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<span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-99949 apercu surlignable"><p>Passing on, a concept well-accepted in economic theory, refers to the situation where an injured party passes on its actual loss resulting from an antitrust infringement (‘overcharge’) to the next level of the supply chain, by increasing the price of its products or services sold to its own customers at the downstream market-level (‘indirect purchasers’). Therefore, pass-on can serve as a ‘sword’, where an indirect purchaser alleges that the overcharge has caused it harm because of upstream pass-on. It can also be used as a ‘shield’, where an infringer invokes as a defence that downstream pass-on by the claimant had reduced the actual harm the latter has suffered.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-99949 texte surlignable"><p>Any person harmed by an antitrust infringement (e.g. price fixing cartel, abuse of a dominant market position) may claim full compensation for its harm. Regarding passing on, three legal and economical elements of that harm are relevant: firstly, actual loss occurred due to an overcharge resulting from the price difference between the actual transaction price and the ‘but-for’ price in the absence of the infringement; secondly, the passing-on effect by which the claimant may have, fully or partially, passed on this overcharge to its own customers, by adjusting its own prices to the cost increase; thirdly, the compensation for lost profits which the direct purchaser may claim if, due to the price increase to its own customers, it has suffered a reduction in sales volumes (‘volume effect’).</p> <p>The compensatory principle requires that direct as well as indirect purchasers are put in the situation they would have been in but for the infringement, to avoid both over- and under-compensation, and to ensure that the infringer does not pay damages for the same wrong twice. It is therefore appropriate that the indirect purchaser to whom the overcharge is passed on is entitled to claim compensation from the infringer (‘sword’ scenario), while the infringer may rely on passing-on to object to a damage claim brought by the direct or any other upstream purchaser (‘shield’ scenario). The burden of proof lies with the party that relies on the passing-on argument, i.e. the claimant in the ‘sword’ scenario and the defendant in the ‘shield’ scenario.</p> <p>According to economic theory, the existence and the scope of passing-on effects, i.e. the associated price and volume effects, are determined by a large range of factors, including: the nature and intensity of competition in the markets where the direct or indirect purchasers are active (e.g., imperfect competition and differentiated goods are supposed to result in lower pass-on rates for industrywide overcharges), the nature of input costs subject to an overcharge (whether these costs are fixed or variable, whether the overcharge is industrywide or firm-specific), the nature of the product demand that the direct or indirect purchasers face (especially the link between the demand and price level), other elements, such as price adjustment costs, the proportion of a firm’s costs affected by the overcharge, buyer power, vertical integration of direct and indirect purchasers, price regulation or the timing of the pricing decisions undertaken at the various levels of the supply chain. The impact of these factors is case-specific, and the results may be mixed. In addition, in the legal assessment of damages, any benefit taken into account must bear some relation to the damage suffered by the claimant as a result of the infringement (causation).</p> <p>Due to the difficulty of determining pass-on effects, the US Supreme Court rejected the passing-on defence and allowed the claimant to use the full overcharge as the basis of its claim (Hanover Shoe). It further held that only direct purchasers may sue for damages under federal law to prevent the risk of multiple liability for the antitrust infringement (Illinois Brick). Both rulings are highly controversial. They also compete with many state antitrust laws in the US that allow indirect, as well as direct, purchasers to recover damages.</p> <p>For an infringement of competition law in the EU, in contrast, both the standing of indirect purchasers and the passing-on defence is recognised, at least since the implementation of Directive 2014/104/EU (Chapter IV), in some member states even before (e.g., for Germany, the pre-Brexit UK and the Netherlands, see <i>ORWI</i>, <i>Sainsbury’s</i> and <i>TenneT v ABB</i>). The scope of the passing-on defence is generally interpreted narrowly. The infringer bears the burden to plead and prove the existence and extent of the passing-on of overcharges. It cannot rely on any legal presumption in this regard. It remains open yet whether the infringer even must show the non-existence of the volume effect for a successful passing-on defence, or whether that effect is exclusively to be substantiated by the claimant. The infringer bearing the burden of proof of the passing-on defence has a right to disclosure of evidence, also against third parties. In case of a damage action by an indirect purchaser the Directive provides a (rebuttable) presumption of the existence of pass-on to the benefit of the indirect purchaser. Further, the courts are empowered to estimate all passing-on effects, on prices and volumes, in both shield and sword scenarios, based on the information reasonably available.</p> <p>The non-binding COM Guidelines provide courts and other stakeholders in damages actions for infringements of EU competition law with practical guidance on how to estimate passing-on effects. They describe the theoretical concepts underlying passing-on and set out the factors that can have an impact on it. It also becomes clear that there are different approaches and methods to quantify the overcharge (e.g. by comparator-based methods), the scope of passing-on related price effects (either directly by employing comparator-based methods or indirectly by estimating the rate at which the increase in the affected input cost should have been passed on) and the volume effect. The COM Guidelines also help to determine the sources of relevant (qualitative and quantitative) evidence, whether a disclosure request is proportionate, and assessing the statements of the parties on passing-on and any economic expert opinion that may be presented to the court.</p> <p>The courts in Europe also consider that the legal concept of damage is distinct from its economic concept. In particular, the passing-on defence has been refused in cases where there is no risk of multiple liability, but rather a risk of absence of liability, because the next market level is characterised by a large number of customers with small-value and dispersed claims. In such a scenario there is little interest in bringing a damage action, so that the infringers would de facto retain the fruits of their illegal activity. This is especially relevant in case of damages of end-consumers. In the interest of an effective competition law, the goal to avoid absence of liability of infringers shall outweigh the potential overcompensation of the claimant.