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We have created a pediatric sedation unit (PSU) in response to the need for uniform, safe, and appropriately monitored sedation and/or anal-gesia for children undergoing invasive and noninvasive studies or procedures in a large tertiary" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/24441231/The_Pediatric_Sedation_Unit_A_Mechanism_for_Pediatric_Sedation" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Pediatric Sedation Unit: A Mechanism for Pediatric Sedation" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Objectives. We have created a pediatric sedation unit (PSU) in response to the need for uniform, safe, and appropriately monitored sedation and/or anal-gesia for children undergoing invasive and noninvasive studies or procedures in a large tertiary" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/farhadimahdi" /> <meta name="description" content="Objectives. We have created a pediatric sedation unit (PSU) in response to the need for uniform, safe, and appropriately monitored sedation and/or anal-gesia for children undergoing invasive and noninvasive studies or procedures in a large tertiary" /> <title>(PDF) The Pediatric Sedation Unit: A Mechanism for Pediatric Sedation | mahdi farhadi - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/24441231/The_Pediatric_Sedation_Unit_A_Mechanism_for_Pediatric_Sedation" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'c7c923e13c2d00b99cbe85c9159af2026a636b1c'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732712885000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732712885000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Objectives. We have created a pediatric sedation unit (PSU) in response to the need for uniform, safe, and appropriately monitored sedation and/or anal-gesia for children undergoing invasive and noninvasive studies or procedures in a large tertiary care medical center. The operational characteristics of the PSU are described in this report, as is our clinical experience in the first 8 months of operation. Methods. A retrospective review of quality assurance data was performed. These data included patient demo-graphics and chronic medical diagnoses, procedure, or study performed; sedative or analgesic medication given; complications (defined prospectively); and sedation and monitoring time. Patient-specific medical records related to the procedure and sedation were reviewed if a complication was noted in the quality assurance data. Results. Briefly, the PSU was staffed with an inten-sivist and pediatric intensive care unit nurses. Patients were admitted to the PSU and assessed medically for risk factors during sedation. Continuous heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulse oximetry monitoring were used, and blood pressure was determined every 5 minutes. After sedation and stabilization, with monitoring continued, the patient was transported to the site to undergo the procedure or study. The pediatric intensive care unit nurse remained with the patient at all times. All necessary emergency equipment was transported with the patient. After the procedure or study was completed, the patient was returned to the PSU for recovery to predetermined parameters. We were able to analyze 458 episodes of sedation for this review. Procedures and studies included radiologic examinations, cardiac catheterization, orthopedic manipulations , solid organ and bone marrow biopsy, gastroin-testinal endoscopy, bronchoscopy, evoked potential measurements , and others. Patients were 2 weeks to 32 years of age. The average time from initiation of sedation to last dose of medication administered was 84 minutes. The average time from initiation of sedation to full recovery was 120 minutes. Sedative and analgesia medications use was not standardized; however, the majority of children needing sedation received propofol or midazo-lam. For patients requiring analgesia, ketamine or fenta-nyl was added. In 79 of 458 (12%) sedation episodes, complications were documented. Mild hypotension (4.4%), pulse oximetry \u0026amp;lt;93% (2.6%), apnea (1.5%), and transient airway obstruction (1.3%) were the most common complications noted. Cancellation of 11 (2.4%) procedures was attributable to complications. No long-term morbidity or mortality was seen. Conclusions. Many children require sedation or anal-gesia during procedures or studies. Safe sedation is best ensured by appropriate presedation risk assessment and with monitoring by a care provider trained in resuscita-tive measures who is not involved in performing the procedure itself. Uniformity of care in a large institution is a standard met by the creation of a centralized service, with active input from the department of anesthesiology. We present the PSU as a model for achieving these goals. Pediatrics 1998;102(3). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/ cgi/content/full/102/3/e30; conscious sedation, child, propofol, anesthesia.