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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Privatization - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="Privatization refers to transfer of ownership and control of government or state assets, firms and operations to private investors. 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id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-117854 apercu surlignable"><p>The term privatization refers to transfer of ownership and control of government or state assets, firms and operations to private investors. For instance, state owned airline enterprises, telecommunications and energy have been privatized in many countries. This transfer, in some cases, takes the form of issue and sale or outright distribution of shares to the general public. In addition, and more broadly, this term refers to any shift of the activities or functions from the state to the public sector. Accordingly, privatization includes privatizing the management of state activities through contracts and leases, and the contracting out of activities that were previously done by the state, such as selling railway tickets or managing jails. Privatization can be solely conducted, based on the belief that efficient performance depends on private ownership per se, although privatization is sometimes carried out in combination with liberalization or deregulation, with the idea that competition is the critical spur to efficiency.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-117854 texte surlignable"><p>The purpose of privatization includes efficiency, and protection from competition on privatized businesses can reduce such efficiency; thus, vigorous enforcement of competition law against anticompetitive conducts of privatized businesses may be a key to achieving the efficiency attributed to privatization. Accordingly, in several jurisdictions, there are several cases in which privatization itself or privatized businesses got subject to competition law.</p> <p>The following explores the two stages concerning privatization and what can be problematic or constitute the violation of competition law in each of the stages: the process of privatization itself and the post-privatization stage.</p> <p>First of all, the process of privatization itself may be subject to competition law in the jurisdiction where state aid regulation is included in the competition law regime as in Europe. In the EU, Article 107 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union prohibits state aid, which includes sale of public assets or privatization entailing selective advantage, distortion of competition and an effect on trade between Member States of EU; simply put, privatization in which any advantage is given to the buyer and/or the sold undertaking may be prohibited as state aid. Whether privatization is regarded as state aid is decided by the so called Market Economy Investor Principle (MEIP) or the Market Economy Vendor Principle test, which MEIP is translated into in a privatization context; according to the test, the state does not give any advantage to the buyer/or the sold undertaking and therefore does not grant to it state aid when the selling authority acts as a private vendor who seeks to maximize the revenue or minimize the loss from the sale.</p> <p>It should be noted that some preparatory measures for privatization, such as debt write-off, may contain state aid subject to competition law. For the decisions concerning these measures as well MEIP is applied; when the state acts in the capacity of a creditor, the test is called the Market Economy Creditor Principle (MECP). In PZL Hydral (C 40/2008), where it was scrutinized that debts to the Polish state were settled in preparation for privatization, it was found that the settlement had not constitute state aid on the grands that it was performed on market terms; namely, public creditor was better-off in case of the privatization or sale of all the assets than in the counterfactual scenario of ordinary bankruptcy leading to liquidation.</p> <p>Secondly, after privatization is accomplished, particularly when liberalization is brought about as well, it should be born in mind that privatized enterprises’ conducts may be subject to competition law. This point is particularly important in the jurisdiction where publicly owned enterprises are immune to competition law, since compliance to competition law is none of their business before privatization; for instance, in the United States, some federal government entities may be exempted from the competition law (U.S. Postal Service v. Flamingo Industries (USA), Ltd.) unless otherwise stipulated in legislation.</p> <p>The question is what sort of privatized enterprises’ conducts may be subject to competition law. As regards this point, one of their characteristics is worth noting, namely, owning heavily invested facilities. Typically, in the network industry, such as telecommunication, electricity and gas, privatized enterprises have taken over the network which was established when they were state-owned; sometimes supply of the services based on such network is liberalized, hence on the supply side, competition is expected among the privatized enterprises and new entries, when the privatized enterprises are vertically integrated (management of the network, namely, wholesale of the connection to the network, and supply based on the network).