</p> <p>If, however, several purchasers along the supply chain bring parallel actions for damages relating to the same overcharge, the Directive provides that the courts shall consider, in the interest of compensation and consistency between judgments, all appropriate procedural and substantive means available under EU or national law (e.g. joinder of claims, estimation, staying of proceedings). Direct and indirect purchasers may also assign their respective damages claims to a single plaintiff, for example, so that any passing-on among them does not concern the enforcement of the bundled claims against the infringer but is left to internal agreements between those purchasers.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-99949 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2020/the-uk-supreme-court-finds-payment-card-schemes-used-in-supermarkets-infringing">Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd v Visa Europe Services LLC & Ors [2020] UKSC 24</a></p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2016/the-dutch-supreme-court-accepts-passing-on-defense-in-private-enforcement" class="spip_in">TenneT v ABB, judgment of the Hoge Raad of 8 July 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:1483</a></p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2011/the-german-federal-high-court-rules-on-damage-claims-by-indirect-purchasers-and" class="spip_in">ORWI, judgment of the Bundesgerichtshof of 28 June 2011, KZR 75/10, BGHZ 190, 145</a></p> <p>Illinois Brick Co. v Illinois (’Illinois Brick’), 431 US 720 (1977)</p> <p>Hanover Shoe, Inc v United Shoe Machinery Corp (’Hanover Shoe’), 392 US 481 (1968)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-99949 jurisprudence"><p>Centre for European Policy Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam and Luis Guido Carlo, Study on making antitrust damages actions more effective in the EU: welfare impact and potential scenarios (2007), Part II, Chapter 5.</p> <p><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2019/alertes/damages-the-european-commission-publishes-its-guidance-for-national-courts-on" class="spip_in">Communication from the European Commission, Guidelines for national courts on how to estimate the share of overcharge which was passed on to the indirect purchaser (’COM Guidelines’), OJ [2019] C267/4.</a></p> <p>Pedro Caro de Sousa, ’EU and national approaches to passing on and causation in competition damages cases: A doctrine in search of balance’ (2018) 55 Common Market Law Review 1751.</p> <p>RBB Economics and Cuartrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira, Study on the Passing-on of Overcharges (2016).</p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2007/The-US-Antitrust-Modernization" class="spip_in">US Antitrust Modernization Commission, Report and Recommendations (2007), Chapter III.B.</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Authors</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/till-schreiber" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/till_schreiber-2-fdb52.jpg?1711359743) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Till Schreiber</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">CDC Cartel Damage Claims (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United States</span> <span class="articles"><em>6</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>4870</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/carsten-kruger" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton12302111_1_-6cc34.jpg?1711359747) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Carsten Krüger</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">CDC Cartel Damage Claims (Kaiserslautern)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Germany</span> <span class="articles"><em>3</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>1468</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/martin-seegers" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/1565779907568-f6aad.jpg?1711359747) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Martin Seegers</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">CDC Cartel Damage Claims (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>3</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>1468</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Till Schreiber, Carsten Krüger, Martin Seegers, </span> <span class="entry-title">Passing-on</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 88937</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">5344</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-88937 texte surlignable"><p>There are three distinct elements that make up the recoverable harm potentially suffered by a claimant. First, there is the increase in the claimant’s costs (“the overcharge”) that may be brought about by the infringement: in legal terms, actual harm or direct loss (damnum emergens). Such harm may arise directly or because of “upstream” pass-on by a direct or indirect purchaser that supplies the claimant. Second, the adverse impact of the overcharge on the claimant may be reduced if it passes on some or all of that overcharge to its own customers, by means of a price increase. This is the “passing-on” effect. Whilst such “downstream” passon reduces the actual harm suffered by the claimant in question, it will do so at the expense of causing harm further downstream. Indeed, the pass-on effect at one level of the supply chain implies an overcharge of the same magnitude at the next level downstream; they are two sides of the same coin. In litigation, pass-on can, therefore, serve as a “sword”, where an indirect purchaser alleges that an overcharge has caused it harm because of upstream pass-on. It can also be used as a “shield”, where a defendant alleges that downstream pass-on by a claimant has reduced the actual harm the latter has suffered. Third, to the extent that a claimant suffers a loss of sales volumes as a consequence of pass-on, it will lose the profit margins associated with those sales. This so-called “volume effect” constitutes recoverable loss of profit (lucrum cessans) in legal terms and forms part of the overall damage calculation. Whenever a firm increases its prices, it will almost invariably suffer such a loss of sales volumes. It is the extent of this prospective loss, which hinges on the sensitivity (or elasticity) of a firm’s demand to price increases, that tempers the extent of passing-on in the first place (<i>Study on the Passing-on of Overcharges, Final Report, RBB Economics and Cuatrecasas, Goncalves Pereira, 2016</i>).