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"mahdi farhadi"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-04-15","dateModified":"2016-04-15","datePublished":null,"headline":"The Pediatric Sedation Unit: A Mechanism for Pediatric Sedation","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/24441231/The_Pediatric_Sedation_Unit_A_Mechanism_for_Pediatric_Sedation","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24441231%2FThe_Pediatric_Sedation_Unit_A_Mechanism_for_Pediatric_Sedation%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":44771328,"identifier":"Attachment_44771328","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":24441231,"created_at":"2016-04-15T13:05:42.376-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-14T09:27:27.001-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Objectives. We have created a pediatric sedation unit (PSU) in response to the need for uniform, safe, and appropriately monitored sedation and/or anal-gesia for children undergoing invasive and noninvasive studies or procedures in a large tertiary care medical center. The operational characteristics of the PSU are described in this report, as is our clinical experience in the first 8 months of operation. Methods. A retrospective review of quality assurance data was performed. These data included patient demo-graphics and chronic medical diagnoses, procedure, or study performed; sedative or analgesic medication given; complications (defined prospectively); and sedation and monitoring time. Patient-specific medical records related to the procedure and sedation were reviewed if a complication was noted in the quality assurance data. Results. Briefly, the PSU was staffed with an inten-sivist and pediatric intensive care unit nurses. Patients were admitted to the PSU and assessed medically for risk factors during sedation. Continuous heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulse oximetry monitoring were used, and blood pressure was determined every 5 minutes. After sedation and stabilization, with monitoring continued, the patient was transported to the site to undergo the procedure or study. The pediatric intensive care unit nurse remained with the patient at all times. All necessary emergency equipment was transported with the patient. After the procedure or study was completed, the patient was returned to the PSU for recovery to predetermined parameters. We were able to analyze 458 episodes of sedation for this review. Procedures and studies included radiologic examinations, cardiac catheterization, orthopedic manipulations , solid organ and bone marrow biopsy, gastroin-testinal endoscopy, bronchoscopy, evoked potential measurements , and others. Patients were 2 weeks to 32 years of age. The average time from initiation of sedation to last dose of medication administered was 84 minutes. The average time from initiation of sedation to full recovery was 120 minutes. Sedative and analgesia medications use was not standardized; however, the majority of children needing sedation received propofol or midazo-lam. For patients requiring analgesia, ketamine or fenta-nyl was added. In 79 of 458 (12%) sedation episodes, complications were documented. Mild hypotension (4.4%), pulse oximetry \u003c93% (2.6%), apnea (1.5%), and transient airway obstruction (1.3%) were the most common complications noted. Cancellation of 11 (2.4%) procedures was attributable to complications. No long-term morbidity or mortality was seen. Conclusions. Many children require sedation or anal-gesia during procedures or studies. Safe sedation is best ensured by appropriate presedation risk assessment and with monitoring by a care provider trained in resuscita-tive measures who is not involved in performing the procedure itself. Uniformity of care in a large institution is a standard met by the creation of a centralized service, with active input from the department of anesthesiology. We present the PSU as a model for achieving these goals. Pediatrics 1998;102(3). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/ cgi/content/full/102/3/e30; conscious sedation, child, propofol, anesthesia."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Pediatric Sedation Unit: A Mechanism for Pediatric Sedation","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [47116267]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":44771328,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Pediatric Sedation Unit: A Mechanism for Pediatric Sedation”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44771328/mini_magick20190213-19164-2t43dl.png?1550114645" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Pediatric Sedation Unit: A Mechanism for Pediatric Sedation</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47116267" href="https://independent.academia.edu/farhadimahdi"><img alt="Profile image of mahdi farhadi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />mahdi farhadi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Objectives. We have created a pediatric sedation unit (PSU) in response to the need for uniform, safe, and appropriately monitored sedation and/or anal-gesia for children undergoing invasive and noninvasive studies or procedures in a large tertiary care medical center. The operational characteristics of the PSU are described in this report, as is our clinical experience in the first 8 months of operation. Methods. A retrospective review of quality assurance data was performed. These data included patient demo-graphics and chronic medical diagnoses, procedure, or study performed; sedative or analgesic medication given; complications (defined prospectively); and sedation and monitoring time. Patient-specific medical records related to the procedure and sedation were reviewed if a complication was noted in the quality assurance data. Results. Briefly, the PSU was staffed with an inten-sivist and pediatric intensive care unit nurses. Patients were admitted to the PSU and assessed medically for risk factors during sedation. Continuous heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulse oximetry monitoring were used, and blood pressure was determined every 5 minutes. After sedation and stabilization, with monitoring continued, the patient was transported to the site to undergo the procedure or study. The pediatric intensive care unit nurse remained with the patient at all times. All necessary emergency equipment was transported with the patient. After the procedure or study was completed, the patient