreword to A Glossary of Lingua Franca"</a> (5th ed.). Milwaukee, WI, United States. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/corre/www/franca/edition3/foreword.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+A+Glossary+of+Lingua+Franca&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+WI%2C+United+States&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Parkvall&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpantherfile.uwm.edu%2Fcorre%2Fwww%2Ffranca%2Fedition3%2Fforeword.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkin2012" class="citation book cs1">Dworkin, Steven N. (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA193"><i>A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954114-0"><bdi>978-0-19-954114-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122744/https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Spanish+Lexicon%3A+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954114-0&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Steven+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4f8ZpJAhgIC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formally including <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, which was never conquered or controlled by the Aragonese or the Spanish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. In 1530 <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a> gave the islands to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam">Philippe de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master of the Order</a>, in perpetual lease for which they had to pay the <a href="/wiki/Tribute_of_the_Maltese_Falcon" title="Tribute of the Maltese Falcon">Tribute of the Maltese Falcon</a>. These knights, a military religious order now known as the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a>, had been <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">driven out</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1522.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisson,_T._N.1986" class="citation book cs1">Bisson, T. N. (1986). <i>The medieval Crown of Aragon. A short history</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820236-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820236-9"><bdi>0-19-820236-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+medieval+Crown+of+Aragon.+A+short+history&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-820236-9&rft.au=Bisson%2C+T.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Aragon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Aragon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Al-Andalus_(711-1492)31"><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></b> (711-1492)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Province of the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#First_period_(11th_century)" title="Taifa">First Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Emirate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Second_period_(12th_century)" title="Taifa">Second Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Third_period_(13th_century)" title="Taifa">Third Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Feudal_Christian_realms45"><b><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Feudal Christian realms</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Castile">County of Castile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (<i>Castile-León</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Toledo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_counties" title="Catalan counties">Catalan counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Pamplona">Kingdom of Pamplona</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Viguera" title="Kingdom of Viguera">Kingdom of Viguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Najera" title="Kingdom of Najera">Kingdom of Najera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Artajona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Artajona (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Artajona</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxoako_Erresuma" class="extiw" title="eu:Artaxoako Erresuma">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aragon" title="County of Aragon">County of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic monarchs">Visigothic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebic monarchs">Suebic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of al-Andalus">Monarchs of al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asturian_monarchs" title="List of Asturian monarchs">Monarchs of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Monarchs of Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Majorca" title="List of monarchs of Majorca">Monarchs of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs" title="List of Valencian monarchs">Monarchs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish military orders">Military orders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Aragon196" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aragonese_monarchs" title="Template:Aragonese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aragonese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Aragonese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aragonese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aragonese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Aragon196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_I_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro I of Aragon">Ramiro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro II of Aragon">Ramiro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aragon" title="Petronilla of Aragon">Petronilla</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/80px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/120px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/160px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso IV of Aragon">Alfonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon" title="John I of Aragon">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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