</p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/economic-assessment-of-damages/economic-assessment-of-damages-actions-in-competition-law-an-overview-of-eu-and-en" class="spip_in">On this topic see the e-Competitions special issue "Economic assessment of damages actions in competition law: An overview of EU and national case law"</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QhKtuyjR6DNZaEzSv2mG4x3+08pqawyc+MOhvcOA35T4TWCuGzyOOK+co5Lc+JsKHPcw4EJh228cTcXzJ4L8z/KmyZ0pAD8NiesWI9a0AduGlSlIGMvPS4HYbf5mk5AWNNWfa+GpRM3CVeeCXwrwrxVACSAqJ+cuTXi1qioV2L64eYAMmYtv0430WHjJfY8OKURgYpooJxWwJ2y/cF7Hf9CfNo0gPu3NUUTYAOljOaHoiUoWl680Uie0c8mFzAs7gD9gzQ+SfgJV31sGTHm27s2boTZVlF1c6tckkWS6JryHvJMtEQuVILy10ms2/X34TXOGSI+vpZfhS0WRBh1UUUWhNW8+tppO' data-origin="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ariane-charpin">Ariane Charpin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/economic-assessment-of-damages-en/economic-assessment-of-damages-in-follow-on-actions-an-overview-of-french-case" rel="bookmark">Economic assessment of damages in follow-on actions: An overview of French case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-21T23:00:00Z">22 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117002 introduction entry-content"><p>The past few years have been marked by the transposition into national law and implementation of the Directive 2014/104/EU in EU Member States, followed by a tremendous increase in the number of litigation cases arising from anticompetitive practices. This increase has been accompanied by extensive work by courts, lawyers, academics, experts, and consultants to improve the efficiency and the quality of the proceedings and judgments. In this foreword, we look back at recent developments in France. First, we present the methodological guidelines issued by the Paris Court of Appeal. We discuss in detail the guidelines on the conduct of private expertise. Second, we look at damage quantification methods through the prism of the judgements of the Paris Court of Appeal. Finally, we provide some ideas on the way understanding and communicating between experts and courts could be further improved in French procedures.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/written-agreement-and-delay-for-signature-the-court-of-appeal-recognizes-it" rel="bookmark"><strong>Written agreement</strong>: The Versailles Court of Appeal recognizes its jurisdiction to rule on an action for damages against a supplier from a retailer fined for delay in signing the agreement and recognizes its standing to bring such an action, but dismisses the action on the grounds of demonstrating the fault of its supplier <em>(Interdis/ Procter et Gamble France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-20T23:00:00Z">21 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118174 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. With a view to the 2019 commercial agreements, the "Envergure" central purchasing unit, created as part of a partnership between the Carrefour and Système U groups to negotiate with the groups’ largest suppliers and acting on behalf of SNC Interdis ("the distributor"), itself the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-allendesalazar">Rafael Allendesalazar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/beatriz-sanchez">Beatriz Sanchez-Ortiz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/chroniques/spain-the-commercial-court-of-madrid-dismisses-the-damages-claim-filed-by-two-116993" rel="bookmark"><strong>Spain</strong>: The Commercial court of Madrid dismisses the damages claim filed by two property development groups against two companies that participated in the ten-year insurance cartel, for passing on the alleged overcharge <em>(Pryconsa ; Monthisa / Asefa ; Scor)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-29T23:00:00Z">30 November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116993 introduction entry-content"> <p>A commercial court of Madrid has dismissed the damages claim filed by property development groups, PRYCONSA and MONTHISA, against two reinsurance companies, ASEFA and SCOR, which were fined by the former Spanish competition authority (CNC) for participating in a ten-year insurance cartel. The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/alertes/damages-actions-the-french-supreme-court-confirms-the-findings-that-two" rel="bookmark"><strong>Damages actions</strong>: The French Supreme Court confirms the findings that two supermarkets suffered definite "financial" damage as a result of the illicit cartel between dairy product manufacturers, and censures the Paris Court of Appeal on the setting of interest rates to compensate for the additional damage caused by the unavailability of the sums lost as a result of the cartel, as well as on the authors’ contribution to the debt to compensate for the damage <em>(Cora, Supermarchés Match / Eurial Ultra Frais...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-06T22:00:00Z">7 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113096 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a decision handed down on June 7, 2023to be published in the Bulletin, the Commercial Chamber of the Cour de cassation has essentially confirmed the findings made on November 24, 2021 by Chamber 5-4 of the Paris Court of Appeal in the Follow-on case of the dairy products cartel sanctioned by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tristan-jones">Tristan Jones</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2023/the-uk-competition-appeal-tribunal-delivers-a-landmark-ruling-to-confirm-the" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition Appeal Tribunal delivers a landmark ruling to confirm the applicability of compound interest in the calculation of damages, following a private claim against a truck cartel <em>(Royal Mail / DAF Trucks)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-02-06T23:00:00Z">7 February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112745 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Trouble with Economists* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Appeal Tribunal’s recent decision in the trucks cartel claim raises some serious questions about expert economic evidence. In this post I want to flesh out some of the challenges and then float some suggestions for improvements. <br class='autobr' /> The context <br class='autobr' /> Many (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/penny-coombs">Penny Coombs</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2023/the-uk-competition-appeal-tribunal-awards-compound-interest-damages-in-a" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition Appeal Tribunal awards compound interest damages in a private action claim against the truck cartel as opposed to simple interest to reflect the “real world” and the economic and commercial reality of businesses <em>(Royal Mail / DAF Trucks)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-02-06T23:00:00Z">7 February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116318 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> The