was returned to the PSU for recovery to predetermined parameters. We were able to analyze 458 episodes of sedation for this review. Procedures and studies included radiologic examinations, cardiac catheterization, orthopedic manipulations , solid organ and bone marrow biopsy, gastroin-testinal endoscopy, bronchoscopy, evoked potential measurements , and others. Patients were 2 weeks to 32 years of age. The average time from initiation of sedation to last dose of medication administered was 84 minutes. The average time from initiation of sedation to full recovery was 120 minutes. Sedative and analgesia medications use was not standardized; however, the majority of children needing sedation received propofol or midazo-lam. For patients requiring analgesia, ketamine or fenta-nyl was added. In 79 of 458 (12%) sedation episodes, complications were documented. Mild hypotension (4.4%), pulse oximetry <93% (2.6%), apnea (1.5%), and transient airway obstruction (1.3%) were the most common complications noted. Cancellation of 11 (2.4%) procedures was attributable to complications. No long-term morbidity or mortality was seen. Conclusions. Many children require sedation or anal-gesia during procedures or studies. Safe sedation is best ensured by appropriate presedation risk assessment and with monitoring by a care provider trained in resuscita-tive measures who is not involved in performing the procedure itself. Uniformity of care in a large institution is a standard met by the creation of a centralized service, with active input from the department of anesthesiology. We present the PSU as a model for achieving these goals. Pediatrics 1998;102(3). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/ cgi/content/full/102/3/e30; conscious sedation, child, propofol, anesthesia.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":44771328,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/24441231/The_Pediatric_Sedation_Unit_A_Mechanism_for_Pediatric_Sedation"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":44771328,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/24441231/The_Pediatric_Sedation_Unit_A_Mechanism_for_Pediatric_Sedation"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="44771328" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/24441231/The_Pediatric_Sedation_Unit_A_Mechanism_for_Pediatric_Sedation" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="30984019" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30984019/Guidelines_for_monitoring_and_management_of_pediatric_patients_during_and_after_sedation_for_diagnostic_and_therapeutic_procedures_an_update">Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: an update</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59240984" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulCasamassimo">Paul Casamassimo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59030378" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SWilson10">S. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/30984019/Guidelines_for_monitoring_and_management_of_pediatric_patients_during_and_after_sedation_for_diagnostic_and_therapeutic_procedures_an_update"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="28327115" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28327115/Sedation_in_pediatric_practice">Sedation in pediatric practice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53012447" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PratibhaSinghi">Pratibha Singhi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Indian pediatrics, 1994</p><div 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Pediatric Procedural Sedation by Application of an American</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43134662" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SWeisman">Steven Weisman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Academy of Pediatrics/American Society of Anesthesiologists Process Model Risk Reduction in Pediatric Procedural Sedation by Application of an American","attachmentId":42631485,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21895951/Academy_of_Pediatrics_American_Society_of_Anesthesiologists_Process_Model_Risk_Reduction_in_Pediatric_Procedural_Sedation_by_Application_of_an_American","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/21895959/Risk_Reduction_in_Pediatric_Procedural_Sedation_by_Application_of_an_American_Academy_of_Pediatrics_American_Society_of_Anesthesiologists_Process_Model">Risk Reduction in Pediatric Procedural Sedation by Application of an American Academy of Pediatrics/American Society of Anesthesiologists Process Model</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43134662" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SWeisman">Steven Weisman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PEDIATRICS, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk Reduction in Pediatric Procedural Sedation by Application of an American Academy of Pediatrics/American Society of Anesthesiologists Process 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data-entity-id="90471366" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90471366/Adverse_Sedation_Events_in_Pediatrics_A_Critical_Incident_Analysis_of_Contributing_Factors">Adverse Sedation Events in Pediatrics: A Critical Incident Analysis of Contributing Factors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42143677" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StevenSelbst">Steven Selbst</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PEDIATRICS, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adverse Sedation Events in Pediatrics: A Critical Incident Analysis of Contributing 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