</p> <p>For instance, in Japan, data communication was state-owned and monopolized, and after the privatization and liberalization of the data communication, NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION (NTT) came into born as a successor of the state-owned enterprise. Before privatization, R&D for Fiber To The Home (FTTH) was conducted by the predecessor of NTT; based on this R&D, NTT established the NTTH network throughout Japan. NTT’s subsidiary in charge of the east area of Japan, NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE EAST CORPORATION (NTT EAST) managed the network in the east area of Japan, and supplied the FTTH service based on the network, which means NTT EAST was vertically integrated; namely, NTT EAST supplied the network connection service to the provider of the NTTH service and competed with these providers in supply of the NTTH service. In this situation, NTT EAST set the price of the NTTH service to its users below the price of the network connection service to other providers of the NTTH service; this conduct was found for NTT EAST to exclude its competitors in supply of the NTTH service on the grounds that other NTTH service providers were forced to pay the price of the network connection service necessary to supply the NTTH service in competing with NTT EAST, whose price of the NTTH service was below that of the network connection service, hence to supply the NTTH service with deficit (Monopolization, NTT EAST (2009, Administrative, appeal-heard, No. 348)). This case shows that if privatized enterprises are vertically integrated, their conducts may be subject to competition law in the following perspective: predatory pricing in a down-stream market and/or refusal to supply of the service necessary to conduct the business in a down-stream market (reference to the so-called <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">margin squeeze</a> may be helpful for understanding).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-117854 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/n158-09-17.pdf?11557/57e4f02a9d87480f692cc4e81b9cbec403d4d7fbdbabb5b9568569fb66ecf972">PZL Hydral, Commission Decision of 4 August 2010 on State aid C 40/08 (ex N 163/08)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/USA01Doc.pdf?10445/dd50e1cf33b330f741a1638e1652e46f9c8eaf3ad16d92f4bfe698589155a8d5">Postal Service v. Flamingo Industries (USA) Ltd., 540 U.S. 736 (2004)</a></p> <p>NTT EAST, decision of the Supreme Court on December 17, 2010 (2009, Administrative, appeal-heard, No. 348)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-117854 jurisprudence"><p>OECD (1993), GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION ECONOMICS AND COMPETITION LAW, Retrieved Nov 20, 2023.</p> <p>Shirley, M. (1988). The Experience with Privatization, Finance & Development, 0025(003), A010. Retrieved Nov 20, 2023.</p> <p>Paul Starr, "The Meaning of Privatization," Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 6-41.</p> <p>Volokh, Alexander (Sasha), Privatization and Competition Policy (2014). Competition and the State (Thomas K. Cheng, Ioannis Lianos, and D. Daniel Sokol eds., 2014).</p> <p>The Guidance Paper SWD (2012) 14 final, 10/2/2012.</p> <p>Phedon Nicolaides, How EU state aid rules apply to privatisation of public enterprises, January 2015, Concurrences No 1-2015, Art. No 69245.</p> <p>Competition Policy Research Center of the Japan Fair Trade Commission, Competition Policy in Network Industries – Comparative Legal Studies across Japan, USA and EU and Economic Analysis -(2012.10.11)</p> <p>*The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the JFTC.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/tomotake-horimatsu" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:46px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:108.7%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L91xH100/portrait_t_horimatsu_1_-fcdee.png?1712044937) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Tomotake Horimatsu</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Japan Fair Trade Commission (Tokyo)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Japan</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>782</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Tomotake Horimatsu, </span> <span class="entry-title">Privatization</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85418</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">783</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85418 texte surlignable"><p>Privatization refers to transfer of ownership and control of government or state assets, firms and operations to private investors. This transfer takes the form of issue and sale or outright distribution of shares to the general public. Broadly used, the term privatization includes other policies such as "contracting out" that is, the process by which activities, while publicly organized and financed, are carried out by private sector companies, e.g., street cleaning, garbage collection, housing, education. The policy of privatization has been extensively implemented in the United Kingdom and since adopted in several countries around the world. (...)