claims were for damages arising from the EC Trucks Cartel (Case (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/belen-irissarry">Belén Irissarry Robina</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/fernando-gimenez-alvear">Fernando Giménez-Alvear</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laura-garcia-valdecasas">Laura García-Valdecasas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2023/the-almeria-court-of-appeals-accepts-an-appeal-by-a-claimant-against-a-truck" rel="bookmark">The Almería Court of Appeals accepts an appeal by a claimant against a truck manufacturer which participated in a cartel <em>(Fiat Chrysler / Prefabricados Ibañez)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-16T23:00:00Z">17 January 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116225 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> Prefabricados Ibañez brough appeal against DAF Trucks NV requesting (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/belen-irissarry">Belén Irissarry Robina</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/fernando-gimenez-alvear">Fernando Giménez-Alvear</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laura-garcia-valdecasas">Laura García-Valdecasas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2022-4460/the-avila-court-of-appeals-rejects-an-appeal-against-a-ruling-for-damages" rel="bookmark">The Ávila Court of Appeals rejects an appeal against a ruling for damages stemming from the European truck cartel <em>(Man Trucks)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-12-22T23:00:00Z">23 December 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116224 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> The claimant bought 6 trucks. <br class='autobr' /> The claimant brought an action against (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/alertes/follow-on-the-commercial-court-of-lyon-considers-that-there-is-no-causal-link" rel="bookmark"><strong>Follow-on:</strong> The Commercial Court of Lyon considers that there is no causal link between the wrongful coordination of the manufacturers and the alleged extra cost damage in the truck cartel case (<em>Colas / DAF Trucks</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-26T22:00:00Z">27 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110028 introduction entry-content"> <p>As you will recall from the judgment handed down on October 27, 2022 In essence, the Lyon Commercial Court dismissed all of the Colas Group’s claims for an order that the manufacturers be jointly and severally liable for damages arising from the acquisition of trucks during the infringement (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/alertes/private-action-the-french-supreme-court-ruled-that-the-burden-of-proof-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Private action:</strong> The French Supreme Court ruled that the burden of proof of passing on the extra costs continues to lie with the victim when the acts committed predate the entry into force of the "damage" directive (<em>Carrefour/Johnson & Johnson</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-18T22:00:00Z">19 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109632 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a ruling (No. 21-19197) issued on October 19, 2022 relating to the burden of proof of passing on additional costs, the Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation ruled, in a case seeking compensation for competitive harm following Decision No. 14-D-19 of December 18, 2014 which sanctioned a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/muriel-chagny">Muriel Chagny</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/alertes/burden-of-proof-the-french-supreme-court-ruled-that-the-victim-must-prove-that" rel="bookmark"><strong>Burden of proof:</strong> The French Supreme Court ruled that the victim must prove that the extra costs were passed on when the events occurred prior to the entry into force of the Damage Directive (<em>Carrefour / Johnson & Johnson</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-18T22:00:00Z">19 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110038 introduction entry-content"> <p>The "damages" directive of November 26, 2014 focused on facilitating the evidentiary task of victims of anti-competitive practices and used the presumption mechanism in various respects in this perspective. <br class='autobr' /> As rightly pointed out by Councillor Poillot-Peruzzetto in her first report, "the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-louvet">Marie Louvet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/agathe-esch">Agathe Esch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2022/the-french-supreme-court-holds-that-the-rule-placing-the-burden-of-proof-of" rel="bookmark">The French Supreme Court holds that the rule placing the burden of proof of passing-on of the overcharges on the perpetrator of anti-competitive practices is not applicable when the acts committed predate the entry into force of the Damages Directive <em>(Carrefour / Johnson & Johnson)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-18T22:00:00Z">19 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116325 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> The FCA sanctioned Johnson & Johnson in 2014 for participating in a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/agustin-reyna">Agustin Reyna</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/class-actions/class-action-damages-claims-have-we-finally-found-the-courage-two-decades-since" rel="bookmark">Class action & damages claims: have we finally found the "Courage" two decades since the EU’s top Court landmark judgment?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-19T23:00:00Z">20 January 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104075 introduction entry-content"><p>The judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union in <i>Courage and Crehan</i> represented a landmark case in private enforcement in the EU. It recognised the right to full compensation in the EU stemming from the overarching principle of effectiveness of EU law. Since this judgment, we have seen a shy but gradual increase in damages claims for the infringement of competition law, several of which have reached the Court of Justice of the EU for further guidance and interpretation. This jurisprudential approach to damages claims lead the European legislator to adopt in 2014 the Damages Directive . <br class='autobr' /> Both the case law and the new rules have gradually removed procedural obstacles for individuals, companies, and public bodies to claim compensation following an antitrust infringement. This is still an area of law in evolution in which several questions remain open, particularly on the interface between public and private enforcement in what concerns leniency applications, as well as on the compensation of final consumers who ultimately foot the bill of infringers. This foreword takes stock of where we are in the EU two decades after the <i>Courage</i> judgement and reflects on the way forward.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-louvet">Marie Louvet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/agathe-esch">Agathe Esch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2022/the-paris-court-of-appeal-dismisses-a-follow-on-damages-claim-against-the" rel="bookmark">The Paris Court of Appeal dismisses a follow on damages claim against the personal hygiene products cartel on the grounds that the claimant failed to demonstrate that its alleged loss of profit was not passed on to consumers (<em>Vania / Carrefour</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-04T23:00:00Z">5 January 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116340 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> The FCA fined Vania for its participation in a cartel from 2003 to 2006 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/alertes/cartel-the-court-of-appeal-of-paris-largely-upholds-msgs-claims-for" rel="bookmark"><strong>Cartel</strong>: The Court of Appeal of Paris largely upholds MSGs’ claims for compensation in dairy cartel follow-on case (<em>Cora, Supermarchés Match / Eurial Ultra Frais a.o.</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-23T23:00:00Z">24 November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103941 introduction entry-content"> <p>While we wait for the white smoke to billow from the chimneys of the Élysée Palace, the competition news continues... On November 24, 2021, Chamber 5-4 of the Paris Court of Appeal handed down an interesting ruling in the Follow-on case of the dairy products cartel sanctioned by the French (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/passing-on-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhKtpyjRgDOl47lL7SETre/0ycxqfg6EkYMoB0xO0O4LgeorDV1P5RSBY+MSJmuwyDxD6Zw8u7xN8vgaBFYcBPGNvQtHHhN6t1PAvPVAuouBqEox8C3R0Dt11++ct20+vNP6Oi9UoY/jx09aXJp+C9LmO4lO5RO0K3DQxAa85NuDG7qsmVGJ2LB440rz8m2zybccXDh/yUjMfS7cV0dncfYDdCYifdGDjThSBKdGN0J6MpWswWQi5G9FZIJ7LXASxTv3bAJQEBCae73n/4d7E/APBPjnnSmx6IqEP5vGZUMd2VhVM7LK+co9GWazHPyH14C24BXiAohjR0UNG0woAZLX' data-origin="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pier-luigi-parcu">Pier Luigi Parcu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/georgio-monti">Giorgio Monti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marco-botta">Marco Botta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/livres/economic-analysis-in-eu-competition-policy-recent-trends-at-the-national-and-eu" rel="bookmark">Economic Analysis in EU Competition Policy Recent Trends at the National and EU Level, Pier Luigi PARCU, Giorgio MONTI and Marco BOTTA (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114810 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/barry-j-rodger">Barry J. Rodger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/miguel-sousa-ferro">Miguel Sousa Ferro</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francisco-marcos">Francisco Marcos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/books/research-handbook-on-private-enforcement-of-competition-law-in-the-eu-rodger" rel="bookmark">Research Handbook on Private Enforcement of Competition Law in the EU, RODGER Barry J., SOUSA FERRO Miguel and MARCOS Francisco (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115059 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thomas-thiede">Thomas Thiede</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/international/recent-developments-in-private-enforcement-in-austria-and-germany" rel="bookmark">Austria/Germany: Recent developments in private enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103023 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the following select points from the Austrian and German legal systems will be presented with relevant case law. In particular, the report will identify and discuss a number of hotly debated topics and the most recent developments, including defendants’ “group liability,” collective redress, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tobias-binz-gmail-com">Tobias Binz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pierre-fleckinger-mines-paristech-fr">Pierre Fleckinger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christian-jaag-swiss-economics-ch">Christian Jaag</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/constance-monnier-schlumberger">Constance Monnier-Schlumberger</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2019/droit-et-economie/tobias-binz" rel="bookmark">Passing on of cartel overcharges: Why is it so difficult to formulate robust predictions?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92107 introduction entry-content"> <p>We introduce the reader to three stylized scenarios often referred to by practitioners when asked about the share of a cartel overcharge that was passed on from direct to indirect suppliers. We show how sensitive such predictions are with respect to many of the underlying assumptions. Even (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luis-campos">Luis Campos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/conferences/case-study-abb-britned-3rd-private-enforcement-conference-the-current-state-of" rel="bookmark">Case study: ABB/BritNed (3rd Private Enforcement Conference: The current state of private enforcement in the EU and France - Paris Court of Appeal, March 28th, 2019)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90924 introduction entry-content"> <p>ABB/BritNed <br class='autobr' /> Luís Campos Associate Director, Frontier Economics, Paris/London <br class='autobr' /> On 9 October 2018, the High Court of England and Wales issued its judgement on the litigation opposing ABB and BritNed, following a 2004 decision by the European Commission (EC) which found that ABB had (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/chantal-arens">Chantal Arens</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/conferences/opening-remarks-3rd-private-enforcement-conference-the-current-state-of-private" rel="bookmark">Opening remarks (3rd Private Enforcement Conference: The current state of private enforcement in the EU and France - Paris Court of Appeal, March 28th, 2019)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90898 introduction entry-content"> <p>Introducing the annual Concurrences Paris conference of March 28, 2019, Mrs. Chantal Arens stressed that the work was in line with the reflection that leads the Paris Court of Appeal with universities and practitioners around future legislative developments. In addition, this conference was (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-amaro">Rafael Amaro</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/pratiques/private-enforcement-of-antitrust-law-in-france-march-2018-july-2018-en" rel="bookmark">Private enforcement of antitrust law in France (March 2018 – July 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88142 introduction entry-content"> <p>The commented decisions indicate the recurrent nature of procedural questions, especially those pertinent to national and international competence. Other decisions confirm the ever-growing litigation about compensation applying to the administrative court as well as the importance of the harm (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-amaro">Rafael Amaro</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2018/pratiques/private-enforcement-of-antitrust-law-in-france-sep-2017-feb-2018" rel="bookmark">Private enforcement of antitrust law in France (Sep. 2017 – Feb. 