<br class='autobr' /> <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QlK9uyjRSD/ZcGHXnGmGabXdDavob5dcmMKEPPMY3pR+uTvQ6KdTvZ6itLflee5+JeNHCz2pb1Ja/jUp7PvuZAdC/uHH8KgDSNtpkp5VdDnEZiHIkNtGkPSOzt4lFL5vLPaGScYzeYvqBq+bci0ksU1dMeU2JSWuxpCQapEVSB7niZaCT/00BC4zCcVjwVi2JEZckJJK43Izv/GG5fJeGrJiBpjTqxEurg1QTruSuKxrSch5rbccokStNxq/sdq+CWvW2A/eIEbmOs5pnsVgvUEMJdCPJOAnftmSiOWuXB8rH0vn+TrYD4B1xVj/mE/ui1+KfMHdX7LX92LBnIoWdncKsJp6/F72DA==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/privatization-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/spanish-competition-authority">Spanish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-spanish-competition-authority-studies-the-liberalization-of-public-rail" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority studies the liberalization of public rail transport services for commuter and medium distances</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-29T23:00:00Z">30 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121403 introduction entry-content"> <p>The CNMC studies the liberalization of public rail transport services (commuter and medium distance)* The first step of the study is a public consultation on the sector, which will be open until December 13th, 2024. EU regulations require Spain to introduce competition in suburban and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/new-caledonia-competition-authority-noumea">New Caledonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2024/the-new-caledonian-competition-authority-issues-9-recommendations-for-the" rel="bookmark">The New Caledonian Competition Authority issues 9 recommendations for the Government’s draft bill on opening up Internet access markets to competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-11T23:00:00Z">12 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117698 introduction entry-content"> <p>Notice relating to the referral to the Authority relating to the country’s draft law for better connectivity in New Caledonia (Opinion No. 2024-A-01 of March 11, 2024)* <br class='autobr' /> The government of New Caledonia requested the opinion of the ACNC on January 17, 2024 on the country’s draft bill for better (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2023/the-eu-court-of-justice-clarifies-that-state-aid-cannot-be-established-as-a" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice clarifies that State aid cannot be established as a result of a judicial decision <em>(Dobeles HES / Sabiedrisko pakalpojumu regulēšanas komisija)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-11T23:00:00Z">12 January 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110590 introduction entry-content"> <p>The establishment as such of State aid cannot result from a judicial decision* <br class='autobr' /> On 5 May 2004, Latvia adopted a Law (in force from 8 June 2004 to 31 December 2014) seeking to amend the procedure applicable to the sale by electricity producers of surplus production at an increased tariff. That (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/phedon-nicolaides">Phedon Nicolaides</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2023/the-eu-court-of-justice-rules-that-state-aid-includes-all-resources-that-can-be" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice rules that State aid includes all resources that can be directed by the State for its own purposes <em>(Dobeles HES / Sabiedrisko pakalpojumu regulēšanas komisija)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-11T23:00:00Z">12 January 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110850 introduction entry-content"> <p>Introduction <br class='autobr' /> On 12 January 2023, the Court of Justice delivered its judgment in joined cases C-702/20, DOBELES HES and C-17/21, Sabiedrisko pakalpojumu regulēšanas komisija. <br class='autobr' /> A Latvian court requested the Court of Justice to provide a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Article 107(1) (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/new-caledonia-competition-authority-noumea">New Caledonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2022-4460/the-new-caledonia-competition-authority-issues-a-submission-on-the-territory-s" rel="bookmark">The New Caledonian Competition Authority issues a submission on the territory’s air transportation sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-12-12T23:00:00Z">13 December 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110783 introduction entry-content"> <p>The New Caledonia Competition Authority (ACNC) issues a submission on the territory’s air transportation sector* <br class='autobr' /> Background <br class='autobr' /> With fares consistently 40 to 80% higher than in neighbouring countries, the air transportation market in New Caledonia, although legally open, does not genuinely (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2021/the-australian-competition-authority-appeals-the-federal-court-s-decision-to" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority appeals the Federal Court’s decision to dismiss the Competition Authority’s proceedings against port commitment deeds in New South Wales <em>(NSW Ports)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-07-26T22:00:00Z">27 July 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101835 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC appeals in NSW Ports competition case* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC has lodged an appeal against the Federal Court’s decision to dismiss the ACCC’s proceedings against NSW Ports Operations Hold Co Pty Ltd and its subsidiaries Port Botany Operations Pty Ltd and Port Kembla Operations Pty Ltd (together, NSW (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2021/the-australian-federal-court-dismisses-the-competition-authority-s-case-against" rel="bookmark">The Australian Federal Court dismisses the Competition Authority’s case against port commitment deeds in New South Wales <em>(NSW Ports)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-28T22:00:00Z">29 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101341 introduction entry-content"> <p>Court dismisses ACCC case against NSW Ports* <br class='autobr' /> The Federal Court has dismissed the ACCC’s proceedings against NSW Ports Operations Hold Co Pty Ltd and its subsidiaries Port Botany Operations Pty Ltd and Port Kembla Operations Pty Ltd (together: NSW Ports). <br class='autobr' /> The proceedings concerned agreements, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/russian-competition-authority">Russian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2020/the-russian-competition-authority-reports-on-its-study-in-the-banking-services" rel="bookmark">The Russian Competition Authority reports on its study in the banking services market and proposes to develop a concept of state participation in the financial services market </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-09-30T22:00:00Z">1 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97081 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Share of State Participation in the Financial Market Should Be Reduced* <br class='autobr' /> The FAS Russia proposes to develop a Concept of state participation in the financial services market <br class='autobr' /> Conclusion of the FAS is contained in the Report on state of competition in the Russian Federation in 2019. <br class='autobr' /> The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/french-competition-authority">French Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2020/the-french-competition-authority-issues-an-opinion-on-the-competitive-bidding" rel="bookmark">The French Competition Authority issues an opinion on the competitive bidding process of middle and outer rings of Greater Paris bus lines <em>(Île-de-France Mobilités)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-09-16T22:00:00Z">17 September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96797 introduction entry-content"> <p>Opening up bus networks in Ile-de-France to competition: the Autorité issues an opinion to Île-de-France Mobilités on the competitive bidding process of middle and outer rings of Greater Paris bus lines* <br class='autobr' /> Background <br class='autobr' /> Following a referral by the Île-de-France Transport Trade Association, also (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marta-loubet">Marta Loubet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rcantuvila-gmail-com">Renata Cantú Vila</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2020/the-mexican-competition-authority-files-a-constitutional-controversy-before-the" rel="bookmark">The Mexican Competition Authority files a constitutional controversy before the Supreme Court claiming that the energy policy violates antitrust principles</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-21T22:00:00Z">22 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96639 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Mexican Federal Government energy policies since the current Government took office two years ago have been scrutinized by the Federal Commission of Economic Competition (Comisión Federal de Competencia Económica) (“COFECE”, by its Spanish acronym) as they have raised doubts regarding their (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romanian-competition-authority">Romanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2020/the-romanian-competition-authority-expects-to-see-price-reductions-in-the" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Competition Authority expects to see price reductions in the natural gas market following its liberalization and global decreases in oil prices</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-09T22:00:00Z">10 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95422 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Liberalization of the Natural Gas Market Should Lead to Price Reduction* <br class='autobr' /> In the context of the liberalization of the gas market for household consumers, the Competition Council points out that both at wholesale and retail level (household customers), there must be a normal competitive (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/latvian-competition-authority">Latvian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2020/the-latvian-competition-authority-develops-a-self-assessment-tool-aimed-at" rel="bookmark">The Latvian Competition Authority introduces a self assessment tool, aimed at facilitating assessment of participation of public administrative bodies in a capital company</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-05-06T22:00:00Z">7 May 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95015 introduction entry-content"> <p>The CC develops a self-assessment tool, aimed at facilitating assessment of participation of public administrative bodies in a capital company* <br class='autobr' /> In 2020, majority of public administrative bodies pursuant to Section 88 of the State Administration Structure Law (the SASL) are obliged to carry out (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/markus-wellinger">Markus