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86717 introduction entry-content"> <p>The decisions commented in this article confirm the main features of the private enforcement of antitrust law in France. It is still a varied litigation between businesses. In follow-on litigations, claimants experience some recurring problems regarding prescription and passing on defence. In (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2018/livres/the-passing-on-problem-in-damages-and-restitution-under-eu-law-magnus-strand" rel="bookmark">The Passing-on Problem in Damages and Restitution under EU Law, Magnus STRAND</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86299 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-amaro">Rafael Amaro</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2017/pratiques/le-contentieux-indemnitaire-des-pratiques-anticoncurrentielles-mai-2016" rel="bookmark">Anticompetitive practices private enforcement in France (May 2016 – December 2016)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83751 introduction entry-content"> <p>The decisions commented in this article confirm the main features of the private enforcement of antitrust law in France. It is still a varied litigation between businesses. In follow-on litigations, claimants experience some recurring problems regarding prescription and passing on defence. In (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-francois-laborde">Jean-François Laborde</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2017/droit-et-economie/cartel-damages-claims-in-europe-how-courts-have-assessed-overcharges" rel="bookmark">Cartel damages claims in Europe: How courts have assessed overcharges</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83418 introduction entry-content"> <p>National courts in Europe have handed out over fifty judgments in cartel damages claims, and have awarded damages in at least 23 cases. In these cases, the courts have reviewed various methods for quantifying cartel overcharges. Rather than economic or econometric modelling which is sometimes (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/christopher-rother">Christopher Rother</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Pierre-Rauchs">Pierre Rauchs</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2014/conferences/the-position-of-small-countries-within-international-competition-networks" rel="bookmark">The position of small countries within international competition networks: Experience and perspectives <em>(10 ans d’application du règlement 1/2003 et de la loi luxembourgeoise relative à la concurrence, Luxembourg-Kirchberg, 6 juin 2014)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69646 introduction entry-content"> <p>The round-table highlighted the importance of competition networks for small countries with limited resources. The debate is introduced with an illustration of the severe damage a German company suffered from anticompetitive behavior and is followed by a state of play of the development of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Agisilaos-Karpetas">Agisilaos Karpetas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/assimakis-komninos">Assimakis Komninos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/knut-fournier">Knut Fournier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michele-carpagnano">Michele Carpagnano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2014/conferences/the-recovery-of-antitrust-harms-in-foreign-legal-systems-antitrust-damages" rel="bookmark">The recovery of antitrust harms in foreign legal systems <em>(Antitrust damages actions in France and in Europe : Current situation and upcoming changements, Paris, 13 May 2014)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-67931 introduction entry-content"> <p>The first roundtable of the conference held in Paris, the 13th May 2014 on the recovery of antitrust harm was dedicated to the antitrust harm in foreign legal systems. <br class='autobr' /> Michele CARPAGNANO Professor, University of Trento Co-Director, Osservatorio Antitrust Knut PROVIDER Research Associate, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/igor-simic">Igor Simic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2011/droit-et-economie/the-passing-on-defence-theory" rel="bookmark">The passing-on defence theory</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-39102 introduction entry-content"> <p>This set of three papers are derived from the training session on the “Passing on defence” organized by Concurrences Review that has held on 5th July 2011 in Paris. The first contribution written by the economist Emmanuel Combe is dedicated to the definition of the fundamental notions. The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-thomas-rosch">John Thomas Rosch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2011/articles-en/Designing-a-private-remedies-39105" rel="bookmark">Designing a private remedies system for antitrust cases: Lessons learned from the US experience</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-39105 introduction entry-content"> <p>L’article traite des actions en réparation dans une perspective comparatiste Europe/ Etats-Unis. L’expérience nord-américaine de l’auteur le conduit à émettre des recommandations permettant d’éviter les difficultés rencontrées aux Etats-Unis. <br class='autobr' /> Thank you for inviting me to participate in your (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/passing-on-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789gyXPC1OyOV8EaCNxLLBzHMoQDLlevybAF61cmjNYvZ8zQ9A7uyxzmOk4F9iSIWdPZ5TLEdisVm+AFmaWe7oIjNQ+ZW5HuouRSGtxEG0R2a+krt6FK14+fJLy/T99p8eY/77SVcZCO+lW/JXlnzv3yA0JTwvnMG8SuVFqPJbSWchD20kphIcfTyILciULLPgiXK8meR726r+gf6u82ehwk1keNIbhxlJ4UTvZ8TTCI12lop5Qr39m/21ozY82TjmUvzxEOWez+e+9srFFFiHomI/CXa/18Yz56rs8S5s1wxDeseTLdLT5q4rnGB08AlH3mxCHq2EqRwJvg8rX' data-origin="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dominique-gilles">Dominique Gilles</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert">Nathalie Dostert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/private-enforcement-3-assessment-of-damages-passing-on-en" rel="bookmark">Private Enforcement #3 Assessment of damages, passing on…</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-19T13:30:00Z">19 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95054 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd Webinar of the « 5th Private Enforcement Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Dechert and Deloitte, with <a href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi" class="spip_in">Anne-Sophie Choné</a> (Professor, University Paris Nanterre), <a href="en/auteurs/dominique-gilles" class="spip_in">Dominique Gilles</a> (Counsellor, Paris Court of Appeal), <a href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon" class="spip_in">Gildas de Muizon</a> (Partner, Head of the Economic Advisory practice, Deloitte), <a href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert" class="spip_in">Nathalie Dostert</a> (Vice President, Paris Commercial Court) and <a href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara" class="spip_in">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a> (Partner, Dechert).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marc-israel">Marc Israel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/oliver-latham">Oliver Latham</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-freeman">Peter Freeman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sylvia-evers">Sylvia Evers</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/litigating-private-enforcement-in-the-uk-and-the-netherlands" rel="bookmark">Litigating Private Enforcement in the UK and the Netherlands</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-22T11:00:00Z">22 January 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85475 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences Review in partnership with White & Case and CRA.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert">Nathalie Dostert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascale-dechamps">Pascale Déchamps</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Vincent-Jaunet">Vincent Jaunet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/private-enforcement-versus-public-enforcement-how-to-assess-the-damage" rel="bookmark">Private enforcement versus public enforcement: How to assess the damage?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-12-01T11:00:00Z">1 December 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82996 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Magenta and Oxera.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-ayache">Laurent Ayache</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-benzoni-16241">Laurent Benzoni</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lionel-lesur">Lionel Lesur</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert">Nathalie Dostert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/private-enforcement-damage-assessment" rel="bookmark">Private enforcement: Damage assessment</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-08T10:00:00Z">8 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82960 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with McDermott Will & Emery and Tera Consultants.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/didier-theophile">Didier Theophile</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/damages-fines-mitigation-in-cartel-cases" rel="bookmark">Damages: 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author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-d-camesasca">Peter Camesasca</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Stefaan-Raes">Stefaan Raes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Thilo-Klein">Thilo Klein</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-eu-damages-directive-the-perfect-storm" rel="bookmark">The EU Damages Directive - the perfect storm ?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-02-12T11:00:00Z">12 February 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82926 introduction entry-content"><p>Conference organized by Concurrences in partnership with Covington & Burling, Compass Lexecon and Hausfeld.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anthony-maton">Anthony Maton</a></span>, 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class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/florence-ninane">Florence Ninane</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/collective-redress" rel="bookmark">Collective redress </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-28T11:00:00Z">28 November 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82822 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics breakfast organized by Concurrences in partnership with Allen & Overy and Microeconomix.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn 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href="en/authors/laurent-flochel">Laurent Flochel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/private-enforcement-48799" rel="bookmark">Private enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-11-22T16:13:04Z">22 November 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-48799 introduction entry-content"><p>Emmanuel Combe<br/>Joseph Vogel<br/>Laurent Flochel</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/igor-simic">Igor Simic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a 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While Ukraine's (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrew-bartlett">Andrew Bartlett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/penny-coombs">Penny Coombs</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119340" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>United Kingdom</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">UNITED KINGDOM Andrew Bartlett Partner, Osborne Clarke LLP Penny Coombs Associate Director, Osborne Clarke LLP 188Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions The contents of this note relate to the law of England and Wales, which is formally a separate jurisdiction within the United Kingdom. Where (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/claes-langenius">Claes Langenius</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sofia-falkner">Sofia Falkner</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119335" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Sweden</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">SWEDEN Claes Langenius Partner, Advokatfirman Hammarskiold & Co Sofia Falkner Partner, Advokatfirman Hammarskiold & Co 158Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions The applicable framework regulating private enforcement of competition law infringements in Sweden is the Competition Damages Act (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sahin-ardiyok">Şahin Ardiyok</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119336" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Turkey</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">TURKEY Sahin Ardıyok Partner, Dentons 166Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions Private enforcement is yet to be developed for the Turkish