Wellinger</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2020/the-eu-court-of-justice-partially-annuls-a-state-aid-granted-by-greece-in-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice partially annuls a State aid granted by Greece in the context of the privatisation of a large nickel producer <em>(Larko)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-03-25T23:00:00Z">26 March 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94745 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 26 March 2020, the Court of Justice partially annulled the judgment of the General Court concerning State aid granted by Greece in the context of the privatisation of Larko, a large nickel producer. The Court of Justice found that the ruling at first instance had wrongly applied the Private (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/phedon-nicolaides">Phedon Nicolaides</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2020/the-eu-court-of-justice-annuls-the-general-court-s-decision-which-ruled-that" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice annuls the General Court’s decision which ruled that the Greek authorities should have known about the State aid public loan when there was no proof that they were aware of it <em>(Larko)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-03-25T23:00:00Z">26 March 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94830 introduction entry-content"> <p>Advantage Must be Proven, Not Assumed* <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> When a company gets into financial trouble, public subsidies may provide a temporary respite but hardly ever a permanent solution if the company does not undertake painful restructuring. <br class='autobr' /> More than 10 years ago, Larko, a Greek mining (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francesco-martucci">Francesco Martucci</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2020/chroniques/state-control-the-french-government-specifies-the-modalities-for-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>State control:</strong> The French Government specifies the modalities for the application of State control over a privatized company (<em>Française des jeux</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-10-16T22:00:00Z">17 October 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94520 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a decree dated October 17, 2019, the Government specified the terms and conditions for the application of State control over La Française des Jeux. It should be recalled that the Covenant Act provided for the privatization of this company by authorizing the transfer to the private sector of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/privatization-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhKtp6jRgLddn5DCp7DMa/Fl3duq4aJiruJCud6QJDTRM2c7Z3dxTDo+dKo/k4N7kR5Ea9hIc6cUJkLo5sQpZAHalByZa/cbw77ulXfmMe+NdDaeHflS214HmmutOkw4LLK8Kwc6K7lu74t6F6gwgU1tsdWxNeVuDwrXdqZjLlrJvS7ZpxehRL9fDo5G8kO40dC5xU5LFsYinG4kYYFVz4xLzoJvi+fVI0CnHr2Te+t7SchmrbccokCtNmi/gdq+GWvSGA/eAcHmuiTmncXktSMQBzDnnD4c9GYkUkctPcqasSpvgri+piC+0P3x23b2SEdO/UedGU0JTwpmj6sMSlEpiw==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/privatization-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/charles-coppolani-arjel-fr">Charles Coppolani</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pauline-de-lanzac">Pauline de Lanzac</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2019/interview/charles-coppolani-arjel-online-gambling-regulation-10-years-later" rel="bookmark">Charles Coppolani (ARJEL): Online gambling regulation – 10 years later</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91841 introduction entry-content"> <p>Charles Coppolani, President of the French online gambling regulatory authority (ARJEL), reviews the liberalization of online gambling and speaks about the privatization of the Française des jeux. <br class='autobr' /> Interview conducted by Pauline de Lanzac, Partner, Latournerie Wolfrom Avocats, Paris. <br class='autobr' /> In 2010, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/phedon-nicolaides">Phedon Nicolaides</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2015/pratiques/how-eu-state-aid-rules-apply-to-privatisation-of-public-enterprises" rel="bookmark">How EU state aid rules apply to privatisation of public enterprises</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-12-31T23:00:00Z">January 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69245 introduction entry-content"> <p>This paper examines the application of state aid rules to sale of public enterprises. Recent cases confirm the well-established principles that in order to exclude state aid from the sale of a public enterprise i) the selling authority must act as a private vendor who seeks to maximise revenue; (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2014/livres/competition-and-the-state-thomas-k-cheng-ioannis-lianos-and-d-daniel-sokol-ed" rel="bookmark">Competition and the State</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-68009 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition and the State analyzes the role of the state across a number of dimensions as it relates to competition law and policy across a number of dimensions. This book re-conceptualizes the interaction between competition law and government activities in light of the profound transformation (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrea-lofaro">Andrea Lofaro</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bernard-amory">Bernard Amory</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jan-peter-van-der-veer">Jan Peter Van Der Veer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-de-muyter">Laurent De Muyter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2013/conferences/opening-competition-in-protected-sectors-should-new-entrants-be-protected-new" rel="bookmark">Opening competition in protected sectors: Should new entrants be protected? <em>(New Frontiers of Antitrust, Paris, 22 February 2013)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-51599 introduction entry-content"> <p>This first roundtable of the conference “New frontiers of Antitrust”, Paris, 22th of February 2013, was dedicated to « Opening competition in protected sectors: Should new entrants be protected?». Bernard Amory and Laurent de Muyter, authors of the first contribution, provide some thoughts on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-beatrix">Olivier Beatrix</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2013/articles/Le-ciseau-tarifaire-et-le-secteur-51452" rel="bookmark">Price squeeze in the energy sector: Sectoral regulation vs. competitive regulation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-51452 introduction entry-content"> <p>Due to an historical monopoly system, the French energy sector remains largely dominated by vertically integrated undertakings. Giving the presence of such historical operators in a competitive market, strict vigilance is required in order to detect and prevent any exclusionary practice that (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-d-ormesson">Olivier d’Ormesson</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/articles-en/State-Aids-and-warranties" rel="bookmark">State Aids and warranties agreements : The Commission’s position</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-45233 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the event of the sale of a company, it is common practice for the seller and the buyer to execute a “Representations and Warranties Agreement”. If the company received State aid before the sale and if the Commission imposes at a later stage the reimbursement of this aid, which is later deemed (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-cardo">Pierre Cardo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2011/interview/pierre-cardo-an-independent-authority-to-regulate-the-rail-industry" rel="bookmark">Pierre Cardo (ARAF): An independent authority to regulate the rail industry</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-39635 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Christophe Lemaire, Partner Ashurst, Associate professor, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. <br class='autobr' /> Pierre Cardo, pourriez-vous brièvement retracer votre parcours? <br class='autobr' /> J’ai débuté ma carrière comme cadre en gestion des ressources humaines des groupes BSN et PSA. J’ai été élu (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2005/revues/european-competition-law-review-world-competition-european-competition-journal-546" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: July - Sept. 2005</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2005-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2005</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-546 introduction entry-content"> <p>1GENERALITES - SCOPE OF APPLICATION <br class='autobr' /> Europe and competition: the big misunderstanding..., L. IDOT (Europe, August-September 2005, p. 3). <br class='autobr' /> In an editorial in the journal Europe on the lessons to be learned from the results of the French and Dutch referendums on the European Constitution, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhK9u2gOkzdlrFQ/eClzf9IcqaGRpp88n4cojgszXLvOycSETpUaPK5MRd5HYKfxB/hSuuHViJ8Or9Ew93Rn/GWzGee573eQQ9v7gabtpR9Fh883f13jq5Wgb1zWuSw+DCVrpdtRn7NshzlUXOiC+943017TGzr31CCF7wJvVPWzbeDBjm5E2DB540rx8mGzyairOTkjM47MLSR2JAb94UXB7qrJZdERLHT0OGz0aWG6Z6DLxgAhcgVqmAShDXR1VmvQQPm9jv/42QLaC+TO+LgI9Vzv5mOntIpkuJN8pHMxTfACLK3cImH/xXWKusl71sD2fbU9FFUAcUveeTjv3hOc1oFqRQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/privatization-en"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/albert-a-foer">Albert A. Foer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/eleanor-m-fox-liber-amicorum-antitrust-ambassador-to-the-world-879#id=71860" rel="bookmark">Eleanor M. Fox Liber Amicorum - Antitrust Ambassador to the World <small>A Perspective on Privatization: Whatever Happened to the 1960s New Towns Movement?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-26T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">27 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">321Eleanor M. Fox | Antitrust Ambassador to the World - Liber Amicorum A Perspective on Privatization: Whatever Happened to the 1960s New Towns Movement? Albert A. F oer * American Antitrust Institute Abstract A half-century later, the author revisits his first law review article, which (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/privatization-en#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2024/interview/margrethe-vestager-eu-commission-the-legacy-interview-confidence-in-eu-121361"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2409683958 png" 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