competition regime. The jurisprudence of the judicial authorities has not been settled yet as there is a severe lack of finalised court rulings on action(s) (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carolin-marx">Carolin Marx</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christian-ritz">Christian Ritz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119323" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Germany</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">GERMANY Christian Ritz Partner, Hogan Lovells International LLP Carolin Marx Partner, Hogan Lovells International LLP With the support of Dr. Judith Solzbach, Senior Associate, and Hanna Weber, Senior Associate, Hogan Lovells International LLP 74Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions Germany (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guido-carducci">Guido Carducci</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-de-angelis">Irene de Angelis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-moscianese">Jacques Moscianese</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pietro-merlino">Pietro Merlino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/veronica-pinotti">Veronica Pinotti</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119325" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Italy</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">ITALY Guido Carducci Attorney-at-Law, Carducci Arbitration Irene de Angelis Head of Antitrust Affairs, Intesa Sanpaolo Jacques Moscianese Head of Institutional Affairs, Intesa Sanpaolo Pietro Merlino Partner, Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe Veronica Pinotti Partner, White & Case 88Compendium of (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/a-ortega-gonzalez-houthoff-com">Angela Ortega-Gonzalez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gerrit-oosterhuis">Gerrit Oosterhuis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-mussche">Vincent Mussche</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119317" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Belgium</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">BELGIUM Gerrit Oosterhuis Partner, Houthoff Angela Ortega González Professional Support Lawyer, Houthoff Vincent Mussche Partner, Liedekerke G. Oosterhuis, A. O. González and V. Mussche 30Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions In Belgium, private enforcement of competition law has been (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jose-gabriel-assis-de-almeida">José Gabriel Assis de Almeida</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joyce-honda">Joyce Honda</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mickael-viglino">Mickael Viglino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thales-lemos">Thales Lemos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119318" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Brazil</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">BRAZIL Joyce Honda Partner, Cescon Barrieu Thales de Melo e Lemos Senior Associate, Cescon Barrieu José Gabriel Assis de Almeida Partner, J.G. Assis de Almeida & Associados Mickael Viglino Partner, J.G. Assis de Almeida & Associados 42Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions In Brazil, private (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andreas-traugott">Andreas Traugott</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bernt-elsner">Bernt Elsner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christoph-haid">Christoph Haid</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-konrath">David Konrath</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/florian-neumayr">Florian Neumayr</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guenter-bauer">Guenter Bauer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lothar-hofmann">Lothar Hofmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/markus-p-fellner">Markus P. Fellner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/martin-eckel">Martin Eckel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philipp-strasser-206573">Philipp Strasser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/robert-wagner">Robert Wagner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stefanie-stegbauer">Stefanie Stegbauer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119312" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Austria</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">AUSTRIA Andreas Traugott Partner, Baker McKenzie Bernt Elsner Partner, CMS Raich-Rohrwig Hainz Rechtsanwälte Lothar Hofmann Lawyer, HLAW Florian Neumayr Partner, bpv Huegel Rechtsanwälte Markus P. Fellner Partner, Saxinger, Chalupsky & Partner Rechtsanwälte Christoph Haid Partner, Schönherr (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/benjamin-f-holt">Benjamin F. Holt</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119341" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>United States of America</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Benjamin Holt Partner, Hogan Lovells, With the support of Holden Steinhauer, Senior Associate, Hogan Lovells, and Jill Ottenberg, Knowledge Lawyer, Hogan Lovells 202Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions Private antitrust litigation is well-established in the United (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ivan-szymanski-curiel">Ivan Szymanski Curiel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119328" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Mexico</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">MEXICO Ivan Szymanski Curiel Associate, Santamarina y Steta, S.C. Fernando Ruiz Alva Independent consultant 106Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions Private antitrust litigation is still in an early stage of development in Mexico. Based on the concept of civil liability, private antitrust (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/gerjanne-te-winkel">Gerjanne te Winkel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/niels-van-loon">Niels Van Loon</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/1446#id=119329" rel="bookmark">Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2ND EDITION <small>Netherlands</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">NETHERLANDS Gerjanne te Winkel Partner, Jones Day Niels van Loon Counsel, Jones Day 112Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions Due to its efficient and reliable judiciary, the Netherlands is an attractive jurisdiction for private antitrust litigation and damages actions. Dutch procedural law is (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_chapitres' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/passing-on-en?debut_chapitres=15#pagination_chapitres' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/passing-on-en#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = 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